Australia day праздник

День Австралии (Australia Day) — национальный и любимейший праздник австралийцев — знаменует начало освоения Зеленого континента европейцами. 26 января 1788 года капитан Артур Филипп (Arthur Phillip) высадился в бухте Сиднея, поднял британский флаг и основал первую колонию — Новый Южный Уэльс.

Это произошло 18 лет спустя после открытия континента капитаном Джеймсом Куком.

Филипп назвал новое поселение «Сидней» по имени Томаса Тауншенда, первого виконта Сиднея, секретаря Британской империи в 1784—89 годах, который и отдал приказ отправить флот.

Первый флот состоял из двух военных кораблей — Сириуса и Сэпплая — и девяти товарных. Есть запись о том, что на кораблях находились 192 женщины-заключенные, 564 мужчины, 450 матросов, гражданский и военный персонал, 28 жен и 30 детей.

До 1808 года этот день отмечался как День первой высадки или День Основания. В 1818 году — на 30-летие колонии — губернатор Маккуаэри велел произвести салют из 30 орудий и дал государственным служащим выходной. Вскоре эту традицию переняли банки и многие общественные организации. В 1888 году все столицы колоний (за исключением Аделаиды) отпраздновали столетие высадки первого флота как День юбилея, а к 1935 году все штаты страны праздновали 26 января как День Австралии.

Долгое время официальный выходной приходился на понедельник, ближайший к 26 января. С 1994 года официальный выходной и все празднования приходятся именно на 26 января.

В День Австралии по всей стране воспроизводится высадка первого флота, проходят многочисленные регаты и парады. Празднование знаменуют многочисленные фейерверки. Самые большие световые шоу ежегодно проходят в третьем по величине городе страны — Перте.

В этот день в Сиднее стартует музыкальный фестиваль, в Аделаиде — матч по крикету. В Канберре проходит концерт живой музыки, а также вручение одной из самых почетных наград страны — Австралиец года. По традиции, с обращением к нации выступает премьер-министр.

День Австралии — идеальное время надеть майку, шляпу, носки (да что угодно!) с австралийским флагом и носить это с нескрываемой гордостью. А также самое время украсить дом шарами и флагами — чтобы он выглядел празднично. Есть и такая традиция: коллеги австралийцев, работающих за границей, дарят им в этот день подарки. Работникам-австралийцам разрешен долгий ланч или даже возможность уйти с работы пораньше.

В то время как для большинства австралийцев британского происхождения 26 января — праздник, многие аборигены воспринимают его как День траура. Как истинные хозяева земель, аборигены считают этот исторический факт началом утраты своих прав жить, как они жили в течение 40 тысяч лет. Поэтому коренные австралийцы сегодня прилагают все усилия, чтобы восстановить эти права и вернуть уважение к своей культуре и традициям.

Материалы по теме в Журнале Calend.ru:

• Статья «Чем Австралия удивляет иммигрантов из России?»

Australia Day
Sydney Harbour on Australia Day, 2014
Also called	Anniversary Day Foundation Day Survival Day Invasion Day
Observed by	Australian citizens, residents and expatriates
Type	National
Significance	Date of landing of the First Fleet in Port Jackson in 1788
Observances	Family gatherings, fireworks, picnics and barbecues, parades, citizenship ceremonies, Australia Day honours, Australian of the Year presentation
Date	26 January
Frequency	Annual

Australia Day is the official national day of Australia. Observed annually on 26 January, it marks the 1788 landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove^[a] and raising of the Union Flag by Arthur Phillip following days of exploration of Port Jackson in New South Wales. In present-day Australia, celebrations aim to reflect the diverse society and landscape of the nation and are marked by community and family events, reflections on Australian history, official community awards and citizenship ceremonies welcoming new members of the Australian community.^[1]

The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved and been contested over time, and not all states historically celebrated the same date as their date of historical significance.^[2] The date of 26 January 1788 marks the proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern seaboard of Australia.^[3] Records of celebrations on 26 January date back to 1808, with the first official celebration of the formation of New South Wales held in 1818. It was not until 1935 that all Australian states and territories adopted use of the term «Australia Day» to mark the date of the 1788 landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, and not until 1994 that 26 January was consistently marked by a public holiday on that day by all states and territories.^[4] Historically, the date was also variously named Anniversary Day, Foundation Day and ANA Day.^[5]

In contemporary Australia, the holiday is marked by the presentation of the Australian of the Year Awards on Australia Day Eve, announcement of the Australia Day Honours list and addresses from the Governor-General and Prime Minister. It is an official public holiday in every state and territory. With community festivals, concerts and citizenship ceremonies, the day is celebrated in large and small communities and cities around the nation. Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia.^[6]

Indigenous Australian events are now included. However, since at least 1938,^[7] the date of Australia Day has also been marked by some Indigenous Australians and supporters mourning what is seen as the invasion of the land – which they had occupied for millennia – by the British and the start of colonisation, protesting its celebration as a national holiday. Invasion Day, Survival Day, or Day of Mourning is observed by many as a counter-observance on 26 January, with calls for the date of Australia Day to be changed^[8][9] or the holiday to be abolished entirely.^[10][11] Support for changing the date is a minority position; however, polls indicate some support, particularly among Australians under age 30.^{[12][13][14][15][16][17]}

History

Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788

On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland.^[b] Under the command of Naval Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America.^[18] The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable.

On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled to Port Jackson, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement. They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove, after the Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney. They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people.

They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January, when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning, 24 January. That day, there was a huge gale blowing, making it impossible to leave Botany Bay, so they decided to wait till the next day, 25 January. However, during 24 January, they spotted the ships Astrolabe and Boussole, flying the French flag, at the entrance to Botany Bay; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out.^{[citation needed]}

On 25 January the gale was still blowing; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay, but only HMS Supply made it out, carrying Arthur Phillip, Philip Gidley King, some marines and about 40 convicts; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon. Meanwhile, back at Botany Bay, Captain John Hunter of HMS Sirius made contact with the French ships, and he and the commander, Captain de Clonard, exchanged greetings. Clonard informed Hunter that the fleet commander was Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse. Sirius successfully cleared Botany Bay, but the other ships were in great difficulty. Charlotte was blown dangerously close to rocks, Friendship and Prince of Wales became entangled, both ships losing booms or sails, Charlotte and Friendship collided, and Lady Penrhyn nearly ran aground. Despite these difficulties, all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January. The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm.^[19]

So it was on 26 January that a landing was made at Sydney Cove and clearing of the ground for an encampment immediately began. Then, according to Phillip’s account:^[20]

In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king’s health, and success to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills the imagination with pleasing presages.

— The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay

The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not however occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed. It did not occur until 7 February 1788, when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip’s governorship were read out. The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch King George III also dates from 7 February 1788.^[21][22][23]

1788–1838

Although there was no official recognition of the colony’s anniversary, with the New South Wales Almanacks of 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January,^[24] by 1808 the date was being used by the colony’s immigrants, especially the emancipated convicts, to «celebrate their love of the land they lived in»^[25] with «drinking and merriment».^[26] The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern, beginning at sunset on 25 January and lasting into the night, the chief toast of the occasion being Major George Johnston. Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet, having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convict James Ruse. Despite suffering the ill-effects of a fall from his gig on the way home to Annandale, Johnston led the officers of the New South Wales Corps in arresting Governor William Bligh on the following day, 26 January 1808, in what became known as the «Rum Rebellion».

Almanacs started mentioning «First Landing Day» or «Foundation Day» and successful immigrants started holding anniversary dinners.^[2] In 1817 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home of Isaac Nichols:

On Monday the 27th ult. a dinner party met at the house of Mr. Isaac Nichols, for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip, which took place on 26 Jan. 1788, but this year happening upon a Sunday, the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following. The party assembled were select, and about 40 in number. At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table, and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated. After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank, and a number of festive songs given; and about 10 the company parted, well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded.

— The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser^[27]

1818 was the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and Governor Lachlan Macquarie chose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration.^[28] The governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers, granting each an extra allowance of «one pound [450 grams] of fresh meat», and ordered a 30-gun salute at Dawes Point – one for each year that the colony had existed.^[29] This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow.^[25]

Foundation Day, as it was known at the time, continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales, and in doing so became connected with sporting events.^[28] One of these became a tradition that is still continued today: in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Day regatta was held on Sydney Harbour.^[25][30] Five races were held for different classes of boats, from first class sailing vessels to watermen’s skiffs, and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour, including the steamboat Australian and the Francis Freeling—the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day.^[31] Happy with the success of the regatta, the organisers resolved to make it an annual event.^[30] However, some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism, with the «United Australians» dinner being limited to those born in Australia.^[25] In describing the dinner, the Sydney Herald justified the decision, saying:

The parties who associated themselves under the title of «United Australians» have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness. It is not fair so to censure them. If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons – while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate. That was a good reason. The «Australians» had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it, and no one has a right to complain.

