14 июля какой французский праздник

Ежегодно 14 июля вся Франция празднует национальный праздник Республики — День взятия Бастилии (фр. La Fête Nationale) или День 14 июля (фр. Le Quatorze Juillet), установленный еще в 1880 году. Историческое событие, которое стало основанием для у...

День взятия Бастилии Ряд праздничных мероприятий проходит напротив знаменитой Триумфальной арки (Фото: Naaman Abreu, по лицензии Shutterstock.com)

Ежегодно 14 июля вся Франция празднует национальный праздник Республики — День взятия Бастилии (фр. La Fête Nationale) или День 14 июля (фр. Le Quatorze Juillet), установленный еще в 1880 году.

Историческое событие, которое стало основанием для учреждения праздника, произошло во время Великой французской революции — в 1789 году восставшие парижане штурмом взяли крепость-тюрьму Бастилию — символ королевского деспотизма и освободили семерых заключенных. Это событие считается началом Великой французской революции, а также символом свержения абсолютизма.

Хотя День взятия Бастилии считается национальным праздником Франции, но отмечается он не только в этой стране, но и во всем мире. Осада и взятие Бастилии — одно из грандиозных событий в истории человечества. Оно стало символом достигнутого революционным путем политического освобождения, а само слово «Бастилия» стало нарицательным.

Торжества в этот день проходят по всей Франции. Но, пожалуй, даже встреча Нового года не сравнится с тем, что происходит в Париже 14 июля. Как известно, Великая французская революция началась с вооруженного захвата восставшими парижанами грозной и ненавистной тюрьмы-крепости Бастилии в этот день в 1789 году.

Однако, большинство ликующего народа сегодня уже не относятся к этому празднику как революционному. Им уже не важно, что и как произошло 200 с лишним лет назад. Празднуется нечто великое для каждого француза, светлое, радостное и патриотическое.

Официальная программа празднования предусматривает серию балов: балы пожарных, Большой бал, который происходит 13 июля в саду Тюильри. В сам День взятия Бастилии проходит торжественный военный парад на Елисейских полях. Парад начинается в 10 часов утра с Этуаль и двигается в сторону Лувра, принимает его президент Франции.

На площади Конкорд, напротив знаменитой Триумфальной арки, воздвигнуты специальные места для зрителей. Финалом праздника становится большой салют и фейерверк у Эйфелевой башни и на Марсовых полях. Это пиротехническое представление начинается обычно в 10 часов вечера.

Помимо официальной программы торжеств, по всему городу — в дискотеках, барах, ночных клубах, в домах и просто на улицах — проходят непрекращающиеся вечеринки. Сейчас на месте Бастилии большой транспортный круг — развязка с Колонной Бастилии в центре.

«fête nationale française» redirects here. For other French language fêtes nationales, see fête nationale.

Bastille Day
Fly over Bastille Day 2017.jpg

The Patrouille de France with nine Alpha Jets over the Champs-Élysées in Paris in 2017

Also called French National Day
(Fête nationale)
The Fourteenth of July
(Quatorze juillet)
Observed by France
Type National day
Significance Commemorates the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789,[1][2] and the unity of the French people at the Fête de la Fédération on 14 July 1790
Celebrations Military parades, fireworks, concerts, balls
Date 14 July
Next time 14 July 2023
Frequency Annual

Bastille Day is the common name given in English-speaking countries to the national day of France, which is celebrated on 14 July each year. In French, it is formally called the Fête nationale française (French: [fɛt nasjɔnal]; «French National Celebration»); legally it is known as le 14 juillet (French: [lə katɔʁz(ə) ʒɥijɛ]; «the 14th of July»).[3]

The French National Day is the anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789,[1][2] a major event of the French Revolution,[4] as well as the Fête de la Fédération that celebrated the unity of the French people on 14 July 1790. Celebrations are held throughout France. One that has been reported as «the oldest and largest military parade in Europe»[5] is held on 14 July on the Champs-Élysées in Paris in front of the President of the Republic, along with other French officials and foreign guests.[6][7]

History[edit]

In 1789, tensions rose in France between reformist and conservative factions as the country struggled to resolve an economic crisis. In May, the Estates General legislative assembly was revived, but members of the Third Estate broke ranks, declaring themselves to be the National Assembly of the country, and on 20 June, vowed to write a constitution for the kingdom.

On 11 July Jacques Necker, the finance minister of Louis XVI, who was sympathetic to the Third Estate, was dismissed by the King, provoking an angry reaction among Parisians. Crowds formed, fearful of an attack by the royal army or by foreign regiments of mercenaries in the King’s service, and seeking to arm the general populace. Early on 14 July one crowd besieged the Hôtel des Invalides for firearms, muskets, and cannons, stored in its cellars.[8] That same day, another crowd stormed the Bastille, a fortress-prison in Paris that had historically held people jailed on the basis of lettres de cachet (literally «signet letters»), arbitrary royal indictments that could not be appealed and did not indicate the reason for the imprisonment, and was believed to hold a cache of ammunition and gunpowder. As it happened, at the time of the attack, the Bastille held only seven inmates, none of great political significance.[9]

The crowd was eventually reinforced by mutinous Régiment des Gardes Françaises («French Guards»), whose usual role was to protect public buildings. They proved a fair match for the fort’s defenders, and Governor de Launay, the commander of the Bastille, capitulated and opened the gates to avoid a mutual massacre. According to the official documents, about 200 attackers and just one defender died before the capitulation. However, possibly because of a misunderstanding, fighting resumed. In this second round of fighting, de Launay and seven other defenders were killed, as was Jacques de Flesselles, the prévôt des marchands («provost of the merchants»), the elected head of the city’s guilds, who under the feudal monarchy also had the competences of a present-day mayor.[10]

Shortly after the storming of the Bastille, late in the evening of 4 August, after a very stormy session of the Assemblée constituante, feudalism was abolished. On 26 August, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen) was proclaimed.[11]

Fête de la Fédération[edit]

As early as 1789, the year of the storming of the Bastille, preliminary designs for a national festival were underway. These designs were intended to strengthen the country’s national identity through the celebration of the events of 14 July 1789.[12] One of the first designs was proposed by Clément Gonchon, a French textile worker, who presented his design for a festival celebrating the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille to the French city administration and the public on 9 December 1789.[13] There were other proposals and unofficial celebrations of 14 July 1789, but the official festival sponsored by the National Assembly was called the Fête de la Fédération.[14]

The Fête de la Fédération on 14 July 1790 was a celebration of the unity of the French nation during the French Revolution. The aim of this celebration, one year after the Storming of the Bastille, was to symbolize peace. The event took place on the Champ de Mars, which was located far outside of Paris at the time. The work needed to transform the Champ de Mars into a suitable location for the celebration was not on schedule to be completed in time. On the day recalled as the Journée des brouettes («The Day of the Wheelbarrow»), thousands of Parisian citizens gathered together to finish the construction needed for the celebration.[15]

The day of the festival, the National Guard assembled and proceeded along the boulevard du Temple in the pouring rain, and were met by an estimated 260,000 Parisian citizens at the Champ de Mars.[16] A mass was celebrated by Talleyrand, bishop of Autun. The popular General Lafayette, as captain of the National Guard of Paris and a confidant of the king, took his oath to the constitution, followed by King Louis XVI. After the end of the official celebration, the day ended in a huge four-day popular feast, and people celebrated with fireworks, as well as fine wine and running nude through the streets in order to display their great freedom.[17]

Origin of the current celebration[edit]

Claude Monet, Rue Montorgueil, Paris, Festival of 30 June 1878

On 30 June 1878, a feast was officially arranged in Paris to honour the French Republic (the event was commemorated in a painting by Claude Monet).[18] On 14 July 1879, there was another feast, with a semi-official aspect. The day’s events included a reception in the Chamber of Deputies, organised and presided over by Léon Gambetta,[19] a military review at Longchamp, and a Republican Feast in the Pré Catelan.[20] All through France, Le Figaro wrote, «people feasted much to honour the storming of the Bastille».[21]

In 1880, the government of the Third Republic wanted to revive the 14 July festival. The campaign for the reinstatement of the festival was sponsored by the notable politician Léon Gambetta and scholar Henri Baudrillant.[22] On 21 May 1880, Benjamin Raspail proposed a law, signed by sixty-four members of government, to have «the Republic adopt 14 July as the day of an annual national festival». There were many disputes over which date to be remembered as the national holiday, including 4 August (the commemoration of the end of the feudal system), 5 May (when the Estates-General first assembled), 27 July (the fall of Robespierre), and 21 January (the date of Louis XVI’s execution).[23] The government decided that the date of the holiday would be 14 July, but it was still somewhat problematic. The events of 14 July 1789 were illegal under the previous government, which contradicted the Third Republic’s need to establish legal legitimacy.[24] French politicians also did not want the sole foundation of their national holiday to be rooted in a day of bloodshed and class-hatred as the day of storming the Bastille was. Instead, they based the establishment of the holiday as a dual celebration of the Fête de la Fédération, a festival celebrating the first anniversary of 14 July 1789, and the storming of the Bastille.[25] The Assembly voted in favor of the proposal on 21 May and 8 June, and the law was approved on 27 and 29 June. The law was made official on 6 July 1880.[citation needed]

In the debate leading up to the adoption of the holiday, Senator Henri Martin, who wrote the National Day law,[25] addressed the chamber on 29 June 1880:

Do not forget that behind this 14 July, where victory of the new era over the Ancien Régime was bought by fighting, do not forget that after the day of 14 July 1789, there was the day of 14 July 1790 (…) This [latter] day cannot be blamed for having shed a drop of blood, for having divided the country. It was the consecration of the unity of France (…) If some of you might have scruples against the first 14 July, they certainly hold none against the second. Whatever difference which might part us, something hovers over them, it is the great images of national unity, which we all desire, for which we would all stand, willing to die if necessary.

