Ирландский пивной праздник

Почему национальный ирландский праздник вдруг стали отмечать в России

День святого Патрика: что это за праздник и как правильно его отмечать

Почему национальный ирландский праздник вдруг стали отмечать в России

17 марта 2022, 06:51, Оксана Михайлова

День святого Патрика / Фото: Jill Wellington с сайта Pixabay

День святого Патрика / Фото: Jill Wellington с сайта Pixabay

День Святого Патрика — ирландский праздник. Пышно отмечают его 17 марта, но торжества продолжаются целых пять дней. В 1762 году символами этого дня стали трилистник и зелёный цвет, а с 1980-х ещё и пиво — много пива, которое буквально рекой льётся во всех барах и ресторанах. Читайте об этом празднике на amic.ru.

  1. Кто такой святой Патрик?
    Подробностей жития этого человека крайне мало. Точно неизвестно, когда он родился и умер (предположительно, 17 марта в V веке). Место похорон святого, по преданию, должны были определить быки, запряжённые в повозку с его телом. Где они остановились, там святого и закопали. Вот только где точно — никому неизвестно.

    Святому приписывают распространение христианства в Ирландии. Есть информация, что ему был пожалован епископский сан, а миссионерской деятельностью он занялся уже будучи епископом.

    А вот Патрик — это прозвище. Так святого назвали пираты, что выкрали его и продали в рабство. Звали же Патрика то ли Майгон, то ли Майвин. Как точно — история умалчивает.

    Святой считается покровителем Ирландии. В этой стране день его памяти — государственный праздник.

  2. Как ирландский христианский праздник стал практически международным?
    В Ирландии его отмечают с VII века. Чуть позже интерес к этому празднику стал появляться и в других странах — преимущественно в тех, где есть ирландская диаспора. Сначала это был североамериканский континент. Прибывшие туда ирландские иммигранты привезли и свои традиции. Активная же пропаганда началась не так давно — в 90-х годах XX века. Первый крупный фестиваль, приуроченный к этому празднику и проведённый за пределами Ирландии, прошёл в 1996 году.

  3. Почему цвет праздника зелёный?
    Потому что это национальный цвет Ирландии. Зелёный флаг использовался и повстанцами в 1641 году, и членами общества объединённых ирландцев, которые боролись за независимость от Англии в 1790 году. В современном мире на Патрика едят, веселятся, одеваются в зелёное, пьют зелёное пиво. Одним словом, встречают весну во всеоружии, ведь этот цвет для многих — ещё и символ весны и пробуждения природы.

  4. Как праздник проник в Россию?
    Произошло это в 1992-м. Летом же 1991 года в столице России открылся Ирландский торговый дом на Арбате. Ну а раз открылся, почему бы не понести ирландскую культуру в российские массы.

    Так, в 1992 году в Москве состоялся первый в РФ фестиваль святого Патрика. Действо происходило напротив Ирландского торгового дома и в мельчайших деталях имитировало проведение праздника в Ирландии.

    Жителям столицы тот день запомнился обилием зелёного цвета, трилистниками, закреплёнными на одежде участников, и ирландскими музыкой и танцами. А ещё лепреконами. Правда, они не имеют никакой связи с христианским праздником — это языческие персонажи. Лепреконы — волшебные существа, и якобы если поймать хотя бы одного, он исполнит самые сокровенные желания. В общем, праздник понравился, а потому потихоньку закрепился и стал отмечаться и в других российских городах.

  5. Почему на христианский праздник пьют пиво?
    Эта традиция возникла в 80-х годах XX века. До этого все ирландские пабы 17 марта закрывались. Католикам же позволялись некоторые послабления в меню, которое по церковным канонам должно было быть постным — ведь День святого Патрика почти всегда приходится на Великий пост. 17 марта ирландцам разрешалось есть мясную пищу — традиционную капусту с беконом.

    Пивная же традиция появилась по воле одной из крупнейших торговых марок пива, которая провела широкомасштабную рекламную кампанию своей продукции, где утверждала, что на День святого Патрика не грех выпить. С христианскими традициями такие алкогольные возлияния не имеют ничего общего.

  6. Когда Православная церковь включила Патрика в список своих святых?
    Произошло это 9 марта 2017 года на заседании Священного Синода. Так в православном календаре появились ещё 15 памятных дат, среди которых и День святого Патрика. Кстати, в православии его вспоминают не 17, а 30 марта.

  7. Как за границей отмечают День святого Патрика?
    17 марта тесно переплетаются языческие и христианские традиции. Кто-то по старинке мечтает найти лепрекона и разбогатеть. Кто-то обязательно выпивает «чарку Патрика» — рюмку виски, куда предварительно положили листок клевера. В народе об этом действе так и говорят — «осушим трилистник».

    В то же время многие верующие отправляются в чистилище святого Патрика — это место популярно у паломников с XIII века, здесь люди обретают покаяние и исцеляются духовно, или на гору Croagh Patrick — считается, что именно тут святой низверг змей в океан (под змеями понимают языческих богов, потому что рептилий в этой местности никогда не было).

Источник
Saint Patrick’s Day
A stained glass window depicts Saint Patrick dressed in a green robe with a halo about his head, holding a sham rock in his right hand and a staff in his left.

Saint Patrick depicted in a stained-glass window at Saint Benin’s Church, Ireland
Official name Saint Patrick’s Day
Also called
  • Feast of Saint Patrick
  • Lá Fhéile Pádraig
  • Patrick’s Day
  • (St) Paddy’s Day
  • (St) Patty’s Day (chiefly North America)[1][2][3][4]
Observed by
  • Irish people and people of Irish descent
  • Catholic Church (see calendar)
  • Anglican Communion (see calendars)
  • Eastern Orthodox Church (see calendar)
  • Lutheran Church (see calendar)
Type Ethnic, national, Christian
Significance Feast day of Saint Patrick,
commemoration of the arrival of Christianity in Ireland[5][6]
Celebrations
  • Attending parades and a céilí
  • Wearing green and shamrocks
  • Drinking Irish beer and Irish whiskey
Observances Christian processions; attending Mass or service
Date 17 March
Next time 17 March 2023
Frequency Annual

Saint Patrick’s Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick (Irish: Lá Fhéile Pádraig, lit. ‘the Day of the Festival of Patrick’), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (c. 385 – c. 461), the foremost patron saint of Ireland.

Saint Patrick’s Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland),[7] the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general.[5][8] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilithe, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[9] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services[8][10] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday’s tradition of alcohol consumption.[8][9][11][12]

Saint Patrick’s Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland,[13] Northern Ireland,[14] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom,[15] Canada, United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, especially amongst Irish diaspora. Saint Patrick’s Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival.[16] Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.[17]

Saint Patrick[edit]

Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland.[18] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.[19]

According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands.

Patrick’s efforts were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove «snakes» out of Ireland, despite the fact that snakes were not known to inhabit the region.[20]

Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland’s foremost saint.

Celebration and traditions[edit]

According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three-leaved shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to Irish pagans.

Today’s Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora, especially in North America. Until the late 20th century, Saint Patrick’s Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.[16]

Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions (céilithe), and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[9] There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. Saint Patrick’s Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century.[21] The participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a carnival. More effort is made to use the Irish language, especially in Ireland, where 1 March to St Patrick’s Day on 17 March is Seachtain na Gaeilge («Irish language week»).[22]

Since 2010, famous landmarks have been lit up in green on Saint Patrick’s Day as part of Tourism Ireland’s «Global Greening Initiative» or «Going Green for St Patrick’s Day».[23][24] The Sydney Opera House and the Sky Tower in Auckland were the first landmarks to participate and since then over 300 landmarks in fifty countries across the globe have gone green for Saint Patricks day.[25][26]

Christians may also attend church services,[8][10] and the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol are lifted for the day. Perhaps because of this, drinking alcohol – particularly Irish whiskey, beer, or cider – has become an integral part of the celebrations.[8][9][11][12] The Saint Patrick’s Day custom of «drowning the shamrock» or «wetting the shamrock» was historically popular. At the end of the celebrations, especially in Ireland, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. It is then drunk as a toast to Saint Patrick, Ireland, or those present. The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck. [27][28][29]

Irish Government Ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around the globe to celebrate Saint Patrick’s Day and promote Ireland.[30][31] The most prominent of these is the visit of the Irish Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) with the U.S. President which happens on or around Saint Patrick’s Day.[32][33] Traditionally the Taoiseach presents the U.S. President a Waterford Crystal bowl filled with shamrocks.[34] This tradition began when in 1952, Irish Ambassador to the U.S. John Hearne sent a box of shamrocks to President Harry S. Truman. From then on it became an annual tradition of the Irish ambassador to the U.S. to present the Saint Patrick’s Day shamrock to an official in the U.S. President’s administration, although on some occasions the shamrock presentation was made by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the U.S. President personally in Washington, such as when President Dwight D. Eisenhower met Taoiseach John A. Costello in 1956 and President Seán T. O’Kelly in 1959 or when President Ronald Reagan met Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald in 1986 and Taoiseach Charles Haughey in 1987.[32][34] However it was only after the meeting between Taoiseach Albert Reynolds and President Bill Clinton in 1994 that the presenting of the shamrock ceremony became an annual event for the leaders of both countries for Saint Patrick’s Day.[32][35] The presenting of the Shamrock ceremony was cancelled in 2020 due to the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic.[36][37]

Wearing green[edit]

A St Patrick’s Day greeting card from 1907

On Saint Patrick’s Day, it is customary to wear shamrocks, green clothing or green accessories. Saint Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish.[38][39] This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities, which may have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts.[40][41] Roger Homan writes, «We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity».[42] Patricia Monaghan says there is no evidence the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish.[40] Jack Santino speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context‍—‌icons of St Patrick often depict the saint «with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other».[43]

The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from a legend in the 11th century Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland). It tells of Goídel Glas (Goídel the green), the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels and creator of the Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx).[44][45] Goídel is bitten by a venomous snake but saved from death by Moses placing his staff on the snakebite, leaving him with a green mark. His descendants settle in Ireland, a land free of snakes.[46] One of these, Íth, climbs the Tower of Hercules and is so captivated by the sight of a beautiful green island in the distance that he must set sail immediately.[44][45][46]