— The Sydney Herald^[32]

The following year, 1838, was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and as part of the celebrations Australia’s first public holiday was declared. The regatta was held for a second time, and people crowded the foreshores to view the events, or joined the five steamers (Maitland, Experiment, Australia, Rapid, and the miniature steamer Firefly) to view the proceedings from the water. At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes’ Battery as the Royal Standard was raised, and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky.^[33] The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year, with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837,^[32][33] and the anniversary as a whole was described as a «day for everyone».^[28]

1839–1935

Prior to 1888, 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair, as each of the colonies had its own commemoration for its founding. In Tasmania, Regatta Day occurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing of Abel Tasman.^[34] South Australia celebrated Proclamation Day on 28 December. Western Australia had its own Foundation Day (now Western Australia Day) on 1 June.^[25]

The decision to mark the occasion of the First Fleet’s arrival in 1788 at Sydney Cove and Captain Arthur Phillip’s proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern continent on 26 January was first made outside NSW by the Australian Natives’ Association (ANA), a group of white «native-born» middle-class men formed in Victoria in 1871.^[35] They dubbed the day «ANA Day».^[5]

In 1888, all colonial capitals except Adelaide celebrated «Anniversary Day». In 1910, South Australia adopted 26 January as «Foundation Day»,^[25] to replace another holiday known as Accession Day, which had been held on 22 January to mark the accession to the throne of King Edward VII, who died in May 1910.^[36]

The first Australia Day was established in response to Australia’s involvement in World War I. In 1915, Ellen «Ellie» Wharton Kirke MBE, née Clements, mother of four servicemen, thought up the idea of a national day, with the specific aim of raising funds for wounded soldiers,^[37] and the term was coined to stir up patriotic feelings.^[38][36] In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed, and the date chosen was 30 July,^[39] on which many fund-raising efforts were run to support the war effort.^[40] It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I: on 28 July 1916,^[40] 27 July 1917,^[41] and 26 July 1918.^[42]

The idea of a national day to be celebrated on 26 January was slow to catch on, partly because of competition with Anzac Day.^[43] Victoria adopted 26 January as Australia Day in 1931,^[28] and by 1935, all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day (although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales).^[25] The name «Foundation Day» persisted in local usage.^[44]

1936–1960s

The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated. Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council. In that year, New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend, and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the anniversary day – Wednesday 26 January.^[25]

The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as «Australia Day» in 1946,^[45] although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the anniversary.^[46]

The Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 26 January 1949, creating Australian citizenship for the first time. Previously, the government-approved residents of Australia had only been «British nationals»; now they had both Australian and British nationality.^[47]

Historian Ken Inglis wrote in 1967 that Australia Day was not celebrated publicly in Canberra at that time.^[43]

1988: Bicentenary

In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale as the Australian Bicentenary, with many significant events taking place in all major cities.^[25] Over 2.5 million people attended the event in Sydney.^[28] These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of the Sydney Opera House and at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of the Powerhouse Museum at its new location. A re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet took place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed from Portsmouth a year earlier taking part.^[25][28]

Contemporary celebrations

The various celebrations and civic ceremonies such as citizenship ceremonies, the Australian of the Year awards and the Australia Day Honours (introduced in 1975^[48]) only started to be performed on Australia Day from around the 1950s onwards.^[43]

Since 1988, participation in Australia Day has increased, and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on 26 January – regardless of the day of the week – for the first time.^[49] Previously, some states had celebrated the public holiday on a Monday or Friday to ensure a long weekend.^[50] Research conducted in 2007 reported that 28% of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 26% celebrated with family and friends.^[51] This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66% of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005.^[52]

Outdoor concerts, community barbecues, sports competitions, festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia. These official events are presented by the National Australia Day Council, an official council or committee in each state and territory, and local committees.^[53]

In Sydney, the harbour is a focus and boat races are held, such as a ferry race and the tall ships race. In Adelaide, the key celebrations are «Australia Day in the City» which is a parade, concert and fireworks display held in Elder Park, with a new outdoor art installation in 2019 designed to acknowledge, remember and recognise Aboriginal people who have contributed to the community.^[54] Featuring the People’s March and the Voyages Concert, Melbourne’s events^[55] focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism.^[56] The Perth Skyworks is the largest single event presented each Australia Day.^[57]

Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held, with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition of Australian citizenship. On 26 January 2011, more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and around 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship.^[58] In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included an affirmation by existing citizens. Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78.6% of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day.^[51] In September 2019, the Morrison Government amended the Australian Citizenship Ceremonies Code to require local councils to hold a citizenship ceremony on Australia Day.^[59]

The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high-achieving Australians in local community celebrations. In 2011, 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations.^[60] The Order of Australia awards are also a feature of the day. The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations. The governor-general and prime minister both address the nation. On the eve of Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a «significant contribution to the Australian community and nation» and is an «inspirational role model for the Australian community».^[61] Subcategories of the award include Young Australian of the Year and Senior Australian of the Year, and an award for Australia’s Local Hero.

Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day. Of those polled, 43% agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41% said they look towards «our future», while 13% thought it was important to «think about the present at this time» and 3% were unsure.^[62] Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet, contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme. There are no large-scale re-enactments and the national leader’s participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies.^[63]

Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians’ understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity, Newspoll research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed «it was important to recognise Australia’s indigenous people and culture» as part of Australia Day celebrations. A similar proportion (89%) agreed that «it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation».^[64] Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians, the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion.

Debate

Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia’s Indigenous peoples.^[65] In 1888, prior to the first centennial anniversary of the First Fleet landing on 26 January 1788, New South Wales premier Henry Parkes was asked about inclusion of Aboriginal people in the celebrations. He replied: «And remind them that we have robbed them?»^[66]

The celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal Day of Mourning. A large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney in 1988 led an «Invasion Day» commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture.^[7] Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as «Invasion Day», and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events.^[67] Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cities on Australia Day; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne range into tens of thousands.^{[68][69][70][71]}

The anniversary is also termed by some as «Survival Day» and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination.^[72] In 2016, National Indigenous Television chose the name «Survival Day» as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term «recognises the invasion», but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people.^[73]

In response, official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people, holding ceremonies such as the Woggan-ma-gule ceremony, held in Sydney, which honours the past and celebrates the present.^[74]

Several major employers, including Telstra and the University of Wollongong, permit staff to work on that day and take an alternative day off.^[75]

Polling

Polling by Essential Media since 2015 suggests that the number of people celebrating Australia Day is declining, indicating a shift in attitudes. In 2019, 40% celebrated the day; in 2020, 34%, and in 2021 it was down to 29% of over 1000 people surveyed. In 2021, 53% said that they were treating the day as just a public holiday.^[76]

A poll commissioned in December 2020 by the conservative think tank Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) was published in January 2021, showing that support for changing the date had remained a minority position.^{[12][77][13][14]} In January 2021, an Essential poll reported that 53% supported a separate day to recognise Indigenous Australians; however only 18% of these thought that it should replace Australia Day. A poll by Ipsos for The Age / The Sydney Morning Herald reported in January 2021 that 28% were in support of changing the date, 24% were neutral and 48% did not support changing the date. 49% believed that the date would change within the next decade and 41% believed that selecting a new date would improve the lives of Indigenous Australians. Results were split by demographic factors, with age being a significant factor. 47% of people aged 18–24 supported changing the date, compared to only 19% among those aged 55 years or older. Individuals who voted for the Greens were most likely to support the date change at 67%, followed by Labor voters at 31% and Coalition voters at 23%.^[78]

The 2022 IPA poll found 65% were opposed to changing the date, including 47% of 18–24 year olds, with 15% of the general population and 25% of 18–24 year olds in favour of changing it.^[16]

See also

• Culture of Australia
• Australian nationalism
• Reconciliation in Australia

Notes

References

External links

• National Australia Day Council
• Official History of Australia Day
• Australia Day Council of NSW

Australia Day
Sydney Harbour on Australia Day, 2014
Also called	Anniversary Day Foundation Day Survival Day Invasion Day
Observed by	Australian citizens, residents and expatriates
Type	National
Significance	Date of landing of the First Fleet in Port Jackson in 1788
Observances	Family gatherings, fireworks, picnics and barbecues, parades, citizenship ceremonies, Australia Day honours, Australian of the Year presentation
Date	26 January
Frequency	Annual

Australia Day is the official national day of Australia. Observed annually on 26 January, it marks the 1788 landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove^[a] and raising of the Union Flag by Arthur Phillip following days of exploration of Port Jackson in New South Wales. In present-day Australia, celebrations aim to reflect the diverse society and landscape of the nation and are marked by community and family events, reflections on Australian history, official community awards and citizenship ceremonies welcoming new members of the Australian community.^[1]

The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved and been contested over time, and not all states historically celebrated the same date as their date of historical significance.^[2] The date of 26 January 1788 marks the proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern seaboard of Australia.^[3] Records of celebrations on 26 January date back to 1808, with the first official celebration of the formation of New South Wales held in 1818. It was not until 1935 that all Australian states and territories adopted use of the term «Australia Day» to mark the date of the 1788 landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, and not until 1994 that 26 January was consistently marked by a public holiday on that day by all states and territories.^[4] Historically, the date was also variously named Anniversary Day, Foundation Day and ANA Day.^[5]

In contemporary Australia, the holiday is marked by the presentation of the Australian of the Year Awards on Australia Day Eve, announcement of the Australia Day Honours list and addresses from the Governor-General and Prime Minister. It is an official public holiday in every state and territory. With community festivals, concerts and citizenship ceremonies, the day is celebrated in large and small communities and cities around the nation. Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia.^[6]

Indigenous Australian events are now included. However, since at least 1938,^[7] the date of Australia Day has also been marked by some Indigenous Australians and supporters mourning what is seen as the invasion of the land – which they had occupied for millennia – by the British and the start of colonisation, protesting its celebration as a national holiday. Invasion Day, Survival Day, or Day of Mourning is observed by many as a counter-observance on 26 January, with calls for the date of Australia Day to be changed^[8][9] or the holiday to be abolished entirely.^[10][11] Support for changing the date is a minority position; however, polls indicate some support, particularly among Australians under age 30.^{[12][13][14][15][16][17]}

History

Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788

On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland.^[b] Under the command of Naval Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America.^[18] The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable.