Bastille Day military parade[edit]

Military parade during World War I

The Bastille Day military parade is the French military parade that has been held in the morning, each year in Paris since 1880. While previously held elsewhere within or near the capital city, since 1918 it has been held on the Champs-Élysées, with the participation of the Allies as represented in the Versailles Peace Conference, and with the exception of the period of German occupation from 1940 to 1944 (when the ceremony took place in London under the command of General Charles de Gaulle); and 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic forced its cancellation.[27] The parade passes down the Champs-Élysées from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place de la Concorde, where the President of the French Republic, his government and foreign ambassadors to France stand. This is a popular event in France, broadcast on French TV, and is the oldest and largest regular military parade in Europe.[6][7] In some years, invited detachments of foreign troops take part in the parade and foreign statesmen attend as guests[citation needed]

Smaller military parades are held in French garrison towns, including Toulon and Belfort, with local troops.[28]

  • Allied forces participate in the military parade

    Allied forces participate in the military parade

  • The French President traditionally welcomes honorary guests for the parade (here: Donald Trump in 2017)

    The French President traditionally welcomes honorary guests for the parade (here: Donald Trump in 2017)

  • Horseman of the Republican Guard during the 2007 military parade on the Champs-Élysées

  • Surgeon general inspector Dominique Vallet, head of the Laveran military medical school, at the ceremonies for Bastille Day in Marseille, 2012

    Surgeon general inspector Dominique Vallet, head of the Laveran military medical school, at the ceremonies for Bastille Day in Marseille, 2012

Bastille Day celebrations in other countries[edit]

Belgium[edit]

Liège celebrates Bastille Day each year since the end of the First World War, as Liège was decorated by the Légion d’Honneur for its unexpected resistance during the Battle of Liège.[29] The city also hosts a fireworks show outside of Congress Hall. Specifically in Liège, celebrations of Bastille Day have been known to be bigger than the celebrations of the Belgian National holiday.[30] Around 35,000 people gather to celebrate Bastille Day. There is a traditional festival dance of the French consul that draws large crowds, and many unofficial events over the city celebrate the relationship between France and the city of Liège.[31]

Canada[edit]

Vancouver, British Columbia holds a celebration featuring exhibits, food and entertainment.[32] The Toronto Bastille Day festival is also celebrated in Toronto, Ontario. The festival is organized by the French community in Toronto and sponsored by the Consulate General of France. The celebration includes music, performances, sport competitions, and a French Market. At the end of the festival, there is also a traditional French bal populaire.[33]

Czech Republic[edit]

Since 2008, Prague has hosted a French market «Le marché du 14 juillet» («Fourteenth of July Market») offering traditional French food and wine as well as music. The market takes place on Kampa Island, it is usually between 11 and 14 July.[34] It acts as an event that marks the relinquish of the EU presidency from France to the Czech Republic. Traditional selections of French produce, including cheese, wine, meat, bread and pastries, are provided by the market. Throughout the event, live music is played in the evenings, with lanterns lighting up the square at night.[35]

Denmark[edit]

The amusement park Tivoli celebrates Bastille Day.[36]

Hungary[edit]

Budapest’s two-day celebration is sponsored by the Institut de France.[37] The festival is hosted along the Danube River, with streets filled with music and dancing. There are also local markets dedicated to French foods and wine, mixed with some traditional Hungarian specialties. At the end of the celebration, a fireworks show is held on the river banks.[38]

India[edit]

Bastille Day is celebrated with great festivity in Pondicherry, a former French colony, every year.[39] On the eve of Bastille Day, retired soldiers parade and celebrate the day with Indian and French National Anthems, honoring the French soldiers who were killed in the battles. Throughout the celebration, French and Indian flags fly alongside each other, projecting the mingling of cultures and heritages.[40]

Ireland[edit]

The Embassy of France in Ireland organizes several events around Dublin, Cork and Limerick for Bastille Day; including evenings of French music and tasting of French food. Many members of the French community in Ireland take part in the festivities.[41] Events in Dublin include live entertainment, speciality menus on French cuisine, and screenings of popular French films.[42]

New Zealand[edit]

The Auckland suburb of Remuera hosts an annual French-themed Bastille Day street festival.[43] Visitors enjoy mimes, dancers, music, as well as French foods and drinks. The budding relationship between the two countries, with the establishment of a Maori garden in France and exchange of their analyses of cave art, resulted in the creation of an official reception at the Residence of France. There is also an event in Wellington for the French community held at the Residence of France.[35]

South Africa[edit]

Franschhoek’s weekend festival[44] has been celebrated since 1993. (Franschhoek, or ‘French Corner,’ is situated in the Western Cape.) As South Africa’s gourmet capital, French food, wine and other entertainment is provided throughout the festival. The French Consulate in South Africa also celebrates their national holiday with a party for the French community.[35] Activities also include dressing up in different items of French clothing.[45]

French Polynesia[edit]

Following colonial rule, France annexed a large portion of what is now French Polynesia. Under French rule, Tahitians were permitted to participate in sport, singing, and dancing competitions one day a year: Bastille Day.[46] The single day of celebration evolved into the major Heiva i Tahiti festival in Papeete Tahiti, where traditional events such as canoe races, tattooing, and fire walks are held. The singing and dancing competitions continued, with music composed with traditional instruments such as a nasal flute and ukulele.[35]

United Kingdom[edit]

Within the UK, London has a large French contingent, and celebrates Bastille Day at various locations across the city including Battersea Park, Camden Town and Kentish Town.[47] Live entertainment is performed at Canary Wharf, with weeklong performances of French theatre at the Lion and Unicorn Theatre in Kentish Town. Restaurants feature cabarets and special menus across the city, and other celebrations include garden parties and sports tournaments. There is also a large event at the Bankside and Borough Market, where there is live music, street performers, and traditional French games are played.[35]

United States[edit]

The United States has over 20 cities that conduct annual celebrations of Bastille Day. The different cities celebrate with many French staples such as food, music, games, and sometimes the recreation of famous French landmarks.[48]

Northeastern States

Baltimore, Maryland, has a large Bastille Day celebration each year at Petit Louis in the Roland Park area of Baltimore. Boston has a celebration annually, hosted by the French Cultural Center for 40 years. The street festival occurs in Boston’s Back Bay neighborhood, near the Cultural Center’s headquarters. The celebration includes francophone musical performers, dancing, and French cuisine.[49] New York City has numerous Bastille Day celebrations each July, including Bastille Day on 60th Street hosted by the French Institute Alliance Française between Fifth and Lexington Avenues on the Upper East Side of Manhattan,[50] Bastille Day on Smith Street in Brooklyn, and Bastille Day in Tribeca. There is also the annual Bastille Day Ball, taking place since 1924.[48] Philadelphia’s Bastille Day, held at Eastern State Penitentiary, involves Marie Antoinette throwing locally manufactured Tastykakes at the Parisian militia, as well as a re-enactment of the storming of the Bastille.[49] (This Philadelphia tradition ended in 2018.[51]) In Newport, Rhode Island, the annual Bastille Day celebration is organized by the local chapter of the Alliance Française. It takes place at King Park in Newport at the monument memorializing the accomplishments of the General Comte de Rochambeau whose 6,000 to 7,000 French forces landed in Newport on 11 July 1780. Their assistance in the defeat of the English in the War of Independence is well documented and is demonstrable proof of the special relationship between France and the United States.[citation needed] In Washington D.C., food, music, and auction events are sponsored by the Embassy of France. There is also a French Festival within the city, where families can meet period entertainment groups set during the time of the French Revolution. Restaurants host parties serving traditional French food.[48]

Southern States

In Dallas, Texas, the Bastille Day celebration, «Bastille On Bishop», began in 2010 and is held annually in the Bishop Arts District of the North Oak Cliff neighborhood, southwest of downtown just across the Trinity River. Dallas’ French roots are tied to the short lived socialist Utopian community La Réunion, formed in 1855 and incorporated into the City of Dallas in 1860.[52] Miami’s celebration is organized by «French & Famous» in partnership with the French American Chamber of Commerce, the Union des Français de l’Etranger and many French brands. The event gathers over 1,000 attendees to celebrate «La Fête Nationale». The location and theme change every year. In 2017, the theme was «Guinguette Party» and attracted 1,200 francophiles at The River Yacht Club.[53] New Orleans, Louisiana, has multiple celebrations, the largest in the historic French Quarter.[54] In Austin, Texas, the Alliance Française d’Austin usually conducts a family-friendly Bastille Day party at the French Legation, the home of the French representative to the Republic of Texas from 1841 to 1845.[citation needed]

Midwestern States

Chicago, Illinois, has hosted a variety of Bastille Day celebrations in a number of locations in the city, including Navy Pier and Oz Park. The recent incarnations have been sponsored in part by the Chicago branch of the French-American Chamber of Commerce and by the French Consulate-General in Chicago.[55] Milwaukee’s four-day street festival begins with a «Storming of the Bastille» with a 43-foot replica of the Eiffel Tower.[56] Minneapolis, Minnesota, has a celebration with wine, French food, pastries, a flea market, circus performers and bands. Also in the Twin Cities area, the local chapter of the Alliance Française has hosted an annual event for years at varying locations with a competition for the «Best Baguette of the Twin Cities.»[57][58] Montgomery, Ohio, has a celebration with wine, beer, local restaurants’ fare, pastries, games and bands.[59] St. Louis, Missouri, has annual festivals in the Soulard neighborhood, the former French village of Carondelet, Missouri, and in the Benton Park neighborhood. The Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion in the Benton Park neighborhood, holds an annual Bastille Day festival with reenactments of the beheading of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, traditional dancing, and artillery demonstrations. Carondelet also began hosting an annual saloon crawl to celebrate Bastille Day in 2017.[60] The Soulard neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri celebrates its unique French heritage with special events including a parade, which honors the peasants who rejected to monarchy. The parade includes a ‘gathering of the mob,’ a walking and golf cart parade, and a mock beheading of the King and Queen.[61]

Western States

Portland, Oregon, has celebrated Bastille Day with crowds up to 8,000, in public festivals at various public parks, since 2001. The event is coordinated by the Alliance Française of Portland.[62] Seattle’s Bastille Day celebration, held at the Seattle Center, involves performances, picnics, wine and shopping.[63] Sacramento, California, conducts annual «waiter races» in the midtown restaurant and shopping district, with a street festival.[64]

One-time celebrations[edit]

Bronze relief of a memorial dedicated to Bastille Day.