The colour green was further associated with Ireland from the 1640s, when the green harp flag was used by the Irish Catholic Confederation. Later, James Connolly described this flag as representing «the sacred emblem of Ireland’s unconquered soul».[47] Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on St Patrick’s Day since at least the 1680s.[48] Since then, the colour green and its association with St Patrick’s Day have grown.[49] The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish fraternity founded in about 1750,[50] adopted green as its colour.[51] The Order of St Patrick, an Anglo-Irish chivalric order founded in 1783, instead adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being associated with St Patrick. In the 1790s, the colour green was adopted by the United Irishmen. This was a republican organisation—led mostly by Protestants but with many Catholic members—who launched a rebellion in 1798 against British rule. Ireland was first called «the Emerald Isle» in «When Erin First Rose» (1795), a poem by a co-founder of the United Irishmen, William Drennan, which stresses the historical importance of green to the Irish.[52][53][54][55] The phrase «wearing of the green» comes from a song of the same name about United Irishmen being persecuted for wearing green. The flags of the 1916 Easter Rising featured green, such as the Starry Plough banner and the Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic. When the Irish Free State was founded in 1922, the government ordered all post boxes be painted green, under the slogan «green paint for a green people»;[56][57] in 1924, the government introduced a green Irish passport.[58][59][60]

The wearing of the ‘St Patrick’s Day Cross’ was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century. These were a Celtic Christian cross made of paper that was «covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre».[61]

Ireland[edit]

A St Patrick’s Day parade in Dublin

Saint Patrick’s feast day, as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. In later times, he became more and more widely seen as the patron of Ireland.[62] Saint Patrick’s feast day was finally placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding[63] in the early 1600s. Saint Patrick’s Day thus became a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the Church of Ireland, which is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints’ feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint’s day to a time outside those periods. St Patrick’s Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during Holy Week. This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick’s Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday, and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March.[64] St Patrick’s Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.[65][66] However, the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day.[67]

In 1903, St Patrick’s Day became an official public holiday in Ireland. This was thanks to the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act 1903, an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O’Mara.[68]

The first St Patrick’s Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. The week of St Patrick’s Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the Gaelic League and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the ‘Barrack St Band’ and the ‘Thomas Francis Meagher Band’.[69] The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George’s St and finished in the Peoples Park, where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries.[70][71] On Tuesday 17 March, most Waterford businesses—including public houses—were closed and marching bands paraded as they had two days previously.[72] The Waterford Trades Hall had been emphatic that the National Holiday be observed.[70]

On St Patrick’s Day 1916, the Irish Volunteers—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick’s Day parades, involving 6,000 marchers, almost half of whom were said to be armed.[73] The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the Easter Rising against British rule. This marked the beginning of the Irish revolutionary period and led to the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. During this time, St Patrick’s Day celebrations in Ireland were muted, although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies.[74] The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the Irish Free State; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and trooping of the colours, and an Irish-language mass attended by government ministers.[75] In 1927, the Irish Free State government banned the selling of alcohol on St Patrick’s Day, although it remained legal in Northern Ireland. The ban was not repealed until 1961.[76]

The first official, state-sponsored St Patrick’s Day parade in Dublin took place in 1931.[77] On three occasions, parades across the Republic of Ireland have been cancelled from taking place on St Patrick’s Day, with all years involving health and safety reasons.[78][79] In 2001, as a precaution to the foot-and-mouth outbreak, St Patrick’s Day celebrations were postponed to May[80][81][82] and in 2020 and 2021, as a consequence to the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the St Patrick’s Day Parade was cancelled outright.[83][84][85][86] Organisers of the St Patrick’s Day Festival 2021 will instead host virtual events around Ireland on their SPF TV online channel.[87][88][89]

In Northern Ireland, the celebration of St Patrick’s Day was affected by sectarian divisions.[90] A majority of the population were Protestant Ulster unionists who saw themselves as British, while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves as Irish. Although it was a public holiday, Northern Ireland’s unionist government did not officially observe St Patrick’s Day.[90] During the conflict known as the Troubles (late 1960s–late 1990s), public St Patrick’s Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community.[90] In 1976, loyalists detonated a car bomb outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick’s Day in Dungannon; four civilians were killed and many injured. However, some Protestant unionists attempted to ‘re-claim’ the festival, and in 1985 the Orange Order held its own St Patrick’s Day parade.[90] Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick’s Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.[90]

In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick’s Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.[91] The government set up a group called St Patrick’s Festival, with the aims:

  • To offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest celebrations in the world
  • To create energy and excitement throughout Ireland via innovation, creativity, grassroots involvement, and marketing activity
  • To provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent (and those who sometimes wish they were Irish) to attend and join in the imaginative and expressive celebrations
  • To project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal.[92]

The first St Patrick’s Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. By 2006, the festival was five days long; more than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade. Overall 2009’s five-day festival saw almost 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.[93] The Skyfest which ran from 2006 to 2012 formed the centrepiece of the St Patrick’s festival.[94][95]

The topic of the 2004 St Patrick’s Symposium was «Talking Irish», during which the nature of Irish identity, economic success, and the future were discussed. Since 1996, there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of «Irishness» rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance. The week around St Patrick’s Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge («Irish Language Week»).[96]

Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick’s Day. In The Word magazine’s March 2007 issue, Fr Vincent Twomey wrote, «It is time to reclaim St Patrick’s Day as a church festival». He questioned the need for «mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry» and concluded that «it is time to bring the piety and the fun together».[97]

The biggest celebrations outside the cities are in Downpatrick, County Down, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. The shortest St. Patrick’s Day parade in the world formerly took place in Dripsey, County Cork. The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village’s two pubs. The annual event began in 1999, but ceased after five years when one of the two pubs closed.[98]

Celebrations elsewhere[edit]

Europe[edit]

England[edit]

In England, the British Royals traditionally present bowls of shamrock to members of the Irish Guards, a regiment in the British Army, following Queen Alexandra introducing the tradition in 1901.[99][100] Since 2012 the Duchess of Cambridge has presented the bowls of shamrock to the Irish Guards. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaken the role, such as King George VI in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the Duke of Cambridge in place of his wife.[101][102] Fresh Shamrocks are presented to the Irish Guards, regardless of where they are stationed, and are flown in from Ireland.[103]

While some Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA’s bombing campaign on mainland Britain and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick’s day in private or attending specific events.[104] Today after many years following the Good Friday Agreement, people of Irish descent openly wear a sprig of shamrock to celebrate their Irishness.[104]

Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.[105]

Birmingham holds the largest Saint Patrick’s Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade[106] over a two-mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[107]

London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick’s Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green. In 2020 the Parade was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[citation needed]

Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.[108] This has led to a long-standing celebration on St Patrick’s Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade.[citation needed]

Manchester hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to Saint Patrick’s Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city’s town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period.[109]

Malta[edit]

The first Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early 20th century by soldiers of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who were stationed in Floriana. Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town, which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually.[110]

Today, Saint Patrick’s Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and Paceville areas of St Julian’s,[111] although other celebrations still occur at Floriana[110] and other locations.[112][113] Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, «which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture.»[114][115]

Norway[edit]

Norway has had a St. Patrick’s Day parade in Oslo since 2000, first organized by Irish expatriates living in Norway, and partially coordinated with the Irish embassy in Oslo.[116]

Russia[edit]

Moscow hosts an annual Saint Patrick’s Day festival.

The first Saint Patrick’s Day parade in Russia took place in 1992.[117] Since 1999, there has been a yearly «Saint Patrick’s Day» festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.[118] The official part of the Moscow parade is a military-style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes Saint Patrick’s Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.[119]

In 2017, the Russian Orthodox Church added the feast day of Saint Patrick to its liturgical calendar, to be celebrated on 30 March [O.S. 17 March].[120]

Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a large Irish expatriate community.[121][122] The community established the Sarajevo Irish Festival in 2015, which is held for three days around and including Saint Patrick’s Day. The festival organizes an annual a parade, hosts Irish theatre companies, screens Irish films and organizes concerts of Irish folk musicians. The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists, filmmakers, theatre directors and musicians such as Conor Horgan, Ailis Ni Riain, Dermot Dunne, Mick Moloney, Chloë Agnew and others.[123][124][125]

Scotland[edit]

The Scottish town of Coatbridge, where the majority of the town’s population are of Irish descent,[126][127] also has a Saint Patrick’s Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.[127][128]

Glasgow has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people.[129] Due to this large Irish population, there are many Irish-themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on Saint Patrick’s day in Glasgow. Glasgow has held a yearly Saint Patrick’s Day parade and festival since 2007.[130]

Switzerland[edit]

While Saint Patrick’s Day in Switzerland is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries, it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on Saint Patrick’s Eve. Most popular are usually those in Zurich’s Kreis 4. Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green.[131]

Lithuania[edit]

Although it is not a national holiday in Lithuania, the Vilnia River is dyed green every year on the Saint Patrick’s Day in the capital Vilnius.[132]

Americas[edit]

Canada[edit]

Montreal hosts one of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick’s Day parades in North America

One of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick’s Day (French: le jour de la Saint-Patrick) parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal,[133] whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower-right quadrant. The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824. St Patrick’s Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France.

In Saint John, New Brunswick Saint Patrick’s Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John’s Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on Partridge Island (Saint John County) quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.

In Manitoba, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick’s Day.[134]

In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their cultures. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest St Patrick’s Day.[135]

In Quebec City, there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The Quebec City St-Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the New York Police Department Pipes and Drums were present as special guests.

There has been a parade held in Toronto since at least 1863.[136]

The Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team was known as the Toronto St. Patricks from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on St Patrick’s Day, they wore green St Patrick’s retro uniforms.[citation needed]

Some groups, notably Guinness, have lobbied to make Saint Patrick’s Day a national holiday.[137]

In March 2009, the Calgary Tower changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for St Patrick’s Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation’s campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick’s Day, and resembled a Leprechaun’s hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.[138]

United States[edit]

Saint Patrick’s Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and Irish-American culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol.[11] The holiday has been celebrated in what is now the U.S since 1601.[140]

In 2020, for the first time in over 250 years, the parade in New York City, the largest in the world, was postponed due to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic.[141]

Mexico[edit]

The Saint Patrick’s Battalion is honored in Mexico on Saint Patrick’s Day.[142]

Argentina[edit]

In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;[143][144] in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.[145] Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community, the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,[146] take part in the organisation of the parties.