On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled to Port Jackson, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement. They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove, after the Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney. They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people.

They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January, when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning, 24 January. That day, there was a huge gale blowing, making it impossible to leave Botany Bay, so they decided to wait till the next day, 25 January. However, during 24 January, they spotted the ships Astrolabe and Boussole, flying the French flag, at the entrance to Botany Bay; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out.^{[citation needed]}

On 25 January the gale was still blowing; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay, but only HMS Supply made it out, carrying Arthur Phillip, Philip Gidley King, some marines and about 40 convicts; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon. Meanwhile, back at Botany Bay, Captain John Hunter of HMS Sirius made contact with the French ships, and he and the commander, Captain de Clonard, exchanged greetings. Clonard informed Hunter that the fleet commander was Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse. Sirius successfully cleared Botany Bay, but the other ships were in great difficulty. Charlotte was blown dangerously close to rocks, Friendship and Prince of Wales became entangled, both ships losing booms or sails, Charlotte and Friendship collided, and Lady Penrhyn nearly ran aground. Despite these difficulties, all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January. The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm.^[19]

So it was on 26 January that a landing was made at Sydney Cove and clearing of the ground for an encampment immediately began. Then, according to Phillip’s account:^[20]

In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king’s health, and success to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills the imagination with pleasing presages.

— The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay

The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not however occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed. It did not occur until 7 February 1788, when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip’s governorship were read out. The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch King George III also dates from 7 February 1788.^[21][22][23]

1788–1838

Although there was no official recognition of the colony’s anniversary, with the New South Wales Almanacks of 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January,^[24] by 1808 the date was being used by the colony’s immigrants, especially the emancipated convicts, to «celebrate their love of the land they lived in»^[25] with «drinking and merriment».^[26] The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern, beginning at sunset on 25 January and lasting into the night, the chief toast of the occasion being Major George Johnston. Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet, having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convict James Ruse. Despite suffering the ill-effects of a fall from his gig on the way home to Annandale, Johnston led the officers of the New South Wales Corps in arresting Governor William Bligh on the following day, 26 January 1808, in what became known as the «Rum Rebellion».

Almanacs started mentioning «First Landing Day» or «Foundation Day» and successful immigrants started holding anniversary dinners.^[2] In 1817 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home of Isaac Nichols:

On Monday the 27th ult. a dinner party met at the house of Mr. Isaac Nichols, for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip, which took place on 26 Jan. 1788, but this year happening upon a Sunday, the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following. The party assembled were select, and about 40 in number. At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table, and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated. After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank, and a number of festive songs given; and about 10 the company parted, well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded.

— The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser^[27]

1818 was the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and Governor Lachlan Macquarie chose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration.^[28] The governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers, granting each an extra allowance of «one pound [450 grams] of fresh meat», and ordered a 30-gun salute at Dawes Point – one for each year that the colony had existed.^[29] This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow.^[25]

Foundation Day, as it was known at the time, continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales, and in doing so became connected with sporting events.^[28] One of these became a tradition that is still continued today: in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Day regatta was held on Sydney Harbour.^[25][30] Five races were held for different classes of boats, from first class sailing vessels to watermen’s skiffs, and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour, including the steamboat Australian and the Francis Freeling—the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day.^[31] Happy with the success of the regatta, the organisers resolved to make it an annual event.^[30] However, some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism, with the «United Australians» dinner being limited to those born in Australia.^[25] In describing the dinner, the Sydney Herald justified the decision, saying:

The parties who associated themselves under the title of «United Australians» have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness. It is not fair so to censure them. If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons – while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate. That was a good reason. The «Australians» had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it, and no one has a right to complain.

— The Sydney Herald^[32]

The following year, 1838, was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and as part of the celebrations Australia’s first public holiday was declared. The regatta was held for a second time, and people crowded the foreshores to view the events, or joined the five steamers (Maitland, Experiment, Australia, Rapid, and the miniature steamer Firefly) to view the proceedings from the water. At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes’ Battery as the Royal Standard was raised, and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky.^[33] The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year, with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837,^[32][33] and the anniversary as a whole was described as a «day for everyone».^[28]

1839–1935

Prior to 1888, 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair, as each of the colonies had its own commemoration for its founding. In Tasmania, Regatta Day occurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing of Abel Tasman.^[34] South Australia celebrated Proclamation Day on 28 December. Western Australia had its own Foundation Day (now Western Australia Day) on 1 June.^[25]

The decision to mark the occasion of the First Fleet’s arrival in 1788 at Sydney Cove and Captain Arthur Phillip’s proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern continent on 26 January was first made outside NSW by the Australian Natives’ Association (ANA), a group of white «native-born» middle-class men formed in Victoria in 1871.^[35] They dubbed the day «ANA Day».^[5]

In 1888, all colonial capitals except Adelaide celebrated «Anniversary Day». In 1910, South Australia adopted 26 January as «Foundation Day»,^[25] to replace another holiday known as Accession Day, which had been held on 22 January to mark the accession to the throne of King Edward VII, who died in May 1910.^[36]

The first Australia Day was established in response to Australia’s involvement in World War I. In 1915, Ellen «Ellie» Wharton Kirke MBE, née Clements, mother of four servicemen, thought up the idea of a national day, with the specific aim of raising funds for wounded soldiers,^[37] and the term was coined to stir up patriotic feelings.^[38][36] In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed, and the date chosen was 30 July,^[39] on which many fund-raising efforts were run to support the war effort.^[40] It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I: on 28 July 1916,^[40] 27 July 1917,^[41] and 26 July 1918.^[42]

The idea of a national day to be celebrated on 26 January was slow to catch on, partly because of competition with Anzac Day.^[43] Victoria adopted 26 January as Australia Day in 1931,^[28] and by 1935, all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day (although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales).^[25] The name «Foundation Day» persisted in local usage.^[44]

1936–1960s

The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated. Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council. In that year, New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend, and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the anniversary day – Wednesday 26 January.^[25]

The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as «Australia Day» in 1946,^[45] although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the anniversary.^[46]

The Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 26 January 1949, creating Australian citizenship for the first time. Previously, the government-approved residents of Australia had only been «British nationals»; now they had both Australian and British nationality.^[47]

Historian Ken Inglis wrote in 1967 that Australia Day was not celebrated publicly in Canberra at that time.^[43]

1988: Bicentenary

In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale as the Australian Bicentenary, with many significant events taking place in all major cities.^[25] Over 2.5 million people attended the event in Sydney.^[28] These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of the Sydney Opera House and at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of the Powerhouse Museum at its new location. A re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet took place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed from Portsmouth a year earlier taking part.^[25][28]

Contemporary celebrations

The various celebrations and civic ceremonies such as citizenship ceremonies, the Australian of the Year awards and the Australia Day Honours (introduced in 1975^[48]) only started to be performed on Australia Day from around the 1950s onwards.^[43]

Since 1988, participation in Australia Day has increased, and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on 26 January – regardless of the day of the week – for the first time.^[49] Previously, some states had celebrated the public holiday on a Monday or Friday to ensure a long weekend.^[50] Research conducted in 2007 reported that 28% of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 26% celebrated with family and friends.^[51] This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66% of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005.^[52]

Outdoor concerts, community barbecues, sports competitions, festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia. These official events are presented by the National Australia Day Council, an official council or committee in each state and territory, and local committees.^[53]

In Sydney, the harbour is a focus and boat races are held, such as a ferry race and the tall ships race. In Adelaide, the key celebrations are «Australia Day in the City» which is a parade, concert and fireworks display held in Elder Park, with a new outdoor art installation in 2019 designed to acknowledge, remember and recognise Aboriginal people who have contributed to the community.^[54] Featuring the People’s March and the Voyages Concert, Melbourne’s events^[55] focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism.^[56] The Perth Skyworks is the largest single event presented each Australia Day.^[57]

Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held, with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition of Australian citizenship. On 26 January 2011, more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and around 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship.^[58] In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included an affirmation by existing citizens. Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78.6% of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day.^[51] In September 2019, the Morrison Government amended the Australian Citizenship Ceremonies Code to require local councils to hold a citizenship ceremony on Australia Day.^[59]

The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high-achieving Australians in local community celebrations. In 2011, 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations.^[60] The Order of Australia awards are also a feature of the day. The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations. The governor-general and prime minister both address the nation. On the eve of Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a «significant contribution to the Australian community and nation» and is an «inspirational role model for the Australian community».^[61] Subcategories of the award include Young Australian of the Year and Senior Australian of the Year, and an award for Australia’s Local Hero.

Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day. Of those polled, 43% agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41% said they look towards «our future», while 13% thought it was important to «think about the present at this time» and 3% were unsure.^[62] Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet, contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme. There are no large-scale re-enactments and the national leader’s participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies.^[63]

Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians’ understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity, Newspoll research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed «it was important to recognise Australia’s indigenous people and culture» as part of Australia Day celebrations. A similar proportion (89%) agreed that «it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation».^[64] Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians, the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion.

Debate

Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia’s Indigenous peoples.^[65] In 1888, prior to the first centennial anniversary of the First Fleet landing on 26 January 1788, New South Wales premier Henry Parkes was asked about inclusion of Aboriginal people in the celebrations. He replied: «And remind them that we have robbed them?»^[66]

The celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal Day of Mourning. A large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney in 1988 led an «Invasion Day» commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture.^[7] Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as «Invasion Day», and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events.^[67] Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cities on Australia Day; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne range into tens of thousands.^{[68][69][70][71]}

The anniversary is also termed by some as «Survival Day» and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination.^[72] In 2016, National Indigenous Television chose the name «Survival Day» as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term «recognises the invasion», but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people.^[73]

In response, official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people, holding ceremonies such as the Woggan-ma-gule ceremony, held in Sydney, which honours the past and celebrates the present.^[74]

Several major employers, including Telstra and the University of Wollongong, permit staff to work on that day and take an alternative day off.^[75]

Polling

Polling by Essential Media since 2015 suggests that the number of people celebrating Australia Day is declining, indicating a shift in attitudes. In 2019, 40% celebrated the day; in 2020, 34%, and in 2021 it was down to 29% of over 1000 people surveyed. In 2021, 53% said that they were treating the day as just a public holiday.^[76]

A poll commissioned in December 2020 by the conservative think tank Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) was published in January 2021, showing that support for changing the date had remained a minority position.^{[12][77][13][14]} In January 2021, an Essential poll reported that 53% supported a separate day to recognise Indigenous Australians; however only 18% of these thought that it should replace Australia Day. A poll by Ipsos for The Age / The Sydney Morning Herald reported in January 2021 that 28% were in support of changing the date, 24% were neutral and 48% did not support changing the date. 49% believed that the date would change within the next decade and 41% believed that selecting a new date would improve the lives of Indigenous Australians. Results were split by demographic factors, with age being a significant factor. 47% of people aged 18–24 supported changing the date, compared to only 19% among those aged 55 years or older. Individuals who voted for the Greens were most likely to support the date change at 67%, followed by Labor voters at 31% and Coalition voters at 23%.^[78]

The 2022 IPA poll found 65% were opposed to changing the date, including 47% of 18–24 year olds, with 15% of the general population and 25% of 18–24 year olds in favour of changing it.^[16]

See also

• Culture of Australia
• Australian nationalism
• Reconciliation in Australia

Notes

References

External links

• National Australia Day Council
• Official History of Australia Day
• Australia Day Council of NSW

Australia Day
Sydney Harbour on Australia Day, 2014
Also called	Anniversary Day Foundation Day Survival Day Invasion Day
Observed by	Australian citizens, residents and expatriates
Type	National
Significance	Date of landing of the First Fleet in Port Jackson in 1788
Observances	Family gatherings, fireworks, picnics and barbecues, parades, citizenship ceremonies, Australia Day honours, Australian of the Year presentation
Date	26 January
Frequency	Annual

Australia Day is the official national day of Australia. Observed annually on 26 January, it marks the 1788 landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove^[a] and raising of the Union Flag by Arthur Phillip following days of exploration of Port Jackson in New South Wales. In present-day Australia, celebrations aim to reflect the diverse society and landscape of the nation and are marked by community and family events, reflections on Australian history, official community awards and citizenship ceremonies welcoming new members of the Australian community.^[1]

The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved and been contested over time, and not all states historically celebrated the same date as their date of historical significance.^[2] The date of 26 January 1788 marks the proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern seaboard of Australia.^[3] Records of celebrations on 26 January date back to 1808, with the first official celebration of the formation of New South Wales held in 1818. It was not until 1935 that all Australian states and territories adopted use of the term «Australia Day» to mark the date of the 1788 landing of the First Fleet at Sydney Cove, and not until 1994 that 26 January was consistently marked by a public holiday on that day by all states and territories.^[4] Historically, the date was also variously named Anniversary Day, Foundation Day and ANA Day.^[5]

In contemporary Australia, the holiday is marked by the presentation of the Australian of the Year Awards on Australia Day Eve, announcement of the Australia Day Honours list and addresses from the Governor-General and Prime Minister. It is an official public holiday in every state and territory. With community festivals, concerts and citizenship ceremonies, the day is celebrated in large and small communities and cities around the nation. Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia.^[6]

Indigenous Australian events are now included. However, since at least 1938,^[7] the date of Australia Day has also been marked by some Indigenous Australians and supporters mourning what is seen as the invasion of the land – which they had occupied for millennia – by the British and the start of colonisation, protesting its celebration as a national holiday. Invasion Day, Survival Day, or Day of Mourning is observed by many as a counter-observance on 26 January, with calls for the date of Australia Day to be changed^[8][9] or the holiday to be abolished entirely.^[10][11] Support for changing the date is a minority position; however, polls indicate some support, particularly among Australians under age 30.^{[12][13][14][15][16][17]}

History

Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788

On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by the British Admiralty from England to New Holland.^[b] Under the command of Naval Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish a penal colony at Botany Bay on the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored and claimed by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in North America.^[18] The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable.

On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled to Port Jackson, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement. They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove, after the Home Secretary, Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney. They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people.

They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January, when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning, 24 January. That day, there was a huge gale blowing, making it impossible to leave Botany Bay, so they decided to wait till the next day, 25 January. However, during 24 January, they spotted the ships Astrolabe and Boussole, flying the French flag, at the entrance to Botany Bay; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out.^{[citation needed]}

On 25 January the gale was still blowing; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay, but only HMS Supply made it out, carrying Arthur Phillip, Philip Gidley King, some marines and about 40 convicts; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon. Meanwhile, back at Botany Bay, Captain John Hunter of HMS Sirius made contact with the French ships, and he and the commander, Captain de Clonard, exchanged greetings. Clonard informed Hunter that the fleet commander was Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse. Sirius successfully cleared Botany Bay, but the other ships were in great difficulty. Charlotte was blown dangerously close to rocks, Friendship and Prince of Wales became entangled, both ships losing booms or sails, Charlotte and Friendship collided, and Lady Penrhyn nearly ran aground. Despite these difficulties, all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January. The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm.^[19]

So it was on 26 January that a landing was made at Sydney Cove and clearing of the ground for an encampment immediately began. Then, according to Phillip’s account:^[20]

In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king’s health, and success to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills the imagination with pleasing presages.

— The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay

The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not however occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed. It did not occur until 7 February 1788, when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip’s governorship were read out. The vesting of all land in the reigning monarch King George III also dates from 7 February 1788.^[21][22][23]

1788–1838

Although there was no official recognition of the colony’s anniversary, with the New South Wales Almanacks of 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January,^[24] by 1808 the date was being used by the colony’s immigrants, especially the emancipated convicts, to «celebrate their love of the land they lived in»^[25] with «drinking and merriment».^[26] The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern, beginning at sunset on 25 January and lasting into the night, the chief toast of the occasion being Major George Johnston. Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet, having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convict James Ruse. Despite suffering the ill-effects of a fall from his gig on the way home to Annandale, Johnston led the officers of the New South Wales Corps in arresting Governor William Bligh on the following day, 26 January 1808, in what became known as the «Rum Rebellion».

Almanacs started mentioning «First Landing Day» or «Foundation Day» and successful immigrants started holding anniversary dinners.^[2] In 1817 The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser reported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home of Isaac Nichols:

On Monday the 27th ult. a dinner party met at the house of Mr. Isaac Nichols, for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip, which took place on 26 Jan. 1788, but this year happening upon a Sunday, the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following. The party assembled were select, and about 40 in number. At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table, and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated. After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank, and a number of festive songs given; and about 10 the company parted, well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded.

— The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser^[27]

1818 was the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and Governor Lachlan Macquarie chose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration.^[28] The governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers, granting each an extra allowance of «one pound [450 grams] of fresh meat», and ordered a 30-gun salute at Dawes Point – one for each year that the colony had existed.^[29] This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow.^[25]

Foundation Day, as it was known at the time, continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales, and in doing so became connected with sporting events.^[28] One of these became a tradition that is still continued today: in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Day regatta was held on Sydney Harbour.^[25][30] Five races were held for different classes of boats, from first class sailing vessels to watermen’s skiffs, and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour, including the steamboat Australian and the Francis Freeling—the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day.^[31] Happy with the success of the regatta, the organisers resolved to make it an annual event.^[30] However, some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism, with the «United Australians» dinner being limited to those born in Australia.^[25] In describing the dinner, the Sydney Herald justified the decision, saying:

The parties who associated themselves under the title of «United Australians» have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness. It is not fair so to censure them. If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons – while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate. That was a good reason. The «Australians» had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it, and no one has a right to complain.