  • 1979: A concert with Jean-Michel Jarre on the Place de la Concorde in Paris was the first concert to have one million attendees.[65]
  • 1989: France celebrated the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution, notably with a monumental show on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, directed by French designer Jean-Paul Goude. President François Mitterrand acted as a host for invited world leaders.[66]
  • 1990: A concert with Jarre was held at La Défense near Paris.[67]
  • 1994: The military parade was opened by Eurocorps, a newly created European army unit including German soldiers. This was the first time German troops paraded in France since 1944, as a symbol of Franco-German reconciliation.[68]
  • 1995: A concert with Jarre was held at the Eiffel Tower in Paris.[69]
  • 1998: Two days after the French football team became World Cup champions, huge celebrations took place nationwide.[70]
  • 2004: To commemorate the centenary of the Entente Cordiale, the British led the military parade with the Red Arrows flying overhead.[71]
  • 2007: To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome, the military parade was led by troops from the 26 other EU member states, all marching at the French time.[72]
  • 2014: To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War, representatives of 80 countries who fought during this conflict were invited to the ceremony. The military parade was opened by 76 flags representing each of these countries.[73]
  • 2017: To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the United States of America’s entry into the First World War, president of France Emmanuel Macron invited then-U.S. president Donald Trump to celebrate a centuries-long transatlantic tie between the two countries.[74] Trump was reported to have admired the display, and pushed for the United States to «top it» with a proposed military parade on 10 November 2018 (the eve of the Armistice Day centenary).[75][76]

Incidents during Bastille Day[edit]

  • In 2002, Maxime Brunerie attempted to shoot French President Jacques Chirac during the Champs-Élysées parade.[77]
  • In 2009, Paris youths set fire to more than 300 cars on Bastille Day.[78]
  • In 2016, Tunisian terrorist Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel drove a truck into crowds during celebrations in the city of Nice. 86 people were killed and 434 injured along the Promenade des Anglais,[79] before the attacker was killed in a shootout with police.[80]

See also[edit]

  • «Bastille Day», a song by Canadian progressive rock band Rush
  • Bastille Day (1933 film), a French romantic comedy by René Clair
  • Bastille Day (2016 film), a film starring Idris Elba
  • Triplets of Bellville (2003 film), an animated film written and directed by Sylvain Chomet
  • Bastille, a British alternative rock band named after the birthday of their frontman
  • Bastille Day event
  • Opération 14 juillet
  • Place de la Bastille
  • Public holidays in France
  • Other national holidays in July:
    • Canada Day in Canada
    • Independence Day/Fourth of July in the United States of America
    • Battle of the Boyne in Northern Ireland
    • Belgian National Day

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b «Bastille Day – 14th July». Official Website of France. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. A national celebration, a re-enactment of the storming of the Bastille … Commemorating the storming of the Bastille on 14th July 1789, Bastille Day takes place on the same date each year. The main event is a grand military parade along the Champs-Élysées, attended by the President of the Republic and other political leaders. It is accompanied by fireworks and public dances in towns throughout the whole of France.
  2. ^ a b «La fête nationale du 14 juillet». Official Website of Elysée. 21 October 2015.
  3. ^ Article L. 3133-3 of French labour code on www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
  4. ^ «The Beginning of the French Revolution, 1789». EyeWitness to History. Thomas Jefferson was America’s minister to France in 1789. As tensions grew and violence erupted, Jefferson traveled to Versailles and Paris to observe events first-hand. He reported his experience in a series of letters to America’s Secretary of State, John Jay. We join Jefferson’s story as tensions escalate to violence on July 12:
    July 12
    In the afternoon a body of about 100 German cavalry were advanced and drawn up in the Palace Louis XV. and about 300 Swiss posted at a little distance in their rear. This drew people to that spot, who naturally formed themselves in front of the troops, at first merely to look at them. But as their numbers increased their indignation arose: they retired a few steps, posted themselves on and behind large piles of loose stone collected in that Place for a bridge adjacent to it, and attacked the horse with stones. The horse charged, but the advantageous position of the people, and the showers of stones obliged them to retire, and even to quit the field altogether, leaving one of their number on the ground. The Swiss in their rear were observed never to stir. This was the signal for universal insurrection, and this body of cavalry, to avoid being massacred, retired towards Versailles.
    The people now armed themselves with such weapons as they could find in Armourer’s shops and private houses, and with bludgeons, and were roaming all night through all parts of the city without any decided and practicable object.
    July 13
    …A Committee of magistrates and electors of the city are appointed, by their bodies, to take upon them its government.
    The mob, now openly joined by the French guards, force the prisons of St. Lazare, release all the prisoners, and take a great store of corn, which they carry to the corn market. Here they get some arms, and the French guards begin to form and train them. The City committee determines to raise 48,000 Bourgeois, or rather to restrain their numbers to 48,000.’
  5. ^ «France commemorates WWI centenary on Bastille Day». France 24. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  6. ^ a b «Champs-Élysées city visit in Paris, France – Recommended city visit of Champs-Élysées in Paris». Paris.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  7. ^ a b «Celebrate Bastille Day in Paris This Year». Paris Attractions. 3 May 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  8. ^ «What Actually Happened on the Original Bastille Day».
  9. ^ G A Chevallaz, Histoire générale de 1789 à nos jours, p. 22, Payot, Lausanne 1974
  10. ^ J Isaac, L’époque révolutionnaire 1789–1851, p. 60, Hachette, Paris 1950
  11. ^ J Isaac, L’époque révolutionnaire 1789–1851, p. 64, Hachette, Paris 1950.
  12. ^ Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen (1997). The Bastille: A History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom. Duke Press University. p. 151. ISBN 9780822382751.
  13. ^ Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen; Reichardt, Rolf (1997). The Bastille: A History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom. Duke University Press. p. 152. ISBN 9780822382751.
  14. ^ Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen; Reichardt, Rolf (1997). The Bastille: A History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom. Duke University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780822382751.
  15. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781861979391.
  16. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 106–107. ISBN 9781861979391.
  17. ^ Gottschalk, Louis Reichenthal (1973). Lafayette in the French Revolution. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30547-3.
  18. ^ Adamson, Natalie (15 August 2009). Painting, politics and the struggle for the École de Paris, 1944–1964. Ashgate. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7546-5928-0. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  19. ^ Nord, Philip G. (2000). Impressionists and politics: art and democracy in the nineteenth century. Psychology Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-20695-2. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  20. ^ Nord, Philip G. (1995). The republican moment: struggles for democracy in nineteenth-century France. Harvard University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-674-76271-8. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  21. ^ «Paris Au Jour Le Jour». Le Figaro. 16 July 1879. p. 4. Retrieved 15 January 2013. On a beaucoup banqueté avant-hier, en mémoire de la prise de la Bastille, et comme tout banquet suppose un ou plusieurs discours, on a aussi beaucoup parlé.
  22. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 127. ISBN 9781861979391.
  23. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 129. ISBN 9781861979391.
  24. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 130. ISBN 9781861979391.
  25. ^ a b Schofield, Hugh (14 July 2013). «Bastille Day: How peace and revolution got mixed up». BBC News.
  26. ^ Le Quatorze Juillet at the Greeting Card Universe Blog
  27. ^ Défilé du 14 juillet, des origines à nos jours Archived 24 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine (14 July Parade, from its origins to the present)
  28. ^ «France’s National Day». shape.nato.int. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  29. ^ «Travel Picks: Top 10 Bastille Day celebrations». Reuters. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  30. ^ «Bastille Day: world celebrations». The Telegraph. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  31. ^ «An unusual Bastille Day: in Liège, Belgium». Eurofluence. 19 July 2014. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  32. ^ «Bastille Day Festival Vancouver». Bastille Day Festival Vancouver. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  33. ^ «Toronto Bastille Day». French Street.
  34. ^ «French Market at Kampa – Le marché du 14 Juillet». Prague.eu. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  35. ^ a b c d e Trumper, David (11 July 2014). «7 places outside France where Bastille Day is celebrated». WorldFirst.
  36. ^ «Tivoli fejrer Bastilledag». Tivoli (in Danish). Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  37. ^ «Bastille Day 2007 – Budapest». Budapestresources.com. 14 July 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  38. ^ «Travel Picks: Top 10 Bastille Day celebrations». Reuters. 13 July 2012.
  39. ^ «Puducherry Culture». Government of Puducherry. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  40. ^ Miner Murray, Meghan (12 July 2019). «9 Bastille Day bashes that celebrate French culture». National Geographic.
  41. ^ «Bastille Day 2018». French Embassy in Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  42. ^ «July 14th Bastille Day Celebrations in Dublin». Babylon Radio. 14 July 2016.
  43. ^ «Array». Remuera Business Association.
  44. ^ «Bastille Day Festival at Franschhoek». Franschhoek.co.za. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  45. ^ «Bastille Day is celebrated across the world and in Franchhoek, South Africa». South African History Online. 12 November 2017.
  46. ^ «The Best Festival You’ve Never Heard Of: The Heiva in Tahiti». X Days in Y. 7 July 2017.
  47. ^ «Bastille Day London – Bastille Day Events in London, Bastille Day 2011». Viewlondon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  48. ^ a b c «Where to Celebrate Bastille Day in the United States?». France-Amérique. 6 July 2017.
  49. ^ a b «Bastille Day: world celebrations». The Telegraph. 4 February 2016. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  50. ^ «Bastille Day on 60th Street, New York City, Sunday, July 15, 2012 | 12–5pm | Fifth Avenue to Lexington Avenue». Bastilledayny.com. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  51. ^ «Bastille Day 2018: The Farewell Tour». Eastern State Penitentiary. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  52. ^ «Bastille on Bishop». Go Oak Cliff. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  53. ^ «Le 14 juillet à Miami : Bastille Day Party de «French & Famous» !». Le Courrier de Floride (in French). 26 June 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  54. ^ Carr, Martha (13 July 2009). «Only in New Orleans: Watch locals celebrate Bastille Day in the French Quarter». The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  55. ^ «Bastille Day Chicago». Consulate General of France. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  56. ^ «Bastille Days | Milwaukee, WI». East Town Association. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  57. ^ «2009 Bastille Day Celebration – Alliance Française, Minneapolis». Yelp. 11 July 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  58. ^ «Bastille Day celebrations, 2011». Consulat Général de France à Chicago. 14 July 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  59. ^ «Bastille Day Celebration!». City of Montgomery, Ohio. 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  60. ^ «Bastille Day». Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  61. ^ «Bastille Weekend 2021». Soulard Business Association. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  62. ^ «Bastille Day July 14 at Jamison Square». Alliance Française de Portland. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  63. ^ «Bastille Day celebration – Alliance Française de Seattle». Alliance Française de Seattle. Bastille Day celebration. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  64. ^ «Waiters’ Race & Street Festival». Sacramento Bastille Day. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  65. ^ Yelton, Geary (10 April 2017). «On Tour with Jean-Michel Jarre». Keyboard. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  66. ^ Longworth, R.C. (15 July 1989). «French Shoot The Works With Soaring Bicentennial French». Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  67. ^ «Paris La Défense – Jean-Michel Jarre | Official Site». jeanmicheljarre.com. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  68. ^ Kraft, Scott (15 July 1994). «German Troops Join Bastille Day Parade in Paris». Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  69. ^ «Concert For Tolerance». Jean-Michel Jarre Official Site. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  70. ^ Young, Chris (8 June 2014). «World Cup: Remembering the giddiness and glory of France ’98». The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  71. ^ Broughton, Philip Delves (14 July 2004). «Best of British lead the way in parade for Bastille Day». The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  72. ^ «The 14th of July : Bastille Day». French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  73. ^ «Bastille Day in pictures: Soldiers from 76 countries march down Champs-Elysees». The Telegraph. 14 July 2014. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  74. ^ Breeden, Aurelien (27 June 2017). «Macron Invites Trump to Paris for Bastille Day». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  75. ^ Campbell, Barbara; Chappell, Bill (16 August 2018). «No Military Parade For Trump In D.C. This Year; Pentagon Looking At Dates In 2019». NPR.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  76. ^ Juliet Eilperin, Josh Dawsey and Dan Lamothe (1 July 2019). «Trump asks for tanks, Marine One and much more for grandiose July Fourth event». The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019. Trump has been fixated since early in his term on putting on a military-heavy parade or other celebration modeled on France’s Bastille Day celebration, which he attended in Paris in 2017.
  77. ^ Riding, Alan (15 July 2002). «Chirac Unhurt As Man Shoots At Him in Paris». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  78. ^ «French youths burn 300 cars to mark Bastille Day». The Telegraph. 14 July 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  79. ^ «Lorry attacks people on Bastile Day Celebrations». BBC News. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  80. ^ «Nice attack: Lorry driver confirmed as Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel». BBC News. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2021.

