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2001 год: Космическая одиссея (фильм)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clark.
Revised draft, 12/14/65.
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TITLE PART I
AFRICA
3,000,000 YEARS AGO
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A1
VIEWS OF AFRICAN DRYLANDS — DROUGHT
The remorseless drought had lasted now for ten million years, and would not end for another million. The reign of the terrible lizards had long since passed, but here on the continent which would one day be known as Africa, the battle for survival had reached a new climax of ferocity, and the victor was not yet in sight. In this dry and barren land, only the small or the swift or the fierce could flourish, or even hope to exist.
10/13/65 a1
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A2
INT & EXT CAVES — MOONWATCHER
The man-apes of the field had none of these attributes, and they were on the long, pathetic road to racial extinction. About twenty of them occupied a group of caves overlooking a small, parched valley, divided by a sluggish, brown stream.
The tribe had always been hungry, and now it was starving. As the first dim glow of dawn creeps into the cave, Moonwatcher discovers that his father has died during the night. He did not know the Old One was his father, for such a relationship was beyond his understanding. but as he stands looking down at the emaciated body he feels something, something akin to sadness. Then he carries his dead father out of the cave, and leaves him for the hyenas.
Among his kind, Moonwatcher is almost a giant. He is nearly five feet high, and though badly undernourished, weighs over a hundred pounds. His hairy, muscular body is quite man-like, and his head is already nearer man than ape. The forehead is low, and there are great ridges over the eye-sockets, yet he unmistakably holds in his genes the promise of humanity. As he looks out now upon the hostile world, there is already
10/13/65 a2
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A2
CONTINUED
something in his gaze beyond the grasp of any ape. In those dark, deep-set eyes is a dawning awareness-the first intimations of an intelligence which would not fulfill itself for another two million years.
10/13/65 a3
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A3
EXT THE STREAM — THE OTHERS
As the dawn sky brightens, Moonwatcher and his tribe reach the shallow stream.
The Others are already there. They were there on the other side every day — that did not make it any less annoying.
There are eighteen of them, and it is impossible to distinguish them from the members of Moonwatcher’s own tribe. As they see him coming, the Others begin to angrily dance and shriek on their side of the stream, and his own people reply In kind.
The confrontation lasts a few minutes — then the display dies out as quickly as it has begun, and everyone drinks his fill of the muddy water. Honor has been satisfied — each group has staked its claim to its own territory.
10/13/65 a4
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A4
EXT AFRICAN PLAIN — HERBIVORES
Moonwatcher and his companions search for berries, fruit and leaves, and fight off pangs of hunger, while all around them, competing with them for the samr fodder, is a potential source of more food than they could ever hope to eat. Yet all the thousands of tons of meat roaming over the parched savanna and through the brush is not only beyond their reach; the idea of eating it is beyond their imagination. They are slowly starving to death in the midst of plenty.
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A5
EXT PARCHED COUNTRYSIDE — THE LION
The tribe slowly wanders across the bare, flat countryside foraging for roots and occasional berries.
Eight of them are irregularly strung out on the open plain, about fifty feet apart.
The ground is flat for miles around.
Suddenly, Moonwatcher becomes aware of a lion, stalking them about 300 yards away.
Defenceless and with nowhere to hide, they scatter in all directions, but the lion brings one to the ground.
10/13/65 a6
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A6
EXT DEAD TREE — FINDS HONEY
It had not been a good day, though as Moonwatcher had no real remembrance of the past he could not compare one day with another. But on the way back to the caves he finds a hive of bees in the stump of a dead tree, and so enjoys the finest delicacy his people could ever know. Of course, he also collects a good many stings, but he scacely notices them. He is now as near to contentment as he is ever likely to be; for thought he is still hungry, he is not actually weak with hunger. That was the most that any hominid could hope for.
10/13/65 a7
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A7
INT & EXT CAVES — NIGHT TERRORS
Over the valley, a full moon rises, and a cold wind blows down from the distant mountains. It would be very cold tonight — but cold, like hunger, was not a matter for any real concern; it was merely part of the background of life.
This Little Sun, that only shone at night and gave no warmth, was dangerous; there would be enemies abroad. Moonwatcher crawls out of the cave, clambers on to a large boulder besides the entrance, and squats there where he can survey the valley. If any hunting beast approached, he would have time to get back to the relative safety of the cave.
Of all the creatures who had ever lived on Earth, Moonwatcher’s race was the first to raise their eyes with interest to the Moon, and though he could not remember it, when he was young, Moonwatcher would reach out and try to touch its ghostly face. Now he new he would have to find a tree that was high enough.
He stirs when shrieks and screams echo up the slope from one of the lower caves, and he does not need to hear the
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2001: A Space Odyssey | |
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Theatrical release poster by Robert McCall |
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Directed by | Stanley Kubrick |
Screenplay by |
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Produced by | Stanley Kubrick |
Starring |
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Cinematography | Geoffrey Unsworth |
Edited by | Ray Lovejoy |
Production |
Stanley Kubrick Productions |
Distributed by | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
Release dates |
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Running time |
approx. 143 minutes[1] |
Countries |
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Language | English |
Budget | $10.5 million |
Box office | $146 million |
2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was written by Kubrick and science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, and was inspired by Clarke’s 1951 short story «The Sentinel» and other short stories by Clarke. Clarke also published a novelisation of the film, in part written concurrently with the screenplay, after the film’s release. The film stars Keir Dullea, Gary Lockwood, William Sylvester, and Douglas Rain, and follows a voyage by astronauts, scientists and the sentient supercomputer HAL to Jupiter to investigate an alien monolith.
The film is noted for its scientifically accurate depiction of space flight, pioneering special effects, and ambiguous imagery. Kubrick avoided conventional cinematic and narrative techniques; dialogue is used sparingly, and there are long sequences accompanied only by music. The soundtrack incorporates numerous works of classical music, by composers including Richard Strauss, Johann Strauss II, Aram Khachaturian, and György Ligeti.
The film received diverse critical responses, ranging from those who saw it as darkly apocalyptic to those who saw it as an optimistic reappraisal of the hopes of humanity. Critics noted its exploration of themes such as human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, winning Kubrick the award for his direction of the visual effects. The film is now widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made. In 1991, it was deemed «culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant» by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[2][3]
Plot[edit]
In a prehistoric veldt, a tribe of hominins is driven away from its water hole by a rival tribe. The next day, they find an alien monolith has appeared in their midst. They then learn how to use a bone as a weapon and, after their first hunt, return to drive their rivals away with it.
Millions of years later, Dr. Heywood Floyd, Chairman of the United States National Council of Astronautics, travels to Clavius Base, an American lunar outpost. During a stopover at Space Station 5, he meets Russian scientists who are concerned that Clavius seems to be unresponsive. He refuses to discuss rumours of an epidemic at the base. At Clavius, Heywood addresses a meeting of personnel to whom he stresses the need for secrecy regarding their newest discovery. His mission is to investigate a recently found artefact, a monolith buried four million years earlier near the lunar crater Tycho. As he and others examine the object, it is struck by sunlight, upon which it emits a high-powered radio signal.
Eighteen months later, the American spacecraft Discovery One is bound for Jupiter, with mission pilots and scientists Dr. David «Dave» Bowman and Dr. Frank Poole on board, along with three other scientists in suspended animation. Most of Discovery‘s operations are controlled by HAL, a HAL 9000 computer with a human personality. When HAL reports the imminent failure of an antenna control device, Dave retrieves it in an extravehicular activity (EVA) pod, but finds nothing wrong. HAL suggests reinstalling the device and letting it fail so the problem can be verified. Mission Control advises the astronauts that results from their twin 9000 computer indicate that HAL has made an error, but HAL blames it on human error. Concerned about HAL’s behaviour, Dave and Frank enter an EVA pod so they can talk without HAL overhearing. They agree to disconnect HAL if he is proven wrong, but HAL follows their conversation by lip reading.
While Frank is outside the ship to replace the antenna unit, HAL takes control of his pod, setting him adrift. Dave takes another pod to rescue Frank. While he is outside, HAL turns off the life support functions of the crewmen in suspended animation, killing them. When Dave returns to the ship with Frank’s body, HAL refuses to let him back in, stating that their plan to deactivate him jeopardises the mission. Dave releases Frank’s body and, despite not having a spacesuit helmet, exits his pod, crosses the vacuum and opens the ship’s emergency airlock manually. He goes to HAL’s processor core and begins disconnecting HAL’s circuits, despite HAL begging him not to. When the disconnection is complete, a prerecorded video by Heywood plays, revealing that the mission’s objective is to investigate the radio signal sent from the monolith to Jupiter.
At Jupiter, Dave finds a third, much larger monolith orbiting the planet. He leaves Discovery in an EVA pod to investigate. He is pulled into a vortex of coloured light and observes bizarre cosmological phenomena and strange landscapes of unusual colours as he passes by. Finally he finds himself in a large neoclassical bedroom where he sees, and then becomes, older versions of himself: first standing in the bedroom, middle-aged and still in his spacesuit, then dressed in leisure attire and eating dinner, and finally as an old man lying in bed. A monolith appears at the foot of the bed, and as Dave reaches for it, he is transformed into a foetus enclosed in a transparent orb of light floating in space above the Earth.
Cast[edit]
- Keir Dullea as Dr. David Bowman
- Gary Lockwood as Dr. Frank Poole
- William Sylvester as Dr. Heywood Floyd
- Daniel Richter as Moonwatcher, the chief man-ape
- Leonard Rossiter as Dr. Andrei Smyslov
- Margaret Tyzack as Elena
- Robert Beatty as Dr. Ralph Halvorsen
- Sean Sullivan as Dr. Roy Michaels[4]
- Douglas Rain as the voice of HAL 9000
- Frank Miller as mission controller
- Edwina Carroll as lunar shuttle stewardess
- Penny Brahms as stewardess
- Heather Downham as stewardess
- Alan Gifford as Poole’s father
- Ann Gillis as Poole’s mother
- Maggie d’Abo as stewardess (Space Station 5 elevator) (uncredited)[5]
- Chela Matthison as Mrs. Turner, Space Station 5 reception (uncredited)[6]
- Vivian Kubrick as Floyd’s daughter, «Squirt» (uncredited)[7]
- Kenneth Kendall as BBC announcer (uncredited)[8]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
After completing Dr. Strangelove (1964), director Stanley Kubrick told a publicist from Columbia Pictures that his next project would be about extraterrestrial life,[9] and resolved to make «the proverbial good science fiction movie».[10] How Kubrick became interested in creating a science fiction film is far from clear.[11] Biographer John Baxter notes possible inspirations in the late 1950s, including British productions featuring dramas on satellites and aliens modifying early humans, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer’s big budget CinemaScope production Forbidden Planet, and the slick widescreen cinematography and set design of Japanese kaiju (monster movie) productions (such as Godzilla and Warning from Space).[11]
Kubrick obtained financing and distribution from the American studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with the selling point that the film could be marketed in their ultra widescreen Cinerama format, recently debuted with their How the West Was Won.[12][13][11] It would be filmed and edited almost entirely in southern England, where Kubrick lived, using the facilities of MGM-British Studios and Shepperton Studios. MGM had subcontracted the production of the film to Kubrick’s production company to qualify for the Eady Levy, a UK tax on box-office receipts used at the time to fund the production of films in Britain.[14]
Pre-production[edit]
Kubrick’s decision to avoid the fanciful portrayals of space found in standard popular science fiction films of the time led him to seek more realistic and accurate depictions of space travel. Illustrators such as Chesley Bonestell, Roy Carnon, and Richard McKenna were hired to produce concept drawings, sketches, and paintings of the space technology seen in the film.[15][16] Two educational films, the National Film Board of Canada’s 1960 animated short documentary Universe and the 1964 New York World’s Fair movie To the Moon and Beyond, were major influences.[15]
According to biographer Vincent LoBrutto, Universe was a visual inspiration to Kubrick.[17] The 29-minute film, which had also proved popular at NASA for its realistic portrayal of outer space, met «the standard of dynamic visionary realism that he was looking for.» Wally Gentleman, one of the special-effects artists on Universe, worked briefly on 2001. Kubrick also asked Universe co-director Colin Low about animation camerawork, with Low recommending British mathematician Brian Salt, with whom Low and Roman Kroitor had previously worked on the 1957 still-animation documentary City of Gold.[18][19] Universe‘s narrator, actor Douglas Rain, was cast as the voice of HAL.[20]
After pre-production had begun, Kubrick saw To the Moon and Beyond, a film shown in the Transportation and Travel building at the 1964 World’s Fair. It was filmed in Cinerama 360 and shown in the «Moon Dome». Kubrick hired the company that produced it, Graphic Films Corporation—which had been making films for NASA, the US Air Force, and various aerospace clients—as a design consultant.[15] Graphic Films’ Con Pederson, Lester Novros, and background artist Douglas Trumbull airmailed research-based concept sketches and notes covering the mechanics and physics of space travel, and created storyboards for the space flight sequences in 2001.[15] Trumbull became a special effects supervisor on 2001.[15]
Writing[edit]
Searching for a collaborator in the science fiction community for the writing of the script, Kubrick was advised by a mutual acquaintance, Columbia Pictures staff member Roger Caras, to talk to writer Arthur C. Clarke, who lived in Ceylon. Although convinced that Clarke was «a recluse, a nut who lives in a tree,» Kubrick allowed Caras to cable the film proposal to Clarke. Clarke’s cabled response stated that he was «frightfully interested in working with [that] enfant terrible«, and added «what makes Kubrick think I’m a recluse?»[17][21] Meeting for the first time at Trader Vic’s in New York on 22 April 1964, the two began discussing the project that would take up the next four years of their lives.[22] Clarke kept a diary throughout his involvement with 2001, excerpts of which were published in 1972 as The Lost Worlds of 2001.[23]
Arthur C. Clarke in 1965, photographed in the Discovery‘s pod bay
Kubrick told Clarke he wanted to make a film about «Man’s relationship to the universe»,[24] and was, in Clarke’s words, «determined to create a work of art which would arouse the emotions of wonder, awe … even, if appropriate, terror».[22] Clarke offered Kubrick six of his short stories, and by May 1964, Kubrick had chosen «The Sentinel» as the source material for the film. In search of more material to expand the film’s plot, the two spent the rest of 1964 reading books on science and anthropology, screening science fiction films, and brainstorming ideas.[25] They created the plot for 2001 by integrating several different short story plots written by Clarke, along with new plot segments requested by Kubrick for the film development, and then combined them all into a single script for 2001.[26][27] Clarke said that his 1953 story «Encounter in the Dawn» inspired the film’s «Dawn of Man» sequence.[28]
Kubrick and Clarke privately referred to the project as How the Solar System Was Won, a reference to how it was a follow-on to MGM’s Cinerama epic How the West Was Won.[11] On 23 February 1965, Kubrick issued a press release announcing the title as Journey Beyond The Stars.[29] Other titles considered included Universe, Tunnel to the Stars, and Planetfall. Expressing his high expectations for the thematic importance which he associated with the film, in April 1965, eleven months after they began working on the project, Kubrick selected 2001: A Space Odyssey; Clarke said the title was «entirely» Kubrick’s idea.[30] Intending to set the film apart from the «monsters-and-sex» type of science-fiction films of the time, Kubrick used Homer‘s The Odyssey as both a model of literary merit and a source of inspiration for the title. Kubrick said, «It occurred to us that for the Greeks the vast stretches of the sea must have had the same sort of mystery and remoteness that space has for our generation.»[31]
How much would we appreciate La Gioconda today if Leonardo had written at the bottom of the canvas: «This lady is smiling slightly because she has rotten teeth» — or «because she’s hiding a secret from her lover»? It would shut off the viewer’s appreciation and shackle him to a reality other than his own. I don’t want that to happen to 2001.
—Stanley Kubrick, Playboy, 1968[32]
Originally, Kubrick and Clarke had planned to develop a 2001 novel first, free of the constraints of film, and then write the screenplay. They planned the writing credits to be «Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, based on a novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick» to reflect their preeminence in their respective fields.[33] In practice, the screenplay developed in parallel with the novel, with only some elements being common to both. In a 1970 interview, Kubrick said:
There are a number of differences between the book and the movie. The novel, for example, attempts to explain things much more explicitly than the film does, which is inevitable in a verbal medium. The novel came about after we did a 130-page prose treatment of the film at the very outset. … Arthur took all the existing material, plus an impression of some of the rushes, and wrote the novel. As a result, there’s a difference between the novel and the film … I think that the divergences between the two works are interesting.[34]
In the end, Clarke and Kubrick wrote parts of the novel and screenplay simultaneously, with the film version being released before the book version was published. Clarke opted for clearer explanations of the mysterious monolith and Star Gate in the novel; Kubrick made the film more cryptic by minimising dialogue and explanation.[35] Kubrick said the film is «basically a visual, nonverbal experience» that «hits the viewer at an inner level of consciousness, just as music does, or painting».[36]
The screenplay credits were shared whereas the 2001 novel, released shortly after the film, was attributed to Clarke alone. Clarke wrote later that «the nearest approximation to the complicated truth» is that the screenplay should be credited to «Kubrick and Clarke» and the novel to «Clarke and Kubrick».[37] Early reports about tensions involved in the writing of the film script appeared to reach a point where Kubrick was allegedly so dissatisfied with the collaboration that he approached other writers who could replace Clarke, including Michael Moorcock and J. G. Ballard. But they felt it would be disloyal to accept Kubrick’s offer.[38] In Michael Benson’s 2018 book Space Odyssey: Stanley Kubrick, Arthur C. Clarke, and the Making of a Masterpiece, the actual relation between Clarke and Kubrick was more complex, involving an extended interaction of Kubrick’s multiple requests for Clarke to write new plot lines for various segments of the film, which Clarke was expected to withhold from publication until after the release of the film while receiving advances on his salary from Kubrick during film production. Clarke agreed to this, though apparently he did make several requests for Kubrick to allow him to develop his new plot lines into separate publishable stories while film production continued, which Kubrick consistently denied on the basis of Clarke’s contractual obligation to withhold publication until release of the film.[27]
Astronomer Carl Sagan wrote in his 1973 book The Cosmic Connection that Clarke and Kubrick had asked him how to best depict extraterrestrial intelligence. While acknowledging Kubrick’s desire to use actors to portray humanoid aliens for convenience’s sake, Sagan argued that alien life forms were unlikely to bear any resemblance to terrestrial life, and that to do so would introduce «at least an element of falseness» to the film. Sagan proposed that the film should simply suggest extraterrestrial superintelligence, rather than depict it. He attended the premiere and was «pleased to see that I had been of some help.»[39] Sagan had met with Clarke and Kubrick only once, in 1964; and Kubrick subsequently directed several attempts to portray credible aliens, only to abandon the idea near the end of post-production. Benson asserts it is unlikely that Sagan’s advice had any direct influence.[27] Kubrick hinted at the nature of the mysterious unseen alien race in 2001 by suggesting that given millions of years of evolution, they progressed from biological beings to «immortal machine entities» and then into «beings of pure energy and spirit» with «limitless capabilities and ungraspable intelligence».[40]
In a 1980 interview (not released during Kubrick’s lifetime), Kubrick explains one of the film’s closing scenes, where Bowman is depicted in old age after his journey through the Star Gate:
The idea was supposed to be that he is taken in by godlike entities, creatures of pure energy and intelligence with no shape or form. They put him in what I suppose you could describe as a human zoo to study him, and his whole life passes from that point on in that room. And he has no sense of time. … [W]hen they get finished with him, as happens in so many myths of all cultures in the world, he is transformed into some kind of super being and sent back to Earth, transformed and made some kind of superman. We have to only guess what happens when he goes back. It is the pattern of a great deal of mythology, and that is what we were trying to suggest.[41]
The script went through many stages. In early 1965, when backing was secured for the film, Clarke and Kubrick still had no firm idea of what would happen to Bowman after the Star Gate sequence. Initially all of Discovery‘s astronauts were to survive the journey; by 3 October, Clarke and Kubrick had decided to make Bowman the sole survivor and have him regress to infancy. By 17 October, Kubrick had come up with what Clarke called a «wild idea of slightly fag robots who create a Victorian environment to put our heroes at their ease.»[37] HAL 9000 was originally named Athena after the Greek goddess of wisdom and had a feminine voice and persona.[37]
Early drafts included a prologue containing interviews with scientists about extraterrestrial life,[42] voice-over narration (a feature in all of Kubrick’s previous films),[a] a stronger emphasis on the prevailing Cold War balance of terror, and a different and more explicitly explained breakdown for HAL.[44][45] Other changes include a different monolith for the «Dawn of Man» sequence, discarded when early prototypes did not photograph well; the use of Saturn as the final destination of the Discovery mission rather than Jupiter, discarded when the special effects team could not develop a convincing rendition of Saturn’s rings; and the finale of the Star Child exploding nuclear weapons carried by Earth-orbiting satellites,[45] which Kubrick discarded for its similarity to his previous film, Dr. Strangelove.[42][45] The finale and many of the other discarded screenplay ideas survived in Clarke’s novel.[45]
Kubrick made further changes to make the film more nonverbal, to communicate on a visual and visceral level rather than through conventional narrative.[32] By the time shooting began, Kubrick had removed much of the dialogue and narration.[46] Long periods without dialogue permeate the film: the film has no dialogue for roughly the first and last twenty minutes,[47] as well as for the 10 minutes from Floyd’s Moonbus landing near the monolith until Poole watches a BBC newscast on Discovery. What dialogue remains is notable for its banality (making the computer HAL seem to have more emotion than the humans) when juxtaposed with the epic space scenes.[46] Vincent LoBrutto wrote that Clarke’s novel has its own «strong narrative structure» and precision, while the narrative of the film remains symbolic, in accord with Kubrick’s final intentions.[48]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on 29 December 1965, in Stage H at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England. The studio was chosen because it could house the 60-by-120-by-60-foot (18 m × 37 m × 18 m) pit for the Tycho crater excavation scene, the first to be shot. In January 1966, the production moved to the smaller MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, where the live-action and special-effects filming was done, starting with the scenes involving Floyd on the Orion spaceplane;[49] it was described as a «huge throbbing nerve center … with much the same frenetic atmosphere as a Cape Kennedy blockhouse during the final stages of Countdown.»[50] The only scene not filmed in a studio—and the last live-action scene shot for the film—was the skull-smashing sequence, in which Moonwatcher (Richter) wields his newfound bone «weapon-tool» against a pile of nearby animal bones. A small elevated platform was built in a field near the studio so that the camera could shoot upward with the sky as background, avoiding cars and trucks passing by in the distance.[51][52] The Dawn of Man sequence that opens the film was shot at Borehamwood with John Alcott as cinematographer after Geoffrey Unsworth left to work on other projects.[53][54] The still photographs used as backgrounds for the Dawn of Man sequence were taken in Namibia.[55]
Filming of actors was completed in September 1967,[56] and from June 1966 until March 1968, Kubrick spent most of his time working on the 205 special-effects shots in the film.[34] He ordered the special-effects technicians to use the painstaking process of creating all visual effects seen in the film «in camera», avoiding degraded picture quality from the use of blue screen and travelling matte techniques. Although this technique, known as «held takes», resulted in a much better image, it meant exposed film would be stored for long periods of time between shots, sometimes as long as a year.[57] In March 1968, Kubrick finished the «pre-premiere» editing of the film, making his final cuts just days before the film’s general release in April 1968.[34]
The film was announced in 1965 as a «Cinerama»[58] film and was photographed in Super Panavision 70 (which uses a 65 mm negative combined with spherical lenses to create an aspect ratio of 2.20:1). It would eventually be released in a limited «roadshow» Cinerama version, then in 70 mm and 35 mm versions.[59][60] Colour processing and 35 mm release prints were done using Technicolor’s dye transfer process. The 70 mm prints were made by MGM Laboratories, Inc. on Metrocolor. The production was $4.5 million over the initial $6 million budget and 16 months behind schedule.[61]
For the opening sequence involving tribes of apes, professional mime Daniel Richter played the lead ape and choreographed the movements of the other man-apes, who were mostly portrayed by his mime troupe.[51]
Kubrick and Clarke consulted IBM on plans for HAL, though plans to use the company’s logo never materialised.[55]
Post-production[edit]
For cuts made after the film premiered, see the Theatrical run section below.