— The Sydney Herald^[32]

The following year, 1838, was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and as part of the celebrations Australia’s first public holiday was declared. The regatta was held for a second time, and people crowded the foreshores to view the events, or joined the five steamers (Maitland, Experiment, Australia, Rapid, and the miniature steamer Firefly) to view the proceedings from the water. At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes’ Battery as the Royal Standard was raised, and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky.^[33] The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year, with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837,^[32][33] and the anniversary as a whole was described as a «day for everyone».^[28]

1839–1935

Prior to 1888, 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair, as each of the colonies had its own commemoration for its founding. In Tasmania, Regatta Day occurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing of Abel Tasman.^[34] South Australia celebrated Proclamation Day on 28 December. Western Australia had its own Foundation Day (now Western Australia Day) on 1 June.^[25]

The decision to mark the occasion of the First Fleet’s arrival in 1788 at Sydney Cove and Captain Arthur Phillip’s proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern continent on 26 January was first made outside NSW by the Australian Natives’ Association (ANA), a group of white «native-born» middle-class men formed in Victoria in 1871.^[35] They dubbed the day «ANA Day».^[5]

In 1888, all colonial capitals except Adelaide celebrated «Anniversary Day». In 1910, South Australia adopted 26 January as «Foundation Day»,^[25] to replace another holiday known as Accession Day, which had been held on 22 January to mark the accession to the throne of King Edward VII, who died in May 1910.^[36]

The first Australia Day was established in response to Australia’s involvement in World War I. In 1915, Ellen «Ellie» Wharton Kirke MBE, née Clements, mother of four servicemen, thought up the idea of a national day, with the specific aim of raising funds for wounded soldiers,^[37] and the term was coined to stir up patriotic feelings.^[38][36] In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed, and the date chosen was 30 July,^[39] on which many fund-raising efforts were run to support the war effort.^[40] It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I: on 28 July 1916,^[40] 27 July 1917,^[41] and 26 July 1918.^[42]

The idea of a national day to be celebrated on 26 January was slow to catch on, partly because of competition with Anzac Day.^[43] Victoria adopted 26 January as Australia Day in 1931,^[28] and by 1935, all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day (although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales).^[25] The name «Foundation Day» persisted in local usage.^[44]

1936–1960s

The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated. Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council. In that year, New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend, and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the anniversary day – Wednesday 26 January.^[25]

The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as «Australia Day» in 1946,^[45] although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the anniversary.^[46]

The Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect on 26 January 1949, creating Australian citizenship for the first time. Previously, the government-approved residents of Australia had only been «British nationals»; now they had both Australian and British nationality.^[47]

Historian Ken Inglis wrote in 1967 that Australia Day was not celebrated publicly in Canberra at that time.^[43]

1988: Bicentenary

In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale as the Australian Bicentenary, with many significant events taking place in all major cities.^[25] Over 2.5 million people attended the event in Sydney.^[28] These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of the Sydney Opera House and at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of the Powerhouse Museum at its new location. A re-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleet took place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed from Portsmouth a year earlier taking part.^[25][28]

Contemporary celebrations

The various celebrations and civic ceremonies such as citizenship ceremonies, the Australian of the Year awards and the Australia Day Honours (introduced in 1975^[48]) only started to be performed on Australia Day from around the 1950s onwards.^[43]

Since 1988, participation in Australia Day has increased, and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on 26 January – regardless of the day of the week – for the first time.^[49] Previously, some states had celebrated the public holiday on a Monday or Friday to ensure a long weekend.^[50] Research conducted in 2007 reported that 28% of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 26% celebrated with family and friends.^[51] This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66% of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005.^[52]

Outdoor concerts, community barbecues, sports competitions, festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia. These official events are presented by the National Australia Day Council, an official council or committee in each state and territory, and local committees.^[53]

In Sydney, the harbour is a focus and boat races are held, such as a ferry race and the tall ships race. In Adelaide, the key celebrations are «Australia Day in the City» which is a parade, concert and fireworks display held in Elder Park, with a new outdoor art installation in 2019 designed to acknowledge, remember and recognise Aboriginal people who have contributed to the community.^[54] Featuring the People’s March and the Voyages Concert, Melbourne’s events^[55] focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism.^[56] The Perth Skyworks is the largest single event presented each Australia Day.^[57]

Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held, with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition of Australian citizenship. On 26 January 2011, more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and around 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship.^[58] In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included an affirmation by existing citizens. Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78.6% of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day.^[51] In September 2019, the Morrison Government amended the Australian Citizenship Ceremonies Code to require local councils to hold a citizenship ceremony on Australia Day.^[59]

The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high-achieving Australians in local community celebrations. In 2011, 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations.^[60] The Order of Australia awards are also a feature of the day. The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations. The governor-general and prime minister both address the nation. On the eve of Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a «significant contribution to the Australian community and nation» and is an «inspirational role model for the Australian community».^[61] Subcategories of the award include Young Australian of the Year and Senior Australian of the Year, and an award for Australia’s Local Hero.

Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day. Of those polled, 43% agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41% said they look towards «our future», while 13% thought it was important to «think about the present at this time» and 3% were unsure.^[62] Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet, contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme. There are no large-scale re-enactments and the national leader’s participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies.^[63]

Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians’ understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity, Newspoll research in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed «it was important to recognise Australia’s indigenous people and culture» as part of Australia Day celebrations. A similar proportion (89%) agreed that «it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation».^[64] Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians, the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion.

Debate

Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia’s Indigenous peoples.^[65] In 1888, prior to the first centennial anniversary of the First Fleet landing on 26 January 1788, New South Wales premier Henry Parkes was asked about inclusion of Aboriginal people in the celebrations. He replied: «And remind them that we have robbed them?»^[66]

The celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an Aboriginal Day of Mourning. A large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney in 1988 led an «Invasion Day» commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture.^[7] Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as «Invasion Day», and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events.^[67] Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cities on Australia Day; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne range into tens of thousands.^{[68][69][70][71]}

The anniversary is also termed by some as «Survival Day» and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination.^[72] In 2016, National Indigenous Television chose the name «Survival Day» as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term «recognises the invasion», but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people.^[73]

In response, official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people, holding ceremonies such as the Woggan-ma-gule ceremony, held in Sydney, which honours the past and celebrates the present.^[74]

Several major employers, including Telstra and the University of Wollongong, permit staff to work on that day and take an alternative day off.^[75]

Polling

Polling by Essential Media since 2015 suggests that the number of people celebrating Australia Day is declining, indicating a shift in attitudes. In 2019, 40% celebrated the day; in 2020, 34%, and in 2021 it was down to 29% of over 1000 people surveyed. In 2021, 53% said that they were treating the day as just a public holiday.^[76]

A poll commissioned in December 2020 by the conservative think tank Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) was published in January 2021, showing that support for changing the date had remained a minority position.^{[12][77][13][14]} In January 2021, an Essential poll reported that 53% supported a separate day to recognise Indigenous Australians; however only 18% of these thought that it should replace Australia Day. A poll by Ipsos for The Age / The Sydney Morning Herald reported in January 2021 that 28% were in support of changing the date, 24% were neutral and 48% did not support changing the date. 49% believed that the date would change within the next decade and 41% believed that selecting a new date would improve the lives of Indigenous Australians. Results were split by demographic factors, with age being a significant factor. 47% of people aged 18–24 supported changing the date, compared to only 19% among those aged 55 years or older. Individuals who voted for the Greens were most likely to support the date change at 67%, followed by Labor voters at 31% and Coalition voters at 23%.^[78]

The 2022 IPA poll found 65% were opposed to changing the date, including 47% of 18–24 year olds, with 15% of the general population and 25% of 18–24 year olds in favour of changing it.^[16]

See also

• Culture of Australia
• Australian nationalism
• Reconciliation in Australia

Notes

References

External links

• National Australia Day Council
• Official History of Australia Day
• Australia Day Council of NSW

Национальный праздник Австралии

День Австралии
День Австралии в гавани Сиднея, 2004 год
называется	День основания, День выживания, День вторжения
Соблюдается	гражданами Австралии, постоянными жителями и экспатриантами
Тип	Национальное
Значение	Дата высадки Первого флота в Порт-Джексон в 1788 году
Обязательства	Семейные посиделки, салюты, пикники и барбекю; парады; обряды гражданства ; День Австралии ; Австралиец года презентация
Дата	26 января
Периодичность	ежегодно

День Австралии — официальный национальный день Австралии. Ежегодно отмечаемый 26 января, он отмечает годовщину прибытия в 1788 г. Первого флота британских кораблей в Порт-Джексон, Новый Южный Уэльс и подъема Флаг Великобритании в Сиднейской бухте губернатором Артуром Филлипом. В проведении празднования отражают разнообразие общественных наград и семейных событий, отмеченных общественными и семейными событиями, размышлениями об австралийской истории, официальными общественными наградами и церемониями получения гражданства, приветствующими новыми членами австралийского сообщества.

Значение и значение Дня Австралии эволюционировали и оспаривались с течением времени, и не все штаты отмечали ту же дату, что и их дата, имеющая историческое значение. Неофициально или исторически эта дата также называлась по-разному: Юбилейный день, День основания и ANA День . Он также известен как День вторжения и Национальный день траура . Дата 26 января 1788 года ознаменовала провозглашение британского суверенитета над восточным побережьем Австралии (тогда известной как Новая Голландия ). Хотя он был известен как День Австралии только спустя столетие, записи о праздновании 26 января к 1808 году, первое официальное празднование образования Нового Южного Уэльса состоялось в 1818 году. В день 1901 года британские колонии в Австралии сформировали федерацию, отметив рождение современной Австралии. Ждали национального праздника единства и праздника. В 1935 году все австралийские штаты и территория стали использовать термин «День Австралии» для обозначения этой даты, и только в 1994 году эта дата отмечается как государственный праздник в этот день во всех штатах и ​​территориях.