Montserrat[edit]

The island of Montserrat is known as the «Emerald Island of the Caribbean» because of its founding by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis. Montserrat is one of three places where Saint Patrick’s Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.[147]

Oceania[edit]

Australia[edit]

St Patrick’s Day is not a national holiday in Australia, although it is celebrated each year across the country’s states and territories.[148][149][150] Festivals and parades are often held on weekends around 17 March in cities such as Sydney,[151] Brisbane,[152] Adelaide,[153] and Melbourne.[154] On occasion, festivals and parades are cancelled. For instance, Melbourne’s 2006 and 2007 St Patrick’s Day festivals and parades were cancelled due to sporting events (Commonwealth Games and Australian Grand Prix) being booked on and around the planned St Patrick’s Day festivals and parades in the city.[155] In Sydney the parade and family day was cancelled in 2016 due to financial problems.[156][157] However, Brisbane’s St Patrick’s Day parade, which was cancelled at the outbreak of World War II and wasn’t revived until 1990,[158] was not called off in 2020 as precaution for the COVID-19 pandemic, in contrast to many other St Patrick’s Day parades around the world.[159]

The first mention of St Patrick’s Day being celebrated in Australia was in 1795, when Irish convicts and administrators, Catholic and Protestant, in the penal colony came together to celebrate the day as a national holiday, despite a ban against assemblies being in place at the time.[160] This unified day of Irish nationalist observance would soon dissipate over time, with celebrations on St Patrick’s Day becoming divisive between religions and social classes, representative more of Australianness than of Irishness and held intermittingly throughout the years.[160][161][162] Historian Patrick O’Farrell credits the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin and Archbishop Daniel Mannix of Melbourne for re-igniting St Patrick’s Day celebrations in Australia and reviving the sense of Irishness amongst those with Irish heritage.[160] The organisers of the St Patrick’s festivities in the past were, more often than not, the Catholic clergy[163] which often courted controversy.[164][165] Bishop Patrick Phelan of Sale described in 1921 how the authorities in Victoria had ordered that a Union Jack be flown at the front of the St Patrick’s Day parade and following the refusal by Irishmen and Irish-Australians to do so, the authorities paid for an individual to carry the flag at the head of the parade.[166][167] This individual was later assaulted by two men who were later fined in court.[168][169]

New Zealand[edit]

From 1878 to 1955, St Patrick’s Day was recognised as a public holiday in New Zealand, together with St George’s Day (England) and St Andrew’s Day (Scotland).[170][171][172] Auckland attracted many Irish migrants in the 1850s and 1860s, and it was here where some of the earliest St Patrick’s Day celebrations took place, which often entailed the hosting of community picnics.[173] However, this rapidly evolved from the late 1860s onwards to include holding parades with pipe bands and marching children wearing green, sporting events, concerts, balls and other social events, where people displayed their Irishness with pride.[173] While St Patrick’s Day is no longer recognised as a public holiday, it continues to be celebrated across New Zealand with festivals and parades at weekends on or around 17 March.[174][175]

Asia[edit]

Saint Patrick’s parades are now held in many locations across Japan.[176] The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992.

The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick’s Day since 1976 in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. The place of the parade and festival has been moved from Itaewon and Daehangno to Cheonggyecheon.[177]

In Malaysia, the St Patrick’s Society of Selangor, founded in 1925, organises a yearly St Patrick’s Ball, described as the biggest Saint Patrick’s Day celebration in Asia. Guinness Anchor Berhad also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the Klang Valley, Penang, Johor Bahru, Malacca, Ipoh, Kuantan, Kota Kinabalu, Miri and Kuching.

International Space Station[edit]

Astronauts on board the International Space Station have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American Catherine Coleman played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to Matt Molloy and a tin whistle belonging to Paddy Moloney, both members of the Irish music group The Chieftains, while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick’s Day in 2011.[178][179][180] Her performance was later included in a track called «The Chieftains in Orbit» on the group’s 2012 album, Voice of Ages.[181]

Chris Hadfield took photographs of Ireland from Earth orbit, and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station, and posted them online on Saint Patrick’s Day in 2013. He also posted online a recording of himself singing «Danny Boy» in space.[182][183]

Criticism[edit]

Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations have been criticised, particularly for their association with public drunkenness and disorderly conduct. Some argue that the festivities have become too commercialised and tacky,[184][185] and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring St Patrick and Irish heritage.[186][187][184] Irish American journalist Niall O’Dowd has criticised attempts to recast Saint Patrick’s Day as a celebration of multiculturalism rather than a celebration of Irishness.[188]

Man in a leprechaun outfit on Saint Patrick’s Day

Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and Irish people.[184] An example is the wearing of ‘leprechaun outfits’,[189] which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish.[190] In the run up to St Patrick’s Day 2014, the Ancient Order of Hibernians successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes.[191]

Some[who?] have described Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations outside Ireland as displays of «Plastic Paddyness»; where foreigners appropriate and misrepresent Irish culture, claim Irish identity, and enact Irish stereotypes.[192]

LGBT groups in the US were long banned from marching in Saint Patrick’s Day parades in New York City and Boston, resulting in the landmark Supreme Court decision of Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston. In New York City, the ban was lifted in 2014,[193] but LGBT groups still find that barriers to participation exist.[194] In Boston, the ban on LGBT group participation was lifted in 2015.[195]

Sports events[edit]

  • Traditionally the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship and All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship were held on Saint Patrick’s Day in Croke Park, Dublin, but since 2020 these now take place in January. The Interprovincial Championship was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn.
  • The Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup, Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup and Ulster Schools Senior Cup are held on Saint Patrick’s Day. The Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick’s Day.
  • Horse racing at the Cheltenham Festival attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with Saint Patrick’s Day.[196]
  • The Six Nations Championship is an annual international rugby Union tournament competed by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales and reaches its climax on or around Saint Patrick’s Day.[197][198] On St Patrick’s Day 2018, Ireland defeated England 24–15 at Twickenham, London to claim the third Grand Slam in their history.[199][200]
  • The Saint Patrick’s Day Test is an international rugby league tournament that is played between the US and Ireland. The competition was first started in 1995 and continued in 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, and 2012. Ireland won the first two tests as well as the one in 2011, with the US winning the remaining 5. The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick’s Day.[201]
  • The major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada that play during March often wear special third jerseys to acknowledge the holiday. Examples include the Buffalo Sabres (who have worn special Irish-themed practice jerseys), Toronto Maple Leafs (who wear Toronto St. Patricks throwbacks), New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, and most Major League Baseball teams. The New Jersey Devils have worn their green-and-red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick’s Day in recent years.[202]

See also[edit]

  • Gaelic calendar, also known as Irish calendar
  • «It’s a Great Day for the Irish»
  • Order of St. Patrick
  • Saint Patrick’s Breastplate
  • St. Patrick’s Day Snowstorm of 1892
  • Saint Urho

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External links[edit]

  • Saint Patrick’s Day at Curlie
  • Saint Patrick’s Day History – slideshow by The Huffington Post
  • [3] St Patrick’s Day History And Traditions
Источник
Saint Patrick’s Day
A stained glass window depicts Saint Patrick dressed in a green robe with a halo about his head, holding a sham rock in his right hand and a staff in his left.

Saint Patrick depicted in a stained-glass window at Saint Benin’s Church, Ireland
Official name Saint Patrick’s Day
Also called
  • Feast of Saint Patrick
  • Lá Fhéile Pádraig
  • Patrick’s Day
  • (St) Paddy’s Day
  • (St) Patty’s Day (chiefly North America)[1][2][3][4]
Observed by
  • Irish people and people of Irish descent
  • Catholic Church (see calendar)
  • Anglican Communion (see calendars)
  • Eastern Orthodox Church (see calendar)
  • Lutheran Church (see calendar)
Type Ethnic, national, Christian
Significance Feast day of Saint Patrick,
commemoration of the arrival of Christianity in Ireland[5][6]
Celebrations
  • Attending parades and a céilí
  • Wearing green and shamrocks
  • Drinking Irish beer and Irish whiskey
Observances Christian processions; attending Mass or service
Date 17 March
Next time 17 March 2023
Frequency Annual

Saint Patrick’s Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick (Irish: Lá Fhéile Pádraig, lit. ‘the Day of the Festival of Patrick’), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (c. 385 – c. 461), the foremost patron saint of Ireland.

Saint Patrick’s Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland),[7] the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general.[5][8] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilithe, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[9] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services[8][10] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday’s tradition of alcohol consumption.[8][9][11][12]

Saint Patrick’s Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland,[13] Northern Ireland,[14] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. It is also widely celebrated in the United Kingdom,[15] Canada, United States, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand, especially amongst Irish diaspora. Saint Patrick’s Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival.[16] Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.[17]

Saint Patrick[edit]

Saint Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and Bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland.[18] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he found God. The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.[19]

According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted thousands.

Patrick’s efforts were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove «snakes» out of Ireland, despite the fact that snakes were not known to inhabit the region.[20]

Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland’s foremost saint.

Celebration and traditions[edit]

According to legend, Saint Patrick used the three-leaved shamrock to explain the Holy Trinity to Irish pagans.

Today’s Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora, especially in North America. Until the late 20th century, Saint Patrick’s Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.[16]

Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions (céilithe), and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.[9] There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. Saint Patrick’s Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century.[21] The participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a carnival. More effort is made to use the Irish language, especially in Ireland, where 1 March to St Patrick’s Day on 17 March is Seachtain na Gaeilge («Irish language week»).[22]

Since 2010, famous landmarks have been lit up in green on Saint Patrick’s Day as part of Tourism Ireland’s «Global Greening Initiative» or «Going Green for St Patrick’s Day».[23][24] The Sydney Opera House and the Sky Tower in Auckland were the first landmarks to participate and since then over 300 landmarks in fifty countries across the globe have gone green for Saint Patricks day.[25][26]

Christians may also attend church services,[8][10] and the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol are lifted for the day. Perhaps because of this, drinking alcohol – particularly Irish whiskey, beer, or cider – has become an integral part of the celebrations.[8][9][11][12] The Saint Patrick’s Day custom of «drowning the shamrock» or «wetting the shamrock» was historically popular. At the end of the celebrations, especially in Ireland, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. It is then drunk as a toast to Saint Patrick, Ireland, or those present. The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck. [27][28][29]

Irish Government Ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around the globe to celebrate Saint Patrick’s Day and promote Ireland.[30][31] The most prominent of these is the visit of the Irish Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) with the U.S. President which happens on or around Saint Patrick’s Day.[32][33] Traditionally the Taoiseach presents the U.S. President a Waterford Crystal bowl filled with shamrocks.[34] This tradition began when in 1952, Irish Ambassador to the U.S. John Hearne sent a box of shamrocks to President Harry S. Truman. From then on it became an annual tradition of the Irish ambassador to the U.S. to present the Saint Patrick’s Day shamrock to an official in the U.S. President’s administration, although on some occasions the shamrock presentation was made by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the U.S. President personally in Washington, such as when President Dwight D. Eisenhower met Taoiseach John A. Costello in 1956 and President Seán T. O’Kelly in 1959 or when President Ronald Reagan met Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald in 1986 and Taoiseach Charles Haughey in 1987.[32][34] However it was only after the meeting between Taoiseach Albert Reynolds and President Bill Clinton in 1994 that the presenting of the shamrock ceremony became an annual event for the leaders of both countries for Saint Patrick’s Day.[32][35] The presenting of the Shamrock ceremony was cancelled in 2020 due to the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic.[36][37]