External links[edit]

«fête nationale française» redirects here. For other French language fêtes nationales, see fête nationale.

Bastille Day
Fly over Bastille Day 2017.jpg

The Patrouille de France with nine Alpha Jets over the Champs-Élysées in Paris in 2017

Also called French National Day
(Fête nationale)
The Fourteenth of July
(Quatorze juillet)
Observed by France
Type National day
Significance Commemorates the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789,[1][2] and the unity of the French people at the Fête de la Fédération on 14 July 1790
Celebrations Military parades, fireworks, concerts, balls
Date 14 July
Next time 14 July 2023
Frequency Annual

Bastille Day is the common name given in English-speaking countries to the national day of France, which is celebrated on 14 July each year. In French, it is formally called the Fête nationale française (French: [fɛt nasjɔnal]; «French National Celebration»); legally it is known as le 14 juillet (French: [lə katɔʁz(ə) ʒɥijɛ]; «the 14th of July»).[3]

The French National Day is the anniversary of the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789,[1][2] a major event of the French Revolution,[4] as well as the Fête de la Fédération that celebrated the unity of the French people on 14 July 1790. Celebrations are held throughout France. One that has been reported as «the oldest and largest military parade in Europe»[5] is held on 14 July on the Champs-Élysées in Paris in front of the President of the Republic, along with other French officials and foreign guests.[6][7]

History[edit]

In 1789, tensions rose in France between reformist and conservative factions as the country struggled to resolve an economic crisis. In May, the Estates General legislative assembly was revived, but members of the Third Estate broke ranks, declaring themselves to be the National Assembly of the country, and on 20 June, vowed to write a constitution for the kingdom.

On 11 July Jacques Necker, the finance minister of Louis XVI, who was sympathetic to the Third Estate, was dismissed by the King, provoking an angry reaction among Parisians. Crowds formed, fearful of an attack by the royal army or by foreign regiments of mercenaries in the King’s service, and seeking to arm the general populace. Early on 14 July one crowd besieged the Hôtel des Invalides for firearms, muskets, and cannons, stored in its cellars.[8] That same day, another crowd stormed the Bastille, a fortress-prison in Paris that had historically held people jailed on the basis of lettres de cachet (literally «signet letters»), arbitrary royal indictments that could not be appealed and did not indicate the reason for the imprisonment, and was believed to hold a cache of ammunition and gunpowder. As it happened, at the time of the attack, the Bastille held only seven inmates, none of great political significance.[9]

The crowd was eventually reinforced by mutinous Régiment des Gardes Françaises («French Guards»), whose usual role was to protect public buildings. They proved a fair match for the fort’s defenders, and Governor de Launay, the commander of the Bastille, capitulated and opened the gates to avoid a mutual massacre. According to the official documents, about 200 attackers and just one defender died before the capitulation. However, possibly because of a misunderstanding, fighting resumed. In this second round of fighting, de Launay and seven other defenders were killed, as was Jacques de Flesselles, the prévôt des marchands («provost of the merchants»), the elected head of the city’s guilds, who under the feudal monarchy also had the competences of a present-day mayor.[10]

Shortly after the storming of the Bastille, late in the evening of 4 August, after a very stormy session of the Assemblée constituante, feudalism was abolished. On 26 August, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Déclaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen) was proclaimed.[11]

Fête de la Fédération[edit]

As early as 1789, the year of the storming of the Bastille, preliminary designs for a national festival were underway. These designs were intended to strengthen the country’s national identity through the celebration of the events of 14 July 1789.[12] One of the first designs was proposed by Clément Gonchon, a French textile worker, who presented his design for a festival celebrating the anniversary of the storming of the Bastille to the French city administration and the public on 9 December 1789.[13] There were other proposals and unofficial celebrations of 14 July 1789, but the official festival sponsored by the National Assembly was called the Fête de la Fédération.[14]

The Fête de la Fédération on 14 July 1790 was a celebration of the unity of the French nation during the French Revolution. The aim of this celebration, one year after the Storming of the Bastille, was to symbolize peace. The event took place on the Champ de Mars, which was located far outside of Paris at the time. The work needed to transform the Champ de Mars into a suitable location for the celebration was not on schedule to be completed in time. On the day recalled as the Journée des brouettes («The Day of the Wheelbarrow»), thousands of Parisian citizens gathered together to finish the construction needed for the celebration.[15]

The day of the festival, the National Guard assembled and proceeded along the boulevard du Temple in the pouring rain, and were met by an estimated 260,000 Parisian citizens at the Champ de Mars.[16] A mass was celebrated by Talleyrand, bishop of Autun. The popular General Lafayette, as captain of the National Guard of Paris and a confidant of the king, took his oath to the constitution, followed by King Louis XVI. After the end of the official celebration, the day ended in a huge four-day popular feast, and people celebrated with fireworks, as well as fine wine and running nude through the streets in order to display their great freedom.[17]

Origin of the current celebration[edit]

Claude Monet, Rue Montorgueil, Paris, Festival of 30 June 1878

On 30 June 1878, a feast was officially arranged in Paris to honour the French Republic (the event was commemorated in a painting by Claude Monet).[18] On 14 July 1879, there was another feast, with a semi-official aspect. The day’s events included a reception in the Chamber of Deputies, organised and presided over by Léon Gambetta,[19] a military review at Longchamp, and a Republican Feast in the Pré Catelan.[20] All through France, Le Figaro wrote, «people feasted much to honour the storming of the Bastille».[21]

In 1880, the government of the Third Republic wanted to revive the 14 July festival. The campaign for the reinstatement of the festival was sponsored by the notable politician Léon Gambetta and scholar Henri Baudrillant.[22] On 21 May 1880, Benjamin Raspail proposed a law, signed by sixty-four members of government, to have «the Republic adopt 14 July as the day of an annual national festival». There were many disputes over which date to be remembered as the national holiday, including 4 August (the commemoration of the end of the feudal system), 5 May (when the Estates-General first assembled), 27 July (the fall of Robespierre), and 21 January (the date of Louis XVI’s execution).[23] The government decided that the date of the holiday would be 14 July, but it was still somewhat problematic. The events of 14 July 1789 were illegal under the previous government, which contradicted the Third Republic’s need to establish legal legitimacy.[24] French politicians also did not want the sole foundation of their national holiday to be rooted in a day of bloodshed and class-hatred as the day of storming the Bastille was. Instead, they based the establishment of the holiday as a dual celebration of the Fête de la Fédération, a festival celebrating the first anniversary of 14 July 1789, and the storming of the Bastille.[25] The Assembly voted in favor of the proposal on 21 May and 8 June, and the law was approved on 27 and 29 June. The law was made official on 6 July 1880.[citation needed]

In the debate leading up to the adoption of the holiday, Senator Henri Martin, who wrote the National Day law,[25] addressed the chamber on 29 June 1880:

Do not forget that behind this 14 July, where victory of the new era over the Ancien Régime was bought by fighting, do not forget that after the day of 14 July 1789, there was the day of 14 July 1790 (…) This [latter] day cannot be blamed for having shed a drop of blood, for having divided the country. It was the consecration of the unity of France (…) If some of you might have scruples against the first 14 July, they certainly hold none against the second. Whatever difference which might part us, something hovers over them, it is the great images of national unity, which we all desire, for which we would all stand, willing to die if necessary.

Bastille Day military parade[edit]

Military parade during World War I

The Bastille Day military parade is the French military parade that has been held in the morning, each year in Paris since 1880. While previously held elsewhere within or near the capital city, since 1918 it has been held on the Champs-Élysées, with the participation of the Allies as represented in the Versailles Peace Conference, and with the exception of the period of German occupation from 1940 to 1944 (when the ceremony took place in London under the command of General Charles de Gaulle); and 2020 when the COVID-19 pandemic forced its cancellation.[27] The parade passes down the Champs-Élysées from the Arc de Triomphe to the Place de la Concorde, where the President of the French Republic, his government and foreign ambassadors to France stand. This is a popular event in France, broadcast on French TV, and is the oldest and largest regular military parade in Europe.[6][7] In some years, invited detachments of foreign troops take part in the parade and foreign statesmen attend as guests[citation needed]

Smaller military parades are held in French garrison towns, including Toulon and Belfort, with local troops.[28]

  • Allied forces participate in the military parade

    Allied forces participate in the military parade

  • The French President traditionally welcomes honorary guests for the parade (here: Donald Trump in 2017)

    The French President traditionally welcomes honorary guests for the parade (here: Donald Trump in 2017)

  • Horseman of the Republican Guard during the 2007 military parade on the Champs-Élysées

  • Surgeon general inspector Dominique Vallet, head of the Laveran military medical school, at the ceremonies for Bastille Day in Marseille, 2012

    Surgeon general inspector Dominique Vallet, head of the Laveran military medical school, at the ceremonies for Bastille Day in Marseille, 2012

Bastille Day celebrations in other countries[edit]

Belgium[edit]

Liège celebrates Bastille Day each year since the end of the First World War, as Liège was decorated by the Légion d’Honneur for its unexpected resistance during the Battle of Liège.[29] The city also hosts a fireworks show outside of Congress Hall. Specifically in Liège, celebrations of Bastille Day have been known to be bigger than the celebrations of the Belgian National holiday.[30] Around 35,000 people gather to celebrate Bastille Day. There is a traditional festival dance of the French consul that draws large crowds, and many unofficial events over the city celebrate the relationship between France and the city of Liège.[31]

Canada[edit]

Vancouver, British Columbia holds a celebration featuring exhibits, food and entertainment.[32] The Toronto Bastille Day festival is also celebrated in Toronto, Ontario. The festival is organized by the French community in Toronto and sponsored by the Consulate General of France. The celebration includes music, performances, sport competitions, and a French Market. At the end of the festival, there is also a traditional French bal populaire.[33]

Czech Republic[edit]

Since 2008, Prague has hosted a French market «Le marché du 14 juillet» («Fourteenth of July Market») offering traditional French food and wine as well as music. The market takes place on Kampa Island, it is usually between 11 and 14 July.[34] It acts as an event that marks the relinquish of the EU presidency from France to the Czech Republic. Traditional selections of French produce, including cheese, wine, meat, bread and pastries, are provided by the market. Throughout the event, live music is played in the evenings, with lanterns lighting up the square at night.[35]