В современной Австралии праздник отмечен вручением награды Австралиец года накануне Дня Австралии, объявлением списка Дня Австралии и обращениями генерал-губернатор и премьер-министр. Это официальный государственный праздник во всех штатах и ​​территориях. В рамках общественных фестивалей, концертов и церемоний гражданского общества этот день отмечается в больших и малых общинах и городах по всей стране. День Австралии стал крупнейшим ежегодным гражданским событием в Австралии.

Некоторые мероприятия австралийцев теперь включены. Согласно крайней мере с 1938 года в Австралии отмечается коренными австралийцами и теми, кто сочувствует этому делу, тем, кто считает британцев началом колонизации, протестуя против его празднования как празднования праздника. Эти группы иногда называют 26 января Днем вторжения, Днем выживания или Днем траура, чтобы отмечать его встречным праздником и выступать за изменение даты или за то, чтобы праздник должен быть полностью отменен.

Содержание

• 1 История
  • 1.1 Прибытие Первого флота
  • 1.2 Первые пятьдесят лет: с 1788 по 1838 год
  • 1.3 Празднование столетия: с 1839 по 1935 год
  • 1.4 Полсотни лет
  • 1.5 Двухсотлетний год
• 2 Современные праздники
• 3 Изменение даты
  • 3.1 Предлагаемые изменения даты
    • 3.1.1 Опрос
    • 3.1.2 Предлагаемые альтернативные даты
• 4 Ссылки
• 5 Внешние ссылки

История

Прибытие Первого флота

13 мая 1787 года флот из 11 кораблей, который стал известен как Первый флот, был отправлен британским Адмиралтейством из Англии в Новую Голландию. Под командованием капитана Артура Филипа флот стремился основать исправительную колонию в Ботани-Бей на побережье Нового Южного Уэльса, который был исследован и заявлен лейтенантом Джеймсом Куком в 1770 году. Поселение было сочтено из-за потерь Тринадцати колонии в Америке. Флот прибыл между 18 и 20 января 1788 года, но сразу стало очевидно, что залив Ботани непригоден.

21 января Филипп и несколько офицеров отправились в Порт Джексон, в 12 километрах (7,5 миль) к северу, чтобы посмотреть, не будет ли это лучшим местом для поселения. Они пробыли там до 23 января; Филип назвал место их высадки Сидней-Коув в честь внутренних дел Томаса Тауншенда, 1-го виконта Сиднея. Они также вступили в контакт с местными аборигенами.

Они вернулись в Ботанический залив вечером 23 января, когда Филипп приказал перебросить флот в Сиднейскую бухту на следующее утро, 24 января. В тот день был сильный шторм, из-за которого невозможно было покинуть Ботани-Бэй, поэтому они решили подождать до следующего дня, 25 января. Однако 24 января они заметили корабли Астролябия и Буссоль, плавающие под французским флагом, у входа в залив Ботани; у них было столько же проблем с заходом в бухту, сколько с выходом Первого флота.

25 января шторм все еще дул; флот попытался покинуть Ботани-Бей, но только HMS Supply смогли выбраться, имея на борту Артура Филиппа Филипа Гидли Кинга, нескольких морских пехотинцев и около 40 заключенных; во второй половине дня они бросили якорь в Сиднейской бухте. Тем временем, вернувшись в залив Ботани, капитан Джон Хантер из HMS Sirius вступил в контакт с французскими кораблями, и он и его командир, капитан де Клонар, обменялись приветствиями.. Клонар сообщил Хантеру, что командующим флотом был Жан-Франсуа де Галауп, граф де Ла Перуз. Сириус успешно покинул Ботанический залив, но другие корабли оказались в затруднительном положении. Шарлотту унесло опасно близко к скалам; Дружба и Принц Уэльский запутались, оба потеряли гики или паруса; Шарлотта и Дружба действительно столкнулись; и леди Пенрин чуть не села на мель. Несмотря на эти трудности, всем оставшимся кораблям, наконец, удалось покинуть залив Ботани и отправиться в Сиднейскую бухту 26 января. Последний корабль встал на якорь около 15:00.

Капитан. Артур Филлип поднимает британский флаг в Сиднейской бухте, 26 января 1788 г. Масляный набросок, сделанный Алджерноном Талмейджем, 1937 г.

.

Мемориальная доска Фонда Австралии, Лофтус-стрит, Круговая набережная

.

Так это было 26 января, что в Сиднейской бухте была совершена посадка, и началась расчистка земли для разбивки лагеря. Затем, согласно рассказу Филиппа:

Вечером 26-го знамена были выставлены на берегу, и губернатор, несколько его главных офицеров и другие собрались вокруг древнего флага, выпили за здоровье короля и успех. в таких случаях является благоприятным, со всем этим проявлением формы, которое в таких случаях является благоприятным.

— Путешествие губернатора Филиппа в Ботани-Бей

Официальное учреждение колония Южный Уэльс не возникла 26 января, как принято считать. Это произошло только 7 февраля 1788 года, когда было оглашено официальное объявление колонии и губернатора Артура Филиппа. Передача всей земли правящему монарху королю Георгу III также датируется 7 февраля 1788 года.

Первые пятьдесят лет: с 1788 по 1838 год

Хотя официально признания не было годовщины колонии, причем 26 января в альманахах Нового Южного Уэльса 1806 и 1808 годов не было особого значения, к 1808 году эта Дата была иммигрантами колонии, особенно использованными осужденными, чтобы «отпраздновать свое любовь к земле, в которой они жили« с пьянством и весельем ». Празднование 1808 года происходило по этой схеме, начиная с заката 25 января и продолжаясь до ночи, майор Джордж Джон Джон. Джонстон имел честь быть первым высадившимся на берегу офицером Первого флота, будучи перенесенным с десантной лодки на спине осужденного Джеймса Руса. Несмотря на тяжелые последствия падения из кабины по дороге домой в Аннандейл, Джонстон возглавил офицеров Корпуса Нового Южного Уэльса при аресте губернатора Уильяма Блая на следующий день, 26 января 1808 г. г., в ходе так называемого «Восстание рома ».

Альманахи начали упоминать «День первой посадки» или «День основания», успешные иммигранты начали проводить юбилейные ужины. В 1817 г. The Sydney Gazette и рекламодатель Нового Южного Уэльса сообщили об одном из этих неофициальных собраний в доме Исаака Николса :

в понедельник 27-го ульта. званый обед в доме г-на Исаака Николса по случаю празднования годовщины учреждения этой колонии при губернаторе Филиппе, который состоялся 26 января 1788 года, но в этом году, происходивший в воскресенье, поминальный ужин был зарезервирован на следующий день. Отобрали собравшуюся партию, причем численностью около 40 человек. В 5 часов пополудни был подан ужин, и более приятного развлечения не ожидалось. После обеда было выпито несколько тостов за верность и прозвучал ряд праздничных песен; и около 10 компания рассталась, очень довольное удовольствие, которое доставила встреча.

— Сидней Газетт и Рекламодатель Нового Южного Уэльса

1818 год был 30-летием основания колонии, и губернатор Лахлан Маккуори решил отметить этот день первым официальным празднованием. Губернатор объявил, что этот день станет выходным для всех государственных служащих, предоставив каждому дополнительную порцию «одного фунта [около 450 г] свежего мяса», и приказал провести салют из 30 орудий в Дауэс-Пойнт — по одному за каждый год существования колонии. Это положило начало традиции, сохранили последующие губернаторы.

Первая традиция Сиднейской регаты, 26 января 1838 года.

День основания, как его называли в то время, продолжал отмечаться. официально отмечается в Новом Южном Уэльсе и, таким образом, стал связан со спортивными мероприятиями. Одна из них стала традицией, которая продолжается и по сей день: в 1837 году первый заезд регаты «День Австралии» проводился на гавани Сиднея. Было проведено пять гонок для различных классов лодок, от парусных судов первого класса до лодок лодок, и люди наблюдали за праздником как с берега, так и с палуб лодок в гавани., в том числе пароход австралийский и «Фрэнсис Фрилинг» — последний сел мель во время празднеств и должен быть спущен с мели на следующий день. Довольные успехом регаты, организаторы решили сделать ее ежегодным. Однако некоторые торжества приобрели вид элитарности, поскольку «Объединенные австралийцы» были ограничены для тех, кто родился в Австралии. Описывая ужин, Sydney Herald оправдала это решение, заявив:

Стороны, объединились под названием «Объединенные австралийцы», были осуждены за принципа исключительности. Так что несправедливо их порицать. Они пригласили других людей, и они пригласили других, чтобы познакомиться с ними, возможно, не захотели бы общаться. Это была веская причина. «Австралийцы» имели полное право обедать вместе, если хотели, и никто не имеет права жаловаться.