Wearing green[edit]

A St Patrick’s Day greeting card from 1907

On Saint Patrick’s Day, it is customary to wear shamrocks, green clothing or green accessories. Saint Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish.[38][39] This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities, which may have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts.[40][41] Roger Homan writes, «We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity».[42] Patricia Monaghan says there is no evidence the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish.[40] Jack Santino speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context‍—‌icons of St Patrick often depict the saint «with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other».[43]

The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from a legend in the 11th century Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland). It tells of Goídel Glas (Goídel the green), the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels and creator of the Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx).[44][45] Goídel is bitten by a venomous snake but saved from death by Moses placing his staff on the snakebite, leaving him with a green mark. His descendants settle in Ireland, a land free of snakes.[46] One of these, Íth, climbs the Tower of Hercules and is so captivated by the sight of a beautiful green island in the distance that he must set sail immediately.[44][45][46]

The colour green was further associated with Ireland from the 1640s, when the green harp flag was used by the Irish Catholic Confederation. Later, James Connolly described this flag as representing «the sacred emblem of Ireland’s unconquered soul».[47] Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on St Patrick’s Day since at least the 1680s.[48] Since then, the colour green and its association with St Patrick’s Day have grown.[49] The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish fraternity founded in about 1750,[50] adopted green as its colour.[51] The Order of St Patrick, an Anglo-Irish chivalric order founded in 1783, instead adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being associated with St Patrick. In the 1790s, the colour green was adopted by the United Irishmen. This was a republican organisation—led mostly by Protestants but with many Catholic members—who launched a rebellion in 1798 against British rule. Ireland was first called «the Emerald Isle» in «When Erin First Rose» (1795), a poem by a co-founder of the United Irishmen, William Drennan, which stresses the historical importance of green to the Irish.[52][53][54][55] The phrase «wearing of the green» comes from a song of the same name about United Irishmen being persecuted for wearing green. The flags of the 1916 Easter Rising featured green, such as the Starry Plough banner and the Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic. When the Irish Free State was founded in 1922, the government ordered all post boxes be painted green, under the slogan «green paint for a green people»;[56][57] in 1924, the government introduced a green Irish passport.[58][59][60]

The wearing of the ‘St Patrick’s Day Cross’ was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century. These were a Celtic Christian cross made of paper that was «covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre».[61]

Ireland[edit]

A St Patrick’s Day parade in Dublin

Saint Patrick’s feast day, as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. In later times, he became more and more widely seen as the patron of Ireland.[62] Saint Patrick’s feast day was finally placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding[63] in the early 1600s. Saint Patrick’s Day thus became a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the Church of Ireland, which is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints’ feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint’s day to a time outside those periods. St Patrick’s Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during Holy Week. This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick’s Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday, and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March.[64] St Patrick’s Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.[65][66] However, the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day.[67]

In 1903, St Patrick’s Day became an official public holiday in Ireland. This was thanks to the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act 1903, an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O’Mara.[68]

The first St Patrick’s Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. The week of St Patrick’s Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the Gaelic League and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the ‘Barrack St Band’ and the ‘Thomas Francis Meagher Band’.[69] The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George’s St and finished in the Peoples Park, where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries.[70][71] On Tuesday 17 March, most Waterford businesses—including public houses—were closed and marching bands paraded as they had two days previously.[72] The Waterford Trades Hall had been emphatic that the National Holiday be observed.[70]

On St Patrick’s Day 1916, the Irish Volunteers—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick’s Day parades, involving 6,000 marchers, almost half of whom were said to be armed.[73] The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the Easter Rising against British rule. This marked the beginning of the Irish revolutionary period and led to the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. During this time, St Patrick’s Day celebrations in Ireland were muted, although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies.[74] The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the Irish Free State; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and trooping of the colours, and an Irish-language mass attended by government ministers.[75] In 1927, the Irish Free State government banned the selling of alcohol on St Patrick’s Day, although it remained legal in Northern Ireland. The ban was not repealed until 1961.[76]

The first official, state-sponsored St Patrick’s Day parade in Dublin took place in 1931.[77] On three occasions, parades across the Republic of Ireland have been cancelled from taking place on St Patrick’s Day, with all years involving health and safety reasons.[78][79] In 2001, as a precaution to the foot-and-mouth outbreak, St Patrick’s Day celebrations were postponed to May[80][81][82] and in 2020 and 2021, as a consequence to the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the St Patrick’s Day Parade was cancelled outright.[83][84][85][86] Organisers of the St Patrick’s Day Festival 2021 will instead host virtual events around Ireland on their SPF TV online channel.[87][88][89]

In Northern Ireland, the celebration of St Patrick’s Day was affected by sectarian divisions.[90] A majority of the population were Protestant Ulster unionists who saw themselves as British, while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves as Irish. Although it was a public holiday, Northern Ireland’s unionist government did not officially observe St Patrick’s Day.[90] During the conflict known as the Troubles (late 1960s–late 1990s), public St Patrick’s Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community.[90] In 1976, loyalists detonated a car bomb outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick’s Day in Dungannon; four civilians were killed and many injured. However, some Protestant unionists attempted to ‘re-claim’ the festival, and in 1985 the Orange Order held its own St Patrick’s Day parade.[90] Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick’s Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.[90]

In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick’s Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.[91] The government set up a group called St Patrick’s Festival, with the aims:

  • To offer a national festival that ranks amongst all of the greatest celebrations in the world
  • To create energy and excitement throughout Ireland via innovation, creativity, grassroots involvement, and marketing activity
  • To provide the opportunity and motivation for people of Irish descent (and those who sometimes wish they were Irish) to attend and join in the imaginative and expressive celebrations
  • To project, internationally, an accurate image of Ireland as a creative, professional and sophisticated country with wide appeal.[92]

The first St Patrick’s Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. By 2006, the festival was five days long; more than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade. Overall 2009’s five-day festival saw almost 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.[93] The Skyfest which ran from 2006 to 2012 formed the centrepiece of the St Patrick’s festival.[94][95]

The topic of the 2004 St Patrick’s Symposium was «Talking Irish», during which the nature of Irish identity, economic success, and the future were discussed. Since 1996, there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of «Irishness» rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance. The week around St Patrick’s Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge («Irish Language Week»).[96]

Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick’s Day. In The Word magazine’s March 2007 issue, Fr Vincent Twomey wrote, «It is time to reclaim St Patrick’s Day as a church festival». He questioned the need for «mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry» and concluded that «it is time to bring the piety and the fun together».[97]

The biggest celebrations outside the cities are in Downpatrick, County Down, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. The shortest St. Patrick’s Day parade in the world formerly took place in Dripsey, County Cork. The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village’s two pubs. The annual event began in 1999, but ceased after five years when one of the two pubs closed.[98]

Celebrations elsewhere[edit]

Europe[edit]

England[edit]

In England, the British Royals traditionally present bowls of shamrock to members of the Irish Guards, a regiment in the British Army, following Queen Alexandra introducing the tradition in 1901.[99][100] Since 2012 the Duchess of Cambridge has presented the bowls of shamrock to the Irish Guards. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaken the role, such as King George VI in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the Duke of Cambridge in place of his wife.[101][102] Fresh Shamrocks are presented to the Irish Guards, regardless of where they are stationed, and are flown in from Ireland.[103]

While some Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA’s bombing campaign on mainland Britain and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on Saint Patrick’s day in private or attending specific events.[104] Today after many years following the Good Friday Agreement, people of Irish descent openly wear a sprig of shamrock to celebrate their Irishness.[104]

Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.[105]

Birmingham holds the largest Saint Patrick’s Day parade in Britain with a city centre parade[106] over a two-mile (3 km) route through the city centre. The organisers describe it as the third biggest parade in the world after Dublin and New York.[107]

London, since 2002, has had an annual Saint Patrick’s Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green. In 2020 the Parade was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[citation needed]

Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.[108] This has led to a long-standing celebration on St Patrick’s Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade.[citation needed]

Manchester hosts a two-week Irish festival in the weeks prior to Saint Patrick’s Day. The festival includes an Irish Market based at the city’s town hall which flies the Irish tricolour opposite the Union Flag, a large parade as well as a large number of cultural and learning events throughout the two-week period.[109]

Malta[edit]

The first Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early 20th century by soldiers of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who were stationed in Floriana. Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town, which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually.[110]

Today, Saint Patrick’s Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and Paceville areas of St Julian’s,[111] although other celebrations still occur at Floriana[110] and other locations.[112][113] Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, «which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture.»[114][115]

Norway[edit]

Norway has had a St. Patrick’s Day parade in Oslo since 2000, first organized by Irish expatriates living in Norway, and partially coordinated with the Irish embassy in Oslo.[116]

Russia[edit]

Moscow hosts an annual Saint Patrick’s Day festival.

The first Saint Patrick’s Day parade in Russia took place in 1992.[117] Since 1999, there has been a yearly «Saint Patrick’s Day» festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.[118] The official part of the Moscow parade is a military-style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes Saint Patrick’s Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.[119]

In 2017, the Russian Orthodox Church added the feast day of Saint Patrick to its liturgical calendar, to be celebrated on 30 March [O.S. 17 March].[120]

Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina has a large Irish expatriate community.[121][122] The community established the Sarajevo Irish Festival in 2015, which is held for three days around and including Saint Patrick’s Day. The festival organizes an annual a parade, hosts Irish theatre companies, screens Irish films and organizes concerts of Irish folk musicians. The festival has hosted numerous Irish artists, filmmakers, theatre directors and musicians such as Conor Horgan, Ailis Ni Riain, Dermot Dunne, Mick Moloney, Chloë Agnew and others.[123][124][125]

Scotland[edit]

The Scottish town of Coatbridge, where the majority of the town’s population are of Irish descent,[126][127] also has a Saint Patrick’s Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.[127][128]

Glasgow has a considerably large Irish population; due, for the most part, to the Irish immigration during the 19th century. This immigration was the main cause in raising the population of Glasgow by over 100,000 people.[129] Due to this large Irish population, there are many Irish-themed pubs and Irish interest groups who hold yearly celebrations on Saint Patrick’s day in Glasgow. Glasgow has held a yearly Saint Patrick’s Day parade and festival since 2007.[130]

Switzerland[edit]

While Saint Patrick’s Day in Switzerland is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries, it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on Saint Patrick’s Eve. Most popular are usually those in Zurich’s Kreis 4. Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green.[131]

Lithuania[edit]

Although it is not a national holiday in Lithuania, the Vilnia River is dyed green every year on the Saint Patrick’s Day in the capital Vilnius.[132]

Americas[edit]

Canada[edit]

Montreal hosts one of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick’s Day parades in North America

One of the longest-running and largest Saint Patrick’s Day (French: le jour de la Saint-Patrick) parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal,[133] whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower-right quadrant. The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824. St Patrick’s Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France.