The film was edited before it was publicly screened, cutting out, among other things, a painting class on the lunar base that included Kubrick’s daughters, additional scenes of life on the base, and Floyd buying a bush baby for his daughter from a department store via videophone.[62] A ten-minute black-and-white opening sequence featuring interviews with scientists, including Freeman Dyson discussing off-Earth life,[63] was removed after an early screening for MGM executives.[64]
Music[edit]
From early in production, Kubrick decided that he wanted the film to be a primarily nonverbal experience[65] that did not rely on the traditional techniques of narrative cinema, and in which music would play a vital role in evoking particular moods. About half the music in the film appears either before the first line of dialogue or after the final line. Almost no music is heard during scenes with dialogue.[66]
The film is notable for its innovative use of classical music taken from existing commercial recordings. Most feature films, then and now, are typically accompanied by elaborate film scores or songs written specially for them by professional composers. In the early stages of production, Kubrick commissioned a score for 2001 from Hollywood composer Alex North, who had written the score for Spartacus and also had worked on Dr. Strangelove.[67] During post-production, Kubrick chose to abandon North’s music in favour of the now-familiar classical pieces he had earlier chosen as temporary music for the film. North did not learn that his score had been abandoned until he saw the film’s premiere.[66]
Design and special effects[edit]
Costumes and set design[edit]
Kubrick involved himself in every aspect of production, even choosing the fabric for his actors’ costumes,[68] and selecting notable pieces of contemporary furniture for use in the film. When Floyd exits the Space Station 5 elevator, he is greeted by an attendant seated behind a slightly modified George Nelson Action Office desk from Herman Miller’s 1964 «Action Office» series.[b][69][c] Danish designer Arne Jacobsen designed the cutlery used by the Discovery astronauts in the film.[70][71][72]
Other examples of modern furniture in the film are the bright red Djinn chairs seen prominently throughout the space station[73][74] and Eero Saarinen’s 1956 pedestal tables. Olivier Mourgue, designer of the Djinn chair, has used the connection to 2001 in his advertising; a frame from the film’s space station sequence and three production stills appear on the homepage of Mourgue’s website.[75] Shortly before Kubrick’s death, film critic Alexander Walker informed Kubrick of Mourgue’s use of the film, joking to him «You’re keeping the price up».[76] Commenting on their use in the film, Walker writes:
Everyone recalls one early sequence in the film, the space hotel, primarily because the custom-made Olivier Mourgue furnishings, those foam-filled sofas, undulant and serpentine, are covered in scarlet fabric and are the first stabs of colour one sees. They resemble Rorschach «blots» against the pristine purity of the rest of the lobby.[77]
Detailed instructions in relatively small print for various technological devices appear at several points in the film, the most visible of which are the lengthy instructions for the zero-gravity toilet on the Aries Moon shuttle. Similar detailed instructions for replacing the explosive bolts also appear on the hatches of the EVA pods, most visibly in closeup just before Bowman’s pod leaves the ship to rescue Frank Poole.[d]
The film features an extensive use of Eurostile Bold Extended, Futura and other sans serif typefaces as design elements of the 2001 world.[79] Computer displays show high-resolution fonts, colour, and graphics that were far in advance of what most computers were capable of in the 1960s, when the film was made.[78]
Design of the monolith[edit]
Kubrick was personally involved in the design of the monolith and its form for the film. The first design for the monolith for the 2001 film was a transparent tetrahedral pyramid. This was taken from the short story «The Sentinel» that the first story was based on.[80][81]
A London firm was approached by Kubrick to provide a 12-foot (3.7 m) transparent plexiglass pyramid, and due to construction constraints they recommended a flat slab shape. Kubrick approved, but was disappointed with the glassy appearance of the transparent prop on set, leading art director Anthony Masters to suggest making the monolith’s surface matte black.[27]
Models[edit]
Modern replica of the Discovery One spaceship model
To heighten the reality of the film, very intricate models of the various spacecraft and locations were built. Their sizes ranged from about two-foot-long models of satellites and the Aries translunar shuttle up to the 55-foot (17 m)-long model of the Discovery One spacecraft. «In-camera» techniques were again used as much as possible to combine models and background shots together to prevent degradation of the image through duplication.[82][83]
In shots where there was no perspective change, still shots of the models were photographed and positive paper prints were made. The image of the model was cut out of the photographic print and mounted on glass and filmed on an animation stand. The undeveloped film was re-wound to film the star background with the silhouette of the model photograph acting as a matte to block out where the spaceship image was.[82]
Shots where the spacecraft had parts in motion or the perspective changed were shot by directly filming the model. For most shots the model was stationary and camera was driven along a track on a special mount, the motor of which was mechanically linked to the camera motor—making it possible to repeat camera moves and match speeds exactly. Elements of the scene were recorded on the same piece of film in separate passes to combine the lit model, stars, planets, or other spacecraft in the same shot. In moving shots of the long Discovery One spacecraft, in order to keep the entire model in focus (and preserve its sense of scale), the camera’s aperture was stopped down for maximum depth-of-field, and each frame was exposed for several seconds.[84] Many matting techniques were tried to block out the stars behind the models, with filmmakers sometimes resorting to hand-tracing frame by frame around the image of the spacecraft (rotoscoping) to create the matte.[82][85]
Some shots required exposing the film again to record previously filmed live-action shots of the people appearing in the windows of the spacecraft or structures. This was achieved by projecting the window action onto the models in a separate camera pass or, when two-dimensional photographs were used, projecting from the backside through a hole cut in the photograph.[84]
All of the shots required multiple takes so that some film could be developed and printed to check exposure, density, alignment of elements, and to supply footage used for other photographic effects, such as for matting.[82][85]
Rotating sets[edit]
The «centrifuge» set used for filming scenes depicting interior of the spaceship Discovery
For spacecraft interior shots, ostensibly containing a giant centrifuge that produces artificial gravity, Kubrick had a 30-short-ton (27 t) rotating «ferris wheel» built by Vickers-Armstrong Engineering Group at a cost of $750,000. The set was 38 feet (12 m) in diameter and 10 feet (3.0 m) wide.[86] Various scenes in the Discovery centrifuge were shot by securing set pieces within the wheel, then rotating it while the actor walked or ran in sync with its motion, keeping him at the bottom of the wheel as it turned. The camera could be fixed to the inside of the rotating wheel to show the actor walking completely «around» the set, or mounted in such a way that the wheel rotated independently of the stationary camera, as in the jogging scene where the camera appears to alternately precede and follow the running actor.[87]
The shots where the actors appear on opposite sides of the wheel required one of the actors to be strapped securely into place at the «top» of the wheel as it moved to allow the other actor to walk to the «bottom» of the wheel to join him. The most notable case is when Bowman enters the centrifuge from the central hub on a ladder, and joins Poole, who is eating on the other side of the centrifuge. This required Gary Lockwood to be strapped into a seat while Keir Dullea walked toward him from the opposite side of the wheel as it turned with him.[87]
Another rotating set appeared in an earlier sequence on board the Aries trans-lunar shuttle. A stewardess is shown preparing in-flight meals, then carrying them into a circular walkway. Attached to the set as it rotates 180 degrees, the camera’s point of view remains constant, and she appears to walk up the «side» of the circular walkway, and steps, now in an «upside-down» orientation, into a connecting hallway.[88]
Zero-gravity effects[edit]
The realistic-looking effects of the astronauts floating weightless in space and inside the spacecraft were accomplished by suspending the actors from wires attached to the top of the set and placing the camera beneath them. The actors’ bodies blocked the camera’s view of the wires and appeared to float. For the shot of Poole floating into the pod’s arms during Bowman’s recovery of him, a stuntman on a wire portrayed the movements of an unconscious man and was shot in slow motion to enhance the illusion of drifting through space.[89] The scene showing Bowman entering the emergency airlock from the EVA pod was done similarly: an off-camera stagehand, standing on a platform, held the wire suspending Dullea above the camera positioned at the bottom of the vertically oriented airlock. At the proper moment, the stage-hand first loosened his grip on the wire, causing Dullea to fall toward the camera, then, while holding the wire firmly, jumped off the platform, causing Dullea to ascend back toward the hatch.[90]
The methods used were alleged to have placed stuntman Bill Weston’s life in danger. Weston recalled that he filmed one sequence without air-holes in his suit, risking asphyxiation. «Even when the tank was feeding air into the suit, there was no place for the carbon dioxide Weston exhaled to go. So it simply built up inside, incrementally causing a heightened heart rate, rapid breathing, fatigue, clumsiness, and eventually, unconsciousness.»[91] Weston said Kubrick was warned «we’ve got to get him back» but reportedly replied, «Damn it, we just started. Leave him up there! Leave him up there!»[92] When Weston lost consciousness, filming ceased, and he was brought down. «They brought the tower in, and I went looking for Stanley, … I was going to shove MGM right up his … And the thing is, Stanley had left the studio and sent Victor [Lyndon, the associate producer] to talk to me.» Weston claimed Kubrick fled the studio for «two or three days. … I know he didn’t come in the next day, and I’m sure it wasn’t the day after. Because I was going to do him.»[93]
«Star Gate» sequence[edit]
During the «Jupiter and Beyond the Infinite» sequence, Bowman takes a trip through the «Star Gate» that involves the innovative use of slit-scan photography to create the visual effects.
The coloured lights in the Star Gate sequence were accomplished by slit-scan photography of thousands of high-contrast images on film, including Op art paintings, architectural drawings, Moiré patterns, printed circuits, and electron-microscope photographs of molecular and crystal structures. Known to staff as «Manhattan Project», the shots of various nebula-like phenomena, including the expanding star field, were coloured paints and chemicals swirling in a pool-like device known as a cloud tank, shot in slow motion in a dark room.[94] The live-action landscape shots were filmed in the Hebridean islands, the mountains of northern Scotland, and Monument Valley. The colouring and negative-image effects were achieved with different colour filters in the process of making duplicate negatives in an optical printer.[95]
Visual effects[edit]
A bone-club and orbiting satellite are juxtaposed in the film’s famous match cut
«Not one foot of this film was made with computer-generated special effects. Everything you see in this film or saw in this film was done physically or chemically, one way or the other.»
— Keir Dullea (2014)[96]
2001 contains a famous example of a match cut, a type of cut in which two shots are matched by action or subject matter.[97][98] After Moonwatcher uses a bone to kill another ape at the watering hole, he throws it triumphantly into the air; as the bone spins in the air, the film cuts to an orbiting satellite, marking the end of the prologue.[99] The match cut draws a connection between the two objects as exemplars of primitive and advanced tools respectively, and demonstrates humanity’s technological progress since the time of early hominids.[100]
2001 pioneered the use of front projection with retroreflective matting. Kubrick used the technique to produce the backdrops in the Africa scenes and the scene when astronauts walk on the Moon.[101][54]
The technique consisted of a separate scenery projector set at a right angle to the camera and a half-silvered mirror placed at an angle in front that reflected the projected image forward in line with the camera lens onto a backdrop of retroreflective material. The reflective directional screen behind the actors could reflect light from the projected image 100 times more efficiently than the foreground subject did. The lighting of the foreground subject had to be balanced with the image from the screen, so that the part of the scenery image that fell on the foreground subject was too faint to show on the finished film. The exception was the eyes of the leopard in the «Dawn of Man» sequence, which glowed due to the projector illumination. Kubrick described this as «a happy accident».[102]
Front projection had been used in smaller settings before 2001, mostly for still photography or television production, using small still images and projectors. The expansive backdrops for the African scenes required a screen 40 feet (12 m) tall and 110 feet (34 m) wide, far larger than had been used before. When the reflective material was applied to the backdrop in 100-foot (30 m) strips, variations at the seams of the strips led to visual artefacts; to solve this, the crew tore the material into smaller chunks and applied them in a random «camouflage» pattern on the backdrop. The existing projectors using 4-×-5-inch (10 × 13 cm) transparencies resulted in grainy images when projected that large, so the crew worked with MGM’s special-effects supervisor Tom Howard to build a custom projector using 8-×-10-inch (20 × 25 cm) transparencies, which required the largest water-cooled arc lamp available.[102] The technique was used widely in the film industry thereafter until it was replaced by blue/green screen systems in the 1990s.[102]
Soundtrack[edit]
The initial MGM soundtrack album release contained none of the material from the altered and uncredited rendition of Ligeti’s Aventures used in the film, used a different recording of Also sprach Zarathustra (performed by the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Karl Böhm) from that heard in the film, and a longer excerpt of Lux Aeterna than that in the film.[103]
In 1996, Turner Entertainment/Rhino Records released a new soundtrack on CD that included the film’s rendition of «Aventures», the version of «Zarathustra» used in the film, and the shorter version of Lux Aeterna from the film. As additional «bonus tracks» at the end, the CD includes the versions of «Zarathustra» and Lux Aeterna on the old MGM soundtrack album, an unaltered performance of «Aventures», and a nine-minute compilation of all of HAL’s dialogue.[103]
Alex North’s unused music was first released in Telarc’s issue of the main theme on Hollywood’s Greatest Hits, Vol. 2, a compilation album by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra. All of the music North originally wrote was recorded commercially by his friend and colleague Jerry Goldsmith with the National Philharmonic Orchestra and released on Varèse Sarabande CDs shortly after Telarc’s first theme release and before North’s death. Eventually, a mono mix-down of North’s original recordings was released as a limited-edition CD by Intrada Records.[104]
Theatrical run and post-premiere cuts[edit]
Original trailer for 2001: A Space Odyssey.
The film’s world premiere was on 2 April 1968,[105][106] at the Uptown Theater in Washington, D.C. with a 160-minute cut.[107] It opened the next day at the Loew’s Capitol in New York and the following day at the Warner Hollywood Theatre in Los Angeles.[107] The original version was also shown in Boston.
Kubrick and editor Ray Lovejoy edited the film between 5 April and 9, 1968. Kubrick’s rationale for trimming the film was to tighten the narrative. Reviews suggested the film suffered from its departure from traditional cinematic storytelling.[108] Kubrick said, «I didn’t believe that the trims made a critical difference. … The people who like it like it no matter what its length, and the same holds true for the people who hate it.»[62] The cut footage is reported as being 19[109][110] or 17[111] minutes long. It includes scenes revealing details about life on Discovery: additional space walks, Bowman retrieving a spare part from an octagonal corridor, elements from the Poole murder sequence—including space-walk preparation and HAL turning off radio contact with Poole—and a close-up of Bowman picking up a slipper during his walk in the alien room.[62] Jerome Agel describes the cut scenes as comprising «Dawn of Man, Orion, Poole exercising in the centrifuge, and Poole’s pod exiting from Discovery.»[112] The new cut was approximately 143 minutes long,[1] around 88 minutes for the first section, followed by an intermission, and 55 minutes in the second section.[113] Detailed instructions were sent to theatre owners already showing the film so that they could make the specified trims themselves.[citation needed] Some of the cuts may have been poorly done in a particular theatre, possibly causing the version seen by viewers early in the film’s run to vary from theatre to theatre.
According to his brother-in-law, Jan Harlan, Kubrick was adamant that the trims were never to be seen and had the negatives, which he had kept in his garage, burned shortly before his death. This was confirmed by former Kubrick assistant Leon Vitali: «I’ll tell you right now, okay, on Clockwork Orange, The Shining, Barry Lyndon, some little parts of 2001, we had thousands of cans of negative outtakes and print, which we had stored in an area at his house where we worked out of, which he personally supervised the loading of it to a truck and then I went down to a big industrial waste lot and burned it. That’s what he wanted.»[114] However, in December 2010, Douglas Trumbull, the film’s visual effects supervisor, announced that Warner Bros. had found 17 minutes of lost footage from the post-premiere cuts, «perfectly preserved», in a Kansas salt mine vault used by Warners for storage.[115][112][111] No plans have been announced for the rediscovered footage.[116]
The revised version was ready for the expansion of the roadshow release to four other U.S. cities (Chicago, Denver, Detroit and Houston), on 10 April 1968, and internationally in five cities the following day,[112][117] where the shortened version was shown in 70mm format in the 2.21:1 aspect ratio and used a six-track stereo magnetic soundtrack.[112]
By the end of May, the film had opened in 22 cities in the United States and Canada and in another 36 in June.[118] The general release of the film in its 35 mm anamorphic format took place in autumn 1968 and used either a four-track magnetic stereo soundtrack or an optical monaural one.[119]
The original 70-millimetre release, like many Super Panavision 70 films of the era such as Grand Prix, was advertised as being in «Cinerama» in cinemas equipped with special projection optics and a deeply curved screen. In standard cinemas, the film was identified as a 70-millimetre production. The original release of 2001: A Space Odyssey in 70-millimetre Cinerama with six-track sound played continually for more than a year in several venues, and for 103 weeks in Los Angeles.[119]
As was typical of most films of the era released both as a «roadshow» (in Cinerama format in the case of 2001) and general release (in 70-millimetre in the case of 2001), the entrance music, intermission music (and intermission altogether), and postcredit exit music were cut from most prints of the latter version, although these have been restored to most DVD releases.[120][121]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its first nine weeks from 22 locations, it grossed $2 million in the United States and Canada.[118] The film earned $8.5 million in theatrical gross rentals from roadshow engagements throughout 1968,[122][123] contributing to North American rentals of $16.4 million and worldwide rentals of $21.9 million during its original release.[124] The film’s high costs, in excess of $10 million,[105][61] meant that the initial returns from the 1968 release left it $800,000 in the red; but the successful re-release in 1971 made it profitable.[125][126][127] By June 1974, the film had rentals from the United States and Canada of $20.3 million (gross of $58 million)[125] and international rentals of $7.5 million.[113] The film had a reissue on a test basis on 24 July 1974 at the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles and grossed $53,000 in its first week, which led to an expanded reissue.[113] Further re-releases followed, giving a cumulative gross of over $60 million in the United States and Canada.[128] Taking its re-releases into account, it is the highest-grossing film of 1968 in the United States and Canada.[129] Worldwide, it has grossed $146 million across all releases,[e] although some estimates place the gross higher, at over $190 million.[131]
Critical response[edit]
Upon release, 2001 polarised critical opinion, receiving both praise and derision, with many New York-based critics being especially harsh. Kubrick called them «dogmatically atheistic and materialistic and earthbound».[132] Some critics viewed the original 161-minute cut shown at premieres in Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.[133] Keir Dullea says that during the New York premiere, 250 people walked out; in L.A., Rock Hudson not only left early but «was heard to mutter, ‘What is this bullshit?‘«[132] «Will someone tell me what the hell this is about?»[134] «But a few months into the release, they realised a lot of people were watching it while smoking funny cigarettes. Someone in San Francisco even ran right through the screen screaming: ‘It’s God!’ So they came up with a new poster that said: ‘2001 – the ultimate trip!‘«[135]
In The New Yorker, Penelope Gilliatt said it was «some kind of great film, and an unforgettable endeavor … The film is hypnotically entertaining, and it is funny without once being gaggy, but it is also rather harrowing.»[136] Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it was «the picture that science fiction fans of every age and in every corner of the world have prayed (sometimes forlornly) that the industry might some day give them. It is an ultimate statement of the science fiction film, an awesome realization of the spatial future … it is a milestone, a landmark for a spacemark, in the art of film.»[137] Louise Sweeney of The Christian Science Monitor felt that 2001 was «a brilliant intergalactic satire on modern technology. It’s also a dazzling 160-minute tour on the Kubrick filmship through the universe out there beyond our earth.»[138] Philip French wrote that the film was «perhaps the first multi-million-dollar supercolossal movie since D.W. Griffith’s Intolerance fifty years ago which can be regarded as the work of one man … Space Odyssey is important as the high-water mark of science-fiction movie making, or at least of the genre’s futuristic branch.»[139] The Boston Globe‘s review called it «the world’s most extraordinary film. Nothing like it has ever been shown in Boston before or, for that matter, anywhere … The film is as exciting as the discovery of a new dimension in life.»[140] Roger Ebert gave the film four stars in his original review, saying the film «succeeds magnificently on a cosmic scale.»[47] He later put it on his Top 10 list for Sight & Sound.[141] Time provided at least seven different mini-reviews of the film in various issues in 1968, each one slightly more positive than the preceding one; in the final review dated 27 December 1968, the magazine called 2001 «an epic film about the history and future of mankind, brilliantly directed by Stanley Kubrick. The special effects are mindblowing.»[142]
Others were unimpressed. Pauline Kael called it «a monumentally unimaginative movie.»[143] Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic described it as «a film that is so dull, it even dulls our interest in the technical ingenuity for the sake of which Kubrick has allowed it to become dull.»[144] The Soviet film director Andrei Tarkovsky found the film to be an inadequate addition to the science fiction genre of filmmaking.[27] Renata Adler of The New York Times wrote that it was «somewhere between hypnotic and immensely boring.»[145] Variety‘s Robert B. Frederick (‘Robe’) believed the film was a «[b]ig, beautiful, but plodding sci-fi epic … A major achievement in cinematography and special effects, 2001 lacks dramatic appeal to a large degree and only conveys suspense after the halfway mark.»[108] Andrew Sarris called it «one of the grimmest films I have ever seen in my life … 2001 is a disaster because it is much too abstract to make its abstract points.»[146] (Sarris reversed his opinion upon a second viewing, and declared, «2001 is indeed a major work by a major artist.»[147]) John Simon felt it was «a regrettable failure, although not a total one. This film is fascinating when it concentrates on apes or machines … and dreadful when it deals with the in-betweens: humans … 2001, for all its lively visual and mechanical spectacle, is a kind of space-Spartacus and, more pretentious still, a shaggy God story.»[148] Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. deemed the film «morally pretentious, intellectually obscure and inordinately long … a film out of control».[149] In a 2001 review, the BBC said that its slow pacing often alienates modern audiences more than it did upon its initial release.[150]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a «Certified Fresh» rating of 92% based on 116 reviews, with an average rating of 9.2/10. The website’s critical consensus reads: «One of the most influential of all sci-fi films – and one of the most controversial – Stanley Kubrick’s 2001 is a delicate, poetic meditation on the ingenuity – and folly – of mankind.»[106] Review aggregator Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, has assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100, based on 25 critic reviews, indicating «universal acclaim».[151]
2001 was the only science fiction film to make Sight & Sound‘s 2012 list of the ten best films,[152] and tops the Online Film Critics Society list of greatest science fiction films of all time.[153] In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the 19th best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership.[154] Other lists that include the film are 50 Films to See Before You Die (#6), The Village Voice 100 Best Films of the 20th century (#11), and Roger Ebert’s Top Ten (1968) (#2). In 1995, the Vatican named it one of the 45 best films ever made (and included it in a sub-list of the «Top Ten Art Movies» of all time.)[155] In 1998, Time Out conducted a reader’s poll and 2001: A Space Odyssey was voted as #9 on the list of «greatest films of all time».[156] Entertainment Weekly voted it no. 26 on their list of 100 Greatest Movies of All Time.[157] In 2017, Empire magazine’s readers’ poll ranked the film 21st on its list of «The 100 Greatest Movies».[158] In the Sight & Sound poll of 480 directors published in December 2022, 2001: A Space Odyssey was voted as the Greatest Film of All Time, ahead of Citizen Kane and The Godfather.[159][160]