Denmark[edit]

The amusement park Tivoli celebrates Bastille Day.[36]

Hungary[edit]

Budapest’s two-day celebration is sponsored by the Institut de France.[37] The festival is hosted along the Danube River, with streets filled with music and dancing. There are also local markets dedicated to French foods and wine, mixed with some traditional Hungarian specialties. At the end of the celebration, a fireworks show is held on the river banks.[38]

India[edit]

Bastille Day is celebrated with great festivity in Pondicherry, a former French colony, every year.[39] On the eve of Bastille Day, retired soldiers parade and celebrate the day with Indian and French National Anthems, honoring the French soldiers who were killed in the battles. Throughout the celebration, French and Indian flags fly alongside each other, projecting the mingling of cultures and heritages.[40]

Ireland[edit]

The Embassy of France in Ireland organizes several events around Dublin, Cork and Limerick for Bastille Day; including evenings of French music and tasting of French food. Many members of the French community in Ireland take part in the festivities.[41] Events in Dublin include live entertainment, speciality menus on French cuisine, and screenings of popular French films.[42]

New Zealand[edit]

The Auckland suburb of Remuera hosts an annual French-themed Bastille Day street festival.[43] Visitors enjoy mimes, dancers, music, as well as French foods and drinks. The budding relationship between the two countries, with the establishment of a Maori garden in France and exchange of their analyses of cave art, resulted in the creation of an official reception at the Residence of France. There is also an event in Wellington for the French community held at the Residence of France.[35]

South Africa[edit]

Franschhoek’s weekend festival[44] has been celebrated since 1993. (Franschhoek, or ‘French Corner,’ is situated in the Western Cape.) As South Africa’s gourmet capital, French food, wine and other entertainment is provided throughout the festival. The French Consulate in South Africa also celebrates their national holiday with a party for the French community.[35] Activities also include dressing up in different items of French clothing.[45]

French Polynesia[edit]

Following colonial rule, France annexed a large portion of what is now French Polynesia. Under French rule, Tahitians were permitted to participate in sport, singing, and dancing competitions one day a year: Bastille Day.[46] The single day of celebration evolved into the major Heiva i Tahiti festival in Papeete Tahiti, where traditional events such as canoe races, tattooing, and fire walks are held. The singing and dancing competitions continued, with music composed with traditional instruments such as a nasal flute and ukulele.[35]

United Kingdom[edit]

Within the UK, London has a large French contingent, and celebrates Bastille Day at various locations across the city including Battersea Park, Camden Town and Kentish Town.[47] Live entertainment is performed at Canary Wharf, with weeklong performances of French theatre at the Lion and Unicorn Theatre in Kentish Town. Restaurants feature cabarets and special menus across the city, and other celebrations include garden parties and sports tournaments. There is also a large event at the Bankside and Borough Market, where there is live music, street performers, and traditional French games are played.[35]

United States[edit]

The United States has over 20 cities that conduct annual celebrations of Bastille Day. The different cities celebrate with many French staples such as food, music, games, and sometimes the recreation of famous French landmarks.[48]

Northeastern States

Baltimore, Maryland, has a large Bastille Day celebration each year at Petit Louis in the Roland Park area of Baltimore. Boston has a celebration annually, hosted by the French Cultural Center for 40 years. The street festival occurs in Boston’s Back Bay neighborhood, near the Cultural Center’s headquarters. The celebration includes francophone musical performers, dancing, and French cuisine.[49] New York City has numerous Bastille Day celebrations each July, including Bastille Day on 60th Street hosted by the French Institute Alliance Française between Fifth and Lexington Avenues on the Upper East Side of Manhattan,[50] Bastille Day on Smith Street in Brooklyn, and Bastille Day in Tribeca. There is also the annual Bastille Day Ball, taking place since 1924.[48] Philadelphia’s Bastille Day, held at Eastern State Penitentiary, involves Marie Antoinette throwing locally manufactured Tastykakes at the Parisian militia, as well as a re-enactment of the storming of the Bastille.[49] (This Philadelphia tradition ended in 2018.[51]) In Newport, Rhode Island, the annual Bastille Day celebration is organized by the local chapter of the Alliance Française. It takes place at King Park in Newport at the monument memorializing the accomplishments of the General Comte de Rochambeau whose 6,000 to 7,000 French forces landed in Newport on 11 July 1780. Their assistance in the defeat of the English in the War of Independence is well documented and is demonstrable proof of the special relationship between France and the United States.[citation needed] In Washington D.C., food, music, and auction events are sponsored by the Embassy of France. There is also a French Festival within the city, where families can meet period entertainment groups set during the time of the French Revolution. Restaurants host parties serving traditional French food.[48]

Southern States

In Dallas, Texas, the Bastille Day celebration, «Bastille On Bishop», began in 2010 and is held annually in the Bishop Arts District of the North Oak Cliff neighborhood, southwest of downtown just across the Trinity River. Dallas’ French roots are tied to the short lived socialist Utopian community La Réunion, formed in 1855 and incorporated into the City of Dallas in 1860.[52] Miami’s celebration is organized by «French & Famous» in partnership with the French American Chamber of Commerce, the Union des Français de l’Etranger and many French brands. The event gathers over 1,000 attendees to celebrate «La Fête Nationale». The location and theme change every year. In 2017, the theme was «Guinguette Party» and attracted 1,200 francophiles at The River Yacht Club.[53] New Orleans, Louisiana, has multiple celebrations, the largest in the historic French Quarter.[54] In Austin, Texas, the Alliance Française d’Austin usually conducts a family-friendly Bastille Day party at the French Legation, the home of the French representative to the Republic of Texas from 1841 to 1845.[citation needed]

Midwestern States

Chicago, Illinois, has hosted a variety of Bastille Day celebrations in a number of locations in the city, including Navy Pier and Oz Park. The recent incarnations have been sponsored in part by the Chicago branch of the French-American Chamber of Commerce and by the French Consulate-General in Chicago.[55] Milwaukee’s four-day street festival begins with a «Storming of the Bastille» with a 43-foot replica of the Eiffel Tower.[56] Minneapolis, Minnesota, has a celebration with wine, French food, pastries, a flea market, circus performers and bands. Also in the Twin Cities area, the local chapter of the Alliance Française has hosted an annual event for years at varying locations with a competition for the «Best Baguette of the Twin Cities.»[57][58] Montgomery, Ohio, has a celebration with wine, beer, local restaurants’ fare, pastries, games and bands.[59] St. Louis, Missouri, has annual festivals in the Soulard neighborhood, the former French village of Carondelet, Missouri, and in the Benton Park neighborhood. The Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion in the Benton Park neighborhood, holds an annual Bastille Day festival with reenactments of the beheading of Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, traditional dancing, and artillery demonstrations. Carondelet also began hosting an annual saloon crawl to celebrate Bastille Day in 2017.[60] The Soulard neighborhood in St. Louis, Missouri celebrates its unique French heritage with special events including a parade, which honors the peasants who rejected to monarchy. The parade includes a ‘gathering of the mob,’ a walking and golf cart parade, and a mock beheading of the King and Queen.[61]

Western States

Portland, Oregon, has celebrated Bastille Day with crowds up to 8,000, in public festivals at various public parks, since 2001. The event is coordinated by the Alliance Française of Portland.[62] Seattle’s Bastille Day celebration, held at the Seattle Center, involves performances, picnics, wine and shopping.[63] Sacramento, California, conducts annual «waiter races» in the midtown restaurant and shopping district, with a street festival.[64]

One-time celebrations[edit]

Bronze relief of a memorial dedicated to Bastille Day.

  • 1979: A concert with Jean-Michel Jarre on the Place de la Concorde in Paris was the first concert to have one million attendees.[65]
  • 1989: France celebrated the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution, notably with a monumental show on the Champs-Élysées in Paris, directed by French designer Jean-Paul Goude. President François Mitterrand acted as a host for invited world leaders.[66]
  • 1990: A concert with Jarre was held at La Défense near Paris.[67]
  • 1994: The military parade was opened by Eurocorps, a newly created European army unit including German soldiers. This was the first time German troops paraded in France since 1944, as a symbol of Franco-German reconciliation.[68]
  • 1995: A concert with Jarre was held at the Eiffel Tower in Paris.[69]
  • 1998: Two days after the French football team became World Cup champions, huge celebrations took place nationwide.[70]
  • 2004: To commemorate the centenary of the Entente Cordiale, the British led the military parade with the Red Arrows flying overhead.[71]
  • 2007: To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Treaty of Rome, the military parade was led by troops from the 26 other EU member states, all marching at the French time.[72]
  • 2014: To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the outbreak of the First World War, representatives of 80 countries who fought during this conflict were invited to the ceremony. The military parade was opened by 76 flags representing each of these countries.[73]
  • 2017: To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the United States of America’s entry into the First World War, president of France Emmanuel Macron invited then-U.S. president Donald Trump to celebrate a centuries-long transatlantic tie between the two countries.[74] Trump was reported to have admired the display, and pushed for the United States to «top it» with a proposed military parade on 10 November 2018 (the eve of the Armistice Day centenary).[75][76]

Incidents during Bastille Day[edit]

  • In 2002, Maxime Brunerie attempted to shoot French President Jacques Chirac during the Champs-Élysées parade.[77]
  • In 2009, Paris youths set fire to more than 300 cars on Bastille Day.[78]
  • In 2016, Tunisian terrorist Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel drove a truck into crowds during celebrations in the city of Nice. 86 people were killed and 434 injured along the Promenade des Anglais,[79] before the attacker was killed in a shootout with police.[80]

See also[edit]

  • «Bastille Day», a song by Canadian progressive rock band Rush
  • Bastille Day (1933 film), a French romantic comedy by René Clair
  • Bastille Day (2016 film), a film starring Idris Elba
  • Triplets of Bellville (2003 film), an animated film written and directed by Sylvain Chomet
  • Bastille, a British alternative rock band named after the birthday of their frontman
  • Bastille Day event
  • Opération 14 juillet
  • Place de la Bastille
  • Public holidays in France
  • Other national holidays in July:
    • Canada Day in Canada
    • Independence Day/Fourth of July in the United States of America
    • Battle of the Boyne in Northern Ireland
    • Belgian National Day