In Saint John, New Brunswick Saint Patrick’s Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John’s Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on Partridge Island (Saint John County) quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.

In Manitoba, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick’s Day.[134]

In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their cultures. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest St Patrick’s Day.[135]

In Quebec City, there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The Quebec City St-Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the New York Police Department Pipes and Drums were present as special guests.

There has been a parade held in Toronto since at least 1863.[136]

The Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team was known as the Toronto St. Patricks from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on St Patrick’s Day, they wore green St Patrick’s retro uniforms.[citation needed]

Some groups, notably Guinness, have lobbied to make Saint Patrick’s Day a national holiday.[137]

In March 2009, the Calgary Tower changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for St Patrick’s Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation’s campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick’s Day, and resembled a Leprechaun’s hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.[138]

United States[edit]

Saint Patrick’s Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and Irish-American culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol.[11] The holiday has been celebrated in what is now the U.S since 1601.[140]

In 2020, for the first time in over 250 years, the parade in New York City, the largest in the world, was postponed due to concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic.[141]

Mexico[edit]

The Saint Patrick’s Battalion is honored in Mexico on Saint Patrick’s Day.[142]

Argentina[edit]

In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;[143][144] in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.[145] Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community, the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,[146] take part in the organisation of the parties.

Montserrat[edit]

The island of Montserrat is known as the «Emerald Island of the Caribbean» because of its founding by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis. Montserrat is one of three places where Saint Patrick’s Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.[147]

Oceania[edit]

Australia[edit]

St Patrick’s Day is not a national holiday in Australia, although it is celebrated each year across the country’s states and territories.[148][149][150] Festivals and parades are often held on weekends around 17 March in cities such as Sydney,[151] Brisbane,[152] Adelaide,[153] and Melbourne.[154] On occasion, festivals and parades are cancelled. For instance, Melbourne’s 2006 and 2007 St Patrick’s Day festivals and parades were cancelled due to sporting events (Commonwealth Games and Australian Grand Prix) being booked on and around the planned St Patrick’s Day festivals and parades in the city.[155] In Sydney the parade and family day was cancelled in 2016 due to financial problems.[156][157] However, Brisbane’s St Patrick’s Day parade, which was cancelled at the outbreak of World War II and wasn’t revived until 1990,[158] was not called off in 2020 as precaution for the COVID-19 pandemic, in contrast to many other St Patrick’s Day parades around the world.[159]

The first mention of St Patrick’s Day being celebrated in Australia was in 1795, when Irish convicts and administrators, Catholic and Protestant, in the penal colony came together to celebrate the day as a national holiday, despite a ban against assemblies being in place at the time.[160] This unified day of Irish nationalist observance would soon dissipate over time, with celebrations on St Patrick’s Day becoming divisive between religions and social classes, representative more of Australianness than of Irishness and held intermittingly throughout the years.[160][161][162] Historian Patrick O’Farrell credits the 1916 Easter Rising in Dublin and Archbishop Daniel Mannix of Melbourne for re-igniting St Patrick’s Day celebrations in Australia and reviving the sense of Irishness amongst those with Irish heritage.[160] The organisers of the St Patrick’s festivities in the past were, more often than not, the Catholic clergy[163] which often courted controversy.[164][165] Bishop Patrick Phelan of Sale described in 1921 how the authorities in Victoria had ordered that a Union Jack be flown at the front of the St Patrick’s Day parade and following the refusal by Irishmen and Irish-Australians to do so, the authorities paid for an individual to carry the flag at the head of the parade.[166][167] This individual was later assaulted by two men who were later fined in court.[168][169]

New Zealand[edit]

From 1878 to 1955, St Patrick’s Day was recognised as a public holiday in New Zealand, together with St George’s Day (England) and St Andrew’s Day (Scotland).[170][171][172] Auckland attracted many Irish migrants in the 1850s and 1860s, and it was here where some of the earliest St Patrick’s Day celebrations took place, which often entailed the hosting of community picnics.[173] However, this rapidly evolved from the late 1860s onwards to include holding parades with pipe bands and marching children wearing green, sporting events, concerts, balls and other social events, where people displayed their Irishness with pride.[173] While St Patrick’s Day is no longer recognised as a public holiday, it continues to be celebrated across New Zealand with festivals and parades at weekends on or around 17 March.[174][175]

Asia[edit]

Saint Patrick’s parades are now held in many locations across Japan.[176] The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992.

The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick’s Day since 1976 in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. The place of the parade and festival has been moved from Itaewon and Daehangno to Cheonggyecheon.[177]

In Malaysia, the St Patrick’s Society of Selangor, founded in 1925, organises a yearly St Patrick’s Ball, described as the biggest Saint Patrick’s Day celebration in Asia. Guinness Anchor Berhad also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the Klang Valley, Penang, Johor Bahru, Malacca, Ipoh, Kuantan, Kota Kinabalu, Miri and Kuching.

International Space Station[edit]

Astronauts on board the International Space Station have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American Catherine Coleman played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to Matt Molloy and a tin whistle belonging to Paddy Moloney, both members of the Irish music group The Chieftains, while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick’s Day in 2011.[178][179][180] Her performance was later included in a track called «The Chieftains in Orbit» on the group’s 2012 album, Voice of Ages.[181]

Chris Hadfield took photographs of Ireland from Earth orbit, and a picture of himself wearing green clothing in the space station, and posted them online on Saint Patrick’s Day in 2013. He also posted online a recording of himself singing «Danny Boy» in space.[182][183]

Criticism[edit]

Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations have been criticised, particularly for their association with public drunkenness and disorderly conduct. Some argue that the festivities have become too commercialised and tacky,[184][185] and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring St Patrick and Irish heritage.[186][187][184] Irish American journalist Niall O’Dowd has criticised attempts to recast Saint Patrick’s Day as a celebration of multiculturalism rather than a celebration of Irishness.[188]

Man in a leprechaun outfit on Saint Patrick’s Day

Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and Irish people.[184] An example is the wearing of ‘leprechaun outfits’,[189] which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish.[190] In the run up to St Patrick’s Day 2014, the Ancient Order of Hibernians successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes.[191]

Some[who?] have described Saint Patrick’s Day celebrations outside Ireland as displays of «Plastic Paddyness»; where foreigners appropriate and misrepresent Irish culture, claim Irish identity, and enact Irish stereotypes.[192]

LGBT groups in the US were long banned from marching in Saint Patrick’s Day parades in New York City and Boston, resulting in the landmark Supreme Court decision of Hurley v. Irish-American Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Group of Boston. In New York City, the ban was lifted in 2014,[193] but LGBT groups still find that barriers to participation exist.[194] In Boston, the ban on LGBT group participation was lifted in 2015.[195]

Sports events[edit]

  • Traditionally the All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship and All-Ireland Senior Club Hurling Championship were held on Saint Patrick’s Day in Croke Park, Dublin, but since 2020 these now take place in January. The Interprovincial Championship was previously held on 17 March but this was switched to games being played in Autumn.
  • The Leinster Schools Rugby Senior Cup, Munster Schools Rugby Senior Cup and Ulster Schools Senior Cup are held on Saint Patrick’s Day. The Connacht Schools Rugby Senior Cup is held on the weekend before Saint Patrick’s Day.
  • Horse racing at the Cheltenham Festival attracts large numbers of Irish people, both residents of Britain and many who travel from Ireland, and usually coincides with Saint Patrick’s Day.[196]
  • The Six Nations Championship is an annual international rugby Union tournament competed by England, France, Ireland, Italy, Scotland, and Wales and reaches its climax on or around Saint Patrick’s Day.[197][198] On St Patrick’s Day 2018, Ireland defeated England 24–15 at Twickenham, London to claim the third Grand Slam in their history.[199][200]
  • The Saint Patrick’s Day Test is an international rugby league tournament that is played between the US and Ireland. The competition was first started in 1995 and continued in 1996, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2011, and 2012. Ireland won the first two tests as well as the one in 2011, with the US winning the remaining 5. The game is usually held on or around 17 March to coincide with Saint Patrick’s Day.[201]
  • The major professional sports leagues of the United States and Canada that play during March often wear special third jerseys to acknowledge the holiday. Examples include the Buffalo Sabres (who have worn special Irish-themed practice jerseys), Toronto Maple Leafs (who wear Toronto St. Patricks throwbacks), New York Knicks, Toronto Raptors, and most Major League Baseball teams. The New Jersey Devils have worn their green-and-red throwback jerseys on or around Saint Patrick’s Day in recent years.[202]

See also[edit]

  • Gaelic calendar, also known as Irish calendar
  • «It’s a Great Day for the Irish»
  • Order of St. Patrick
  • Saint Patrick’s Breastplate
  • St. Patrick’s Day Snowstorm of 1892
  • Saint Urho

References[edit]

  1. ^ Doug Bolton (16 March 2016). «One Irish creative agency is leading the charge against ‘St. Patty’s Day’«. The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018. That’s the thinking behind the No More Patty Google Chrome extension, created by Dublin-based creative agency in the Company of Huskies. The extension can be installed in a few clicks, and automatically replaces every online mention of the «very wrong» ‘Patty’ with the «absolutely right» ‘Paddy’.
  2. ^ Aric Jenkins (15 March 2017). «Why Some Irish People Don’t Want You to Call It St. Patty’s Day». Time. Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  3. ^ «Is It «St. Patrick’s Day» Or «St. Patricks Day»?». dictionary.com. 17 March 2021. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  4. ^ Jordan Valinsky. (17 March 2014). «Dublin Airport would like to remind you it’s St. Paddy’s Day, not St. Patty’s Day». The Week. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 March 2020.
  5. ^ a b Ritschel, Chelsea; Michallon, Clémence (17 March 2022). «What is the meaning behind St Patrick’s Day?». The Independent. Retrieved 17 March 2022. The day of celebration, which marks the day of St Patrick’s death, was originally a religious holiday meant to celebrate the arrival of Christianity in Ireland, and made official by the Catholic Church in the early 17th century. Observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church, the day was typically observed with services, feasts and alcohol.
  6. ^ Ariel, Shlomo (17 April 2018). Multi-Dimensional Therapy with Families, Children and Adults: The Diamond Model. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-58794-5. In many culture, identity perception is supported by constitutive myths, traditions and rituals (e.g. the Jewish Passover, the myth of the foundation of Rome [the tale of Romulus and Remus] and St. Patrick’s Day, which commemorates the arrival of Christianity to Ireland and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general).
  7. ^ «St Patrick’s Day celebrations». Church of Ireland. The Irish Times. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2013 – via ireland.anglican.org.
  8. ^ a b c d e Willard Burgess Moore (1989). Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780873512398. Retrieved 13 November 2010. In nineteenth-century America it became a celebration of Irishness, more than a religious occasion, though attending Mass continues as an essential part of the day.
  9. ^ a b c d Willard Burgess Moore (1989). Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota. Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 52. ISBN 9780873512398. Retrieved 13 November 2010. The religious occasion did involve the wearing of shamrocks, an Irish symbol of the Holy Trinity, and the lifting of Lenten restrictions on drinking.
  10. ^ a b Edna Barth (2001). Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick’s Day Symbols. Sandpiper. p. 7. ISBN 0618096515. Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2010. For most Irish-Americans, this holiday (from holy day) is partially religious but overwhelmingly festive. For most Irish people in Ireland the day has little to do with religion at all and St. Patrick’s Day church services are followed by parades and parties, the latter being the best attended. The festivities are marked by Irish music, songs, and dances.
  11. ^ a b c John Nagle (2009). Multiculturalism’s Double-Bind. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-754-67607-2. Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2010. Like many other forms of carnival, St. Patrick’s Day is a feast day, a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging the forbidden. Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick’s day.
  12. ^ a b James Terence Fisher (30 November 2007). Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199842254. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2010. The 40-day period (not counting Sundays) prior to Easter is known as Lent, a time of prayer and fasting. Pastors of Irish- American parishes often supplied «dispensations» for St. Patrick s Day, enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint.
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  • Cronin, Mike; Adair, Daryl (2002). The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick’s Day. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-18004-7.