Science fiction writers[edit]
The film won the Hugo Award for best dramatic presentation, as voted by science fiction fans and published science-fiction writers.[161] Ray Bradbury praised the film’s photography, but disliked the banality of most of the dialogue, and believed that the audience does not care when Poole dies.[162] Both he and Lester del Rey disliked the film’s feeling of sterility and blandness in the human encounters amidst the technological wonders, while both praised the pictorial element of the film. Reporting that «half the audience had left by intermission», Del Rey described the film as dull, confusing, and boring («the first of the New Wave-Thing movies, with the usual empty symbols»), predicting «[i]t will probably be a box-office disaster, too, and thus set major science-fiction movie making back another ten years».[163] Samuel R. Delany was impressed by how the film undercuts the audience’s normal sense of space and orientation in several ways. Like Bradbury, Delany noticed the banality of the dialogue (he stated that characters say nothing meaningful), but regarded this as a dramatic strength, a prelude to the rebirth at the conclusion of the film.[164] Without analysing the film in detail, Isaac Asimov spoke well of it in his autobiography and other essays. James P. Hogan liked the film but complained that the ending did not make any sense to him, leading to a bet about whether he could write something better: «I stole Arthur’s plot idea shamelessly and produced Inherit the Stars.»[165]
Awards and honours[edit]
In 1969, a United States Department of State committee chose 2001 as the American entry at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.[174]
2001 was ranked 15th on the American Film Institute’s 2007 100 Years … 100 Movies[175] (22 in 1998),[176] was no. 40 on its 100 Years, 100 Thrills,[177] was included on its 100 Years, 100 Quotes (no. 78 «Open the pod bay doors, HAL.»),[178] and HAL 9000 was the no. 13 villain in 100 Years … 100 Heroes and Villains.[179] The film was also no. 47 on AFI’s 100 Years … 100 Cheers[180] and the no. 1 science fiction film on AFI’s 10 Top 10.[181]
Interpretations[edit]
Since its premiere, 2001: A Space Odyssey has been analysed and interpreted by professional critics and theorists, amateur writers, and science fiction fans. In his monograph for BFI analysing the film, Peter Krämer summarised the diverse interpretations as ranging from those who saw it as darkly apocalyptic in tone to those who saw it as an optimistic reappraisal of the hopes of mankind and humanity.[182] Questions about 2001 range from uncertainty about its implications for humanity’s origins and destiny in the universe[183] to interpreting elements of the film’s more enigmatic scenes, such as the meaning of the monolith, or the fate of astronaut David Bowman. There are also simpler and more mundane questions about the plot, in particular the causes of HAL’s breakdown (explained in earlier drafts but kept mysterious in the film).[184][41][185][186]
Audiences vs. critics[edit]
A spectrum of diverse interpretative opinions would form after the film’s release, appearing to divide theatre audiences from the opinions of critics. Krämer writes: «Many people sent letters to Kubrick to tell him about their responses to 2001, most of them regarding the film—in particular the ending—as an optimistic statement about humanity, which is seen to be born and reborn. The film’s reviewers and academic critics, by contrast, have tended to understand the film as a pessimistic account of human nature and humanity’s future. The most extreme of these interpretations state that the foetus floating above the Earth will destroy it.»[187]
Closing scene of Dr. Strangelove and Kubrick’s sardonic fulfilment of a nuclear nightmare
Some of the critics’ cataclysmic interpretations were informed by Kubrick’s prior direction of the Cold War film Dr. Strangelove, immediately before 2001, which resulted in dark speculation about the nuclear weapons orbiting the Earth in 2001. These interpretations were challenged by Clarke, who said: «Many readers have interpreted the last paragraph of the book to mean that he (the foetus) destroyed Earth, perhaps for the purpose of creating a new Heaven. This idea never occurred to me; it seems clear that he triggered the orbiting nuclear bombs harmlessly …».[182] In response to Jeremy Bernstein’s dark interpretation of the film’s ending, Kubrick said: «The book does not end with the destruction of the Earth.»[182]
Regarding the film as a whole, Kubrick encouraged people to make their own interpretations and refused to offer an explanation of «what really happened». In a 1968 interview with Playboy magazine, he said:
You’re free to speculate as you wish about the philosophical and allegorical meaning of the film—and such speculation is one indication that it has succeeded in gripping the audience at a deep level—but I don’t want to spell out a verbal road map for 2001 that every viewer will feel obligated to pursue or else fear he’s missed the point.[40]
In a subsequent discussion of the film with Joseph Gelmis, Kubrick said his main aim was to avoid «intellectual verbalization» and reach «the viewer’s subconscious.» But he said he did not strive for ambiguity—it was simply an inevitable outcome of making the film nonverbal. Still, he acknowledged this ambiguity was an invaluable asset to the film. He was willing then to give a fairly straightforward explanation of the plot on what he called the «simplest level,» but unwilling to discuss the film’s metaphysical interpretation, which he felt should be left up to viewers.[188]
Meaning of the monolith[edit]
For some readers, Clarke’s more straightforward novel based on the script is key to interpreting the film. The novel explicitly identifies the monolith as a tool created by an alien race that has been through many stages of evolution, moving from organic form to biomechanical, and finally achieving a state of pure energy. These aliens travel the cosmos assisting lesser species to take evolutionary steps. Conversely, film critic Penelope Houston wrote in 1971 that because the novel differs in many key aspects from the film, it perhaps should not be regarded as the skeleton key to unlock it.[189]
Multiple interpretations of the meaning of the monolith have been examined in the critical reception of the film
Carolyn Geduld writes that what «structurally unites all four episodes of the film» is the monolith, the film’s largest and most unresolvable enigma.[190] Vincent LoBrutto’s biography of Kubrick says that for many, Clarke’s novel supplements the understanding of the monolith which is more ambiguously depicted in the film.[191] Similarly, Geduld observes that «the monolith … has a very simple explanation in Clarke’s novel», though she later asserts that even the novel does not fully explain the ending.[190]
Bob McClay’s Rolling Stone review describes a parallelism between the monolith’s first appearance in which tool usage is imparted to the apes (thus ‘beginning’ mankind) and the completion of «another evolution» in the fourth and final encounter[192] with the monolith. In a similar vein, Tim Dirks ends his synopsis saying «[t]he cyclical evolution from ape to man to spaceman to angel-starchild-superman is complete.»[193]
Humanity’s first and second encounters with the monolith have visual elements in common; both the apes, and later the astronauts, touch it gingerly with their hands, and both sequences conclude with near-identical images of the Sun appearing directly over it (the first with a crescent moon adjacent to it in the sky, the second with a near-identical crescent Earth in the same position), echoing the Sun–Earth–Moon alignment seen at the very beginning of the film.[194] The second encounter also suggests the triggering of the monolith’s radio signal to Jupiter by the presence of humans, echoing the premise of Clarke’s source story «The Sentinel».[195]
The monolith is the subject of the film’s final line of dialogue (spoken at the end of the «Jupiter Mission» segment): «Its origin and purpose still a total mystery.» Reviewers McClay and Roger Ebert wrote that the monolith is the main element of mystery in the film; Ebert described «the shock of the monolith’s straight edges and square corners among the weathered rocks,» and the apes warily circling it as prefiguring man reaching «for the stars.»[47] Patrick Webster suggests the final line relates to how the film should be approached as a whole: «The line appends not merely to the discovery of the monolith on the Moon, but to our understanding of the film in the light of the ultimate questions it raises about the mystery of the universe.»[196]
According to other scholars, «the monolith is a representation of the actual wideframe cinema screen, rotated 90 degrees … a symbolic cinema screen».[197] «It is at once a screen and the opposite of a screen, since its black surface only absorbs, and sends nothing out. … and leads us … to project ourselves, our emotions».[198]
«A new heaven»[edit]
Clarke indicated his preferred reading of the ending of 2001 as oriented toward the creation of «a new heaven» provided by the Star Child.[182] His view was corroborated in a posthumously released interview with Kubrick.[41] Kubrick says that Bowman is elevated to a higher level of being that represents the next stage of human evolution. The film also conveys what some viewers have described as a sense of the sublime and numinous.[47] Ebert writes in his essay on 2001 in The Great Movies:
The Star Child looking upon the Earth
North’s [rejected] score, which is available on a recording, is a good job of film composition, but would have been wrong for 2001 because, like all scores, it attempts to underline the action—to give us emotional cues. The classical music chosen by Kubrick exists outside the action. It uplifts. It wants to be sublime; it brings a seriousness and transcendence to the visuals.[47]
In a book on architecture, Gregory Caicco writes that Space Odyssey illustrates how our quest for space is motivated by two contradictory desires, a «desire for the sublime» characterised by a need to encounter something totally other than ourselves—»something numinous»—and the conflicting desire for a beauty that makes us feel no longer «lost in space,» but at home.[199] Similarly, an article in The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, titled «Sense of Wonder,» describes how 2001 creates a «numinous sense of wonder» by portraying a universe that inspires a sense of awe but that at the same time we feel we can understand.[200] Christopher Palmer wrote that «the sublime and the banal» coexist in the film, as it implies that to get into space, people had to suspend the «sense of wonder» that motivated them to explore it.[201]
HAL’s breakdown[edit]
One of HAL 9000’s interfaces
The reasons for HAL’s malfunction and subsequent malignant behaviour have elicited much discussion. He has been compared to Frankenstein’s monster. In Clarke’s novel, HAL malfunctions because of being ordered to lie to the crew of Discovery and withhold confidential information from them, namely the confidentially programmed mission priority over expendable human life, despite being constructed for «the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment». This would not be addressed on film until the 1984 follow-up, 2010: The Year We Make Contact. Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that HAL, as the supposedly perfect computer, is actually the most human of the characters.[47] In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick said that HAL «had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility».[202]
«Star Child» symbolism[edit]
Multiple allegorical interpretations of 2001 have been proposed. The symbolism of life and death can be seen through the final moments of the film, which are defined by the image of the «Star Child,» an in utero foetus that draws on the work of Lennart Nilsson.[203] The Star Child signifies a «great new beginning,»[203] and is depicted naked and ungirded but with its eyes wide open.[204] Leonard F. Wheat sees 2001 as a multi-layered allegory, commenting simultaneously on Nietzsche, Homer, and the relationship of man to machine.[205] Rolling Stone reviewer Bob McClay sees the film as like a four-movement symphony, its story told with «deliberate realism».[206]
Military satellites[edit]
Kubrick originally planned a voice-over to reveal that the satellites seen after the prologue are nuclear weapons,[207] and that the Star Child would detonate the weapons at the end of the film[208] but felt this would create associations with Dr. Strangelove and decided not to make it obvious that they were «war machines». A few weeks before the film’s release, the U.S. and Soviet governments had agreed not to put any nuclear weapons into outer space.[209]
In a book he wrote with Kubrick’s assistance, Alexander Walker states that Kubrick eventually decided that nuclear weapons had «no place at all in the film’s thematic development», being an «orbiting red herring» that would «merely have raised irrelevant questions to suggest this as a reality of the twenty-first century».[207]
Kubrick scholar Michel Ciment, discussing Kubrick’s attitude toward human aggression and instinct, observes: «The bone cast into the air by the ape (now become a man) is transformed at the other extreme of civilization, by one of those abrupt ellipses characteristic of the director, into a spacecraft on its way to the moon.»[210] In contrast to Ciment’s reading of a cut to a serene «other extreme of civilization», science fiction novelist Robert Sawyer, in the Canadian documentary 2001 and Beyond, says he sees it as a cut from a bone to a nuclear weapons platform, explaining that «what we see is not how far we’ve leaped ahead, what we see is that today, ‘2001’, and four million years ago on the African veldt, it’s exactly the same—the power of mankind is the power of its weapons. It’s a continuation, not a discontinuity in that jump.»[211]
Legacy and influence[edit]
2001: A Space Odyssey is widely regarded as among the greatest and most influential films ever made.[212] It is considered one of the major artistic works of the 20th century, with many critics and filmmakers considering it Kubrick’s masterpiece.[213] In the 1980s,[214] critic David Denby compared Kubrick to the monolith from 2001: A Space Odyssey, calling him «a force of supernatural intelligence, appearing at great intervals amid high-pitched shrieks, who gives the world a violent kick up the next rung of the evolutionary ladder».[215] By the start of the 21st century, 2001: A Space Odyssey had become recognised as among the best films ever made by such sources as the British Film Institute (BFI). The Village Voice ranked the film at number 11 in its Top 250 «Best Films of the Century» list in 1999, based on a poll of critics.[216] In January 2002, the film was voted no. 1 on the list of the «Top 100 Essential Films of All Time» by the National Society of Film Critics.[217][218] Sight & Sound magazine ranked the film 12th in its greatest films of all-time list in 1982,[219] tenth in 1992 critics’ poll of greatest films,[220] sixth in the top ten films of all time in its 2002,[221] 2012[222] and 2022 critics’ polls editions;[160] it also tied for second and first place in the magazine’s 2012[222] and 2022 directors’ poll.[160] The film was voted no. 43 on the list of «100 Greatest Films» by the prominent French magazine Cahiers du cinéma in 2008.[223] In 2010, The Guardian named it «the best sci-fi and fantasy film of all time».[224] The film ranked 4th in BBC’s 2015 list of the 100 greatest American films.[225] In 1991, it was deemed «culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant» by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[226] In 2010, it was named the greatest film of all time by The Moving Arts Film Journal.[227]
Stanley Kubrick made the ultimate science fiction movie, and it is going to be very hard for someone to come along and make a better movie, as far as I’m concerned. On a technical level, it [Star Wars] can be compared, but personally I think that 2001 is far superior.
—George Lucas, 1977[119]
The influence of 2001 on subsequent filmmakers is considerable. Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, and others—including many special effects technicians—discuss the impact the film has had on them in a featurette titled Standing on the Shoulders of Kubrick: The Legacy of 2001, included in the 2007 DVD release of the film. Spielberg calls it his film generation’s «big bang», while Lucas says it was «hugely inspirational», calling Kubrick «the filmmaker’s filmmaker». Director Martin Scorsese has listed it as one of his favourite films of all time.[228] Sydney Pollack calls it «groundbreaking», and William Friedkin says 2001 is «the grandfather of all such films». At the 2007 Venice film festival, director Ridley Scott said he believed 2001 was the unbeatable film that in a sense killed the science fiction genre.[229] Similarly, film critic Michel Ciment in his essay «Odyssey of Stanley Kubrick» wrote, «Kubrick has conceived a film which in one stroke has made the whole science fiction cinema obsolete.»[230]
Others credit 2001 with opening up a market for films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Alien, Blade Runner, Contact, and Interstellar, proving that big-budget «serious» science-fiction films can be commercially successful, and establishing the «sci-fi blockbuster» as a Hollywood staple.[231] Science magazine Discover‘s blogger Stephen Cass, discussing the film’s considerable impact on subsequent science fiction, writes that «the balletic spacecraft scenes set to sweeping classical music, the tarantula-soft tones of HAL 9000, and the ultimate alien artifact, the monolith, have all become enduring cultural icons in their own right».[232] Trumbull said that when working on Star Trek: The Motion Picture he made a scene without dialogue because of «something I really learned with Kubrick and 2001: Stop talking for a while, and let it all flow».[233]
Kubrick did not envision a sequel to 2001. Fearing the later exploitation and recycling of his material in other productions (as was done with the props from MGM’s Forbidden Planet), he ordered all sets, props, miniatures, production blueprints, and prints of unused scenes destroyed.[citation needed] Most of these materials were lost, with some exceptions: a 2001 spacesuit backpack appeared in the «Close Up» episode of the Gerry Anderson series UFO,[209][234][235][236] and one of HAL’s eyepieces is in the possession of the author of Hal’s Legacy, David G. Stork. In 2012, Lockheed engineer Adam Johnson, working with Frederick I. Ordway III, science adviser to Kubrick, wrote the book 2001: The Lost Science, which for the first time featured many of the blueprints of the spacecraft and film sets that previously had been thought destroyed. Clarke wrote three sequel novels: 2010: Odyssey Two (1982), 2061: Odyssey Three (1987), and 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997). The only filmed sequel, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, released in 1984, was based on Clarke’s 1982 novel. Kubrick was not involved; it was directed as a spin-off by Peter Hyams in a more conventional style. The other two novels have not been adapted for the screen, although actor Tom Hanks in June 1999 expressed a passing interest in possible adaptations.[237]
To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the film’s release, an exhibit called «The Barmecide Feast» opened on 8 April 2018, in the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. The exhibit features a fully realised, full-scale reflection of the neo-classical hotel room from the film’s penultimate scene.[238][239] Director Christopher Nolan presented a mastered 70 mm print of 2001 for the film’s 50th anniversary at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival on 12 May.[240][241] The new 70 mm print is a photochemical recreation made from the original camera negative, for the first time since the film’s original theatrical run.[242][243] Further, an exhibit entitled «Envisioning 2001: Stanley Kubrick’s Space Odyssey» presented at the Museum of the Moving Image in Astoria, Queens, New York City opened in January 2020.[244]
In July 2020, a silver space suit was sold at auction in Los Angeles for $370,000, exceeding its estimate of $200,000–300,000. Four layers of paint indicate it was used in multiple scenes, including the Clavius Moon base sequence. The helmet had been painted green at one stage, leading to a belief that it may have been worn during the scene where Dave Bowman disconnects HAL 9000.[245]
Stanley Kubrick introduced Arthur C. Clarke to the book The Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell during the writing of 2001: A Space Odyssey. There are allegorical archetypal patterns of the «hero’s journey» in this film. Arthur C. Clarke called Joseph Campbell’s book «very stimulating» in his diary entry.[246]
Home media[edit]
The film has been released in several forms:
- In 1980, MGM/CBS Home Video released the film on VHS and Betamax.[247]
- In 1989, The Criterion Collection released a two-disc special LaserDisc edition with the transfer monitored by Kubrick himself.[248]
- In 2008, Warner Bros. released the film on Blu-ray.[249]
- In 2018, Warner Bros. re-released it on Blu-ray and and 4K HDR on Ultra HD Blu-ray, based on a 8K scan of the original camera negative and audio remixed and remastered in DTS-HD MA 5.1.[250]
Re-releases[edit]
The film was re-released in 1974, 1977, 1980[122] and 1993.[251] In 2001, a restoration of the 70 mm version was screened at the Ebert’s Overlooked Film Festival, and the production was also reissued to selected film houses in North America, Europe and Asia.[252][253]
For the film’s 50th anniversary, Warner Bros. struck new 70mm prints from printing elements made directly from the original film negative.[242] This was done under the supervision of film director Christopher Nolan, who has spoken of 2001‘s influence on his career. Following a showing at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival introduced by Nolan, the film had a limited worldwide release at select 70mm-equipped theatres in the summer of 2018,[240][254] followed by a one-week run in North American IMAX theatres (including five locations equipped with 70 mm IMAX projectors).[255]
On 3 December 2018, an 8K Ultra-high definition television version of the film was reported to have been broadcast in select theatres and shopping-mall demonstration stations in Japan.[256]
See also[edit]
- List of films considered the best
- List of films featuring eclipses
- List of films featuring extraterrestrials
- List of films featuring space stations
- List of artificial intelligence films
- List of incomplete or partially lost films
References[edit]
Informational notes
- ^ Jason Sperb’s study of Kubrick The Kubrick Facade analyses Kubrick’s use of narration in detail. John Baxter’s biography of Kubrick also describes how he frequently favoured voice-over narration. Only three of Kubrick’s 13 films lack narration: Space Odyssey, The Shining, and Eyes Wide Shut.[43]
- ^ Examples of the Action Office desk and «Propst Perch» chair appearing in the film can be seen in Pina 2002, pp. 66–71. First introduced in 1968, the Action Office-stcubicle» would eventually occupy 70 per cent of office space by the mid-2000s.
- ^ Cubicles had earlier appeared in Jacques Tati’s Playtime in 1967.
- ^ Between the two lines large red letters reading at top «CAUTION» and at bottom «EXPLOSIVE BOLTS» are smaller black lines reading «MAINTENANCE AND REPLACEMENT INSTRUCTIONS» followed by even smaller lines of four instructions beginning «(1) SELF TEST EXPLOSIVE BOLTS PER INST 14 PARA 3 SEC 5D AFTER EACH EVA», et cetera. The instructions are generally legible on Blu-ray editions but not DVD editions of the film.[78]
- ^ Robert Kolker put the cumulative global gross of the film at $138 million as of 2006,[130] although it has had several limited releases since then. The combined takings of the 2010, 2013, 2014, 2017 and 2018 reissues added a further $7.9 million to the gross.[128]
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- ^ «2001: A Space Odyssey Reviews». Metacritic. Fandom, Inc. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
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- ^ «The 75 Best Edited Films». Editors Guild Magazine. 1 (3). May 2012. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2017.
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- ^ «‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ named the greatest movie of all time by 480 filmmakers». 2 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
- ^ a b c «2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)». Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 1 December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ a b «1969 Hugo Awards». World Science Fiction Society. 28 August 1969. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ^ Brosnan, John (1978). Future tense : the cinema of science fiction. Internet Archive. New York : St. Martin’s Press. ISBN 978-0-312-31488-0.
- ^ del Rey, Lester (July 1968). «2001: A Space Odyssey». Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 193–194. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
- ^ Samuel R. Delany’s and Lester del Rey’s reviews both appear in the 1968 anthology The Year’s Best Science Fiction No. 2 edited by Harry Harrison and Brian W. Aldiss. Both are also printed on The Kubrick Site:
Lester, del Rey (1968). «2001: A Space Odyssey: A Review». Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
Delany, Samuel R. (1968). «A Review of 2001: A Space Odyssey». Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2022. - ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (13 July 2010). «R.I.P. hard science fiction writer James P. Hogan». io9. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
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- ^ «AFI’s 100 Years … 100 Movie Quotes» (PDF). afi.com. American Film Institute. 16 June 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ «AFI’s 100 Years … 100 Heroes & Villains» (PDF). afi.com. American Film Institute. 16 June 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ «AFI’s 100 Years … 100 Cheers» (PDF). afi.com. American Film Institute. 16 June 1998. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2015. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ «AFI’s 10 Top 10: Top 10 Sci-Fi». afi.com. American Film Institute. 17 June 2008. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ a b c d Krämer 2010, p. 8
- ^ See especially the essay «Auteur with a Capital A», by James Gilbert, anthologized in Kolker 2006.
- ^ Schwam 2010, p. 86
- ^ Slayton, Nicholas (5 July 2018). «In Lost Interview, Stanley Kubrick Explains The Ending of 2001: A Space odyssey». SyfyWire. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ Handy, Bruce (5 April 2018). «Sometimes a Broken Glass Is Just a Broken Glass». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
- ^ Krämer 2010, p. 7
- ^ Gelmis 1970, pp. 293–294
- ^ Houston, Penelope (Spring 1971). «Skeleton Key to 2001». Sight and Sound International Film Quarterly. London: British Film Institute. 40 (2).