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b «Bastille Day – 14th July». Official Website of France. Archived from the original on 15 July 2014. A national celebration, a re-enactment of the storming of the Bastille … Commemorating the storming of the Bastille on 14th July 1789, Bastille Day takes place on the same date each year. The main event is a grand military parade along the Champs-Élysées, attended by the President of the Republic and other political leaders. It is accompanied by fireworks and public dances in towns throughout the whole of France.
  2. ^ a b «La fête nationale du 14 juillet». Official Website of Elysée. 21 October 2015.
  3. ^ Article L. 3133-3 of French labour code on www.legifrance.gouv.fr.
  4. ^ «The Beginning of the French Revolution, 1789». EyeWitness to History. Thomas Jefferson was America’s minister to France in 1789. As tensions grew and violence erupted, Jefferson traveled to Versailles and Paris to observe events first-hand. He reported his experience in a series of letters to America’s Secretary of State, John Jay. We join Jefferson’s story as tensions escalate to violence on July 12:
    July 12
    In the afternoon a body of about 100 German cavalry were advanced and drawn up in the Palace Louis XV. and about 300 Swiss posted at a little distance in their rear. This drew people to that spot, who naturally formed themselves in front of the troops, at first merely to look at them. But as their numbers increased their indignation arose: they retired a few steps, posted themselves on and behind large piles of loose stone collected in that Place for a bridge adjacent to it, and attacked the horse with stones. The horse charged, but the advantageous position of the people, and the showers of stones obliged them to retire, and even to quit the field altogether, leaving one of their number on the ground. The Swiss in their rear were observed never to stir. This was the signal for universal insurrection, and this body of cavalry, to avoid being massacred, retired towards Versailles.
    The people now armed themselves with such weapons as they could find in Armourer’s shops and private houses, and with bludgeons, and were roaming all night through all parts of the city without any decided and practicable object.
    July 13
    …A Committee of magistrates and electors of the city are appointed, by their bodies, to take upon them its government.
    The mob, now openly joined by the French guards, force the prisons of St. Lazare, release all the prisoners, and take a great store of corn, which they carry to the corn market. Here they get some arms, and the French guards begin to form and train them. The City committee determines to raise 48,000 Bourgeois, or rather to restrain their numbers to 48,000.’
  5. ^ «France commemorates WWI centenary on Bastille Day». France 24. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  6. ^ a b «Champs-Élysées city visit in Paris, France – Recommended city visit of Champs-Élysées in Paris». Paris.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  7. ^ a b «Celebrate Bastille Day in Paris This Year». Paris Attractions. 3 May 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  8. ^ «What Actually Happened on the Original Bastille Day».
  9. ^ G A Chevallaz, Histoire générale de 1789 à nos jours, p. 22, Payot, Lausanne 1974
  10. ^ J Isaac, L’époque révolutionnaire 1789–1851, p. 60, Hachette, Paris 1950
  11. ^ J Isaac, L’époque révolutionnaire 1789–1851, p. 64, Hachette, Paris 1950.
  12. ^ Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen (1997). The Bastille: A History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom. Duke Press University. p. 151. ISBN 9780822382751.
  13. ^ Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen; Reichardt, Rolf (1997). The Bastille: A History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom. Duke University Press. p. 152. ISBN 9780822382751.
  14. ^ Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen; Reichardt, Rolf (1997). The Bastille: A History of a Symbol of Despotism and Freedom. Duke University Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780822382751.
  15. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9781861979391.
  16. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 106–107. ISBN 9781861979391.
  17. ^ Gottschalk, Louis Reichenthal (1973). Lafayette in the French Revolution. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30547-3.
  18. ^ Adamson, Natalie (15 August 2009). Painting, politics and the struggle for the École de Paris, 1944–1964. Ashgate. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-7546-5928-0. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  19. ^ Nord, Philip G. (2000). Impressionists and politics: art and democracy in the nineteenth century. Psychology Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-415-20695-2. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  20. ^ Nord, Philip G. (1995). The republican moment: struggles for democracy in nineteenth-century France. Harvard University Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-674-76271-8. Retrieved 13 July 2011.
  21. ^ «Paris Au Jour Le Jour». Le Figaro. 16 July 1879. p. 4. Retrieved 15 January 2013. On a beaucoup banqueté avant-hier, en mémoire de la prise de la Bastille, et comme tout banquet suppose un ou plusieurs discours, on a aussi beaucoup parlé.
  22. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 127. ISBN 9781861979391.
  23. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 129. ISBN 9781861979391.
  24. ^ Prendergast, Christopher (2008). The Fourteenth of July. Profile Books Ltd. pp. 130. ISBN 9781861979391.
  25. ^ a b Schofield, Hugh (14 July 2013). «Bastille Day: How peace and revolution got mixed up». BBC News.
  26. ^ Le Quatorze Juillet at the Greeting Card Universe Blog
  27. ^ Défilé du 14 juillet, des origines à nos jours Archived 24 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine (14 July Parade, from its origins to the present)
  28. ^ «France’s National Day». shape.nato.int. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  29. ^ «Travel Picks: Top 10 Bastille Day celebrations». Reuters. 13 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  30. ^ «Bastille Day: world celebrations». The Telegraph. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  31. ^ «An unusual Bastille Day: in Liège, Belgium». Eurofluence. 19 July 2014. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
  32. ^ «Bastille Day Festival Vancouver». Bastille Day Festival Vancouver. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  33. ^ «Toronto Bastille Day». French Street.
  34. ^ «French Market at Kampa – Le marché du 14 Juillet». Prague.eu. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  35. ^ a b c d e Trumper, David (11 July 2014). «7 places outside France where Bastille Day is celebrated». WorldFirst.
  36. ^ «Tivoli fejrer Bastilledag». Tivoli (in Danish). Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  37. ^ «Bastille Day 2007 – Budapest». Budapestresources.com. 14 July 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  38. ^ «Travel Picks: Top 10 Bastille Day celebrations». Reuters. 13 July 2012.
  39. ^ «Puducherry Culture». Government of Puducherry. Archived from the original on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  40. ^ Miner Murray, Meghan (12 July 2019). «9 Bastille Day bashes that celebrate French culture». National Geographic.
  41. ^ «Bastille Day 2018». French Embassy in Ireland. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  42. ^ «July 14th Bastille Day Celebrations in Dublin». Babylon Radio. 14 July 2016.
  43. ^ «Array». Remuera Business Association.
  44. ^ «Bastille Day Festival at Franschhoek». Franschhoek.co.za. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  45. ^ «Bastille Day is celebrated across the world and in Franchhoek, South Africa». South African History Online. 12 November 2017.
  46. ^ «The Best Festival You’ve Never Heard Of: The Heiva in Tahiti». X Days in Y. 7 July 2017.
  47. ^ «Bastille Day London – Bastille Day Events in London, Bastille Day 2011». Viewlondon.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  48. ^ a b c «Where to Celebrate Bastille Day in the United States?». France-Amérique. 6 July 2017.
  49. ^ a b «Bastille Day: world celebrations». The Telegraph. 4 February 2016. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  50. ^ «Bastille Day on 60th Street, New York City, Sunday, July 15, 2012 | 12–5pm | Fifth Avenue to Lexington Avenue». Bastilledayny.com. 10 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  51. ^ «Bastille Day 2018: The Farewell Tour». Eastern State Penitentiary. 7 June 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  52. ^ «Bastille on Bishop». Go Oak Cliff. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  53. ^ «Le 14 juillet à Miami : Bastille Day Party de «French & Famous» !». Le Courrier de Floride (in French). 26 June 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  54. ^ Carr, Martha (13 July 2009). «Only in New Orleans: Watch locals celebrate Bastille Day in the French Quarter». The Times-Picayune. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  55. ^ «Bastille Day Chicago». Consulate General of France. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  56. ^ «Bastille Days | Milwaukee, WI». East Town Association. 12 July 2014. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  57. ^ «2009 Bastille Day Celebration – Alliance Française, Minneapolis». Yelp. 11 July 2009. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  58. ^ «Bastille Day celebrations, 2011». Consulat Général de France à Chicago. 14 July 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
  59. ^ «Bastille Day Celebration!». City of Montgomery, Ohio. 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  60. ^ «Bastille Day». Chatillon-DeMenil Mansion. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  61. ^ «Bastille Weekend 2021». Soulard Business Association. 19 July 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  62. ^ «Bastille Day July 14 at Jamison Square». Alliance Française de Portland. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  63. ^ «Bastille Day celebration – Alliance Française de Seattle». Alliance Française de Seattle. Bastille Day celebration. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  64. ^ «Waiters’ Race & Street Festival». Sacramento Bastille Day. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
  65. ^ Yelton, Geary (10 April 2017). «On Tour with Jean-Michel Jarre». Keyboard. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  66. ^ Longworth, R.C. (15 July 1989). «French Shoot The Works With Soaring Bicentennial French». Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  67. ^ «Paris La Défense – Jean-Michel Jarre | Official Site». jeanmicheljarre.com. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  68. ^ Kraft, Scott (15 July 1994). «German Troops Join Bastille Day Parade in Paris». Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  69. ^ «Concert For Tolerance». Jean-Michel Jarre Official Site. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  70. ^ Young, Chris (8 June 2014). «World Cup: Remembering the giddiness and glory of France ’98». The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  71. ^ Broughton, Philip Delves (14 July 2004). «Best of British lead the way in parade for Bastille Day». The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  72. ^ «The 14th of July : Bastille Day». French Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  73. ^ «Bastille Day in pictures: Soldiers from 76 countries march down Champs-Elysees». The Telegraph. 14 July 2014. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  74. ^ Breeden, Aurelien (27 June 2017). «Macron Invites Trump to Paris for Bastille Day». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  75. ^ Campbell, Barbara; Chappell, Bill (16 August 2018). «No Military Parade For Trump In D.C. This Year; Pentagon Looking At Dates In 2019». NPR.org. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  76. ^ Juliet Eilperin, Josh Dawsey and Dan Lamothe (1 July 2019). «Trump asks for tanks, Marine One and much more for grandiose July Fourth event». The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019. Trump has been fixated since early in his term on putting on a military-heavy parade or other celebration modeled on France’s Bastille Day celebration, which he attended in Paris in 2017.
  77. ^ Riding, Alan (15 July 2002). «Chirac Unhurt As Man Shoots At Him in Paris». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  78. ^ «French youths burn 300 cars to mark Bastille Day». The Telegraph. 14 July 2009. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  79. ^ «Lorry attacks people on Bastile Day Celebrations». BBC News. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  80. ^ «Nice attack: Lorry driver confirmed as Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel». BBC News. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2021.

External links[edit]

Франция » события

В 1880 году Третья Республика подарила Франции национальный праздник 14 Июля в память о взятии крепости Бастилия, которое произошло 14 июля 1789 года.

торжественный парад на Елисейских полях 14 июля

Чем он важен для французов

С одной стороны, этот праздник напоминает французам о национальном символе – Бастилии, а с другой − о празднике Федерации, который состоялся 14 июля 1790 года – синониме национального примирения. Очень быстро национальный праздник стал народным.

История возникновения

21 мая 1880 года депутат города Парижа Бенжамин Распай предлагает законопроект о новом ежегодном национальном празднике 14 Июля. 8 июня законопроект принимается Палатой депутатов, и уже 6 июля он вступает в силу.

В это же время Министр Внутренних дел Франции назначает комиссию для подготовки программы мероприятий этого первого праздника, который, ко всему прочему, объявляется нерабочим днем.