— The Sydney Herald

В следующем, 1838 году, исполнилось 50 лет со дня основания колонии., и в рамках торжеств был объявлен первый государственный праздник Австралии. Регата проводилась во второй раз, и люди толпились на береговой линии, чтобы посмотреть на события, или присоединились к пяти пароходам (Мейтленд, Эксперимент, Австралия, Быстрый и миниатюрный пароход Светлячок), чтобы наблюдать за происходящим с водой. В полдень из батареи Дауэса было выпущено 50 орудий, когда был поднят Royal Standard, а вечером ракеты и другие фейерверки осветили небо. Ужин был меньшим по размеру, чем в прошлом году, на нем собралось всего 40 человек по сравнению с 160 в 1837 году, а годовщина в целом описана как «день для всех».

Празднование столетия: с 1839 по 1935 гг.

Государственный банкет в Новом Южном Уэльсе в ознаменование «100 лет австралийского поселения», 26 января 1888 г.

До 1888 года 26 января было в степени делом Нового Южного Уэльса, поскольку в каждой из колоний были свои памятные даты их основания. В Тасмании День регаты использовал проводился в декабре, чтобы отметить годовщину высадки Абеля Тасмана. В Южной Австралии 28 декабря отмечали День провозглашения. 1 июня в Австралии был свой День основания (теперь День Австралии ).

В 1888 году все столицы колоний, кроме Аделаиды, праздновали «День годовщины». В 1910 году Южная Австралия провозгласила 26 января «Днем основания», чтобы заменить другой праздник, известный как День присоединения, который проводился 22 января в ознаменование вступления на престол короля Эдуарда VII, который умер. в мае 1910 года.

Первый День Австралии был учрежден в ответ на участие Австралии в Первой мировой войне. В 1915 году четверых военнослужащих придумала мать национального праздника с помощью специального сбора средств для раненых солдат. В 1915 году был сформирован комитет по празднованию Дня Австралии, и была сделана выбрана дата 30 июля, когда были предприняты усилия по сбору средств поддержки действий. Он также проводился в июле в последующие годы Первой мировой войны: 28 июля 1916 года, 27 июля 1917 года и 26 июля 1918 года.

Виктория провозгласила 26 января Днем Австралии в 1931 году, а к 1935 году во всех штатах Австралии отмечали 26 января как День Австралии (хотя в Новом Южном Уэльсе он все еще был известен как День годовщины). Название «День основания» сохранилось в местном обиходе.

Пятисотлетие

Пятисотлетний парад в Сиднее, 26 января 1938 г.

150-летие британского поселения в Австралии в 1938 году широко распространалось. Подготовка началась в 1936 году с образования Праздничного совета. В том году Новый Южный Уэльс был единственным штатом, отказавшимся от длинных выходных, и ежегодный государственный праздник в честь Дня годовщины проводился в фактический юбилейный день — среду, 26 января. Содружество и правительство штатов согласились объединить празднование 26 января как «День Австралии» в 1946 году, хотя ближайший к фактической годовщине праздник вместо этого был выбран в понедельник.

Двухсотлетний год

Сиднейская гавань, 26 января 1988 г.

В 1988 г. празднование 200-летия прибытия Первого флота было организовано с большим размахом, и многие важные события прошли во всех городах. Мероприятие в Сиднее посетило более 2,5 миллионов человек. Сюда входили уличные вечеринки, концерты, в том числе выступления на ступенях и переднем дворе Сиднейского оперного театра и во многих других общественных местах, художественные и литературные конкурсы, исторические реконструкции и открытие Музей Электростанции на новом месте. инсценировка Первого флота состоялась в Сиднейской гавани с кораблями, вышедшими из Портсмута годом ранее.

Современные празднования.

С 1988 г. количество участников Дня Австралии увеличилось, и в 1994 г. все штаты и территории начали отмечать единый государственный праздник в этот день. Раньше в некоторых штатах государственный праздник отмечался в понедельник или пятницу, чтобы обеспечить длинные выходные. Исследование, проведенное в 2007 году, показало, что 28% опрошенных австралийцев провели организованное мероприятие, посвященное Дню Австралии, а еще 26% отметили его в кругу семьи и друзей. Это отразило результаты более раннего исследовательского проекта, в ходе которого 66% респондентов ожидали, которые они будут активно отмечать День Австралии 2005.

500 000 человек смотрят Город Перт Skyworks в Applecross, Западная Австралия в День Австралии, 2006 г.

Концерты под открытым небом, общественные барбекю, спортивные соревнования, фестивали и фейерверки — вот лишь некоторые из многих мероприятий, проводимых в сообществах по всей Австралии. Эти официальные механизмы представлены Национальным советом Дня Австралии, официальным советом или комитетом в личном кабинете и территории, а также местными комитетами.

В Сиднее гавань является центром внимания и лодочных гонок, например, гонка на пароме и гонка на парусных кораблях. В Аделаиде запечатлены события «День Австралии в городе», представляет собой парад, концерт и фейерверк, проводимый в парке Элдер, с новой арт-инсталляцией на открытом воздухе в 2019 году, предназначенной для признания, запоминания и признания признания народов, внесших свой вклад в сообщество. Мероприятия Мельбурна, включая Народный марш и концерт «Путешествие», сосредоточены на прославлении мультикультурализма. Perth Skyworks — крупнейшее отдельное мероприятие, проводимое каждый День Австралии.

Премьер-министр Австралии Джулия Гиллард и секретарь Департамента иммиграции и гражданства Эндрю Меткалф вручили выдача свидетельств о гражданстве новым гражданам Австралии (2011 г.)

Также широко проводятся церемонии получения гражданства, и День Австралии теперь является самым большим поводом для получения австралийского гражданства. 26 января 2011 года состоялось более 300 церемоний получения гражданства, и около 13 000 человек из 143 стран приняли гражданство Австралии. В последние годы многие церемонии получения гражданства включали подтверждение существующими гражданами. Исследование, проведенное в 2007 году, показало, что 78,6% респондентов считают, что церемонии гражданства были важной особенностью дня.

Официальная программа послов Австралии поддерживает празднования в общинах по всей стране, способствуя участию успешных австралийцев. на праздниках местного сообщества. В 2011 году 385 послов приняли участие в 384 мероприятиях местного сообщества. Награды Австралийского ордена также являются визитной карточкой дня. Медальон за заслуги перед Днем Австралии вручается гражданам местными органами власти на основании высоких достижений как в правительственных, так и в неправительственных организациях. генерал-губернатор и премьер-министр оба обращаются к нации. Ежегодно накануне Дня Австралии премьер-министр объявляет победителя премии Австралиец года, вручаемой гражданину Австралии, который внес «значительный вклад в австралийское сообщество и нацию» и является «вдохновляющий образец для подражания для австралийского сообщества». Подкатегории награды включают Молодой австралиец года и Старший австралиец года, а также награду за объявление награды Местный герой Австралии.

в канун Дня Австралии, 25 Январь 2005 г. Барбекю в День Австралии в парке Берридж, Дания, Западная Австралия

Исследования 2009 года показали, что австралийцы одинаково размышляют об истории и будущем в День Австралии. Из опрошенных 43% согласились с тем, что история — это самое важное, о чем нужно думать в День Австралии, и 41% заявили, что смотрят в «наше будущее», в то время как 13% считают важным «думать о настоящем в это время» и 3% не были уверены. Несмотря на дату прибытия Первого флота, современные празднования не имеют особой исторической тематики. Никаких масштабных реконструкций не проводится, и участие национального лидера в основном сосредоточено на таких мероприятиях, как объявление о вручении награды «Австралиецгода »и церемонии получения гражданства.

Возможно, это изменит изменение в понимании австралийцами места проживания Коренные австралийцы в своей национальной идентичности, исследование Newspoll, проведенное в ноябре 2009 года, показало, что девяносто процентов опрошенных австралийцев считают, что «важно признать коренные народы и культуру Австралии» в праздновании Дня Австралии.. Аналогичная доля (89%) согласилась, что «важно признать культурное разнообразие нации». Несмотря на популярность мероприятий, посвященных Дню Австралии, позитивное отношение к признанию австралийцев, даты празднования публикаций проблем и национальных национальных мнений.

Изменить дату движения

Митинг в день вторжения в Брисбене, 2007

Некоторые австралийцы считают День Австралии символом неблагоприятных последствий британского поселения О сообщех народа Австралии. В 1888 году, перед первой столетней годовщиной высадки Первого флота 26 января 1788 года, премьер-министра Нового Южного Уэльса Генриса спросили о включении аборигенов в празднование. Он ответил: «И напомнить им, что мы их ограбили?»

Празднования 1938 года сопровождались праздником аборигенов Днем траура. Большое собрание аборигенов в Сиднее в 1988 году возглавило празднование «Дня вторжения», ознаменовавшего утрату культуры народов. Представители некоторых народов и другие продолжают называть Австралию «Днем вторжения», и протесты показывают каждый год, иногда во время мероприятий, посвященных Дню Австралии. Тысячи людей участвуют в маршах протеста в столицах в День вторжения / День Австралии; По оценкам, протесты 2018 года в Мельбурне исчисляются десятками тысяч.

Юбилейную также называют «Днем выживания» и отмечают такие события, как концерт в честь Дня выживания, впервые проведенный в Сиднее в 1992 г., г. тот факт, что коренные народы и культура выжили, несмотря на колонизацию и дискриминацию. В 2016 году Национальное телевидение американских народов выбрало название «День выживания» в качестве предпочтительного выбора на том основании, что оно признает смешанный характер дня, заявив, что термин «признает вторжение», но не позволяет это, сформировать всю историю аборигенов.