- ^ a b Geduld 1973, p. 40
- ^ LoBrutto 1998, pp. 310, 606
- ^ Schwam 2010, p. 165
- ^ Dirks, Tim. «2001: A Space Odyssey». Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
- ^ Dirks, Tim. «2001: A Space Odyssey». Filmsite.org. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2019. Dirks says that, in the ape encounter, «With the mysterious monolith in the foreground, the glowing Sun rises over the black slab, directly beneath the crescent of the Moon» and that on the Moon «Again, the glowing Sun, Moon and Earth have formed a conjunctive orbital configuration.»
- ^ Schwam 2010, pp. 212–215
- ^ Webster, Patrick (2010). Love and Death in Kubrick: A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut. McFarland. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-7864-5916-2.
- ^ Ager, Rob (2015) [2008]. «Chapter 2. The Meaning Of The Monolith». 2001: A Space Odyssey — in-depth analysis. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
- ^ Chion, Michel (2019) [2001]. Kubrick’s Cinema Odyssey. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-838-71665-3.
- ^ Caicco, Gregory (2007). Architecture, ethics, and the personhood of place. UPNE. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-58465-653-1.
- ^ Westfahl, Gary (2005). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders, Volume 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 707. ISBN 978-0-313-32952-4.
- ^ Palmer, Christopher (Spring 2006). «Big Dumb Objects in Science Fiction: Sublimity, Banality, and Modernity». Extrapolation. Kent. 47 (1): 103. doi:10.3828/extr.2006.47.1.10.
- ^ Gelmis, Joseph. «An Interview with Stanley Kubrick (1969)». Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
- ^ a b Burfoot, Annette (2006). «The Fetal Voyager: Women in Modern Medical Visual Discourse». In Shteir, Ann; Lightman, Bernard (eds.). Figuring it out: science, gender, and visual culture. UPNE. p. 339. ISBN 978-1-58465-603-6.
- ^ Grant, Barry Keith (2010). Shadows of Doubt: Negotiations of Masculinity in American Genre Films. Wayne State University Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-8143-3457-7.
- ^ Wheat 2000, p. 3
- ^ Schwam 2010, pp. 210–213
- ^ a b Walker 2000, pp. 181–182
- ^ Walker 2000, p. 192
- ^ a b Bizony 2001, p. 151
- ^ Ciment 1999, p. 128
- ^ Michael Lennick (7 January 2001). 2001 and Beyond (television). Canada: Discovery Channel Canada.
- ^ Overbye, Dennis (10 May 2018). «‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Is Still the ‘Ultimate Trip’ – The rerelease of Stanley Kubrick’s masterpiece encourages us to reflect again on where we’re coming from and where we’re going». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
- ^ Parrett, Aaron (March 2008). «Review: Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey: New Essays by Robert Kolker». Science Fiction Studies. SF-TH Inc. 35 (1): 116–120. JSTOR 25475111. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
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- ^ «Take One: The First Annual Village Voice Film Critics’ Poll». The Village Voice. 1999. Archived from the original on 26 August 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2006.
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- ^ «100 Essential Films by The National Society of Film Critics». filmsite.org.
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- ^ a b «Votes for 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)». Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- ^ Heron, Ambrose (23 November 2008). «Cahiers du cinéma’s 100 Greatest Films».
- ^ Shoard, Catherine (21 October 2010). «2001: A Space Odessy: the best sci-fi and fantasy film of all time». The Guardian.
- ^ «The 100 Greatest American Films». bbc. 20 July 2015.
- ^ «National Film Registry». National Film Registry (National Film Preservation Board, Library of Congress). 13 December 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2013.
- ^ «The Moving Arts Film Journal | TMA’s 100 Greatest Films of All Time | web site». 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 6 January 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
- ^ «Scorsese’s 12 favorite films». Miramax.com. 29 March 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ^ Kazan, Casey (10 July 2009). «Ridley Scott: ‘After 2001 – A Space Odyssey, Science Fiction is Dead’«. Dailygalaxy.com. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Ciment, Michel (1972). «Odyssey of Stanley Kubrick». In Johnson, William (ed.). Focus on the Science Fiction Film. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-795179-6.
- ^ DeMet, George D. «The Search for Meaning in 2001». The 2001 Archive. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ «This Day in Science Fiction History – 2001: A Space Odyssey | Discover Magazine». Blogs.discovermagazine.com. 2 April 2009. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ DOUGLAS TRUMBULL – Lighting the Enterprise – Star Trek (YouTube). Toronto International Film Festival. 27 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 January 2020. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- ^ Mark Stetson (model shop supervisor) (1984). 2010: The Odyssey Continues (DVD). ZM Productions/MGM. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 31 August 2007.
- ^ «Starship Modeler: Modeling 2001 and 2010 Spacecraft». Starship Modeler. 19 October 2005. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
- ^ Bentley, Chris (2008). The Complete Gerry Anderson: The Authorised Episode Guide (4th ed.). London: Reynolds and Hearn. ISBN 978-1-905287-74-1.
- ^ «3001: The Final Odyssey». Yahoo! Movies. November 2002. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
- ^ «2001: A Space Odyssey Immersive Art Exhibit». aiandspace.si.edu. 3 April 2018. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ «Smithsonian celebrates 50th anniversary of ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’«. CBS News. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ a b Deb, Sopan (11 May 2018). «Christopher Nolan’s Version of Vinyl: Unrestoring ‘2001’«. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- ^ «Cannes Classics to celebrate the 50th anniversary of 2001: A Space Odyssey». Festival de Cannes. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ a b Opaskar, Peter (21 July 2018). «2001 in 70 mm: Pod bay doors look better than ever, still won’t open – Stanley Kubrick’s sci-fi opus looks better than it has in decades». Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ Wiseman, Andreas (28 March 2018). «Cannes: Christopher Nolan To Present 70 mm Print Of Stanley Kubrick’s ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’«. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ Kenigsberg, Ben (23 January 2020). «The Making of ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Was as Far Out as the Movie – A jumble of memorabilia, storyboards and props, an exhibit illustrates the whirl of influences behind Stanley Kubrick’s groundbreaking 1968 film». the New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ «Hollywood: Legends and Explorers, Lot 897». Julien’s Auctions. 17 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ^ Rice, Julian (2017). Kubrick’s Story, Spielberg’s Film. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing. p. 252.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (1980). «MGM/CBS Home Video ad». Billboard. No. 22 November 1980. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ 2001: A Space Odyssey (Laserdisc). The Criterion Collection/The Voyager Company. ASIN B00417U8UU.
- ^ «Top 10 DVDs and CDs of 2007». Sound & Vision. Vol. 73, no. 1–4. Hachette Filipacchi Magazines. 2008. p. 24. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ Archer, John (30 October 2018). «‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ 4K Blu-ray Review – A Monolithic Achievement». Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ Klady, Leonard (23 March 1993). «‘Turtles’ Fans Shell Out». Daily Variety. p. 3.
- ^ Silverman, Jason. «2001: A Re-Release Odyssey». Wired. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008.
- ^ «Press Reviews: 2001: A Space Odyssey». BBC. 4 April 2001. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014.
- ^ Turan, Kenneth (3 May 2018). «Christopher Nolan returns Kubrick sci-fi masterpiece ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ to its original glory». Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ «Experience Stanley Kubrick’s ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ in IMAX for the First Time». IMAX. 31 July 2018. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ^ Byford, Sam (3 December 2018). «2001: A Space Odyssey’s 8K TV broadcast doesn’t quite go beyond the infinite». The Verge. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
Bibliography
- Agel, Jerome, ed. (1970). The Making of Kubrick’s 2001. New York: New American Library. ISBN 0-451-07139-5.
- Bizony, Piers (2001). 2001 Filming the Future. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 1-85410-706-2.
- Castle, Alison, ed. (2005). The Stanley Kubrick Archives. Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-2284-5. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2007.
- Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Lucy Autrey, eds. (2010). George Lucas’s Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177889-6. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- Chapman, James; Cull, Nicholas J. (5 February 2013). Projecting Tomorrow: Science Fiction and Popular Cinema. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-410-8. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- Ciment, Michel (1999) [1980]. Kubrick. New York: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-21108-9.
- Clarke, Arthur C. (1972). The Lost Worlds of 2001. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 0-283-97903-8.
- Fiell, Charlotte (2005). 1,000 Chairs (Taschen 25). Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-4103-7.
- Gelmis, Joseph (1970). The Film Director As Superstar. New York: Doubleday & Company.
- Geduld, Carolyn (1973). «4. The Production: A Calendar». Filmguide to 2001: A Space Odyssey. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-39305-0.
- Hughes, David (2000). The Complete Kubrick. London: Virgin Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7535-0452-9.
- Kolker, Robert, ed. (2006). Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey: New Essays. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517453-4.
- Krämer, Peter (2010). 2001: A Space Odyssey. BFI Film Classics. London: British Film Institute.
- LoBrutto, Vincent (1998). Stanley Kubrick. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19393-5.
- McAleer, Neil (1992). Arthur C. Clarke. The Authorized Biography. Contemporary Books. ISBN 0-8092-4324-5.
- McAleer, Neil (1 April 2013). Sir Arthur C. Clarke: Odyssey of a Visionary: A Biography. RosettaBooks. ISBN 978-0-9848118-0-9. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- Pina, Leslie A. (2002). Herman Miller Office. Pennsylvania, United States: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-1650-0.
- Richter, Daniel (2002). Moonwatcher’s Memoir: A Diary of 2001: A Space Odyssey. foreword by Arthur C. Clarke. New York City: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1073-X.
- Schwam, Stephanie, ed. (2010) [2000]. The Making of 2001: A Space Odyssey. Introduction by Jay Cocks. New York City: Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-75760-9. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- Walker, Alexander (1971). Stanley Kubrick Directs. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-393-32119-3.
- Walker, Alexander (2000). Stanley Kubrick, director. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-32119-3. Note: This is a revised edition of Walker 1971.
- Wheat, Leonard F. (2000). Kubrick’s 2001: A Triple Allegory. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3796-X.
Further reading
- Emme, Eugene M., ed. (1982). Science fiction and space futures – past and present. AAS History Series. Vol. 5. San Diego: Univelt. ISBN 0-87703-172-X.
- Frayling, Christopher (2015). The 2001 File: Harry Lange and the Design of the Landmark Science Fiction Film. London: Reel Art Press. ISBN 978-0-9572610-2-0.
- Johnson, Adam (2012). 2001 The Lost Science. Burlington Canada: Apogee Prime. ISBN 978-1-926837-19-2.
- Johnson, Adam (2016). 2001 The Lost Science Volume 2. Burlington Canada: Apogee Prime. ISBN 978-1-926837-35-2.
- Mathijs, Ernest; Mendik, Xavier (2011). «2001: A Space Odyssey«. 100 Cult Films. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84457-571-8.
- Ordway, Frederick I; Godwin, Robert (2014). 2001 The Heritage & Legacy of the Space Odyssey. Burlington Canada: Apogee Prime. ISBN 978-1-9268373-2-1.
- Shuldiner, Herbert (June 1968). «How They Filmed ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’«. Popular Science. Vol. 192, no. 6. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 62–67. ISSN 0161-7370.
- Wigley, Samuel (28 March 2018). «50 years of 2001: A Space Odyssey – 5 films that influenced Kubrick’s giant leap for sci-fi». bfi.org.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
External links[edit]
2001: A Space Odyssey | |
---|---|
Theatrical release poster by Robert McCall |
|
Directed by | Stanley Kubrick |
Screenplay by |
|
Produced by | Stanley Kubrick |
Starring |
|
Cinematography | Geoffrey Unsworth |
Edited by | Ray Lovejoy |
Production |
Stanley Kubrick Productions |
Distributed by | Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |
Release dates |
|
Running time |
approx. 143 minutes[1] |
Countries |
|
Language | English |
Budget | $10.5 million |
Box office | $146 million |
2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 epic science fiction film produced and directed by Stanley Kubrick. The screenplay was written by Kubrick and science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke, and was inspired by Clarke’s 1951 short story «The Sentinel» and other short stories by Clarke. Clarke also published a novelisation of the film, in part written concurrently with the screenplay, after the film’s release. The film stars Keir Dullea, Gary Lockwood, William Sylvester, and Douglas Rain, and follows a voyage by astronauts, scientists and the sentient supercomputer HAL to Jupiter to investigate an alien monolith.
The film is noted for its scientifically accurate depiction of space flight, pioneering special effects, and ambiguous imagery. Kubrick avoided conventional cinematic and narrative techniques; dialogue is used sparingly, and there are long sequences accompanied only by music. The soundtrack incorporates numerous works of classical music, by composers including Richard Strauss, Johann Strauss II, Aram Khachaturian, and György Ligeti.
The film received diverse critical responses, ranging from those who saw it as darkly apocalyptic to those who saw it as an optimistic reappraisal of the hopes of humanity. Critics noted its exploration of themes such as human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and the possibility of extraterrestrial life. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, winning Kubrick the award for his direction of the visual effects. The film is now widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films ever made. In 1991, it was deemed «culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant» by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[2][3]
Plot[edit]
In a prehistoric veldt, a tribe of hominins is driven away from its water hole by a rival tribe. The next day, they find an alien monolith has appeared in their midst. They then learn how to use a bone as a weapon and, after their first hunt, return to drive their rivals away with it.
Millions of years later, Dr. Heywood Floyd, Chairman of the United States National Council of Astronautics, travels to Clavius Base, an American lunar outpost. During a stopover at Space Station 5, he meets Russian scientists who are concerned that Clavius seems to be unresponsive. He refuses to discuss rumours of an epidemic at the base. At Clavius, Heywood addresses a meeting of personnel to whom he stresses the need for secrecy regarding their newest discovery. His mission is to investigate a recently found artefact, a monolith buried four million years earlier near the lunar crater Tycho. As he and others examine the object, it is struck by sunlight, upon which it emits a high-powered radio signal.
Eighteen months later, the American spacecraft Discovery One is bound for Jupiter, with mission pilots and scientists Dr. David «Dave» Bowman and Dr. Frank Poole on board, along with three other scientists in suspended animation. Most of Discovery‘s operations are controlled by HAL, a HAL 9000 computer with a human personality. When HAL reports the imminent failure of an antenna control device, Dave retrieves it in an extravehicular activity (EVA) pod, but finds nothing wrong. HAL suggests reinstalling the device and letting it fail so the problem can be verified. Mission Control advises the astronauts that results from their twin 9000 computer indicate that HAL has made an error, but HAL blames it on human error. Concerned about HAL’s behaviour, Dave and Frank enter an EVA pod so they can talk without HAL overhearing. They agree to disconnect HAL if he is proven wrong, but HAL follows their conversation by lip reading.
While Frank is outside the ship to replace the antenna unit, HAL takes control of his pod, setting him adrift. Dave takes another pod to rescue Frank. While he is outside, HAL turns off the life support functions of the crewmen in suspended animation, killing them. When Dave returns to the ship with Frank’s body, HAL refuses to let him back in, stating that their plan to deactivate him jeopardises the mission. Dave releases Frank’s body and, despite not having a spacesuit helmet, exits his pod, crosses the vacuum and opens the ship’s emergency airlock manually. He goes to HAL’s processor core and begins disconnecting HAL’s circuits, despite HAL begging him not to. When the disconnection is complete, a prerecorded video by Heywood plays, revealing that the mission’s objective is to investigate the radio signal sent from the monolith to Jupiter.
At Jupiter, Dave finds a third, much larger monolith orbiting the planet. He leaves Discovery in an EVA pod to investigate. He is pulled into a vortex of coloured light and observes bizarre cosmological phenomena and strange landscapes of unusual colours as he passes by. Finally he finds himself in a large neoclassical bedroom where he sees, and then becomes, older versions of himself: first standing in the bedroom, middle-aged and still in his spacesuit, then dressed in leisure attire and eating dinner, and finally as an old man lying in bed. A monolith appears at the foot of the bed, and as Dave reaches for it, he is transformed into a foetus enclosed in a transparent orb of light floating in space above the Earth.
Cast[edit]
- Keir Dullea as Dr. David Bowman
- Gary Lockwood as Dr. Frank Poole
- William Sylvester as Dr. Heywood Floyd
- Daniel Richter as Moonwatcher, the chief man-ape
- Leonard Rossiter as Dr. Andrei Smyslov
- Margaret Tyzack as Elena
- Robert Beatty as Dr. Ralph Halvorsen
- Sean Sullivan as Dr. Roy Michaels[4]
- Douglas Rain as the voice of HAL 9000
- Frank Miller as mission controller
- Edwina Carroll as lunar shuttle stewardess
- Penny Brahms as stewardess
- Heather Downham as stewardess
- Alan Gifford as Poole’s father
- Ann Gillis as Poole’s mother
- Maggie d’Abo as stewardess (Space Station 5 elevator) (uncredited)[5]
- Chela Matthison as Mrs. Turner, Space Station 5 reception (uncredited)[6]
- Vivian Kubrick as Floyd’s daughter, «Squirt» (uncredited)[7]
- Kenneth Kendall as BBC announcer (uncredited)[8]
Production[edit]
Development[edit]
After completing Dr. Strangelove (1964), director Stanley Kubrick told a publicist from Columbia Pictures that his next project would be about extraterrestrial life,[9] and resolved to make «the proverbial good science fiction movie».[10] How Kubrick became interested in creating a science fiction film is far from clear.[11] Biographer John Baxter notes possible inspirations in the late 1950s, including British productions featuring dramas on satellites and aliens modifying early humans, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer’s big budget CinemaScope production Forbidden Planet, and the slick widescreen cinematography and set design of Japanese kaiju (monster movie) productions (such as Godzilla and Warning from Space).[11]
Kubrick obtained financing and distribution from the American studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer with the selling point that the film could be marketed in their ultra widescreen Cinerama format, recently debuted with their How the West Was Won.[12][13][11] It would be filmed and edited almost entirely in southern England, where Kubrick lived, using the facilities of MGM-British Studios and Shepperton Studios. MGM had subcontracted the production of the film to Kubrick’s production company to qualify for the Eady Levy, a UK tax on box-office receipts used at the time to fund the production of films in Britain.[14]
Pre-production[edit]
Kubrick’s decision to avoid the fanciful portrayals of space found in standard popular science fiction films of the time led him to seek more realistic and accurate depictions of space travel. Illustrators such as Chesley Bonestell, Roy Carnon, and Richard McKenna were hired to produce concept drawings, sketches, and paintings of the space technology seen in the film.[15][16] Two educational films, the National Film Board of Canada’s 1960 animated short documentary Universe and the 1964 New York World’s Fair movie To the Moon and Beyond, were major influences.[15]
According to biographer Vincent LoBrutto, Universe was a visual inspiration to Kubrick.[17] The 29-minute film, which had also proved popular at NASA for its realistic portrayal of outer space, met «the standard of dynamic visionary realism that he was looking for.» Wally Gentleman, one of the special-effects artists on Universe, worked briefly on 2001. Kubrick also asked Universe co-director Colin Low about animation camerawork, with Low recommending British mathematician Brian Salt, with whom Low and Roman Kroitor had previously worked on the 1957 still-animation documentary City of Gold.[18][19] Universe‘s narrator, actor Douglas Rain, was cast as the voice of HAL.[20]
After pre-production had begun, Kubrick saw To the Moon and Beyond, a film shown in the Transportation and Travel building at the 1964 World’s Fair. It was filmed in Cinerama 360 and shown in the «Moon Dome». Kubrick hired the company that produced it, Graphic Films Corporation—which had been making films for NASA, the US Air Force, and various aerospace clients—as a design consultant.[15] Graphic Films’ Con Pederson, Lester Novros, and background artist Douglas Trumbull airmailed research-based concept sketches and notes covering the mechanics and physics of space travel, and created storyboards for the space flight sequences in 2001.[15] Trumbull became a special effects supervisor on 2001.[15]
Writing[edit]
Searching for a collaborator in the science fiction community for the writing of the script, Kubrick was advised by a mutual acquaintance, Columbia Pictures staff member Roger Caras, to talk to writer Arthur C. Clarke, who lived in Ceylon. Although convinced that Clarke was «a recluse, a nut who lives in a tree,» Kubrick allowed Caras to cable the film proposal to Clarke. Clarke’s cabled response stated that he was «frightfully interested in working with [that] enfant terrible«, and added «what makes Kubrick think I’m a recluse?»[17][21] Meeting for the first time at Trader Vic’s in New York on 22 April 1964, the two began discussing the project that would take up the next four years of their lives.[22] Clarke kept a diary throughout his involvement with 2001, excerpts of which were published in 1972 as The Lost Worlds of 2001.[23]
Arthur C. Clarke in 1965, photographed in the Discovery‘s pod bay
Kubrick told Clarke he wanted to make a film about «Man’s relationship to the universe»,[24] and was, in Clarke’s words, «determined to create a work of art which would arouse the emotions of wonder, awe … even, if appropriate, terror».[22] Clarke offered Kubrick six of his short stories, and by May 1964, Kubrick had chosen «The Sentinel» as the source material for the film. In search of more material to expand the film’s plot, the two spent the rest of 1964 reading books on science and anthropology, screening science fiction films, and brainstorming ideas.[25] They created the plot for 2001 by integrating several different short story plots written by Clarke, along with new plot segments requested by Kubrick for the film development, and then combined them all into a single script for 2001.[26][27] Clarke said that his 1953 story «Encounter in the Dawn» inspired the film’s «Dawn of Man» sequence.[28]
Kubrick and Clarke privately referred to the project as How the Solar System Was Won, a reference to how it was a follow-on to MGM’s Cinerama epic How the West Was Won.[11] On 23 February 1965, Kubrick issued a press release announcing the title as Journey Beyond The Stars.[29] Other titles considered included Universe, Tunnel to the Stars, and Planetfall. Expressing his high expectations for the thematic importance which he associated with the film, in April 1965, eleven months after they began working on the project, Kubrick selected 2001: A Space Odyssey; Clarke said the title was «entirely» Kubrick’s idea.[30] Intending to set the film apart from the «monsters-and-sex» type of science-fiction films of the time, Kubrick used Homer‘s The Odyssey as both a model of literary merit and a source of inspiration for the title. Kubrick said, «It occurred to us that for the Greeks the vast stretches of the sea must have had the same sort of mystery and remoteness that space has for our generation.»[31]
How much would we appreciate La Gioconda today if Leonardo had written at the bottom of the canvas: «This lady is smiling slightly because she has rotten teeth» — or «because she’s hiding a secret from her lover»? It would shut off the viewer’s appreciation and shackle him to a reality other than his own. I don’t want that to happen to 2001.