По всей Франции за счет муниципального бюджета проводятся различные мероприятия: официальные церемонии в учебных заведениях, открытие статуй – символов Республики, раздача еды неимущим, украшение улиц флагами, смотры войск…

Предполагалось, что активное участие в празднике армии привлечет к нему и тех французов, которые были разочарованы потерей Эльзаса и Лотарингии после поражения в битве при Седане, приведшего к победе Пруссии над Францией в 1870 году и подписанию Франкфуртского соглашения 10 мая 1871 года.

Видео о параде 2019 года (продолжительность 2 часа 30 мин.)

Из-за своего светского характера праздник плохо принимается в городах, в большинстве своем настроенных консервативно. Монархисты и католики считают Революцию 1789 года драмой, а вовсе не героической эпопеей, не символом свободы и гражданской эмансипации.

Триумфальные шествия по улицам столицы в день капитуляции крепости Бастилия – символа неограниченной королевской власти, в их глазах это только сборище бунтовщиков. Такое отношение к празднику оставалось недолгим: частое упоминание праздника Федерации, состоявшегося 14 июля 1790 года, а также смотры войск, придали ему характер праздника отечества, а непризнание его стало считаться недостойным.

Уже в мае 1878 года один из сторонников республиканца Гамбетта на митинге, объединившем более четырех тысяч человек, заявил следующее: “ Французский народ получил свободу в день 14 июля 1789 года, но великим днем для наших отцов считается 14 июля 1790 года на Марсовом поле. Тогда и была создана французская нация.”

Парад 14 июля у Триумфальной Арки в Париже

14 июля 1790 года праздник Федерации становится апофеозом движения примирения. На Марсовом поле в Париже строится большой амфитеатр, с возвышающимся на нем алтарем отечества, где должны собраться четырнадцать тысяч федератов из провинции, представляющих французскую нацию, а также триста тысяч жителей.

После мессы, отслуженной на алтаре отечества, Ла Файет, герой войны за независимость Соединенных Штатов Америки, от имени федератов клянется объединить французов не только между собой, но и с королем, для защиты свободы, конституции и закона. Затем король, в свою очередь, клянется соблюдать конституцию, принятую Ассамблеей. Одновременно этот договор поддерживается всеми жителями провинций, собранными по инициативе муниципалитетов. Таким образом, у граждан, объединенных порывом патриотизма, появляется праздник. Единство нации становится не концептом, а реальностью, хотя и ослабленной кровавыми актами, первым из которых стала казнь Людовика XVI в 1793 году.

Праздник 14 июля 1880 года призван поднять патриотизм в стране. По этому случаю было решено вернуть вновь созданным полкам их знамена, которых они лишились в 1870 году на фронтах Пруссии. Главная цель праздника – сплотить нацию и вернуть Франции ее военную мощь, основываясь на народной памяти.

Этот праздник впервые вводит символ Республики – Марианну. Бюсты Марианны открываются в общественных местах, а у граждан появляется возможность купить в киосках ее литографии. Марианну изображают во фригийском колпаке – символе свободы, задрапированную в трехцветный флаг – символ торжествующей нации.

К подъему патриотизма добавляется народное опьянение от общих гуляний по освещенным улицам с балами, ярмарками и фейерверками. Горожане и жители деревень с одинаковым увлечением участвуют в этих развлечениях. Даже после кровопролитной войны 1914 – 1918 годов праздник 14 июля 1919 года, проходивший в Париже и сопровождавшийся парадом Победы, заканчивается многочисленными развлекательными мероприятиями.

Как он отмечается сейчас

Праздник Республики, с одной стороны, и увеселительный праздник, с другой, – вот как можно описать французский национальный праздник. Парад войск, на котором присутствует глава государства, транслируется в прямом эфире и притягивает телезрителей всех возрастов. Накануне праздника повсюду устанавливаются деревянные эстрады, а в сам день 14 июля оркестры играют на балах для тех, кто любит не только официальные праздники, но и развлечения.

Какое 14 июля без фейерверка!

Фейерверки завораживают. Историки утверждают, что первый пиротехнический спектакль в полном смысле этого слова состоялся в Париже 5 апреля 1612 г. на Королевской площади (сейчас Вогезской) в квартале Марэ. По случаю свадьбы короля Людовика XIII и Анны Австрийской был разыгран спектакль, изображающий сражение с участием бомбард и мушкетов, заряженных холостыми патронами.

Популярность пиротехнических увеселений в европейских столицах росла день ото дня. Ни одно королевское бракосочетание, рождение наследника престола, военная победа, подписание мирного договора не обходилось без фейерверков, которые становились все грандиознее. Особенно ярко это проявилось в период правления Людовика XIV. Король-Солнце утверждал: “народ любит зрелища” и превратил пиротехническое чудо в инструмент внутренней политики. “Это дает нам власть над умами и сердцами”.

Но настоящий расцвет “пиротехнического искусства” в Европе пришелся на XVIII в.: в 1739 г. в Болонью приехали пять братьев, а вместе с ними “удивительные изобретения братьев Руджери (Ruggieri)”. Это семейство взяло в свои руки подготовку и проведение всех огненных представлений.

Братья лучше кого бы то ни было преуспели в искусстве, о котором один автор того времени отозвался как об искусстве, “радующем глаз, не раня его, и услаждающем уши, не оглушая”. Бесстрашные изобретатели, химики, артисты, а, кроме того, искусные придворные, члены клана Руджери вскоре возглавили предприятие, работая на благо широкой публики. В сегодняшних традициях празднования 14 июля с его карнавалом цветов и форм многое напоминает об изобретениях гениальных братьев.

С тех пор 14 июля, Национальный праздник и выходной день, остается символом общих воспоминаний и надежд, истории, ставшей мифом и вышедшей за пределы рационального познания. Это день, когда, погрузившись в радостную атмосферу летнего вечера, освещенного отблесками фейерверков, все могут почувствовать свою общность, выражением которой стал девиз Французской республики: “свобода, равенство, братство”.

Июль 2008 (обновлено в январе 2020)
Автор: Michel Desforges / Мишель Дефорж
Direction de la communication et de l`information
sous direction de la communication

Сегодня, 14 июля, во Франции отмечают один из самых знаменательных праздников — День взятия Бастилии, бывшей тюрьмы строгого режима. Его официальное название — Национальный праздник. Когда-то этот день послужил началом Великой французской революции, а сегодня он славится еще и проведением самых разных масштабных и очень интересных мероприятий. Пожалуй, даже Новый год французы не встречают с таким размахом, с каким они отмечают 14 июля. HELLO.RU рассказывает о том, как этот день проходит в Париже и как вообще появилась традиция его отмечать.

Салют в Париже в честь Дня взятия БастилииСалют в Париже в честь Дня взятия Бастилии

Бастилия была военной крепостью, которую возводили в течение 11 лет, начиная с 1370 года. Новый бастион был построен по приказу короля Франции Карла V для того, чтобы, во-первых, замкнуть крепостную ограду города, а во-вторых, чтобы там мог прятаться от городских беспорядков сам монарх. К тому же его новая на тот момент резиденция Сен-Поль располагалась как раз рядом.

Находясь внутри такой крепости, Карлу V можно было действительно ничего не бояться. Бастилия состояла из 8 башен, которые соединяли мощные стены — шириной в 3 метра, а высотой — в 8 метров. По периметру здания был расположен земляной ров шириной в 25 метров и глубиной в 8.

Крепость БастилияКрепость Бастилия

Крепость служила преданно и верно до начала XVII века. После этого она утратила свое первоначальное значение и по приказу кардинала Ришелье превратилась в тюрьму для политических заключенных. Для того, чтобы какой-либо неугодный власти человек стал узником Бастилии, не нужно было обращаться в суд. Достаточно было письма с королевской печатью, которое называлось lettre de cachet. Такой порядок неизбежно привел к произволу со стороны королей и их приближенных. Практически никто из тех, кому «посчастливилось» впасть в немилость, уже не возвращался на свободу.

Кардинал РишельеКардинал Ришелье

В разные годы в холодных и неприветливых стенах крепости-тюрьмы проводили дни и ночи известный мистик и авантюрист Алессандро Калиостро, писатель и философ Маркиз де Сад и писатель Вольтер. Бастилия стала символом деспотизма и всевластия правящей верхушки, и в 1789 году чаша терпения народа переполнилась.

Все началось с отставки государственного деятеля, министра финансов Неккера, отказавшегося явиться на королевское заседание, целью которого было опровержение решения третьего сословия, объявившего себя Национальным собранием. В Париже начались волнения, и этим решил воспользоваться адвокат, журналист и революционер Камиль Демулен. 12 июля он обратился к собравшейся в Пале-Рояль толпе, призвав ее взяться за оружие. Первый толчок к разрушению Бастилии был дан.

Взятие БастилииВзятие Бастилии

13 июля разъяренные толпы французов разграбили Арсенал, Дом инвалидов и Городскую мерию, и уже 14-го они подступили к Бастилии. Несмотря на толстые стены, большие рвы и подъемные мосты, крепость удалось взять. После этого парижским муниципалитетом было принято решение о сносе тюрьмы. 800 рабочих разобрали Бастилию буквально по кирпичикам, многие из которых пошли впоследствии на строительство нового моста через Сену и на сувениры. На пустом месте была установлена табличка с надписью «Отныне здесь танцуют». Правда, сейчас там уже не танцуют, а ездят и ходят — на месте бывшего пустыря образовалась площадь Бастилии, в центре которой возвышается Июльская колонна.

Площадь Бастилии и Июльская колоннаПлощадь Бастилии и Июльская колонна

Через год, 14 июля 1790, было решено отпраздновать это событие, а заодно и перемирие между королем и народными депутатами. А еще через несколько лет — в 1880 году — был установлен знаменитый национальный праздник Франции, который все жители страны отмечают по сей день с небывалым размахом.

Итак, что же интересного происходит каждый год 14 июля в Париже? Отмечать День взятия Бастилии французы начинают еще с вечера 13 июля. Тогда организовываются различные народные гуляния, одним из самых известных и заметных является «Бал пожарников». Уж не знаем, как в этот вечер обстоят дела с пожарной безопасностью в городе, но вот «пожарное» веселье держится на уровне.

Бал пожарныхБал пожарных

Каждая казарма каждого из 20 округов Парижа устраивает открытые дискотеки и концерты, которые может посетить любой желающий. Кто-то из служащих приходит на праздник в рабочей форме, кто-то в гражданской, а кто-то и вовсе «налегке» — топлес. По отзывам бывалых, из французских пожарных можно устроить настоящий конкурс красоты. Обычно такое мероприятие заканчивается большим салютом.