External links[edit]

  • Saint Patrick’s Day at Curlie
  • Saint Patrick’s Day History – slideshow by The Huffington Post
  • [3] St Patrick’s Day History And Traditions
Источник

День Святого Патрика. Пей пиво, жуй клевер!

День Святого Патрика
© Sébastien Barré/Flickr

Ежегодно 17 марта отмечается День Святого Патрика (St. Patrick’s Day) — национальный ирландский праздник, ставший популярным во всем мире.

День Святого Патрика в Ирландии
© Peter Morrison/AP Photo

В V веке Святой Патрик привел ирландцев к христианству… Ирландия, бывшая до этого страной, «невежественной во всем кроме магии», стала «Островом Святых», землей монахов и родиной миссионеров, несших христианство в другие страны. Спустя полтора тысячелетия он вместе с трилистником и арфой превратился в символ ирландской нации. Тогда он был огненным Апостолом Христа, Божьим избранником. Теперь его имя приобрело всеобщую славу, но личность лишилась всякого религиозного значения.

Святой Патрик
© Getty images

Жизнь Святого Патрика за века обросла легендами, празднование его дня — традициями. Сейчас вряд ли найдется человек, который не знает, что означает для Ирландии 17 марта. И именно романтические легенды, создавать и пересказывать которые ирландцы большие мастера, и древние традиции, в поддержании которых ирландцы могут перещеголять даже англичан, создали Святому Патрику, а вместе с ним и Ирландии, такую популярность в мире. Патрик принес Ирландии христианство, теперь (вместе с миллионами ирландских эмигрантов и их потомков) несет Ирландию миру.

St. Patrick's Day
© Clodagh Kilcoyne/Getty Images

Праздник в Ирландии
© Mike Rivera/ABC News

Символ Ирландии
© Godo Godaj/Flickr

17 марта каждый человек — или ирландец, или мечтающий им стать. Kiss me, I’m Irish! Зеленые реки и зеленые берега. Увидевших лепреконов не арестовывают и не пытаются лечить. На украшенных трилистниками и арфами автоплатформах этот праздник въехал и в наши города, вместе с праздничными шествиями тысячелетняя ирландская культура вошла в наши сердца и завоевала их навсегда.

Культура Ирландии
© Mike Segar/Reuters

Символы Дня Святого Патрика

Зеленый цвет

  • В день Святого Патрика все города Ирландии становятся изумрудного цвета: люди рисуют на лицах ирландские флаги или трилистники, прикрепляют охапки клевера к головным уборам и костюмам, одеваются во все зеленое, пекут сладости в форме трилистника, покрытые зеленой глазурью. Зеленеет даже то, что позеленеть не может в принципе. В барах подают зеленое пиво, в магазинах торгуют зелеными бубликами, даже волосы и бороды солидных граждан в этот день приобретают зеленый, изумрудный или ярко салатовый цвет. Американцы в этом деле пошли еще дальше – в Чикаго в честь Дня святого Патрика в зеленый цвет красят даже реку.
  • Впрочем, изначально «официальным» цветом Святого Патрика был синий. «Позеленел» праздник после того, как ирландские солдаты в конце XVIII века надели зеленую униформу.
  • Для того, чтобы почувствовать себя ирландцем в этот день, нужно хорошее настроение и что-нибудь зеленое. Согласно традиции ирландских школьников, людей на празднике, у которых в костюме нет ничего изумрудного, можно и нужно… больно щипать.

Зеленый цвет в Ирландии
© Mike Rivera/ABC News

Трилистник клевера

  • Одним из основных символов Ирландии и дня святого Патрика является трилистник – его рисуют на щеках, прикалывают на шляпы или на одежду, вышивают на флажках и вымпелах.
  • Появление трехлистного клевера как символа праздника объясняют тем, что с помощью этого растения Святой Патрик объяснял людям понятие Святой Троицы. «Так же, как три листа могут расти от одного стебля, так и Бог может быть един в трех лицах».
  • Существует поверье, что в День Святого Патрика можно обрести удачу и невероятное везение — стоит только отыскать четырехлистный клевер.

ТРИЛИСТНИК КЛЕВЕРА
© Matt Rourke/AP

Лепрекон

  • С недавних пор еще одним символом Дня святого Патрика стал лепрекон – персонаж ирландского фольклора, сказочный башмачник, владеющий спрятанным горшком с золотом. Если удачливому искателю сокровищ удастся поймать лепрекона, то это существо в обмен на свободу обязательно поведает человеку, где спрятаны его сокровища. Впрочем, если вы вдруг поймаете башмачника, то помните, что полностью верить ему не следует, — эти коренастые рыжебородые человечки обладают скверным характером и легко могут обмануть доверчивого искателя сокровищ.
  • На рисунках лепреконы, как правило, одеты в остроконечную шляпу и кожаный фартук.

Лепрекон в Ирландии
© Andrew Downes Photography

Празднование Дня святого Патрика
© Peter Macdiarmid/Getty Images

Обычаи и традиции

День Святого Патрика был провозглашён христианским праздником в начале XVII века. Этот день символизирует принятие христианства в Ирландии, а также является праздником культурного наследия Ирландии в целом. В соответствии с давней традицией этот праздник отмечается многотысячными парадами, громкой музыкой, шумными вечеринками, а также традиционной ирландской едой и напитками.

День Святого Патрика
© Stephen Collins/Collins Photos

Будучи по форме светским событием, по своей сути День святого Патрика всегда был и остается религиозным праздником. Сами ирландцы в этот день традиционно посещают мессу и занимаются благотворительностью. Для них в этот день смягчаются ограничения на постную пищу и употребление алкоголя.

Дублин, Ирландия
© NP1X/Flickr

С празднованием Дня святого Патрика связано множество различных традиций, как христианских, так и народных. К христианским относится ежегодное восхождение паломников на святую гору Крох Патрик (Croagh Patrick) на западе Ирландии, на которой согласно легенде святой молился и постился 40 дней.

Святая гора Крох Патрик
© Charles McQuillan/Getty Images

По народной же традиции в этот день принято одеваться во все зеленое или прикреплять к одежде трилистник. Впервые об этом обычае упоминается в 1689 году. До этого года ирландцы носили на груди кресты святого Патрика. Вплоть до XVIII века обычай ношения трилистника считался вульгарным, но с течением времени традиция прижилась.

Клевер - символ Ирландии
© Reuters

Чарка Патрика

  • В День святого Патрика полагается выпить хотя бы рюмочку спиртного в каком-нибудь ирландском баре. Существует так называемая «Чарка Патрика» — единица измерения спиртного (виски, эль), которое было выпито в День святого Патрика.
  • Раньше пользовался популярностью ритуал «утопить трилистник», которым заканчивалось празднество. В последний бокал выпиваемого спиртного нужно было положить лист клевера. Затем надлежало осушить бокал, вынуть трилистник из пустой чарки и перебросить через левое плечо, чтобы на протяжении года жизнь была денежной и успешной. Сегодня от этого ритуала осталось только выражение «утопить трилистник», в народе — опрокинуть чарку виски.
  • Забавно, что в Ирландии день Святого Патрика долгое время считался исключительно религиозным, а до семидесятых годов прошлого столетия ирландские законы предписывали всем пабам 17 марта закрываться! Теперь же на главных улицах Дублина проходят праздничные шествия, в пабах играет живая музыка. Жители города надевают рыжие парики и зеленые кепки, которые продаются в магазинах, берут с собой горшочки с клевером и национальные флаги. А вечером устраивают фейерверки и салюты. Праздник всегда проходит в безудержном веселье.

Чарка Патрика
© Brendon Thorne/Getty Images

Утопить трилистник в Ирландии
© Hannah Peters/Getty Images

Ирландская кухня

  • 17 марта продолжается великий пост, но чревоугодие в этот день самими ирландцами воспринимается как должное. По поверью, Святой Патрик обращает все съеденное мясо в постную рыбу. Традиционное блюдо этого дня – тушеная капуста с беконом.

Ирландская кухня
© SweetSugarBelle/Flickr

В день святого Патрика все становятся ирландцами

  • Это веселое и бурное торжество в честь главного святого страны с шумом празднует не только вся Ирландия, но и весь мир. Считается, что каждый человек в этот день может стать почетным ирландцем — если только захочет.
  • Обязательным атрибутом Дня святого Патрика стали и парады. Правда, особенно шумно они проходят не в самой Ирландии, а в среде ирландских эмигрантов в США.
  • Теперь традиция проводить парады на день святого Патрика укоренилась во многих странах, в которых существуют крупные ирландские общины, — в Великобритании, Канаде, США, Аргентине, Австралии и Новой Зеландии, где 17 марта повсюду вывешивают изображение трилистника, красят в зеленый цвет дорожки и пьют зеленое пиво.