—Stanley Kubrick, Playboy, 1968[32]
Originally, Kubrick and Clarke had planned to develop a 2001 novel first, free of the constraints of film, and then write the screenplay. They planned the writing credits to be «Screenplay by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke, based on a novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick» to reflect their preeminence in their respective fields.[33] In practice, the screenplay developed in parallel with the novel, with only some elements being common to both. In a 1970 interview, Kubrick said:
There are a number of differences between the book and the movie. The novel, for example, attempts to explain things much more explicitly than the film does, which is inevitable in a verbal medium. The novel came about after we did a 130-page prose treatment of the film at the very outset. … Arthur took all the existing material, plus an impression of some of the rushes, and wrote the novel. As a result, there’s a difference between the novel and the film … I think that the divergences between the two works are interesting.[34]
In the end, Clarke and Kubrick wrote parts of the novel and screenplay simultaneously, with the film version being released before the book version was published. Clarke opted for clearer explanations of the mysterious monolith and Star Gate in the novel; Kubrick made the film more cryptic by minimising dialogue and explanation.[35] Kubrick said the film is «basically a visual, nonverbal experience» that «hits the viewer at an inner level of consciousness, just as music does, or painting».[36]
The screenplay credits were shared whereas the 2001 novel, released shortly after the film, was attributed to Clarke alone. Clarke wrote later that «the nearest approximation to the complicated truth» is that the screenplay should be credited to «Kubrick and Clarke» and the novel to «Clarke and Kubrick».[37] Early reports about tensions involved in the writing of the film script appeared to reach a point where Kubrick was allegedly so dissatisfied with the collaboration that he approached other writers who could replace Clarke, including Michael Moorcock and J. G. Ballard. But they felt it would be disloyal to accept Kubrick’s offer.[38] In Michael Benson’s 2018 book Space Odyssey: Stanley Kubrick, Arthur C. Clarke, and the Making of a Masterpiece, the actual relation between Clarke and Kubrick was more complex, involving an extended interaction of Kubrick’s multiple requests for Clarke to write new plot lines for various segments of the film, which Clarke was expected to withhold from publication until after the release of the film while receiving advances on his salary from Kubrick during film production. Clarke agreed to this, though apparently he did make several requests for Kubrick to allow him to develop his new plot lines into separate publishable stories while film production continued, which Kubrick consistently denied on the basis of Clarke’s contractual obligation to withhold publication until release of the film.[27]
Astronomer Carl Sagan wrote in his 1973 book The Cosmic Connection that Clarke and Kubrick had asked him how to best depict extraterrestrial intelligence. While acknowledging Kubrick’s desire to use actors to portray humanoid aliens for convenience’s sake, Sagan argued that alien life forms were unlikely to bear any resemblance to terrestrial life, and that to do so would introduce «at least an element of falseness» to the film. Sagan proposed that the film should simply suggest extraterrestrial superintelligence, rather than depict it. He attended the premiere and was «pleased to see that I had been of some help.»[39] Sagan had met with Clarke and Kubrick only once, in 1964; and Kubrick subsequently directed several attempts to portray credible aliens, only to abandon the idea near the end of post-production. Benson asserts it is unlikely that Sagan’s advice had any direct influence.[27] Kubrick hinted at the nature of the mysterious unseen alien race in 2001 by suggesting that given millions of years of evolution, they progressed from biological beings to «immortal machine entities» and then into «beings of pure energy and spirit» with «limitless capabilities and ungraspable intelligence».[40]
In a 1980 interview (not released during Kubrick’s lifetime), Kubrick explains one of the film’s closing scenes, where Bowman is depicted in old age after his journey through the Star Gate:
The idea was supposed to be that he is taken in by godlike entities, creatures of pure energy and intelligence with no shape or form. They put him in what I suppose you could describe as a human zoo to study him, and his whole life passes from that point on in that room. And he has no sense of time. … [W]hen they get finished with him, as happens in so many myths of all cultures in the world, he is transformed into some kind of super being and sent back to Earth, transformed and made some kind of superman. We have to only guess what happens when he goes back. It is the pattern of a great deal of mythology, and that is what we were trying to suggest.[41]
The script went through many stages. In early 1965, when backing was secured for the film, Clarke and Kubrick still had no firm idea of what would happen to Bowman after the Star Gate sequence. Initially all of Discovery‘s astronauts were to survive the journey; by 3 October, Clarke and Kubrick had decided to make Bowman the sole survivor and have him regress to infancy. By 17 October, Kubrick had come up with what Clarke called a «wild idea of slightly fag robots who create a Victorian environment to put our heroes at their ease.»[37] HAL 9000 was originally named Athena after the Greek goddess of wisdom and had a feminine voice and persona.[37]
Early drafts included a prologue containing interviews with scientists about extraterrestrial life,[42] voice-over narration (a feature in all of Kubrick’s previous films),[a] a stronger emphasis on the prevailing Cold War balance of terror, and a different and more explicitly explained breakdown for HAL.[44][45] Other changes include a different monolith for the «Dawn of Man» sequence, discarded when early prototypes did not photograph well; the use of Saturn as the final destination of the Discovery mission rather than Jupiter, discarded when the special effects team could not develop a convincing rendition of Saturn’s rings; and the finale of the Star Child exploding nuclear weapons carried by Earth-orbiting satellites,[45] which Kubrick discarded for its similarity to his previous film, Dr. Strangelove.[42][45] The finale and many of the other discarded screenplay ideas survived in Clarke’s novel.[45]
Kubrick made further changes to make the film more nonverbal, to communicate on a visual and visceral level rather than through conventional narrative.[32] By the time shooting began, Kubrick had removed much of the dialogue and narration.[46] Long periods without dialogue permeate the film: the film has no dialogue for roughly the first and last twenty minutes,[47] as well as for the 10 minutes from Floyd’s Moonbus landing near the monolith until Poole watches a BBC newscast on Discovery. What dialogue remains is notable for its banality (making the computer HAL seem to have more emotion than the humans) when juxtaposed with the epic space scenes.[46] Vincent LoBrutto wrote that Clarke’s novel has its own «strong narrative structure» and precision, while the narrative of the film remains symbolic, in accord with Kubrick’s final intentions.[48]
Filming[edit]
Principal photography began on 29 December 1965, in Stage H at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England. The studio was chosen because it could house the 60-by-120-by-60-foot (18 m × 37 m × 18 m) pit for the Tycho crater excavation scene, the first to be shot. In January 1966, the production moved to the smaller MGM-British Studios in Borehamwood, where the live-action and special-effects filming was done, starting with the scenes involving Floyd on the Orion spaceplane;[49] it was described as a «huge throbbing nerve center … with much the same frenetic atmosphere as a Cape Kennedy blockhouse during the final stages of Countdown.»[50] The only scene not filmed in a studio—and the last live-action scene shot for the film—was the skull-smashing sequence, in which Moonwatcher (Richter) wields his newfound bone «weapon-tool» against a pile of nearby animal bones. A small elevated platform was built in a field near the studio so that the camera could shoot upward with the sky as background, avoiding cars and trucks passing by in the distance.[51][52] The Dawn of Man sequence that opens the film was shot at Borehamwood with John Alcott as cinematographer after Geoffrey Unsworth left to work on other projects.[53][54] The still photographs used as backgrounds for the Dawn of Man sequence were taken in Namibia.[55]
Filming of actors was completed in September 1967,[56] and from June 1966 until March 1968, Kubrick spent most of his time working on the 205 special-effects shots in the film.[34] He ordered the special-effects technicians to use the painstaking process of creating all visual effects seen in the film «in camera», avoiding degraded picture quality from the use of blue screen and travelling matte techniques. Although this technique, known as «held takes», resulted in a much better image, it meant exposed film would be stored for long periods of time between shots, sometimes as long as a year.[57] In March 1968, Kubrick finished the «pre-premiere» editing of the film, making his final cuts just days before the film’s general release in April 1968.[34]
The film was announced in 1965 as a «Cinerama»[58] film and was photographed in Super Panavision 70 (which uses a 65 mm negative combined with spherical lenses to create an aspect ratio of 2.20:1). It would eventually be released in a limited «roadshow» Cinerama version, then in 70 mm and 35 mm versions.[59][60] Colour processing and 35 mm release prints were done using Technicolor’s dye transfer process. The 70 mm prints were made by MGM Laboratories, Inc. on Metrocolor. The production was $4.5 million over the initial $6 million budget and 16 months behind schedule.[61]
For the opening sequence involving tribes of apes, professional mime Daniel Richter played the lead ape and choreographed the movements of the other man-apes, who were mostly portrayed by his mime troupe.[51]
Kubrick and Clarke consulted IBM on plans for HAL, though plans to use the company’s logo never materialised.[55]
Post-production[edit]
For cuts made after the film premiered, see the Theatrical run section below.
The film was edited before it was publicly screened, cutting out, among other things, a painting class on the lunar base that included Kubrick’s daughters, additional scenes of life on the base, and Floyd buying a bush baby for his daughter from a department store via videophone.[62] A ten-minute black-and-white opening sequence featuring interviews with scientists, including Freeman Dyson discussing off-Earth life,[63] was removed after an early screening for MGM executives.[64]
Music[edit]
From early in production, Kubrick decided that he wanted the film to be a primarily nonverbal experience[65] that did not rely on the traditional techniques of narrative cinema, and in which music would play a vital role in evoking particular moods. About half the music in the film appears either before the first line of dialogue or after the final line. Almost no music is heard during scenes with dialogue.[66]
The film is notable for its innovative use of classical music taken from existing commercial recordings. Most feature films, then and now, are typically accompanied by elaborate film scores or songs written specially for them by professional composers. In the early stages of production, Kubrick commissioned a score for 2001 from Hollywood composer Alex North, who had written the score for Spartacus and also had worked on Dr. Strangelove.[67] During post-production, Kubrick chose to abandon North’s music in favour of the now-familiar classical pieces he had earlier chosen as temporary music for the film. North did not learn that his score had been abandoned until he saw the film’s premiere.[66]
Design and special effects[edit]
Costumes and set design[edit]
Kubrick involved himself in every aspect of production, even choosing the fabric for his actors’ costumes,[68] and selecting notable pieces of contemporary furniture for use in the film. When Floyd exits the Space Station 5 elevator, he is greeted by an attendant seated behind a slightly modified George Nelson Action Office desk from Herman Miller’s 1964 «Action Office» series.[b][69][c] Danish designer Arne Jacobsen designed the cutlery used by the Discovery astronauts in the film.[70][71][72]
Other examples of modern furniture in the film are the bright red Djinn chairs seen prominently throughout the space station[73][74] and Eero Saarinen’s 1956 pedestal tables. Olivier Mourgue, designer of the Djinn chair, has used the connection to 2001 in his advertising; a frame from the film’s space station sequence and three production stills appear on the homepage of Mourgue’s website.[75] Shortly before Kubrick’s death, film critic Alexander Walker informed Kubrick of Mourgue’s use of the film, joking to him «You’re keeping the price up».[76] Commenting on their use in the film, Walker writes:
Everyone recalls one early sequence in the film, the space hotel, primarily because the custom-made Olivier Mourgue furnishings, those foam-filled sofas, undulant and serpentine, are covered in scarlet fabric and are the first stabs of colour one sees. They resemble Rorschach «blots» against the pristine purity of the rest of the lobby.[77]
Detailed instructions in relatively small print for various technological devices appear at several points in the film, the most visible of which are the lengthy instructions for the zero-gravity toilet on the Aries Moon shuttle. Similar detailed instructions for replacing the explosive bolts also appear on the hatches of the EVA pods, most visibly in closeup just before Bowman’s pod leaves the ship to rescue Frank Poole.[d]
The film features an extensive use of Eurostile Bold Extended, Futura and other sans serif typefaces as design elements of the 2001 world.[79] Computer displays show high-resolution fonts, colour, and graphics that were far in advance of what most computers were capable of in the 1960s, when the film was made.[78]
Design of the monolith[edit]
Kubrick was personally involved in the design of the monolith and its form for the film. The first design for the monolith for the 2001 film was a transparent tetrahedral pyramid. This was taken from the short story «The Sentinel» that the first story was based on.[80][81]
A London firm was approached by Kubrick to provide a 12-foot (3.7 m) transparent plexiglass pyramid, and due to construction constraints they recommended a flat slab shape. Kubrick approved, but was disappointed with the glassy appearance of the transparent prop on set, leading art director Anthony Masters to suggest making the monolith’s surface matte black.[27]
Models[edit]
Modern replica of the Discovery One spaceship model
To heighten the reality of the film, very intricate models of the various spacecraft and locations were built. Their sizes ranged from about two-foot-long models of satellites and the Aries translunar shuttle up to the 55-foot (17 m)-long model of the Discovery One spacecraft. «In-camera» techniques were again used as much as possible to combine models and background shots together to prevent degradation of the image through duplication.[82][83]
In shots where there was no perspective change, still shots of the models were photographed and positive paper prints were made. The image of the model was cut out of the photographic print and mounted on glass and filmed on an animation stand. The undeveloped film was re-wound to film the star background with the silhouette of the model photograph acting as a matte to block out where the spaceship image was.[82]
Shots where the spacecraft had parts in motion or the perspective changed were shot by directly filming the model. For most shots the model was stationary and camera was driven along a track on a special mount, the motor of which was mechanically linked to the camera motor—making it possible to repeat camera moves and match speeds exactly. Elements of the scene were recorded on the same piece of film in separate passes to combine the lit model, stars, planets, or other spacecraft in the same shot. In moving shots of the long Discovery One spacecraft, in order to keep the entire model in focus (and preserve its sense of scale), the camera’s aperture was stopped down for maximum depth-of-field, and each frame was exposed for several seconds.[84] Many matting techniques were tried to block out the stars behind the models, with filmmakers sometimes resorting to hand-tracing frame by frame around the image of the spacecraft (rotoscoping) to create the matte.[82][85]
Some shots required exposing the film again to record previously filmed live-action shots of the people appearing in the windows of the spacecraft or structures. This was achieved by projecting the window action onto the models in a separate camera pass or, when two-dimensional photographs were used, projecting from the backside through a hole cut in the photograph.[84]
All of the shots required multiple takes so that some film could be developed and printed to check exposure, density, alignment of elements, and to supply footage used for other photographic effects, such as for matting.[82][85]
Rotating sets[edit]
The «centrifuge» set used for filming scenes depicting interior of the spaceship Discovery
For spacecraft interior shots, ostensibly containing a giant centrifuge that produces artificial gravity, Kubrick had a 30-short-ton (27 t) rotating «ferris wheel» built by Vickers-Armstrong Engineering Group at a cost of $750,000. The set was 38 feet (12 m) in diameter and 10 feet (3.0 m) wide.[86] Various scenes in the Discovery centrifuge were shot by securing set pieces within the wheel, then rotating it while the actor walked or ran in sync with its motion, keeping him at the bottom of the wheel as it turned. The camera could be fixed to the inside of the rotating wheel to show the actor walking completely «around» the set, or mounted in such a way that the wheel rotated independently of the stationary camera, as in the jogging scene where the camera appears to alternately precede and follow the running actor.[87]
The shots where the actors appear on opposite sides of the wheel required one of the actors to be strapped securely into place at the «top» of the wheel as it moved to allow the other actor to walk to the «bottom» of the wheel to join him. The most notable case is when Bowman enters the centrifuge from the central hub on a ladder, and joins Poole, who is eating on the other side of the centrifuge. This required Gary Lockwood to be strapped into a seat while Keir Dullea walked toward him from the opposite side of the wheel as it turned with him.[87]
Another rotating set appeared in an earlier sequence on board the Aries trans-lunar shuttle. A stewardess is shown preparing in-flight meals, then carrying them into a circular walkway. Attached to the set as it rotates 180 degrees, the camera’s point of view remains constant, and she appears to walk up the «side» of the circular walkway, and steps, now in an «upside-down» orientation, into a connecting hallway.[88]
Zero-gravity effects[edit]
The realistic-looking effects of the astronauts floating weightless in space and inside the spacecraft were accomplished by suspending the actors from wires attached to the top of the set and placing the camera beneath them. The actors’ bodies blocked the camera’s view of the wires and appeared to float. For the shot of Poole floating into the pod’s arms during Bowman’s recovery of him, a stuntman on a wire portrayed the movements of an unconscious man and was shot in slow motion to enhance the illusion of drifting through space.[89] The scene showing Bowman entering the emergency airlock from the EVA pod was done similarly: an off-camera stagehand, standing on a platform, held the wire suspending Dullea above the camera positioned at the bottom of the vertically oriented airlock. At the proper moment, the stage-hand first loosened his grip on the wire, causing Dullea to fall toward the camera, then, while holding the wire firmly, jumped off the platform, causing Dullea to ascend back toward the hatch.[90]
The methods used were alleged to have placed stuntman Bill Weston’s life in danger. Weston recalled that he filmed one sequence without air-holes in his suit, risking asphyxiation. «Even when the tank was feeding air into the suit, there was no place for the carbon dioxide Weston exhaled to go. So it simply built up inside, incrementally causing a heightened heart rate, rapid breathing, fatigue, clumsiness, and eventually, unconsciousness.»[91] Weston said Kubrick was warned «we’ve got to get him back» but reportedly replied, «Damn it, we just started. Leave him up there! Leave him up there!»[92] When Weston lost consciousness, filming ceased, and he was brought down. «They brought the tower in, and I went looking for Stanley, … I was going to shove MGM right up his … And the thing is, Stanley had left the studio and sent Victor [Lyndon, the associate producer] to talk to me.» Weston claimed Kubrick fled the studio for «two or three days. … I know he didn’t come in the next day, and I’m sure it wasn’t the day after. Because I was going to do him.»[93]
«Star Gate» sequence[edit]
During the «Jupiter and Beyond the Infinite» sequence, Bowman takes a trip through the «Star Gate» that involves the innovative use of slit-scan photography to create the visual effects.
The coloured lights in the Star Gate sequence were accomplished by slit-scan photography of thousands of high-contrast images on film, including Op art paintings, architectural drawings, Moiré patterns, printed circuits, and electron-microscope photographs of molecular and crystal structures. Known to staff as «Manhattan Project», the shots of various nebula-like phenomena, including the expanding star field, were coloured paints and chemicals swirling in a pool-like device known as a cloud tank, shot in slow motion in a dark room.[94] The live-action landscape shots were filmed in the Hebridean islands, the mountains of northern Scotland, and Monument Valley. The colouring and negative-image effects were achieved with different colour filters in the process of making duplicate negatives in an optical printer.[95]
Visual effects[edit]
A bone-club and orbiting satellite are juxtaposed in the film’s famous match cut
«Not one foot of this film was made with computer-generated special effects. Everything you see in this film or saw in this film was done physically or chemically, one way or the other.»
— Keir Dullea (2014)[96]
2001 contains a famous example of a match cut, a type of cut in which two shots are matched by action or subject matter.[97][98] After Moonwatcher uses a bone to kill another ape at the watering hole, he throws it triumphantly into the air; as the bone spins in the air, the film cuts to an orbiting satellite, marking the end of the prologue.[99] The match cut draws a connection between the two objects as exemplars of primitive and advanced tools respectively, and demonstrates humanity’s technological progress since the time of early hominids.[100]
2001 pioneered the use of front projection with retroreflective matting. Kubrick used the technique to produce the backdrops in the Africa scenes and the scene when astronauts walk on the Moon.[101][54]
The technique consisted of a separate scenery projector set at a right angle to the camera and a half-silvered mirror placed at an angle in front that reflected the projected image forward in line with the camera lens onto a backdrop of retroreflective material. The reflective directional screen behind the actors could reflect light from the projected image 100 times more efficiently than the foreground subject did. The lighting of the foreground subject had to be balanced with the image from the screen, so that the part of the scenery image that fell on the foreground subject was too faint to show on the finished film. The exception was the eyes of the leopard in the «Dawn of Man» sequence, which glowed due to the projector illumination. Kubrick described this as «a happy accident».[102]
Front projection had been used in smaller settings before 2001, mostly for still photography or television production, using small still images and projectors. The expansive backdrops for the African scenes required a screen 40 feet (12 m) tall and 110 feet (34 m) wide, far larger than had been used before. When the reflective material was applied to the backdrop in 100-foot (30 m) strips, variations at the seams of the strips led to visual artefacts; to solve this, the crew tore the material into smaller chunks and applied them in a random «camouflage» pattern on the backdrop. The existing projectors using 4-×-5-inch (10 × 13 cm) transparencies resulted in grainy images when projected that large, so the crew worked with MGM’s special-effects supervisor Tom Howard to build a custom projector using 8-×-10-inch (20 × 25 cm) transparencies, which required the largest water-cooled arc lamp available.[102] The technique was used widely in the film industry thereafter until it was replaced by blue/green screen systems in the 1990s.[102]
Soundtrack[edit]
The initial MGM soundtrack album release contained none of the material from the altered and uncredited rendition of Ligeti’s Aventures used in the film, used a different recording of Also sprach Zarathustra (performed by the Berlin Philharmonic conducted by Karl Böhm) from that heard in the film, and a longer excerpt of Lux Aeterna than that in the film.[103]
In 1996, Turner Entertainment/Rhino Records released a new soundtrack on CD that included the film’s rendition of «Aventures», the version of «Zarathustra» used in the film, and the shorter version of Lux Aeterna from the film. As additional «bonus tracks» at the end, the CD includes the versions of «Zarathustra» and Lux Aeterna on the old MGM soundtrack album, an unaltered performance of «Aventures», and a nine-minute compilation of all of HAL’s dialogue.[103]
Alex North’s unused music was first released in Telarc’s issue of the main theme on Hollywood’s Greatest Hits, Vol. 2, a compilation album by Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra. All of the music North originally wrote was recorded commercially by his friend and colleague Jerry Goldsmith with the National Philharmonic Orchestra and released on Varèse Sarabande CDs shortly after Telarc’s first theme release and before North’s death. Eventually, a mono mix-down of North’s original recordings was released as a limited-edition CD by Intrada Records.[104]
Theatrical run and post-premiere cuts[edit]
Original trailer for 2001: A Space Odyssey.
The film’s world premiere was on 2 April 1968,[105][106] at the Uptown Theater in Washington, D.C. with a 160-minute cut.[107] It opened the next day at the Loew’s Capitol in New York and the following day at the Warner Hollywood Theatre in Los Angeles.[107] The original version was also shown in Boston.
Kubrick and editor Ray Lovejoy edited the film between 5 April and 9, 1968. Kubrick’s rationale for trimming the film was to tighten the narrative. Reviews suggested the film suffered from its departure from traditional cinematic storytelling.[108] Kubrick said, «I didn’t believe that the trims made a critical difference. … The people who like it like it no matter what its length, and the same holds true for the people who hate it.»[62] The cut footage is reported as being 19[109][110] or 17[111] minutes long. It includes scenes revealing details about life on Discovery: additional space walks, Bowman retrieving a spare part from an octagonal corridor, elements from the Poole murder sequence—including space-walk preparation and HAL turning off radio contact with Poole—and a close-up of Bowman picking up a slipper during his walk in the alien room.[62] Jerome Agel describes the cut scenes as comprising «Dawn of Man, Orion, Poole exercising in the centrifuge, and Poole’s pod exiting from Discovery.»[112] The new cut was approximately 143 minutes long,[1] around 88 minutes for the first section, followed by an intermission, and 55 minutes in the second section.[113] Detailed instructions were sent to theatre owners already showing the film so that they could make the specified trims themselves.[citation needed] Some of the cuts may have been poorly done in a particular theatre, possibly causing the version seen by viewers early in the film’s run to vary from theatre to theatre.