Если же вы хотите посетить настоящий бал, то отправляйтесь также вечером 13 июля в сад Тюильри. Именно там ежегодно проводится Большой бал, который как раз и сохранил все основные традиции этого мероприятия. Пары со всего мира съезжаются 13 июля в Париж, чтобы потанцевать, да и просто побывать в качестве гостей такого светского раута. На Большом балу, к тому же, в отличие от венских, царит довольно непринужденная атмосфера.

Бал в День взятия Бастилии

14 июля традиционно начинается с военного парада, который стартует в 10 утра и проходит прямо на Елисейских полях. Если вы хотите стать очевидцем этого интересного зрелища, советуем приезжать на место действия заранее, где-то в 5 утра. Никаких шуток — 14 июля не пропускает ни один парижанин, а уж тем более турист. К 10:00 на Елисейских полях яблоку негде будет упасть. Кстати, самые изобретательные зрители приходят на парад со стремянкой, а ленивые, не желающие находиться в толпе, размещаются в двухэтажных кафе, откуда тоже открывается неплохой вид на происходящее.

Военный парад в Париже в День взятия БастилииВоенный парад в Париже в День взятия Бастилии

Зрители военного парада в Париже

Военный парад открывает президент Французской республики. В шествии принимают участие все Вооруженные Силы страны: и пехота, и конная армия, и солдаты морского флота, и военные музыканты, и тяжелая артиллерия, и воздушные силы, и жандармы, и полиция и уже отметившие праздник пожарные. Последние, кстати, срывают больше всего аплодисментов. Недавно к параду также присоединились военные представители союзных стран, например, британские войска и знаменитая пилотажная группа Великобритании — «Красные стрелы».

Шествие начинается около Триумфальной арки и тянется до площади Согласия.

Военный парад в Париже в День взятия Бастилии

Воздушное шоу в День взятия Бастилии

По окончании парада отправляйтесь за весельем в Версальский дворец. Там с 11:00 до 16:00 проходит масштабный пикник. Вы сможете присоединиться к собравшимся и разделить с ними праздник только в том случае, если будете одеты во все белое. 

ВерсальВерсаль

Также вы можете посетить в этот день некоторые музеи, причем бесплатно. Хорошая новость — Лувр входит в их число. Откроет свои двери и Парижская опера, где вы сможете посмотреть балет, который начнется в 19:30 — вход будет тоже свободен, а вот сидячие места ограничены.

ЛуврЛувр

Ну и конечно же, не забудьте посетить Марсово поле. Там в 22:45 начнется грандиозный и очень впечатляющий салют. Разноцветные всполохи над Эйфелевой башней будут раскрашивать небо Парижа в течение 30 минут, а толпа в это время будет петь национальный французский гимн.

Марсово полеМарсово полеФейерверк в День взятия БастилииФейерверк в День взятия Бастилии

Фейервек в День взятия Бастилии

Каждый год 14 июля во Франции народ отмечает одну из самых знаменательных дат, любимый многими французами праздник – День взятия Бастилии. Он официально утверждён как национальный праздник, ведь имеет прямое отношение к истории этой страны.

Этот день положил начало Великой французской революции. а сегодня связан с памятью народа Франции о величайших переменах, произошедших в прошлом, – событиях, без которых наше настоящее могло бы быть совсем другим. Как же французы отмечают День взятия Бастилии? Какие интересные традиции связаны с торжеством?

История Бастилии

Военную крепость Бастилию возводили целых одиннадцать лет, начиная с 1370 года. Возведена она была королём Карлом V. Монарх не просто так отдал приказ соорудить новый бастион:

  • во-первых, Бастилия завершала оборонительную полосу Парижа, являясь замыкающей её частью;
  • во-вторых, сам король понимал, что нельзя исключать вероятной необходимости самому укрываться во время военных конфликтов.

В Бастилии действительно была создана особая система безопасности. Крепостные стены в высоту достигали 8 метров, в ширину – 3 метра. Периметр здания был окружён рвом, ширина которого составляла 25 метров. Согласитесь, это весьма внушительные цифры. Именно в Бастилии Карл V планировал скрываться во время городских беспорядков.

Жан-Пьер Уэль «Штурм Бастилии», 1789 год<br /> Местонахождение: Национальная библиотека Франции, Париж

Жан-Пьер Уэль «Штурм Бастилии», 1789 год
Местонахождение: Национальная библиотека Франции, Париж

До начала XVII века крепость использовали в оборонительных целях, но постепенно она теряет эти функции и превращается в тюрьму для политических заключённых. Поразительно, но многие пленники, оказавшиеся в Бастилии, не попадали на суд для того, чтобы человека объявили предателем, достаточно было лишь бумаги с подписью короля. Это рождало произвол, который вызывал гнев людей.

В крепости провели долгие годы известные личности, такие как Алессандро Калиостро или писатель Вольтер. Постепенно Бастилия стала негласным символом деспотизма монархов и вседозволенности людей, наделённых властью. В 1789 году начались великие события, изменившие историю Франции.

День взятия Бастилии

Чаша терпения людей была переполнена. Народный гнев уже не мог сдерживаться, и 13 июля толпа французов ринулась на административные здания Парижа, разграбив Арсенал и Городскую мэрию. На следующий день огромное количество протестующих подошло к стенам Бастилии.

Им удалось взять крепость, а сотни рабочих разобрали её по кирпичикам. После этого на месте Бастилии была установлена табличка “Отныне здесь танцуют”. Именно этот выдающийся день в истории французского народа стал первым шагом к революционным событиям, которые всколыхнули не только Францию, но и весь мир.

Через год было решено отметить День взятия Бастилии народным гулянием, а с 1880 года он приобрёл статус национального праздника. С тех пор французы с удовольствием отмечают его ежегодно и с нетерпением ждут заветной даты – 14 июля. Но что же можно увидеть на День взятия Бастилии в столице страны?

Праздник в наши дни

День взятия Бастилии в Париже начинают праздновать с вечера 13 июля. Именно тогда начинаются самые разнообразные шоу и мероприятия. Одно из самых интересных – Бал пожарников. Такое можно увидеть лишь в День взятия Бастилии.

Казармы каждого из 20 округов Парижа готовят собственные номера. Это могут быть выступления в форме или гражданской одежде, а порой пожарники радуют зрителей концертами топлес. Посетить такое мероприятие может любой желающий. Завершается оно традиционным салютом.

Пожарники на Дне взятия Бастилии / © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons

Пожарники на Дне взятия Бастилии / © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons

А вот настоящий бал посмотреть и даже посетить можно в саду Тюильри. Каждый год сюда съезжаются тысячи пар, мечтающих потанцевать на роскошном и ярком балу. От себя хочу отметить, что в отличие от чопорного Венского бала, здесь всегда весело и непринуждённо, благодаря чему гости спокойно погружаются в праздничную атмосферу.

Непосредственно 14 июля в Париже проходит потрясающий военный парад, что движется по Елисейским полям. Кстати, туристам советуют приходить на торжество за несколько часов до его начала. Ни один парижанин не пропустит Дня взятия Бастилии, а потому придётся приложить немало усилий, чтобы в огромной толпе найти место, откуда будет виден парад. Многие зрители даже приходят со своими стремянками.

Гуляния на марсовом поле в День взятия Бастилии / © Ninara / flickr.com

Гуляния на марсовом поле в День взятия Бастилии / © Ninara / flickr.com

День взятия Бастилии открывает двери

Одна из самых необычных французских традиций праздника – пикник в Версале. Долгое время этот дворец принадлежал французским монархам, а вход простым людям туда был закрыт. В День взятия Бастилии французы демонстрируют, насколько изменились времена.

Попасть в сад рядом с Версалем может любой желающий, но есть одно условие – гость должен быть одет исключительно в белую одежду. Многие музеи Парижа также открывают свои двери для всех посетителей. Например, Лувр работает бесплатно в праздник, чтобы туристы и горожане могли проникнуться историей Франции и всего мира.

Праздничный салют в Париже

Праздничный салют в Париже

Вечер Дня взятия Бастилии всегда сопровождается концертами, шумом и фейерверками. Более того, французы любят показывать свою независимость от государства и даже законов. Именно поэтому в вечернее время многие бросаются хлопушками и петардами.

День взятия Бастилии – любимейший праздник французского народа. Жители Франции умеют ценить собственную историю, и эта дата является важнейшим её этапом. Сегодня торжество стало калейдоскопом всевозможных шоу, балов, конкурсов и занимательных традиций. Но не стоит забывать, что порой люди слишком увлекаются демонстрацией свободы, а потому даже в самый весёлый и праздничный день следует помнить о разумных рамках и нормах поведения.

Во Франции каждый год 14 июля отмечается национальный праздник – День взятия Бастилии (La Fête Nationale / Bastille Day), или День 14 июля (Le Quatorze Juillet). Эта дата была установлена еще в 1880 году, сообщает «МИР 24».

День 14 июля 1789 года считается началом Великой французской революции. Он стал кульминацией парижского народного восстания. Построенная во второй половине XIV века, крепость Бастилия долгое время служила тюрьмой для политзаключенных и в глазах народа символизировала репрессивную мощь государства. Там успели побывать многие выдающиеся умы Франции, но к концу XVIII столетия она практически перестала использоваться в качестве тюрьмы.

В момент штурма в Бастилии находилось всего семь узников: убийца, четверо фальшивомонетчиков и двое психически больных. Крепость оборонял гарнизон из 82 ветеранов и 32 швейцарцев, присланных в подкрепление, но после непродолжительной осады защитники крепости опустили мост через 25-метровый ров, и Бастилия пала. Несмотря на то что гарнизону была обещана безопасность, семерых, включая коменданта, растерзали. Здание Бастилии было полностью разобрано в 1791 году.

В наши дни большинство французов уже не относятся к празднику как революционному. Что и как произошло 200 с лишним лет назад, им уже не так важно. В этот день празднуется нечто великое для любого француза, светлое и патриотическое.

Согласно традиции, программа празднования Дня 14 июля предусматривает серию балов: балы пожарных, Большой бал 13-го числа в саду Тюильри. В сам День взятия Бастилии проходит торжественный военный парад на Елисейских полях. Он начинается в 10 часов утра с Этуаль и двигается в сторону Лувра. Его принимает президент Пятой республики. На площади Согласия, напротив Триумфальной арки, воздвигнуты специальные места для зрителей. Финалом праздника становится большой салют и фейерверк у Эйфелевой башни и на Марсовых полях. Обычно пиротехническое представление стартует ровно в 22:00.

Напомним, что в прошлом году впервые с конца Второй мировой войны из-за пандемии коронавируса власти приняли решение не проводить парад. Его заменили церемонией чествования врачей на площади Согласия. Зрителей на мероприятии не было.

Понравилась статья? Поделить с друзьями:
  • 14 июля день взятия бастилии главный национальный праздник франции
  • 14 июля государственный праздник во франции
  • 14 июля во франции какой праздник кратко
  • 14 июля 1790 праздник федерации
  • 14 июля 1789 праздник