Парад на День Святого Патрика
© Jim Weber/AP Photo

День Святого Патрика
© Stephen Collins/Collins Photos

Культура Ирландии
© Jim Weber/AP Photo

День Святого Патрика
© Hajime Sargent/Flickr

Парад в Дублине, Ирландия
© Stephen Collins/Collins Photos

Эмигранты Ирландии
© Craig F. Walker/The Denver Post/Getty Images

День Святого Патрика
© Darragh Kane Photography

Парад в честь Святого Патрика
© Stephen Collins/Collins Photos

Коммeнтировать

Источник

Какие ассоциации возникают у вас при слове «Ирландия»? Конор Энтони Макгрегор? Maybe…А может кто-то вспомнит группу «House Of Pain»? Вероятно. Но ведь главным образом — это зеленый цвет (наш корпоративный цвет тоже, кстати), лепреконы, танцы, эль, Гиннесс, трилистник, парады и бороды, не так ли? Конечно! Вряд ли кто оспорит, что во многом, популярность этой страны обсуловлена замечательным праздником, который полюбился всему миру — День святого Патрика. О нем сегодня и пойдет речь!

История Дня святого Патрика

Святой Патрик жил в конце IV – середине V века н.э. Не заскучали еще? Не унывайте — точных сведений о нем все равно сохранилось очень мало. Известно, что родился он в Британии, в части, которая находилась под властью римлян. Звали его Мэвин Суккат. В Ирландию попал в 16 лет в качестве раба (его похитили пираты). В рабстве будущий святой принял христианство (как и многие другие). Он молился все время в неволе, Бог эти молитвы якобы услышал и якобы подсказал новообращенному, как спастись из плена. Парень сбежал и вернулся на родину. Однако, спустя несколько лет снова рванул в Ирландию, теперь уже добровольно и в сане епископа с именем Патрик. Поехал он туда потому, что насмотрелся видений, которые предписывали обратить ирландцев в христианство. Вот так-то.

Миссионер Патрик пришелся «аборигенам» по душе настолько, что единобожие в Ирландии было принято безоговорочно, т.е. без шума и пыли или какого-либо серьезного противостояния. Кроме того, он подарил острову письменость, изгнал всех змей (научный факт), а 17 марта взял и умер, до последних дней оставаясь среди язычников, которых сам обратил в христианство. Неизвестно где покоится Патрик, но часто упоминают город Даунпатрик (отличное название) находящийся на британском кусочке острова.

Ирландцы день своего покровителя вздумали отмечать ещё 1000 лет назад. Сначала это был обычный народный праздник, а в литургический календарь он попал уже в начале XVII века. Спустя еще 3 столетия День святого Патрика в Ирландии назначили официальным выходным. 

Сегодня праздник является государственным в Ирландии, Северной Ирландии, на острове Монтсеррат (входит в архипелаг Малых Антильских островов), а также в одной из провинций Канады Ньюфаундленд и Лабрадор. Мировую популярность ему принесли мигранты. Отправившиеся за лучшей долей в США ирландцы в тоске по родине провели 17 марта масштабный парад с песнями и танцами. Случилось это либо в Нью-Йорке, либо, по другой версии, в Бостоне еще в XVIII веке. Нью-Йорк и Бостон оспаривают пальму первенства — ньюйоркцы утверждают, что первый парад
состоялся в 1762 году именно в их городе. Тогда Ирландия находилась под властью англичан, и вполне возможно, что жители непокорных североамериканских колоний выражали таким образом свою солидарность с ними. С тех пор и пошло: в некоторых городах фестивали в честь святого растягивают аж на несколько дней, а самый размах они приобретают в местах проживания крупной ирландской диаспоры. Забавно, что самой в Ирландии первое большое праздничное шествие состоялось лишь в 1931 году. 

С тех пор День святого Патрика ежегодно отмечают 17 марта во всем мире!

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Почему английский стал международным языком?

Символы праздника

Конечно же, зеленый цвет, в первую очередь. В честь праздника 17 марта зелёным цветом подсвечивают многие здания по всему миру. Изумрудным оттенком сияли Сиднейская опера, Эмпайр-стейт-билдинг, колесо обозрения «Лондонский глаз», Колизей, Пизанская башня и т.д. «Зеленеют» даже природные объекты, например, Столовая гора в южноафриканском Кейптауне. А в Чикаго есть традиция подкрашивать в День Патрика городскую реку. Правда, начало ей было положено весьма прозаическим образом и с праздником связи никакой не имело. В первый раз в воду добавили зелёный растительный краситель, чтобы отслеживать нелегальный сброс отходов. 

А ведь изначально цветом святого Патрика был вовсе не зеленый! На дошедших до наших дней изображениях святого он предстает в синих одеждах. По одной из версий, изумрудный стал главным цветом в качестве политической провокации — ирландские солдаты во время восстания 1798 года облачились в форму именно этого оттенка. Кроме этого трава в Ирландии остается зеленой круглый год, так что этот цвет подходил для символа страны. Зелёную одежду в День святого Патрика надевает даже королева Великобритании, а представители королевской семьи едут поздравлять ирландских гвардейцев и дарят им трилистники. Есть у праздника и другие поклонники среди мировых лидеров — некоторые из них повязывают в этот день зеленые галстуки.

День святого Патрика или как стать ирландцем, изображение 1

  • Дальше у нас идет трилистник (shamrock). В Ирландии существует традиция прикреплять к его одежде. Символизирует он крест, цвет католицизма, да и символьный цвет самой «изумрудной страны». Сложен церковный гимн, в котором повествуется о том, что святой Патрик при помощи трилистника прервал языческий ритуал, который совершался в селении Тара, королевской столице Ирландии тех времен. Если верить преданиям, четырехлистный клевер приносит счастье вне зависимости от того, в какой день вы его нашли, просто считается, что именно в этот праздник у вас больше шансов, что он вам попадется. Также возрастают ваши шансы встретить лепрекона и потребовать от него золота. Этот листочек олицетворяют с этим праздником, он считается символом удачи и благополучия. По преданию святой Патрик именно трилистником уговорил всех ирландцев принять христианство, намекая при этом на Святую Троицу. 
  • Ещё один символ праздника — лепрекон (leprechaun), существо из кельтских мифов, которое в Ирландии уважали примерно как у нас домового. Лепреконы считаются хранителями сокровищ. Есть даже легенда, что если поймать волшебного человечка в День святого Патрика, то он обязан показать, где спрятаны богатства, ну или исполнить три желания (все же видели фильма, да?). Лепреконы — это магические башмачники, которые чинят обувь феям и всегда имеют где-то припрятанный горшок с золотом. С праздником в честь святого лепреконов стали ассоциировать не так давно, и, на самом деле, это был сугубо маркетинговый ход. Просто рекламной компании понадобился милый сказочный персонаж, чтобы было кого изображать на открытках и сувенирах. So, why not leprechaun?

День святого Патрика или как стать ирландцем, изображение 2

Кто отмечает День святого Патрика

День Святого Патрика уже давно вышел за пределы Ирландии, 17 марта его отмечают по всему миру, где-то больше, где-то меньше, но отмечают! Главным образом — в Дублине и в Нью-Йорке, там улицы заполняют тысячи людей: массовые парады, причудливые костюмы, пиво, танцы, бороды, барабаны и волынки — озеленение и улиц города и вездесущий дух праздника просто невозможно не ощутить, здесь это все уже давно переросло в массовые гуляния и посещения пабов. Также его отмечают в Токио и Сеуле, в Буэнос-Айресе, Мельбурне, Сиднее и Москве. Во многих городах по всему миру проходят громкие и яркие шествия с песнями, музыкой и танцами.

День святого Патрика или как стать ирландцем, изображение 3

Как отмечают День святого Патрика

Это День поминовения, олицетворяющий приход христианства в Ирландию. Христиане направляются на церковное служение, в то время как для других — это день всего, что касается этого государства.

Главная христианская традиция почитания святого — восхождение паломников на гору «Croagh Patric» на западе Ирландии. По преданию, именно здесь святой 40 дней молился и постился, а демоны пытались ему всячески помешать. Силой молитвы святому удалось загнать бесов в пещеру тут же на горе — говорят, что злые духи заключены там и по сей день. Creepy.

Традиционно в этот устраиваются здоровенные и длиннющие парады. На улицы выходят толпы людей, одетых в экстравагантные костюмы, а также духовые оркестры, которые не могут обойтись без знаменитой волынки. Во многих других странах День святого Патрика проходит с меньшим размахом, чаще всего в пабах. Однако, желающие присоединиться к ирландцам охотно устраивают тематические вечеринки, на которых присутствует зеленый цвет, пиво, виски, танцы, живая музыка и пляски, что максимально соответствует главному девизу. Яркие шествия, парады и гуляния людей, одетых в зеленое (национальный цвет Ирландии) заметны всюду, где проживают ирландцы. 

Факт: самый короткий в мире парад в День святого Патрика случается в деревушке Дрипси, графства Корк. И растягивается всего на 90 метров между двумя местными пабами. Удобно!

На шествия в честь святого все стараются одеться в зеленый, символический цвет праздника. Есть даже обычай немножко щипать тех, кто цветовой дресс-код проигнорировал. 

Отовсюду доносится слово «сraic», которое означает «веселье» или «кутеж» и является главным девизом этого дня. Можете спросить например у кого-то «What’s the craic?» – «Как делишки?» (Как поживаешь?) и быть в тренде. Участники парадов пляшут, играют на музыкальных инструментах, превращая свои странствия по улицам в настоящие театральные постановки. В пабах и открытых кафе жители городов сплошь пьют пиво и виски, прославляя Святого Патрика. На картинке ниже вы можете наблюдать один из ирландских пабов в ожидании посетителей на праздник.

День святого Патрика или как стать ирландцем, изображение 4

О еде и выпивке на праздник

17 марта в форме трилистника пекут сладости, покрытые изумрудной глазурью, а ещё готовят капусту с беконом и солонину. Традиционными блюдами для праздничного стола в этот праздник являются баранина с тушеной капустой, мясные запеканки с беконом и картофельный хлеб. А еще все знают, что святой Патрик в эти дни «превращает» мясо в рыбу, поэтому у мяса часто странный вкус (шутка). Кроме этого многие яства готовятся из пива. На самом деле алкоголь не имел отношения к празднику в былые времена, но нынче является неотъемлемой его частью. Пить, пить и снова пить! В этот день вы просто обязаны быть пьяными! Для многих смысл праздника, как неудивительно, заключается именно в этом.

Ещё есть одна народная традиция, которая разрешает выпить хотя бы одну рюмочку алкогольного напитка в пабе Англии, Ирландии. При этом эль, пиво можно заменить на виски. Есть даже специальная «стопка Патрика» («Patrick’s Pot» или «Pota Phadraig»), которая измеряет в галлонах количество выпиваемого пива или виски. Это виски или эль с трилистником в стакане. Само действие так и называется — «утопление трилистника» (drowning the shamrock). И прежде чем осушить свой последний стакан «горючего», по традиции на его дно опускается клевер. Таким образом ирландцы «топят трилистник». После того как напиток отправляется по назначению, растение необходимо бросить за спину и обязательно через левое плечо. На целый год счастья, гласит традиция. 