According to his brother-in-law, Jan Harlan, Kubrick was adamant that the trims were never to be seen and had the negatives, which he had kept in his garage, burned shortly before his death. This was confirmed by former Kubrick assistant Leon Vitali: «I’ll tell you right now, okay, on Clockwork Orange, The Shining, Barry Lyndon, some little parts of 2001, we had thousands of cans of negative outtakes and print, which we had stored in an area at his house where we worked out of, which he personally supervised the loading of it to a truck and then I went down to a big industrial waste lot and burned it. That’s what he wanted.»[114] However, in December 2010, Douglas Trumbull, the film’s visual effects supervisor, announced that Warner Bros. had found 17 minutes of lost footage from the post-premiere cuts, «perfectly preserved», in a Kansas salt mine vault used by Warners for storage.[115][112][111] No plans have been announced for the rediscovered footage.[116]
The revised version was ready for the expansion of the roadshow release to four other U.S. cities (Chicago, Denver, Detroit and Houston), on 10 April 1968, and internationally in five cities the following day,[112][117] where the shortened version was shown in 70mm format in the 2.21:1 aspect ratio and used a six-track stereo magnetic soundtrack.[112]
By the end of May, the film had opened in 22 cities in the United States and Canada and in another 36 in June.[118] The general release of the film in its 35 mm anamorphic format took place in autumn 1968 and used either a four-track magnetic stereo soundtrack or an optical monaural one.[119]
The original 70-millimetre release, like many Super Panavision 70 films of the era such as Grand Prix, was advertised as being in «Cinerama» in cinemas equipped with special projection optics and a deeply curved screen. In standard cinemas, the film was identified as a 70-millimetre production. The original release of 2001: A Space Odyssey in 70-millimetre Cinerama with six-track sound played continually for more than a year in several venues, and for 103 weeks in Los Angeles.[119]
As was typical of most films of the era released both as a «roadshow» (in Cinerama format in the case of 2001) and general release (in 70-millimetre in the case of 2001), the entrance music, intermission music (and intermission altogether), and postcredit exit music were cut from most prints of the latter version, although these have been restored to most DVD releases.[120][121]
Reception[edit]
Box office[edit]
In its first nine weeks from 22 locations, it grossed $2 million in the United States and Canada.[118] The film earned $8.5 million in theatrical gross rentals from roadshow engagements throughout 1968,[122][123] contributing to North American rentals of $16.4 million and worldwide rentals of $21.9 million during its original release.[124] The film’s high costs, in excess of $10 million,[105][61] meant that the initial returns from the 1968 release left it $800,000 in the red; but the successful re-release in 1971 made it profitable.[125][126][127] By June 1974, the film had rentals from the United States and Canada of $20.3 million (gross of $58 million)[125] and international rentals of $7.5 million.[113] The film had a reissue on a test basis on 24 July 1974 at the Cinerama Dome in Los Angeles and grossed $53,000 in its first week, which led to an expanded reissue.[113] Further re-releases followed, giving a cumulative gross of over $60 million in the United States and Canada.[128] Taking its re-releases into account, it is the highest-grossing film of 1968 in the United States and Canada.[129] Worldwide, it has grossed $146 million across all releases,[e] although some estimates place the gross higher, at over $190 million.[131]
Critical response[edit]
Upon release, 2001 polarised critical opinion, receiving both praise and derision, with many New York-based critics being especially harsh. Kubrick called them «dogmatically atheistic and materialistic and earthbound».[132] Some critics viewed the original 161-minute cut shown at premieres in Washington D.C., New York, and Los Angeles.[133] Keir Dullea says that during the New York premiere, 250 people walked out; in L.A., Rock Hudson not only left early but «was heard to mutter, ‘What is this bullshit?‘«[132] «Will someone tell me what the hell this is about?»[134] «But a few months into the release, they realised a lot of people were watching it while smoking funny cigarettes. Someone in San Francisco even ran right through the screen screaming: ‘It’s God!’ So they came up with a new poster that said: ‘2001 – the ultimate trip!‘«[135]
In The New Yorker, Penelope Gilliatt said it was «some kind of great film, and an unforgettable endeavor … The film is hypnotically entertaining, and it is funny without once being gaggy, but it is also rather harrowing.»[136] Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that it was «the picture that science fiction fans of every age and in every corner of the world have prayed (sometimes forlornly) that the industry might some day give them. It is an ultimate statement of the science fiction film, an awesome realization of the spatial future … it is a milestone, a landmark for a spacemark, in the art of film.»[137] Louise Sweeney of The Christian Science Monitor felt that 2001 was «a brilliant intergalactic satire on modern technology. It’s also a dazzling 160-minute tour on the Kubrick filmship through the universe out there beyond our earth.»[138] Philip French wrote that the film was «perhaps the first multi-million-dollar supercolossal movie since D.W. Griffith’s Intolerance fifty years ago which can be regarded as the work of one man … Space Odyssey is important as the high-water mark of science-fiction movie making, or at least of the genre’s futuristic branch.»[139] The Boston Globe‘s review called it «the world’s most extraordinary film. Nothing like it has ever been shown in Boston before or, for that matter, anywhere … The film is as exciting as the discovery of a new dimension in life.»[140] Roger Ebert gave the film four stars in his original review, saying the film «succeeds magnificently on a cosmic scale.»[47] He later put it on his Top 10 list for Sight & Sound.[141] Time provided at least seven different mini-reviews of the film in various issues in 1968, each one slightly more positive than the preceding one; in the final review dated 27 December 1968, the magazine called 2001 «an epic film about the history and future of mankind, brilliantly directed by Stanley Kubrick. The special effects are mindblowing.»[142]
Others were unimpressed. Pauline Kael called it «a monumentally unimaginative movie.»[143] Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic described it as «a film that is so dull, it even dulls our interest in the technical ingenuity for the sake of which Kubrick has allowed it to become dull.»[144] The Soviet film director Andrei Tarkovsky found the film to be an inadequate addition to the science fiction genre of filmmaking.[27] Renata Adler of The New York Times wrote that it was «somewhere between hypnotic and immensely boring.»[145] Variety‘s Robert B. Frederick (‘Robe’) believed the film was a «[b]ig, beautiful, but plodding sci-fi epic … A major achievement in cinematography and special effects, 2001 lacks dramatic appeal to a large degree and only conveys suspense after the halfway mark.»[108] Andrew Sarris called it «one of the grimmest films I have ever seen in my life … 2001 is a disaster because it is much too abstract to make its abstract points.»[146] (Sarris reversed his opinion upon a second viewing, and declared, «2001 is indeed a major work by a major artist.»[147]) John Simon felt it was «a regrettable failure, although not a total one. This film is fascinating when it concentrates on apes or machines … and dreadful when it deals with the in-betweens: humans … 2001, for all its lively visual and mechanical spectacle, is a kind of space-Spartacus and, more pretentious still, a shaggy God story.»[148] Historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. deemed the film «morally pretentious, intellectually obscure and inordinately long … a film out of control».[149] In a 2001 review, the BBC said that its slow pacing often alienates modern audiences more than it did upon its initial release.[150]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a «Certified Fresh» rating of 92% based on 116 reviews, with an average rating of 9.2/10. The website’s critical consensus reads: «One of the most influential of all sci-fi films – and one of the most controversial – Stanley Kubrick’s 2001 is a delicate, poetic meditation on the ingenuity – and folly – of mankind.»[106] Review aggregator Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, has assigned the film a score of 84 out of 100, based on 25 critic reviews, indicating «universal acclaim».[151]
2001 was the only science fiction film to make Sight & Sound‘s 2012 list of the ten best films,[152] and tops the Online Film Critics Society list of greatest science fiction films of all time.[153] In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed the film as the 19th best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership.[154] Other lists that include the film are 50 Films to See Before You Die (#6), The Village Voice 100 Best Films of the 20th century (#11), and Roger Ebert’s Top Ten (1968) (#2). In 1995, the Vatican named it one of the 45 best films ever made (and included it in a sub-list of the «Top Ten Art Movies» of all time.)[155] In 1998, Time Out conducted a reader’s poll and 2001: A Space Odyssey was voted as #9 on the list of «greatest films of all time».[156] Entertainment Weekly voted it no. 26 on their list of 100 Greatest Movies of All Time.[157] In 2017, Empire magazine’s readers’ poll ranked the film 21st on its list of «The 100 Greatest Movies».[158] In the Sight & Sound poll of 480 directors published in December 2022, 2001: A Space Odyssey was voted as the Greatest Film of All Time, ahead of Citizen Kane and The Godfather.[159][160]
Science fiction writers[edit]
The film won the Hugo Award for best dramatic presentation, as voted by science fiction fans and published science-fiction writers.[161] Ray Bradbury praised the film’s photography, but disliked the banality of most of the dialogue, and believed that the audience does not care when Poole dies.[162] Both he and Lester del Rey disliked the film’s feeling of sterility and blandness in the human encounters amidst the technological wonders, while both praised the pictorial element of the film. Reporting that «half the audience had left by intermission», Del Rey described the film as dull, confusing, and boring («the first of the New Wave-Thing movies, with the usual empty symbols»), predicting «[i]t will probably be a box-office disaster, too, and thus set major science-fiction movie making back another ten years».[163] Samuel R. Delany was impressed by how the film undercuts the audience’s normal sense of space and orientation in several ways. Like Bradbury, Delany noticed the banality of the dialogue (he stated that characters say nothing meaningful), but regarded this as a dramatic strength, a prelude to the rebirth at the conclusion of the film.[164] Without analysing the film in detail, Isaac Asimov spoke well of it in his autobiography and other essays. James P. Hogan liked the film but complained that the ending did not make any sense to him, leading to a bet about whether he could write something better: «I stole Arthur’s plot idea shamelessly and produced Inherit the Stars.»[165]
Awards and honours[edit]
In 1969, a United States Department of State committee chose 2001 as the American entry at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.[174]
2001 was ranked 15th on the American Film Institute’s 2007 100 Years … 100 Movies[175] (22 in 1998),[176] was no. 40 on its 100 Years, 100 Thrills,[177] was included on its 100 Years, 100 Quotes (no. 78 «Open the pod bay doors, HAL.»),[178] and HAL 9000 was the no. 13 villain in 100 Years … 100 Heroes and Villains.[179] The film was also no. 47 on AFI’s 100 Years … 100 Cheers[180] and the no. 1 science fiction film on AFI’s 10 Top 10.[181]
Interpretations[edit]
Since its premiere, 2001: A Space Odyssey has been analysed and interpreted by professional critics and theorists, amateur writers, and science fiction fans. In his monograph for BFI analysing the film, Peter Krämer summarised the diverse interpretations as ranging from those who saw it as darkly apocalyptic in tone to those who saw it as an optimistic reappraisal of the hopes of mankind and humanity.[182] Questions about 2001 range from uncertainty about its implications for humanity’s origins and destiny in the universe[183] to interpreting elements of the film’s more enigmatic scenes, such as the meaning of the monolith, or the fate of astronaut David Bowman. There are also simpler and more mundane questions about the plot, in particular the causes of HAL’s breakdown (explained in earlier drafts but kept mysterious in the film).[184][41][185][186]
Audiences vs. critics[edit]
A spectrum of diverse interpretative opinions would form after the film’s release, appearing to divide theatre audiences from the opinions of critics. Krämer writes: «Many people sent letters to Kubrick to tell him about their responses to 2001, most of them regarding the film—in particular the ending—as an optimistic statement about humanity, which is seen to be born and reborn. The film’s reviewers and academic critics, by contrast, have tended to understand the film as a pessimistic account of human nature and humanity’s future. The most extreme of these interpretations state that the foetus floating above the Earth will destroy it.»[187]
Closing scene of Dr. Strangelove and Kubrick’s sardonic fulfilment of a nuclear nightmare
Some of the critics’ cataclysmic interpretations were informed by Kubrick’s prior direction of the Cold War film Dr. Strangelove, immediately before 2001, which resulted in dark speculation about the nuclear weapons orbiting the Earth in 2001. These interpretations were challenged by Clarke, who said: «Many readers have interpreted the last paragraph of the book to mean that he (the foetus) destroyed Earth, perhaps for the purpose of creating a new Heaven. This idea never occurred to me; it seems clear that he triggered the orbiting nuclear bombs harmlessly …».[182] In response to Jeremy Bernstein’s dark interpretation of the film’s ending, Kubrick said: «The book does not end with the destruction of the Earth.»[182]
Regarding the film as a whole, Kubrick encouraged people to make their own interpretations and refused to offer an explanation of «what really happened». In a 1968 interview with Playboy magazine, he said:
You’re free to speculate as you wish about the philosophical and allegorical meaning of the film—and such speculation is one indication that it has succeeded in gripping the audience at a deep level—but I don’t want to spell out a verbal road map for 2001 that every viewer will feel obligated to pursue or else fear he’s missed the point.[40]
In a subsequent discussion of the film with Joseph Gelmis, Kubrick said his main aim was to avoid «intellectual verbalization» and reach «the viewer’s subconscious.» But he said he did not strive for ambiguity—it was simply an inevitable outcome of making the film nonverbal. Still, he acknowledged this ambiguity was an invaluable asset to the film. He was willing then to give a fairly straightforward explanation of the plot on what he called the «simplest level,» but unwilling to discuss the film’s metaphysical interpretation, which he felt should be left up to viewers.[188]
Meaning of the monolith[edit]
For some readers, Clarke’s more straightforward novel based on the script is key to interpreting the film. The novel explicitly identifies the monolith as a tool created by an alien race that has been through many stages of evolution, moving from organic form to biomechanical, and finally achieving a state of pure energy. These aliens travel the cosmos assisting lesser species to take evolutionary steps. Conversely, film critic Penelope Houston wrote in 1971 that because the novel differs in many key aspects from the film, it perhaps should not be regarded as the skeleton key to unlock it.[189]
Multiple interpretations of the meaning of the monolith have been examined in the critical reception of the film
Carolyn Geduld writes that what «structurally unites all four episodes of the film» is the monolith, the film’s largest and most unresolvable enigma.[190] Vincent LoBrutto’s biography of Kubrick says that for many, Clarke’s novel supplements the understanding of the monolith which is more ambiguously depicted in the film.[191] Similarly, Geduld observes that «the monolith … has a very simple explanation in Clarke’s novel», though she later asserts that even the novel does not fully explain the ending.[190]
Bob McClay’s Rolling Stone review describes a parallelism between the monolith’s first appearance in which tool usage is imparted to the apes (thus ‘beginning’ mankind) and the completion of «another evolution» in the fourth and final encounter[192] with the monolith. In a similar vein, Tim Dirks ends his synopsis saying «[t]he cyclical evolution from ape to man to spaceman to angel-starchild-superman is complete.»[193]
Humanity’s first and second encounters with the monolith have visual elements in common; both the apes, and later the astronauts, touch it gingerly with their hands, and both sequences conclude with near-identical images of the Sun appearing directly over it (the first with a crescent moon adjacent to it in the sky, the second with a near-identical crescent Earth in the same position), echoing the Sun–Earth–Moon alignment seen at the very beginning of the film.[194] The second encounter also suggests the triggering of the monolith’s radio signal to Jupiter by the presence of humans, echoing the premise of Clarke’s source story «The Sentinel».[195]
The monolith is the subject of the film’s final line of dialogue (spoken at the end of the «Jupiter Mission» segment): «Its origin and purpose still a total mystery.» Reviewers McClay and Roger Ebert wrote that the monolith is the main element of mystery in the film; Ebert described «the shock of the monolith’s straight edges and square corners among the weathered rocks,» and the apes warily circling it as prefiguring man reaching «for the stars.»[47] Patrick Webster suggests the final line relates to how the film should be approached as a whole: «The line appends not merely to the discovery of the monolith on the Moon, but to our understanding of the film in the light of the ultimate questions it raises about the mystery of the universe.»[196]
According to other scholars, «the monolith is a representation of the actual wideframe cinema screen, rotated 90 degrees … a symbolic cinema screen».[197] «It is at once a screen and the opposite of a screen, since its black surface only absorbs, and sends nothing out. … and leads us … to project ourselves, our emotions».[198]
«A new heaven»[edit]
Clarke indicated his preferred reading of the ending of 2001 as oriented toward the creation of «a new heaven» provided by the Star Child.[182] His view was corroborated in a posthumously released interview with Kubrick.[41] Kubrick says that Bowman is elevated to a higher level of being that represents the next stage of human evolution. The film also conveys what some viewers have described as a sense of the sublime and numinous.[47] Ebert writes in his essay on 2001 in The Great Movies:
The Star Child looking upon the Earth
North’s [rejected] score, which is available on a recording, is a good job of film composition, but would have been wrong for 2001 because, like all scores, it attempts to underline the action—to give us emotional cues. The classical music chosen by Kubrick exists outside the action. It uplifts. It wants to be sublime; it brings a seriousness and transcendence to the visuals.[47]
In a book on architecture, Gregory Caicco writes that Space Odyssey illustrates how our quest for space is motivated by two contradictory desires, a «desire for the sublime» characterised by a need to encounter something totally other than ourselves—»something numinous»—and the conflicting desire for a beauty that makes us feel no longer «lost in space,» but at home.[199] Similarly, an article in The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy, titled «Sense of Wonder,» describes how 2001 creates a «numinous sense of wonder» by portraying a universe that inspires a sense of awe but that at the same time we feel we can understand.[200] Christopher Palmer wrote that «the sublime and the banal» coexist in the film, as it implies that to get into space, people had to suspend the «sense of wonder» that motivated them to explore it.[201]
HAL’s breakdown[edit]
One of HAL 9000’s interfaces
The reasons for HAL’s malfunction and subsequent malignant behaviour have elicited much discussion. He has been compared to Frankenstein’s monster. In Clarke’s novel, HAL malfunctions because of being ordered to lie to the crew of Discovery and withhold confidential information from them, namely the confidentially programmed mission priority over expendable human life, despite being constructed for «the accurate processing of information without distortion or concealment». This would not be addressed on film until the 1984 follow-up, 2010: The Year We Make Contact. Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that HAL, as the supposedly perfect computer, is actually the most human of the characters.[47] In an interview with Joseph Gelmis in 1969, Kubrick said that HAL «had an acute emotional crisis because he could not accept evidence of his own fallibility».[202]
«Star Child» symbolism[edit]
Multiple allegorical interpretations of 2001 have been proposed. The symbolism of life and death can be seen through the final moments of the film, which are defined by the image of the «Star Child,» an in utero foetus that draws on the work of Lennart Nilsson.[203] The Star Child signifies a «great new beginning,»[203] and is depicted naked and ungirded but with its eyes wide open.[204] Leonard F. Wheat sees 2001 as a multi-layered allegory, commenting simultaneously on Nietzsche, Homer, and the relationship of man to machine.[205] Rolling Stone reviewer Bob McClay sees the film as like a four-movement symphony, its story told with «deliberate realism».[206]
Military satellites[edit]
Kubrick originally planned a voice-over to reveal that the satellites seen after the prologue are nuclear weapons,[207] and that the Star Child would detonate the weapons at the end of the film[208] but felt this would create associations with Dr. Strangelove and decided not to make it obvious that they were «war machines». A few weeks before the film’s release, the U.S. and Soviet governments had agreed not to put any nuclear weapons into outer space.[209]
In a book he wrote with Kubrick’s assistance, Alexander Walker states that Kubrick eventually decided that nuclear weapons had «no place at all in the film’s thematic development», being an «orbiting red herring» that would «merely have raised irrelevant questions to suggest this as a reality of the twenty-first century».[207]
Kubrick scholar Michel Ciment, discussing Kubrick’s attitude toward human aggression and instinct, observes: «The bone cast into the air by the ape (now become a man) is transformed at the other extreme of civilization, by one of those abrupt ellipses characteristic of the director, into a spacecraft on its way to the moon.»[210] In contrast to Ciment’s reading of a cut to a serene «other extreme of civilization», science fiction novelist Robert Sawyer, in the Canadian documentary 2001 and Beyond, says he sees it as a cut from a bone to a nuclear weapons platform, explaining that «what we see is not how far we’ve leaped ahead, what we see is that today, ‘2001’, and four million years ago on the African veldt, it’s exactly the same—the power of mankind is the power of its weapons. It’s a continuation, not a discontinuity in that jump.»[211]
Legacy and influence[edit]
2001: A Space Odyssey is widely regarded as among the greatest and most influential films ever made.[212] It is considered one of the major artistic works of the 20th century, with many critics and filmmakers considering it Kubrick’s masterpiece.[213] In the 1980s,[214] critic David Denby compared Kubrick to the monolith from 2001: A Space Odyssey, calling him «a force of supernatural intelligence, appearing at great intervals amid high-pitched shrieks, who gives the world a violent kick up the next rung of the evolutionary ladder».[215] By the start of the 21st century, 2001: A Space Odyssey had become recognised as among the best films ever made by such sources as the British Film Institute (BFI). The Village Voice ranked the film at number 11 in its Top 250 «Best Films of the Century» list in 1999, based on a poll of critics.[216] In January 2002, the film was voted no. 1 on the list of the «Top 100 Essential Films of All Time» by the National Society of Film Critics.[217][218] Sight & Sound magazine ranked the film 12th in its greatest films of all-time list in 1982,[219] tenth in 1992 critics’ poll of greatest films,[220] sixth in the top ten films of all time in its 2002,[221] 2012[222] and 2022 critics’ polls editions;[160] it also tied for second and first place in the magazine’s 2012[222] and 2022 directors’ poll.[160] The film was voted no. 43 on the list of «100 Greatest Films» by the prominent French magazine Cahiers du cinéma in 2008.[223] In 2010, The Guardian named it «the best sci-fi and fantasy film of all time».[224] The film ranked 4th in BBC’s 2015 list of the 100 greatest American films.[225] In 1991, it was deemed «culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant» by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.[226] In 2010, it was named the greatest film of all time by The Moving Arts Film Journal.[227]
Stanley Kubrick made the ultimate science fiction movie, and it is going to be very hard for someone to come along and make a better movie, as far as I’m concerned. On a technical level, it [Star Wars] can be compared, but personally I think that 2001 is far superior.