В ответ на официальные празднования пытались привлечь коренное население, проводя такие церемонии, как церемония Вогган-ма-гуле, проводимая в Сиднее, которая чтит прошлое и празднует настоящее.

В августе 2017 года совет города Ярра, район Мельбурна, единогласно постановил, что он больше не будет называть 26 января День Австралии, и в этот день прекратятся церемонии гражданства; Вместо этого должно было быть проведено мероприятие, посвященное культуре и истории аборигенов. Город Даребин позже последовал его примеру. Федеральное правительство немедленно лишило советов проводить церемонию гражданства. Совет Байрона Шира стал третьим советом, получившим право отмены церемонии гражданства.

13 января 2019 года премьер министр Скотт Моррисон объявил, что начиная с Дня Австралии 2020 года, все местные советы обязуются проводить конвенцию гражданства 26 января и 17 сентября; Также будет введен дресс-код, запрещающий стринги и шорты.

Толпы, оценкам, до 80 000 человек вышли на акцию протеста «День вторжения» только в Мельбурне в 2019 году, и митинги прошли по всей стране. 247>

12 ноября 2019 года, после онлайн-опроса, Совет Внутреннего Запада стал первым местным органом власти в Сиднее, прекратившим празднование Дня жителей, нападя жителей вместо этого посещать фестиваль аборигенов Ябун, проводимый в этот день. день. Совет по-прежнему проведет церемонию получения гражданства в этот день.

Предлагаемые изменения даты

митинг в День вторжения, Мельбурн, 2019

И до того, как День Австралии будет объявлен национальным днем ​​Австралии, и Спустя годы после его создания было предложено несколько дат для его празднования, и в разное время обсуждалась возможность переноса Дня на альтернативную дату. Некоторые выдвигаемые причины заключаются в том, что нынешняя дата основания колонии Нового Южного Уэльса не имеет национального значения; что этот день приходится на школьные каникулы, что ограничивает участие школьников в мероприятии; и что он входит в число коренной общины и некоторых других людей, которые считают этот день знаменательным днем ​​на их землю. С этим сообщением о том, что перенос даты будет рассматриваться как важный символический акт.

Среди тех, кто тогда к новым изменениям, был Тони Беддисон, который выступал за изменения в Австралии (Виктория), который выступал за изменения и просил обсудить этот вопрос в 1999 году; и Мик Додсон, австралиец года в 2009 году, который призвал к дискуссии о том, когда проводился День Австралии.

Такой шаг должен быть сделан это сочетание федерального правительства и правительства штатов и не имеет достаточной политической и общественной поддержки. В 2001 году премьер-министр Джон Ховард заявил, что он признает озабоченность аборигенов датой, но тем не менее, это был значительный день в истории Австралии, и поэтому он выступал за сохранение текущей даты. Он также отметил, что 1 января о котором шла речь в свете 100-летия Федерации, было неуместным, как оно совпало с Днем Нового года. В 2009 году премьер-министр Кевин Радд категорически отказался от изменения даты, отвечая на предложение Мика Додсона возобновить дебаты. Лидер оппозиции Малкольм Тернбулл повторил поддержку Радда 26 января, но вместе с Раддом поддержал право австралийцев поднять этот вопрос. На уровне штата премьер-министр Нового Южного Уэльса Натан Рис заявил, что ему еще предстоит услышать «убедительный аргумент» в поддержку изменений; и премьер-министр Квинсленда Анна Блай выразила свое несогласие с изменением.

В июне 2017 года ежегодное Национальное собрание Австралийской ассоциации местного самоуправления проголосовало (большинством голосов 64–62), чтобы советы рассмотрели, как лоббировать федеральное правительство с целью изменения даты.

Опрос

В 2004 году Newspoll опрос, в ходе которого задавался вопрос, есть ли дата День Австралии следует перенести на день, который не связан с европейскими поселениями, как выяснилось, 79% респондентов высказались за отсутствие изменений, 15% за изменения и 6% не приняли. Историк Джеффри Блейни сказал в 2012 году, что, по его мнению, 26 января было удачным днем ​​Австралии, и что в то время он был более успешным, чем когда-либо.

Опрос, проведенный в январе 2017 года McNair yellowSquare для Guardian обнаружил, что 68% австралийцев положительно относились к Дню Австралии, 19% были безразличны и 7% испытывали смешанные чувства, а 6% отрицательно относились к Дню Австралии. Однако среди австралийцев только 23% положительно отнеслись к Дню Австралии, 31% — отрицательно, а 30% — смешанные чувства, причем 54% высказались за изменение даты. Опрос в сентябре 2017 года, проведенный Essential Polling для The Guardian, показал, что 54% ​​выступили против изменения даты; 26% австралийцев поддержали изменение даты, а 19% не ответили.

Павильон Федерации, Парк Сентенниал, Сидней, 1 января 1901 г.

Опрос, проведенный аналитическим центром прогрессивной государственной политики Австралийский институт в 2018 году матнили, что 56% не против, в какой день он состоится. Тот же опрос показал, что 49% считают, что дата не должна быть датой, оскорбительной для австралийцев, но только 37% считают, что текущая дата оскорбительной.

До Дня Австралии 2019 года консервативная общественность Аналитический центр политики Институт по связям с общественностью (IPA) опубликовал опрос, согласно которому 75% австралийцев хотели бы сохранить дату, а опрос новой правой группы Advance Australia получил поддержку 71%, хотя обе группы задавали вопросы о гордости за то, что вы австралиец, до того, как был задан вопрос в заголовке.

Предлагаемые альтернативные даты

Федерация Австралии (1 января)

Еще в 1957 году 1 января было предложено в качестве возможного альтернативного дня, чтобы ознаменовать Австралийскую федерацию. В 1902 году, через год после Федерации, 1 января было объявлено «Днем Содружества». Однако Новый год уже был государственным праздником, и День Содружества не получил особой поддержки.

Альтернативная дата Федерации Австралии 1901 года (19 января)

Предлагается в качестве альтернативы, потому что он наступает всего на неделю раньше, чем День Австралии, и может быть год Федерации 19.01.

День Анзака (25 апреля)

В последние годы некоторые люди в необычном стиле создания Дня Анзака, 25 апреля, национальный праздник Австралии, в том числе в 1999 году, организованный англиканцем архиепископом из Брисбена Питером Холлингвортом. В 2001 году после комментариев, сделанных во время обзора будущего Дня Анзака, идея слияния была решительно воспротивилась премьер-министром Джоном Ховардом и лидером оппозиции Ким Бизли, пояснили, что более ранняя позиция.

Матэ (8 мая)

С 2017 года, было отчасти серьезное предложение перенести день Австралии на 8 мая. Это в очередь из-за гомофонности между «8 мая» и австралийской идиомы «мат », а также потому, что открытие первого Федерального парламента состоялось 9 мая.

Открытие первого парламента парламента (9 мая)

Также предлагается дата 9 мая, дата открытия первого Федерального парламента в Мельбурне в 1901 году, дата открытия Временное здание парламента в Канберре в 1927 году, а дата открытия нового здания парламента в 1988 году. Дата в разное время находила поддержку со стороны бывших Премьер Квинсленда Питер Битти, Тони Беддисон и Джеффри Блейни. Однако некоторые считают эту дату слишком тесно связанной с Викторией, а ее расположение близко к началу зимы было описано как препятствие.

Годовщина референдума 1967 года (27 мая)

Также была предложена годовщина проведения референдума 1967 года о внесении поправок в федеральную конституцию. Поправки позволили федеральному парламенту принимать законы в отношении коренных австралийцев и разрешили включение коренных австралийцев в национальную перепись. Общественное голосование «за» составило 91%.

Wattle Day (1 сентября)

Wattle Day — первый день весны в южном полушарии. Австралийский зеленый и золотой происходит от плетня и символизирует Австралию с начала 1800-х годов. День Уоттла был предложен в качестве новой даты Дня Австралии с 1990-х годов и поддерживается Национальной ассоциацией Дня Уоттла.

Тентерфилд Орейшн (24 октября)

«Более значимым днем ​​является 24 октября, когда в 1889 г. сэр Генри Паркс, «Отец Федерации», произнес свою ключевую речь в Тентерфилде в Новом Южном Уэльсе, которая установила курс на федерацию ».

Эврика Стокейд (3 декабря)

Частокол Эврика, который проводится 3 декабря, имеет долгую историю в качестве альтернативы Дню Австралии, который был предложен The Bulletin в 1880-х годах. Восстание Эврики произошло в 1854 году во время викторианской золотой лихорадки и ознаменовалось неудавшимся восстанием горняков против колониального правительства Виктории. Хотя восстание было подавлено, оно привело к значительным реформам и было описано как место рождения австралийской демократии. Среди сторонников даты были сенатор Дон Чипп и бывший премьер-министр Виктории Стив Брэкс. Однако против этой идеи выступили как крайне левые профсоюзы, так и правые националистические группы, оба из которых заявляют о символической привязанности к этому событию, а также некоторые, кто рассматривает его как по существу викторианское событие.

Ссылки

Внешние ссылки

• Национальным советом Дня Австралии
• Официальной историей Дня Австралии
• День Австралии Совет Нового Южного Уэльса