День святого Патрика или как стать ирландцем, изображение 5

На праздник практически во всех барах предлагают посетителям зелёное пиво. А первым его сварил в начале прошлого века доктор Томас Куртин. Правда ходят слухи, что чарующий изумрудный оттенок ему удалось получить благодаря капельке стирального порошка «Wash Blue», но кто его знает. Традиционный ирландский тост гласит: «Если тебе повезло быть ирландцем… То тебе уже очень повезло!» 

Что нужно пить на День святого Патрика указано здесь.

Ирландский сленг на День святого Патрика

  • Acting the maggot — то же самое, что «acting the fool» — попросту «валять дурака». Выдающаяся (doozy) фраза, чтобы намекнуть раздражающему вас человеку на его непристойное поведение и поставить его на место. Можете заявить это ему в лицо или сказать у него за спиной, все зависит от серьезности ваших намерений. Даже находясь в комнате с кучей людей, которые никогда не слышали эту фразу, они все равно догадаются, к чему вы клоните (what you’re driving at).
  • Scanger [skæŋər] — так называют ирландских «гопников», обычно носящих бежевые кепки в клетку под углом в 45 градусов к голове, которые ни от чего не защищают. Эти хулиганы (oiks) пытаются везде создать конфликтные ситуации и под шумок утащить ваш телефон / кошелек / пачку молока / туалетную бумагу / расческу, все, что угодно — вы называете вещь — и она им нужна. В общем, если считаете кого-либо эдаким ничтожным получеловеком (inferior person), неважно в интеллектуальном, социальном, моральном или финансовом плане, то можете смело обозвать его scanger’ом. А еще так обзывают глупых женщин.
  • Banjaxed [bændʒæksd] – раздолбанный, убитый, фиговый. Поскольку все больше и
    больше продаваемых продуктов имеют запланированное истечение срока годности, и все меньше и меньше остается шансов починить их при поломке, термин «banjaxed» становится все более пригодным. Ваш iPod первого поколения, который больше не может воспроизводить песни более 10 секунд? Да он же «banjaxed»! Машина, починить которую стоит в разы дороже, чем купитьновую? Banjaxed! Ваши шансы достигнуть уровня «Profeciency»? Banjaxed to the moon and back! Шутка.

День святого Патрика или как стать ирландцем, изображение 6

  • Fluthered [fluðərd] – пьяный. Конечно, слово не так популярно и любимо как «bolloxed» (очень пьяный), но ведь просто невозможно не обратить внимание на шелковую гладкость произношения «fluthered». А в пьяном виде оно будет звучать просто превосходно! Скажите его медленно и вам захочется кривляться дальше. Fluthhhhherrrrrred … Это такой ловкий шаг в сторону от агрессивности и повышенных тонов. Применить это слово к себе, означает дать человеку понять, что вы в курсе проблемы и сожалеете о сложившейся ситуации. Возможно, это слово облегчит вам жизнь, избавив от неприятностей, возникших как следствие после ваших ночных похождений (antics).
  • Boxing the fox – упаковывая лису в коробку? Hardly. Слово едва ли применяется в повседневной жизни, если только вы не занимаетесь выращиванием яблок или груш, а еще лучше — их воровством из чужих фруктовых садов (orchads). Then it’s just the case! В общем, если вы собираетесь совершить «фруктовый рейд» (особенно в отношении яблок), то по сути вы «about to commerce boxing the fox» или «scrumping» (как сказали бы англичане). Это, конечно, не «shoplifting» (кража в магазине), но все равно некультурно.
  • Chiseller [‘tʃɪzələr] — в Дублине это слово означает «маленький ребенок». Но кроме этого, так как сленг — дело коварное, а иногда и вообще парадоксальное, ходят еще такие значения как «мошенник, «пройдоха», «пройда», «пройди-свет», «чеканщик», «гравер» или грызун».
  • Foostering [‘fu:stərɪŋ] – тратить время впустую. Все то, что находится между прокрастинацией и праздностью, может вполне зваться «foostering». Проснулись в воскресенье, после чрезмерно «хорошей» субботней ночи и собираете себя по частям, пытаясь приготовить завтрак? Вы «foostering». Ожидаете пока кто-то оденется, приведет себя в порядок и наведет красоту, а это занимает уже слишком много времени? У вас есть полное право обвинить личность в «foostering». Now you know.
  • Reddener [‘rɛd(ə)nər] — в первый раз, когда вы будете использовать вышеупомянутые дивные слова и выражения из ирландского сленга, вы, скорее всего, покраснеете. А затем знаток этого сленга, возможно, обвинит вас в (taking a reddener) этом. И это от того, что вы и вправду покраснели. Синоним слова «blush», собственно.
  • Sleeveen [‘sli:vi:n] – праздношатающийся, подозрительный человек, своего рода мошенник, аферист, который оставит вас без сбережений на жизнь, просто ради спортивного интереса. А потом спустит все это в неразумном пари (unwise wager).
  • Stop the lights! — it’s like «you’re kidding!». Так как восклицательлных знаков в этом мире всегда не хватает, то добавьте это выражение себе в коллекцию и гордо положите его на полочку рядом с вечной классикой вроде «holy moly!», «hot damn!» или «cheese and crackers!» – Ничего себе! Вот это да! Да ладно! 

День святого Патрика или как стать ирландцем, изображение 7

Новости ко Дню святого Патрика

Да будет известно всем, что Ирландия отменяет запрет на продажу алкоголя в пабах в Страстную пятницу (30 марта), который действовал в течение 90 лет. 

Факт: Ирландия — страна с самыми высокими ценами на алкоголь в ЕС. В среднем они на 75% выше, чем в других странах Евросоюза.

Церковь и государство в прошлом были тесно взаимосвязаны в Ирландии, в стране были запреты на развод и контрацепцию, которые теперь уже сняты. В 1960-х годах в Ирландии сняли запрет на продажу алкоголя как раз в День святого Патрика и, соответсвенно, разрешили продавать алкоголь, но ирландцам до сих пор запрещено торговать на католическое Рождество (25 декабря).

Во время пасхальных праздников во всемирно известные ирландские пабы стекаются туристы и они шокированы тем, что пабы закрыты. Поэтому ирландцы очень рады снятию запрета, которого ждали так долго.

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Заключение

Что же такого особенного можно сделать на День святого Патрика, спросите вы? Найти четырехлистный клевер, например, и скушать его. Ну или просто сходить в бар и выпить элитного виски. Вообще, достаточно будет просто одеть что-нибудь зеленое и поддержать празднование. Вы ведь знаете, что «Everyone’s Irish on March 17th»?

Запасайтесь продуктами и впускайте в себя праздничное настроение, потому что теперь вы готовы к празднику. Учите стильный английский и дружите с нами! 

Stay classy!

Большая и дружная семья EnglishDom

Источник

День святого Патрика Клевер — символ Ирландии и удачи (Фото: Anna Omelchenko, по лицензии Shutterstock.com)

17 марта — день памяти покровителя Ирландии, святого Патрика (англ. St. Patrick’s Day, ирл. Lá ’le Pádraig). Святой Патрик, по преданию, принес христианство на языческий остров и изгнал всех змей. По одной из версий, он скончался предположительно в 461 или в 493 году.

В честь святого Патрика устраивается парад с песнями и плясками, ирландское пиво льется рекой. 17 марта — праздник не только ирландского святого, но и ирландской души.

Этот праздник перерос национальные границы и стал своего рода международным днем Ирландии. В разных городах мира — в Нью-Йорке, Буэнос-Айресе, Мельбурне празднуют день святого Патрика. Яркие шествия, парады и гуляния людей, одетых в зеленое (национальный цвет Ирландии) заметны всюду, где проживают ирландцы. В петлицу в этот день вдевают клевер, символ Ирландии и удачи.

С именем святого Патрика связано множество легенд, например, о том, что он с помощью трехлистного клевера объяснял людям понятие Святой Троицы. «Так же, как три листа могут расти от одного стебля, так и Бог может быть един в трех лицах», — это фраза святого уже стала хрестоматийной.

Лепреконы - непременные герои Дня святого Патрика (Фото: Maria Dryfhout, по лицензии Shutterstock.com)

Лепреконы — непременные герои Дня святого Патрика (Фото: Maria Dryfhout, по лицензии Shutterstock.com)

В Ирландии существует традиция прикреплять к одежде трилистник, символизирующий крест, цвет католицизма, да и символьный цвет самой «изумрудной страны». Сложен церковный гимн, в котором повествуется о том, что святой Патрик при помощи трилистника прервал языческий ритуал, который совершался в селении Тара, королевской столице Ирландии тех времен.

Святой Патрик — один из самых почитаемых во всем мире святых. Западная Церковь отмечает день его памяти 17 марта, в ряде православных Церквей его память чтут 30 марта по новому стилю (17 марта по старому стилю).

Но у Дня святого Патрика есть и языческие мотивы. Так, одним из его непременных героев являются лепреконы — сказочные башмачники, владеющие спрятанным горшком с золотом. Если удачливому искателю сокровищ удастся поймать лепрекона, то это существо должно рассказать человеку, где спрятаны его сокровища. Впрочем, если вы вдруг поймаете башмачника, то помните, что полностью верить ему не следует, — эти человечки злокозненны и проказливы и легко могут обмануть доверчивого искателя сокровищ.

Традиционно в День святого Патрика устраиваются парады (Фото: Pres Panayotov, по лицензии Shutterstock.com)

Традиционно в День святого Патрика устраиваются парады (Фото: Pres Panayotov, по лицензии Shutterstock.com)

Говорят, что лепреконы вошли в празднование Дня святого Патрика совсем недавно — компаниям, которые продают открытки на этот праздник, требовался симпатичный персонаж, который мог бы появиться на рисунках. А суровый, хотя и добрый, проповедник святой Патрик не совсем подходил для этой роли. На рисунках лепреконы, как правило, одеты в остроконечную шляпу и кожаный фартук.

Традиционно в День святого Патрика устраиваются парады. На улицы выходят люди, одетые в экстравагантные костюмы, а также духовые оркестры, которые не могут обойтись без знаменитой волынки. Народная молва гласит о том, что эта традиция родилась в Ирландии. Нью-Йорк и Бостон оспаривают пальму первенства. Ньюйоркцы утверждают, что первый парад состоялся в 1762 году именно в их городе. Тогда Ирландия находилась под властью англичан, и вполне возможно, что жители непокорных североамериканских колоний выражали таким образом свою солидарность с ними.

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