—George Lucas, 1977[119]
The influence of 2001 on subsequent filmmakers is considerable. Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, and others—including many special effects technicians—discuss the impact the film has had on them in a featurette titled Standing on the Shoulders of Kubrick: The Legacy of 2001, included in the 2007 DVD release of the film. Spielberg calls it his film generation’s «big bang», while Lucas says it was «hugely inspirational», calling Kubrick «the filmmaker’s filmmaker». Director Martin Scorsese has listed it as one of his favourite films of all time.[228] Sydney Pollack calls it «groundbreaking», and William Friedkin says 2001 is «the grandfather of all such films». At the 2007 Venice film festival, director Ridley Scott said he believed 2001 was the unbeatable film that in a sense killed the science fiction genre.[229] Similarly, film critic Michel Ciment in his essay «Odyssey of Stanley Kubrick» wrote, «Kubrick has conceived a film which in one stroke has made the whole science fiction cinema obsolete.»[230]
Others credit 2001 with opening up a market for films such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Alien, Blade Runner, Contact, and Interstellar, proving that big-budget «serious» science-fiction films can be commercially successful, and establishing the «sci-fi blockbuster» as a Hollywood staple.[231] Science magazine Discover‘s blogger Stephen Cass, discussing the film’s considerable impact on subsequent science fiction, writes that «the balletic spacecraft scenes set to sweeping classical music, the tarantula-soft tones of HAL 9000, and the ultimate alien artifact, the monolith, have all become enduring cultural icons in their own right».[232] Trumbull said that when working on Star Trek: The Motion Picture he made a scene without dialogue because of «something I really learned with Kubrick and 2001: Stop talking for a while, and let it all flow».[233]
Kubrick did not envision a sequel to 2001. Fearing the later exploitation and recycling of his material in other productions (as was done with the props from MGM’s Forbidden Planet), he ordered all sets, props, miniatures, production blueprints, and prints of unused scenes destroyed.[citation needed] Most of these materials were lost, with some exceptions: a 2001 spacesuit backpack appeared in the «Close Up» episode of the Gerry Anderson series UFO,[209][234][235][236] and one of HAL’s eyepieces is in the possession of the author of Hal’s Legacy, David G. Stork. In 2012, Lockheed engineer Adam Johnson, working with Frederick I. Ordway III, science adviser to Kubrick, wrote the book 2001: The Lost Science, which for the first time featured many of the blueprints of the spacecraft and film sets that previously had been thought destroyed. Clarke wrote three sequel novels: 2010: Odyssey Two (1982), 2061: Odyssey Three (1987), and 3001: The Final Odyssey (1997). The only filmed sequel, 2010: The Year We Make Contact, released in 1984, was based on Clarke’s 1982 novel. Kubrick was not involved; it was directed as a spin-off by Peter Hyams in a more conventional style. The other two novels have not been adapted for the screen, although actor Tom Hanks in June 1999 expressed a passing interest in possible adaptations.[237]
To commemorate the 50th anniversary of the film’s release, an exhibit called «The Barmecide Feast» opened on 8 April 2018, in the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. The exhibit features a fully realised, full-scale reflection of the neo-classical hotel room from the film’s penultimate scene.[238][239] Director Christopher Nolan presented a mastered 70 mm print of 2001 for the film’s 50th anniversary at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival on 12 May.[240][241] The new 70 mm print is a photochemical recreation made from the original camera negative, for the first time since the film’s original theatrical run.[242][243] Further, an exhibit entitled «Envisioning 2001: Stanley Kubrick’s Space Odyssey» presented at the Museum of the Moving Image in Astoria, Queens, New York City opened in January 2020.[244]
In July 2020, a silver space suit was sold at auction in Los Angeles for $370,000, exceeding its estimate of $200,000–300,000. Four layers of paint indicate it was used in multiple scenes, including the Clavius Moon base sequence. The helmet had been painted green at one stage, leading to a belief that it may have been worn during the scene where Dave Bowman disconnects HAL 9000.[245]
Stanley Kubrick introduced Arthur C. Clarke to the book The Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell during the writing of 2001: A Space Odyssey. There are allegorical archetypal patterns of the «hero’s journey» in this film. Arthur C. Clarke called Joseph Campbell’s book «very stimulating» in his diary entry.[246]
Home media[edit]
The film has been released in several forms:
- In 1980, MGM/CBS Home Video released the film on VHS and Betamax.[247]
- In 1989, The Criterion Collection released a two-disc special LaserDisc edition with the transfer monitored by Kubrick himself.[248]
- In 2008, Warner Bros. released the film on Blu-ray.[249]
- In 2018, Warner Bros. re-released it on Blu-ray and and 4K HDR on Ultra HD Blu-ray, based on a 8K scan of the original camera negative and audio remixed and remastered in DTS-HD MA 5.1.[250]
Re-releases[edit]
The film was re-released in 1974, 1977, 1980[122] and 1993.[251] In 2001, a restoration of the 70 mm version was screened at the Ebert’s Overlooked Film Festival, and the production was also reissued to selected film houses in North America, Europe and Asia.[252][253]
For the film’s 50th anniversary, Warner Bros. struck new 70mm prints from printing elements made directly from the original film negative.[242] This was done under the supervision of film director Christopher Nolan, who has spoken of 2001‘s influence on his career. Following a showing at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival introduced by Nolan, the film had a limited worldwide release at select 70mm-equipped theatres in the summer of 2018,[240][254] followed by a one-week run in North American IMAX theatres (including five locations equipped with 70 mm IMAX projectors).[255]
On 3 December 2018, an 8K Ultra-high definition television version of the film was reported to have been broadcast in select theatres and shopping-mall demonstration stations in Japan.[256]
See also[edit]
- List of films considered the best
- List of films featuring eclipses
- List of films featuring extraterrestrials
- List of films featuring space stations
- List of artificial intelligence films
- List of incomplete or partially lost films
References[edit]
Informational notes
- ^ Jason Sperb’s study of Kubrick The Kubrick Facade analyses Kubrick’s use of narration in detail. John Baxter’s biography of Kubrick also describes how he frequently favoured voice-over narration. Only three of Kubrick’s 13 films lack narration: Space Odyssey, The Shining, and Eyes Wide Shut.[43]
- ^ Examples of the Action Office desk and «Propst Perch» chair appearing in the film can be seen in Pina 2002, pp. 66–71. First introduced in 1968, the Action Office-stcubicle» would eventually occupy 70 per cent of office space by the mid-2000s.
- ^ Cubicles had earlier appeared in Jacques Tati’s Playtime in 1967.
- ^ Between the two lines large red letters reading at top «CAUTION» and at bottom «EXPLOSIVE BOLTS» are smaller black lines reading «MAINTENANCE AND REPLACEMENT INSTRUCTIONS» followed by even smaller lines of four instructions beginning «(1) SELF TEST EXPLOSIVE BOLTS PER INST 14 PARA 3 SEC 5D AFTER EACH EVA», et cetera. The instructions are generally legible on Blu-ray editions but not DVD editions of the film.[78]
- ^ Robert Kolker put the cumulative global gross of the film at $138 million as of 2006,[130] although it has had several limited releases since then. The combined takings of the 2010, 2013, 2014, 2017 and 2018 reissues added a further $7.9 million to the gross.[128]
Citations
- ^ a b «2001: A Space Odyssey». British Board of Film Classification.
- ^ «Complete National Film Registry Listing». Library of Congress. Archived from the original on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ Kehr, Dave. «U.S. FILM REGISTRY ADDS 25 ‘SIGNIFICANT’ MOVIES». chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ^ «The Underview on 2001: A Space Odyssey – Cast and Crew». Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
- ^ ««Two days turned into four weeks»: an interview with Maggie D’Abo, hostess in ‘2001’«. 2001italia.it. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
- ^ «2001: A Space Odyssey – 50 facts for 50 years». thestar.com.
- ^ Mondello, Bob (4 April 2018). «What Made ‘2001, A Space Odyssey’ Such An Influential Film». NPR. Archived from the original on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
- ^ Higham, Nick (14 December 2012). «Broadcaster Kenneth Kendall, 88, dies». BBC. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ Agel 1970, p. 11
- ^ Clarke 1972, p. 17
- ^ a b c d Baxter, John (1997). Stanley Kubrick: A Biography. New York: Basic Books. p. 200. ISBN 0-7867-0485-3.
- ^ Chapman & Cull 2013, p. 97
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- ^ «Starship Modeler: Modeling 2001 and 2010 Spacecraft». Starship Modeler. 19 October 2005. Archived from the original on 20 August 2006. Retrieved 26 September 2006.
- ^ Bentley, Chris (2008). The Complete Gerry Anderson: The Authorised Episode Guide (4th ed.). London: Reynolds and Hearn. ISBN 978-1-905287-74-1.
- ^ «3001: The Final Odyssey». Yahoo! Movies. November 2002. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
- ^ «2001: A Space Odyssey Immersive Art Exhibit». aiandspace.si.edu. 3 April 2018. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ «Smithsonian celebrates 50th anniversary of ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’«. CBS News. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ a b Deb, Sopan (11 May 2018). «Christopher Nolan’s Version of Vinyl: Unrestoring ‘2001’«. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
- ^ «Cannes Classics to celebrate the 50th anniversary of 2001: A Space Odyssey». Festival de Cannes. 28 March 2018. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ a b Opaskar, Peter (21 July 2018). «2001 in 70 mm: Pod bay doors look better than ever, still won’t open – Stanley Kubrick’s sci-fi opus looks better than it has in decades». Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
- ^ Wiseman, Andreas (28 March 2018). «Cannes: Christopher Nolan To Present 70 mm Print Of Stanley Kubrick’s ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’«. Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
- ^ Kenigsberg, Ben (23 January 2020). «The Making of ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Was as Far Out as the Movie – A jumble of memorabilia, storyboards and props, an exhibit illustrates the whirl of influences behind Stanley Kubrick’s groundbreaking 1968 film». the New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2020.
- ^ «Hollywood: Legends and Explorers, Lot 897». Julien’s Auctions. 17 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ^ Rice, Julian (2017). Kubrick’s Story, Spielberg’s Film. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing. p. 252.
- ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc. (1980). «MGM/CBS Home Video ad». Billboard. No. 22 November 1980. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2011.
- ^ 2001: A Space Odyssey (Laserdisc). The Criterion Collection/The Voyager Company. ASIN B00417U8UU.
- ^ «Top 10 DVDs and CDs of 2007». Sound & Vision. Vol. 73, no. 1–4. Hachette Filipacchi Magazines. 2008. p. 24. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
- ^ Archer, John (30 October 2018). «‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ 4K Blu-ray Review – A Monolithic Achievement». Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
- ^ Klady, Leonard (23 March 1993). «‘Turtles’ Fans Shell Out». Daily Variety. p. 3.
- ^ Silverman, Jason. «2001: A Re-Release Odyssey». Wired. Archived from the original on 1 May 2008.
- ^ «Press Reviews: 2001: A Space Odyssey». BBC. 4 April 2001. Archived from the original on 4 December 2014.
- ^ Turan, Kenneth (3 May 2018). «Christopher Nolan returns Kubrick sci-fi masterpiece ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ to its original glory». Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
- ^ «Experience Stanley Kubrick’s ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ in IMAX for the First Time». IMAX. 31 July 2018. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ^ Byford, Sam (3 December 2018). «2001: A Space Odyssey’s 8K TV broadcast doesn’t quite go beyond the infinite». The Verge. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
Bibliography
- Agel, Jerome, ed. (1970). The Making of Kubrick’s 2001. New York: New American Library. ISBN 0-451-07139-5.
- Bizony, Piers (2001). 2001 Filming the Future. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 1-85410-706-2.
- Castle, Alison, ed. (2005). The Stanley Kubrick Archives. Cologne: Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-2284-5. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2007.
- Block, Alex Ben; Wilson, Lucy Autrey, eds. (2010). George Lucas’s Blockbusting: A Decade-by-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-177889-6. Archived from the original on 18 December 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
- Chapman, James; Cull, Nicholas J. (5 February 2013). Projecting Tomorrow: Science Fiction and Popular Cinema. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78076-410-8. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- Ciment, Michel (1999) [1980]. Kubrick. New York: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-21108-9.
- Clarke, Arthur C. (1972). The Lost Worlds of 2001. London: Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 0-283-97903-8.
- Fiell, Charlotte (2005). 1,000 Chairs (Taschen 25). Taschen. ISBN 978-3-8228-4103-7.
- Gelmis, Joseph (1970). The Film Director As Superstar. New York: Doubleday & Company.
- Geduld, Carolyn (1973). «4. The Production: A Calendar». Filmguide to 2001: A Space Odyssey. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-39305-0.
- Hughes, David (2000). The Complete Kubrick. London: Virgin Publishing Ltd. ISBN 0-7535-0452-9.
- Kolker, Robert, ed. (2006). Stanley Kubrick’s 2001: A Space Odyssey: New Essays. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517453-4.
- Krämer, Peter (2010). 2001: A Space Odyssey. BFI Film Classics. London: British Film Institute.
- LoBrutto, Vincent (1998). Stanley Kubrick. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-19393-5.
- McAleer, Neil (1992). Arthur C. Clarke. The Authorized Biography. Contemporary Books. ISBN 0-8092-4324-5.
- McAleer, Neil (1 April 2013). Sir Arthur C. Clarke: Odyssey of a Visionary: A Biography. RosettaBooks. ISBN 978-0-9848118-0-9. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
- Pina, Leslie A. (2002). Herman Miller Office. Pennsylvania, United States: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7643-1650-0.
- Richter, Daniel (2002). Moonwatcher’s Memoir: A Diary of 2001: A Space Odyssey. foreword by Arthur C. Clarke. New York City: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-1073-X.
- Schwam, Stephanie, ed. (2010) [2000]. The Making of 2001: A Space Odyssey. Introduction by Jay Cocks. New York City: Random House. ISBN 978-0-307-75760-9. Archived from the original on 14 November 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
- Walker, Alexander (1971). Stanley Kubrick Directs. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-393-32119-3.
- Walker, Alexander (2000). Stanley Kubrick, director. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-32119-3. Note: This is a revised edition of Walker 1971.
- Wheat, Leonard F. (2000). Kubrick’s 2001: A Triple Allegory. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3796-X.
Further reading
- Emme, Eugene M., ed. (1982). Science fiction and space futures – past and present. AAS History Series. Vol. 5. San Diego: Univelt. ISBN 0-87703-172-X.
- Frayling, Christopher (2015). The 2001 File: Harry Lange and the Design of the Landmark Science Fiction Film. London: Reel Art Press. ISBN 978-0-9572610-2-0.
- Johnson, Adam (2012). 2001 The Lost Science. Burlington Canada: Apogee Prime. ISBN 978-1-926837-19-2.
- Johnson, Adam (2016). 2001 The Lost Science Volume 2. Burlington Canada: Apogee Prime. ISBN 978-1-926837-35-2.
- Mathijs, Ernest; Mendik, Xavier (2011). «2001: A Space Odyssey«. 100 Cult Films. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-84457-571-8.
- Ordway, Frederick I; Godwin, Robert (2014). 2001 The Heritage & Legacy of the Space Odyssey. Burlington Canada: Apogee Prime. ISBN 978-1-9268373-2-1.
- Shuldiner, Herbert (June 1968). «How They Filmed ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’«. Popular Science. Vol. 192, no. 6. Bonnier Corporation. pp. 62–67. ISSN 0161-7370.
- Wigley, Samuel (28 March 2018). «50 years of 2001: A Space Odyssey – 5 films that influenced Kubrick’s giant leap for sci-fi». bfi.org.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
External links[edit]
«2001: Космическая одиссея» — культовый фантастический фильм Стэнли Кубрика, который навсегда определил внешний вид космоса в кино.
Все последующие фильмы, начиная со «Звёздных войн» и «Соляриса» и заканчивая «Гравитацией» и «Интерстелларом», так или иначе копируют или ссылаются на визуальные решения Кубрика.
Однако помимо технической составляющей, в фильме присутствует большой пласт размышлений режиссера о Боге, красоте Вселенной и следующей ступени человеческой эволюции.
Кульминацией всех этих мыслей является концовка, которая до сих пор вызывает большие вопросы.
Я решил в ней немного разобраться.
На всякий случай, СПОЙЛЕРЫ! (в случае обсуждения концовки, это вроде бы очевидно, но мало ли).
Напомню, что произошло
В конце фильма, когда корабль достигает орбиту Юпитера, то он встречается с очередным монолитом (третьим).
Единственного оставшегося в живых на корабле человека, Дейва Боумена втягивает в некое гиперпространство, где его несет через пространство и время и он оказывается в замкнутой комнате, обставленной в классическом французском стиле рококо.
Там он начинает по цепочке видеть по цепочке себя в будущем: сначала себя, обжившегося в комнате, потом себя постаревшего, потом себя как уже умирающего старика.
Затем он видит четвёртый монолит, и перерождается в некий эмбрион. Ну а последний кадр — огромное «Звёздное дитя» (так фанаты называют эмбрион) взирает на Землю.
Сама сцена:
Итак, отвечаем на несколько вопросов, по порядку.
Что такое монолит?
Монолит — это артефакт, принадлежащий некой высшей инопланетной расе, выступающий как катализатор, для перехода с одной ступени эволюции на другой.
Именно с помощью первого монолита обезьяна перешла на следующую ступень развития, став человеком и получив способность создавать орудия труда.
Что случилось до встречи с третьим монолитом?
Итак, обезьяна стала человеком, получив возможность использовать орудия труда.
В третьей главе фильма, нас знакомят с HAL 9000 — бортовым компьютером с искусственным интеллектом, представляющим собой венец орудия — по факту орудие обрело разум, оно стало равно человеку.
И после того, как человек одерживает победу над своим орудием — он готов перейти на следующий этап развития.
Что случилось с Боуменом после встречи с третьим монолитом?
Внеземная раса, создавшая монолиты и отправившая их к Земле, забрала Боумена к себе.
Вся комната, обставленная во французском стиле, по факту является вольером, как в зоопарке (по аналогии, как люди создают для животных комфортную для них среду обитания). Только вольер этот для человека — который воспринимается высшей расой как забавная диковинка.
А все эти яркие и красочные переходы, сменяемые друг друга при переносе Боумена сквозь пространство — это то, что видит обезьянка, перевозимая из Африки в Европу и смотрящая на мелькающие пейзажи за окном.
Что, собственно, случилось в финале?
В финале произошло перерождение человека в новую форму эволюции — в сверхчеловека.
Боумен каждый раз видит свою следующую стадию.
Сначала видит себя старого, потом, став старым — себя умирающего. Затем он видит монолит.
А дальше, монолит «видит» эмбриона, который в последнем кадре видит Землю (или, нетрудно догадаться, весь мир) — свой следующий этап развития.
Вся эта сцена символизирует процесс перерождения человека во следующую ступень эволюции — в существо, вне пространства и времени, представляющее собой чистую энергию.
То есть, по сути, Бога, сверхчеловека.
Неспроста в этот момент звучит музыка Штрауса из ницшеанского «Так говорил Заратустра».
«2001: Космическая одиссея» рассказывают всю историю человечества, от каменного века, до звёздной эры, пока недостижимой и так манящей.
И также оно содержит попытку ответа на вопрос, что там, за потолком нашей эволюционной ступени, где граница и что будет за ней?
«Космическая одиссея» — не знающий себе равных памятник, великое провидение будущего, непревзойдённое в своём понимании человека и Вселенной. И это заявление прозвучало в то время, которое с высоты сегодняшнего дня представляется едва ли не вершиной технологического оптимизма человечества.
Роджер Эберт, Кинокритик
По мотивам сценария вышла книга Артура Кларка (соавтора сценария), которая очень много объясняет о сюжете «Космической Одиссеи 2001».
Спасибо за прочтение!
3 апреля исполнилось 50 лет со дня выхода монументальной научно-фантастической ленты «2001 год: Космическая одиссея». Рассказываем историю картины.
1. Кубрик и Кларк
В конце марта 1964 года, почти два месяца спустя после премьеры сатиры «Доктор Стрейнджлав, или Как я научился не волноваться и полюбил атомную бомбу», режиссер Стэнли Кубрик присматривался к будущим проектам. Его заинтересовали научная фантастика и поиски инопланетных цивилизаций, и он захотел снять фантастическую картину. Знакомый режиссера, сотрудник студии Columbia Pictures Роджер А. Карас, порекомендовал обратиться к писателю Артуру Чарльзу Кларку.
На съемках фильма «2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Благодаря романам «Конец детства» и «Город и звезды» у Кларка была репутация одного из самых эрудированных авторов научно-фантастических произведений. 31 марта Стэнли Кубрик написал Кларку такое письмо:
«Уважаемый мистер Кларк!
Наш общий друг Карас упомянул вас в разговоре о телескопе Questar, и это прелюбопытнейшее совпадение. Я давний поклонник ваших книг и всегда хотел обсудить с вами возможность создания, как говорится, „очень хорошего“ научно-фантастического фильма.
Меня интересуют следующие темы (не говоря уж об интересном сюжете и персонажах):
1. Причины верить в существование разумной инопланетной жизни.
2. Влияние (и, возможно, даже отсутствие влияния в некоторых кругах) подобного открытия на Землю в ближайшем будущем.
3. Космический зонд с посадкой и исследованием Луны и Марса.
Роджер рассказал, что вы планируете приехать в Нью-Йорк летом. У вас жесткий график? Если нет, то сможете ли вы рассмотреть возможность более скорого приезда с последующей нашей встречей, цель которой — выявить идею, которая заинтересует нас обоих достаточно, чтобы вместе поработать над сценарием?»
На съемках фильма «2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Кларк, находившийся на Шри-Ланке, ответил практически сразу и согласился встретиться. Через пару недель режиссер и писатель разговаривали в Нью-Йорке. В качестве материала для экранизации Кларк предложил свой рассказ «Часовой». Он был написан в 1948 году для конкурса BBC (куда не прошел) и опубликован в 1951 году в журнале Ten Story Fantasy. По сюжету на Луне обнаруживают артефакт, оставленный инопланетянами много миллиардов лет назад. Он имеет форму тетраэдра, сделан из отполированного материала и окружен сферическим силовым полем. Рассказчик приходит к выводу, что «часовой» оставлен на Луне в качестве предостерегающего знака: на Земле возможна разумная жизнь.
Манускрипт, написанный Артуром Кларком и Стэнли Кубриком и положенный в основу фильма, был озаглавлен «Путешествие по ту сторону звезд» («Journey Beyond the Stars»). Кларк впоследствии признавался, что название ему не нравилось. «Уже было снято множество фантастических „путешествий“. Потом мы примеряли „Вселенная“, „Туннель к звездам“, „Посадка на планету“. Только спустя 11 месяцев после начала работы над фильмом, в апреле 1965 года, Стэнли остановился на „Космической одиссее 2001 года“. Насколько я помню, это была полностью его идея». Кубрик не любил привычно написанные по голливудским лекалам сценарии (1 страница = 1 минута экранного времени) и отдавал предпочтение текстам в прозе. Поэтому на столе чиновника студии MGM, принявшего судьбоносное решение о запуске ленты в работу, оказалось 250 страниц.
2. Кубрик и студия
Финансировать производство «Одиссеи» взялась MGM, одна из самых прижимистых голливудских студий. Кубрику просто очень повезло: на студии как раз сменилось руководство.
На съемках фильма «2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Роберт О’Брайен был атипичным голливудским чиновником: ему недоставало яркости, присущей работникам студий. Но в 1963 году в возрасте 58 лет он занял должность президента студии MGM, чтобы вытащить ее из финансового кризиса, в который ее втянул провал эпика «Мятеж на Баунти» с Марлоном Брандо. И О’Брайен запустил фильм по 250-страничной истории Кубрика и Кларка.
Основная сюжетная канва сохранилась: пролог о доисторических временах с таинственным артефактом на Земле, полет на Луну в 2001 году, на которой обнаружен такой же артефакт, и последующее путешествие на Юпитер, где космонавт Дэйв Боуман попадает в портал и сталкивается с богоподобным инопланетным разумом. Знакомые сейчас многим элементы вроде противостояния Дэйва и компьютера HAL 9000 отсутствовали.
Далеко не все на MGM разделяли уверенность О’Брайена в проекте Кубрика. Однако он полностью поддерживал режиссера, несмотря на кажущуюся невыполнимость некоторых сцен — например, перехода Боумана через Вселенную.
На съемках фильма «2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Новость о запуске в производство новой ленты Кубрика появилась в феврале 1965-го. Премьера была намечена на осень 1966-го. По контракту режиссер должен был сдать финальную версию фильма не позже 20 октября 1966-го. На копии Кубрика дата подчеркнута, а рядом написано его рукой: «Маловероятно?»
3. Кубрик и пришельцы
Одна из многих проблем, волновавших Стэнли Кубрика перед началом съемок, была связана с восприятием зрителями фантастического кино. Тогда, в начале 1960-х, фантастика ютилась на задворках детских утренников и в фильмах категории Б. Зеленые человечки, летающие тарелки, коллекционные карточки «Марс атакует», Флэш Гордон и Бак Роджерс — иными словами, жанр не воспринимали серьезно.
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Кубрик считал необходимым показать, что вопрос существования внеземных цивилизаций достоин внимания научного сообщества. Одиноки ли мы во Вселенной? По мнению режиссера, это один из важнейших вопросов для человечества. И если он сможет подвести под эту тему научную базу, то «Одиссея» точно не будет восприниматься как очередной космический фарш с инопланетянами и напуганными девушками.
Решение режиссера было таким: он запишет интервью с известными учеными, теологами, астрономами и философами, которые изучали вопрос существования инопланетной жизни. Отрывками из этих интервью он начнет «Одиссею» — примерно так же, как в начале «Моби Дика» Герман Мелвилл включил описания китов.
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Опросив 21 человека, Кубрик счел, что задуманный пролог перегрузит фильм, запутает зрителя и увеличит и без того немалый хронометраж «Одиссеи». Пленки ушли в архив, а в 2005 году транскрипт издали книгой. Среди опрошенных был, кстати, и советский биолог Александр Опарин, отец теории возникновения жизни на Земле.
4. Кубрик и IBM
22 сентября 1965 года Роджер А. Карас, к тому моменту уже вице-президент кинокомпании Кубрика Hawk Films, получил просьбу от режиссера: «Дорогой Роджер, нам крайне необходим помешанный на компьютерах эксперт, который был бы рядом и просвещал нас по вопросам диалогов и жаргона в сценах с компьютером. Нужен человек, который увлечен будущим компьютеров, не какой-то там ретроград. Может ли IBM привлечь кого-нибудь из Англии?»
На съемках фильма «2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Компьютер для «Одиссеи» разработал художник-конструктор IBM Элиот Нойс, опираясь на передовые технические достижения компании. Объект был огромным, потому что в основе лежали шкафоподобные машины, которыми пользовались ученые и военные. Нойс написал режиссеру, что компьютер заданной сложности, скорее, будет машиной, в которую люди будут заходить, нежели обходить. Кубрик был в ярости. Ему требовалось нечто небольшое, похожее на контрольную панель, а предложения IBM казались безнадежно устаревшими.
В конце концов Кубрик проникся идеями IBM, но решил придать машине новый смысл. Так появился безумный компьютер HAL. Очень популярна теория, что он назван так, потому что следующие буквы английского алфавита за «H», «A», и «L» образуют аббревиатуру IBM. Дескать, таким образом режиссер попытался предостеречь будущие поколения, показав чудовищную сущность машин. Конечно, это лишь теория. На деле HAL — это Heuristically programmed ALgorithmic computer, то есть эвристически запрограммированный алгоритмический компьютер. Название придумал сам Кубрик, когда было решено изменить «Афину», фигурировавшую в ранних вариантах сценария. Режиссер не хотел никоим образом оскорбить IBM, что подтверждает письмо Карасу от 31 августа 1966 года:
«Роджер, знают ли в IBM, что одна из важнейших тем сюжета — спятивший компьютер? Не хочу никого вовлекать в неприятности и не хочу показаться обманщиком. Пожалуйста, дай мне знать, как идут дела с IBM».
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Карас ответил через две недели. Он написал, что подробнейшим образом объяснил людям в IBM изменения в сценарии, которые влияют на HAL. Карас связался с директором пресс-службы компании и разъяснил, что компьютер становится причиной смерти людей. При этом он добавил, что HAL никак не связан с техникой IBM. Никакой негативной реакции не было, в IBM лишь попросили указать название компании в титрах в качестве технических консультантов, но не акцентируя на этом внимание.
5. Кубрик и бренды
Роджер Карас помогал Кубрику, связывая его с представителями разных компаний, которые делились своей экспертизой. Телефонная компания AT&T, химическая компания DuPont, производители автомобилей Ford и General Motors, производители электроники RCA и разработчики фотоматериалов Kodak — всем было интересно подумать над собственными футуристическими проектами. Пожалуй, самым неожиданным сотрудничеством стала попытка договоренности Караса с журналом мод Vogue.
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
«Vogue согласился пойти нам навстречу и придумать новый модный женский тренд „2001“, — писал Карас Кубрику. — В порядке эксперимента новый тренд представят в выпуске Vogue за январь 1967 года. Vogue попросит DuPont, производителя волокна, создать ткань под названием „лунная материя“, или „лунакрон“. Также они будут сотрудничать с производителями лака для волос, чтобы создать прически для тренда „2001“. Учитывая твое замечание, что на Луне юбки будут ужасно непрактичными, они разработают из блестящей металлик-ткани брюки для женщин. Они будут в обтяжку, на широком поясе могут быть кожаные сумочки, а вдоль ноги расположены карманы».
К сожалению, запустить модный тренд не удалось — январский Vogue вышел без запланированной съемки. Из-за затянутого съемочного периода фильм потерял не только поддержку журнала, но и сети универмагов Macy’s.
Авиакомпания PanAm была очень заинтересована в том, чтобы ее логотип красовался в кадре. Но, как предупреждает Кубрика Карас, следовало быть осторожными: «Пожалуйста, помни, что они очень трепетно относятся к своему имиджу. Если на борту их судна случается что-то плохое, даже если стюардесса жует жвачку или ковыряет в носу, то лучше нам придумать какое-то свое название».
6. Кубрик и контроль
На съемках фильма «2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
В 1964 году Стэнли Кубрику было всего 36 лет. К тому моменту в его фильмографии значились «Тропы славы», «Спартак», «Лолита» и только что вышедший «Доктор Стрейнджлав». При этом он уже наработал репутацию enfant terrible, несносного ребенка кинематографа. Но ребенок постепенно взрослел, а вот несносность оставалась. Эксцентричный, замкнутый, обсессивно-компульсивный гений, режиссер европейского уровня с акцентом уроженца Бронкса — таким Кубрика видели со стороны. Он очень любил контроль и тщательно следил за созданием своего имиджа. Об этом известно из записки, которую получила команда промоутеров «Космической одиссеи».
«Мистер Кубрик не экспонат на выставке. Что он любит или не любит, как он живет, любые его личные привычки — не для публикации в печати и не темы для огласки. Только он сам может говорить, что думает».
Во время съемок Кубрик наладил специфическое общение с группой. Когда он начал замечать, что не все его указания выполняются, то разработал систему служебных записок. Когда ему что-то требовалось от определенного человека, он писал ему напоминание. Если человек все равно забывал выполнить необходимое, режиссер интересовался, получил ли он записку. Люди начали отнекиваться, мол, ничего не получали. Тогда Кубрик создал новую систему: получая от него мемо, нужно было написать записку о получении. В какой-то момент в распоряжении режиссера было три машинистки, занимавшиеся исключительно написанием служебных записок.
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Работая над «Одиссеей», Стэнли Кубрик отрастил бороду, которая вкупе с всклокоченной шевелюрой и совиными глазами станет неотъемлемой частью его образа до конца жизни.
7. Кубрик и съемочный процесс
Официально съемки начались 29 декабря 1965 года. 10 павильонов Elstree Studios под Лондоном были заняты под «Одиссею». Первым делом сняли сцену на Луне, где ученые обнаруживают огромную прямоугольную плиту. Кубрик не сразу пришел к этой форме, пытаясь сделать артефакт прозрачными кубами или тетраэдрами.
В марте началась работа в самой сложной декорации — на корабле Discovery, в центрифуге, которая вращается, создавая симуляцию притяжения. На постройку декорации диаметром 12 метров и весом в 40 тонн ушло 6 месяцев и 750 000 долларов. Она могла вращаться вперед или назад, издавая при этом скрип и треск. Для некоторых сцен актеров приходилось привязывать, а бутафорию вроде подносов приклеивать к поверхностям. Все, что забывали закрепить, падало на съемочную группу. На актеров изливалось невероятное количество света, причем не все лампы выдерживали. Порой те взрывались, осыпая группу осколками. Артур Кларк описал декорацию так: «Зловещее зрелище с жутким звуком и взрывающимися лампочками».
На съемках фильма «2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Кубрик все еще пытался понять, как HAL пронюхает о плане космонавтов, решивших отключить компьютер. Актер Гэри Лоу, игравший Фрэнка Пула, второго космонавта, предложил такой вариант: пусть HAL читает по губам. Артур Кларк был категорически против такого решения. По его мнению, это было совершенно невозможно. Между Кубриком и Кларком постепенно назревал конфликт.
Сцены на Discovery снимали всю весну 1966-го. А затем работа над лентой остановилась на год. Кубрик должен был понять, как поставить пролог «Зарождение человека». Поначалу планировались съемки в Африке, затем прошли поиски локаций в Англии — вдруг на острове найдется местность, похожая на африканскую пустыню? Разумеется, таковая не нашлась, и тогда сошлись на экспериментальном способе — фронт-проекции. Она позволяла совмещать изображения актеров и предметов с предварительно отснятым на пленку фоном. Отснятые в Намибии пейзажи совместили с кадрами, сделанными в Англии.
Костюмы для австралопитеков готовились в обстановке жесточайшей секретности: Кубрик опасался, что на площадку проникнут шпионы со студии Fox, где готовилась экранизация романа «Планета обезьян».
Когда Роджер Карас написал Кубрику письмо с просьбой дать ему точную дату окончания съемок, то ответ был таким: «Дорогой Роджер, что если я скажу тебе дату, а она окажется неверной? Пока сам не пойму, ответа на этот вопрос не будет. PS. Почему верхний колонтитул в твоем письме не совпадает по цвету с нижним? Смотрится отвратительно».
8. Кубрик и деньги
О визуальных эффектах «Космической одиссеи» написано две книги и множество статей. Они были настолько сложными, что Кубрик писал Кларку 1 января 1967 года: «Кадры получаются изумительными, но все похоже на шахматную партию из 106 ходов с двумя перерывами». К этому моменту отношения режиссера и писателя накалились. Кларку не нравилось то, как Кубрик менял его текст. Из-за затянувшихся съемок отодвигалась публикация романа, написанного по сценарию, а фантаст остро нуждался в деньгах. Кубрик собирался взять банковский кредит для Кларка, но писателя это не обрадовало. Тогда режиссер предложил писателю собственные 15 000 долларов и раздраженно заметил, что не он один заинтересован в завершении съемок.
На съемках фильма «2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
MGM оказалась более терпеливой, чем Артур Кларк. И это несмотря на то, что бюджет катастрофически раздувался. Осенью 1966-го газета Variety сообщала, что стоимость фильма уже перевалила за 6 млн долларов и приближается к 7 миллионам. Роберт О’Брайен сохранял оптимизм, в интервью Variety сообщая, что Кубрик — парень честный, а за 6 млн долларов можно было снять какого-нибудь «Бака Роджерса». «Но зачем нам „Бак Роджерс“ за 6 млн долларов, когда за 7 млн долларов можно получить фильм Стэнли Кубрика?» Финальный бюджет ленты составил 10 млн долларов (с учетом инфляции эта сумма сегодня равняется 73,6 млн долларов).
9. Кубрик и зрители
Премьерные показы «Одиссеи» начались в апреле 1968-го. Фильм показывали с 70-миллиметровой пленки в кинотеатрах системы Cinerama, где стояли огромные выгнутые экраны. Отзывы шли неоднозначные, критики были в растерянности, и тут маркетологам MGM пришло в головы какое-то абсолютно невероятное по гениальности (или нелепости) решение.
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея» — фильм для всей семьи.
Режиссеру посыпались горы писем от зрителей. Например, одна дама отвезла семью в кинотеатр на открытом воздухе, где показывали два фильма по цене одного — «Винни Пух и ненастный день» и «Космическую одиссею». Сначала шел фильм Кубрика, усыпивший детей. Мать писала: «Бессмысленные и не связанные между собой картинки, снятые любителем, которые наносят оскорбление искусству, согласованности, реальности космоса и кошельку. Или дайте мне вразумительное объяснение увиденного, или верните 3 доллара 50 центов, что я заплатила!»
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Разумеется, не все были столь категоричны. Один пастор писал: «Советую вашу картину всем прихожанам, в особенности родителям подростков, потому что ваше кино — образец великолепного развлечения, в отличие от множества фильмов с насилием». Десятилетняя девочка: «Мы с классом пошли в кино на „Одиссею“, нам очень понравилось, но мы мало что поняли». Пятнадцатилетний подросток проанализировал рецензии критиков и написал Кубрику: «С радостью докладываю, что 33 из них хвалебные, а это гораздо больше негативных рецензий!» Другой поклонник фильма (14 лет) писал: «Конечно, вы знаете, что говорят критики. Так вот вам мое мнение: к черту критиков!»
Рецензии раздражали режиссера. Даже спустя год после релиза Кубрик будет дуться на прессу. «Нью-Йорк оказался особенно враждебным, — скажет он в интервью Playboy. — Возможно, у этих безапелляционных атеистов и материалистов, этого приземленного люмпен-бомонда величие космоса и бесконечные загадки космического разума вызывают отторжение».
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
Зато у коллег была другая реакция. Вот телеграмма от Федерико Феллини: «Дорогой Стэнли, вчера видел твой фильм и должен передать свои чувства и энтузиазм. Желаю тебе всяческих успехов». Впоследствии итальянский режиссер включит «Одиссею» в десятку своих самых любимых фильмов.
10. Кубрик и смысл фильма
Послание «Космической одиссеи», как считал Кубрик, нельзя описать словами. Не зря из 2 часов 29 минут картины режиссер удалил все лишние диалоги, закадровый текст, экспозиционные объяснения, оставив на речь всего 40 минут. «Я пытался создать визуальное переживание, к которому нельзя будет приклеить вербальный ярлык — оно проникает непосредственно в подсознание, воздействуя эмоционально и философски. Перефразируя Маклюэна, в „2001“ послание и есть носитель информации. Мне хотелось, чтобы фильм был крайне субъективным переживанием, которое достигает внутренних пластов сознания, как это делает музыка».
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея»
По мнению Кубрика, зритель волен интерпретировать фильм как ему хочется. «Стали бы мы ценить „Джоконду“, напиши Леонардо что-то вроде „Она слегка улыбается, потому что у нее гнилые зубы“? Или: „Она скрывает тайну от своего любовника“. Это моментально отключит восприятие зрителя, загнав его в определенную „реальность“. Не хочу, чтобы так было с „Одиссеей“».
В 1969 году «Космическая одиссея» номинировалась на «Оскар» в категориях «Лучший оригинальный сценарий», «Лучший режиссер», «Лучшие декорации», но статуэтку получила только за визуальные эффекты. В тот год «Оскар» за лучший фильм достался мюзиклу «Оливер!». Американская киноакадемия точно так же не поняла Кубрика, как некоторые зрители, но время, как всегда, расставило все по местам.
После своей смерти кинорежиссёр Стэнли Кубрик (1928 – 1999) оставил сотни коробок. В них хранились тысячи фотографий, киноплёнки, записки, черновые материалы к реализованным и нереализованным проектам. Несколько коробок занимали ранние фильмы, но основной архив Кубрик стал вести со времён производства своего фильма «Космическая Одиссея 2001 года».
Картина вышла в 1968 году, и я бы назвал её первым произведением искусства, посвящённым теме космоса. Именно искусства, а не просто произведением. Потому что, в те годы космос в кино присутствовал постоянно, как и жанр фантастики существовал в литературе, но такого уровня совершенства как в интеллектуальном содержании, так и в техническом плане, до Кубрика не достигал никто.
В основу сценария легло произведение весьма посредственного писателя-фантаста Артура Кларка, которого сейчас мало бы кто вспомнил, если бы не «Одиссея» Кубрика. Режиссёр предложил Кларку написать сценарий о влияния внеземного разума на развитие человеческой цивилизации. Сценарных решений было несколько. Например, предполагалось в прологе интервьюировать учёных, а в финальной сцене огромный «звёздный ребёнок» должен был уничтожать кольцо из атомных спутников.
Однако Кубрик не был бы Кубриком, если бы не свёл сюжетную линию до минимума. Множество диалогов было сокращено до такой степени, что некоторые приглашённые актёры отказывались от участия в картине. «Что там играть?» – задавался резонный вопрос. Но Стэнли Кубрик считал, что настоящий эффект воздействия на зрителя достигается сочетанием картинки и музыки, а не диалогами. В итоге, вместо научно-фантастического фильма, как первоначально задумывалось, получилось, по выражению самого режиссёра, «религиозное» кино, кино специфическое и сложное для понимания.
Фильм начинается с музыкальной темы Рихарда Штрауса «Так говорил Заратустра», и тут мы без философа Ницше, произведение которого и вдохновило композитора, не разберёмся. Ницшеанский Заратустра предрекал рождение нового типа личности, и «Одиссея» Кубрика показывает путь от возникновения человеческой цивилизации до появления Сверхчеловека. Эта дорога проходит через космическое пространство, а начинается она с инопланетного чёрного обелиска, гладкого монолита прямоугольной формы, вокруг которого и строится вся фабула.
Этот символ появляется в прологе картины, которая называется «На заре человечества». Монолит «включает» сознание группы травоядных обезьян, обитающих в предгорной саванне. После инициации приматы впервые начинают использовать кости мёртвого животного как орудие убийства, что делает их сильнее и конкурентоспособнее в борьбе за выживание. «Включение» сознания сразу сопровождается осознанным насилием.
Первой жертвой становится животное, которое до этого мирно паслось вместе с обезьянами. Из травоядных наши предки становятся плотоядными. Затем следует убийство уже себе подобного. Рождение и развитие человеческой цивилизации сопровождаются насилием – вот, что показывает нам Кубрик в прологе, тем самым одновременно передавая привет философу Ницше.
Обратим внимание на сцену «игры» обезьяны с костью. После своей догадки она испытывает дикий восторг, и с этим восторгом, сжимая в руках кость, она крушит ею скелет животного. Снова звучат фанфары «Заратустры» Штрауса. По сути, это момент появления первой мысли, мысли о том, как можно с помощью этого орудия легко убивать. Движения и эмоции обезьяны даны в замедленной съёмке. Эта сцена – аллюзия на знаменитый фильм «Олимпия» Лени Рифеншталь про Олимпиаду 1936 года, прошедшую в нацистской Германии. И ведь правда, спортивные страсти сродни животным эмоциям.
Обезьяна подбрасывает вверх кость, которая превращается в космический корабль. Время действия картины переносится на десять тысяч лет вперед, когда человек стал уже покорять космос. Звучит музыка уже другого Штрауса – Иоганна. Под его «Голубой Дунай» вальсируют в пустоте чёрного пространства звездолёты. Сколько раз потом этот образ использовали в кино, а создал его Кубрик. К слову, режиссёр хотел привлечь к работе ещё живого в то время классика Карла Орфа. Но автору Carmina Burana уже было 72 года, предложение его не заинтересовало.
Напомню, «Одиссея» снималась во второй половине 60-х годов. Большинство фантастических фильмов того времени выглядят сейчас, мягко говоря, убого. Но с «космическими» сценами в фильме Кубрика всё иначе. Они не только смотрятся реалистично сейчас, но не уступают в зрелищности современным фильмам, а в плане научной достоверности даже превосходят их. Виной тому гений Кубрика. Всё было проработано до мельчайших деталей, от космических пейзажей до имитации актёрами движений в невесомости. Кубрик сумел создать иллюзию космического масштаба, и в прямом и в переносном смысле. Мы видим безграничный космос, но на самом же деле сцены снимались в занавешенной чёрной тканью комнате. Модели кораблей составляли от нескольких десятков сантиметров до полутора десятка метров, в зависимости от расстояния, на котором они должны были располагаться друг от друга. В итоге сцены в космосе получились настолько достоверные, что многие конспирологи до сих пор подозревают Кубрика в том, что он снял высадку американцев на Луну, которой, как они считают, на самом деле не было.
Но вернёмся к нашему Чёрному монолиту. Его нашли на Луне, но, при его обнаружении, он стал посылать сигналы к Юпитеру. Туда направлена экспедиция из двух космонавтов и погружённой в анабиоз группы учёных. Кораблём управляет мощный компьютер ХЭЛ. ХЭЛ «сходит с ума» и убивает спящих учёных и одного космонавта. Однако второй, сумев избежать смерти, отключает компьютер. Искусственный интеллект не смог конкурировать с человеком. Тема восстания искусственно разума будет в дальнейшим широко использоваться в кино. Сопоставьте, например, красный глаз ХЭЛа и красный глаз машины-убийцы из фантастического блокбастера «Терминатор».
Последний космонавт продолжает экспедицию, и, когда его капсула приближается к Юпитеру, опять появляется Чёрный монолит. И тут происходит что-то странное. Чёрный монолит как будто взрывает сознание космонавта. Мы видим его расширенные в безумии зрачки, искажённое гримасой лицо, при этом в кадре постоянно меняется цветовой спектр. Эта психоделическая сцена сопровождается невыносимой какофонией звуков и длиться больше десяти минут. Многие зрители не выдерживали, выходили из кинозалов. Однако именно этот эпизод привёл в восторг орду обдолбанных хиппи, которые смотрели фильм на фестивале в 1968 году в Лос-Анджелесе.
Потом следует заключительная часть фильма, которая поставила в недоумение не только обычных зрителей, но и многих кинодеятелей. Режиссёр «Крёстного отца» Френсис Коппола сказал тогда Кубрику: «Что вы делаете? Вас же не поймут!». И действительно, что творится в последней части объяснить сложно.
Но и не надо объяснять. Разве можно, например, объяснить причины того эффекта, производимого на Вас, когда вы слушаете концерт классической музыки? Вы можете объяснить, почему вы испытываете возбуждение, когда звучат фанфары «Заратустры» Штрауса? Почему Вы вдруг ощущаете необычную лёгкость, когда сидите в неудобном кресле в консерватории и на сцене играют «Голубой Дунай»? Почему Вы испытываете грусть, когда слушаете в наушниках «Лунную сонату» Бетховена? Эффект, которого добивается Кубрик в последней сцене и в других эпизодах фильма сродни музыкальному, только он, достигается с помощью средств визуализации.
После психоделического трипа капсула с космонавтом непонятным образом оказывается в замкнутом помещении. Нам показывают интерьеры странных апартаментов. Источником холодного света там служат квадраты пола, но само помещение оформлено в классическим стиле – мы видим венские стулья, кушетку, кровать, настенные светильники в виде подсвечников. В нишах стен расположились статуи и картины.
Там, куда попал космонавт, нарушаются законы пространства – он идёт в одну сторону, но получается, что он идёт в другую. Нарушается логика и время – он видит сам себя постаревшим. Седой и облысевший он ест за столом и нечаянно разбивает бокал – символический момент, бокал, как и статуи, как и картины, как и венские стулья – это символы старой, по ницшеанской философии, человеческой культуры.
Потом он видит сам себя уже при смерти, лежащим в кровати сморщенным стариком. Старик видит чёрный монолит и, как на фреске Микеланджело «Сотворение Адама», тянет к нему руку. И рождается Сверхчеловек – снова звучат фанфары и мы видим в космосе гигантского эмбриона на фоне Земли.
«Одиссея» для Кубрика тоже стала своеобразным Чёрными монолитом, изменившим направление его творчества. Вместо обычного голливудского кино, типа раннего «Спартака», Кубрик стал снимать фильмы, благодаря которым он и вошёл в историю кинематографа. Начиная с «Одиссеи», во всех своих следующих картинах режиссёр совершал открытия в области киноискусства, которые потом активно использовались другими. Его перфекционизм развился до невероятных размеров. Каждой сцене, каждой детали, он уделял очень много времени. При подготовке к очередному фильму делались тысячи фотографий, собиралось и анализировалось невероятное количество информации. Коробки его архива множились, время между фильмами увеличивалось.
«Так что же это за таинственный Чёрный монолит из фильма?» – спросите вы. Отвечу, что не знаю. А если б и знал, то вряд ли бы смог объяснить.
Источник: artifex
Материал любезно предоставлен Tablet
В Хейт‑Эшбери тогда было «лето любви»
, и новые Адамы и Евы, босоногие и чумазые, проповедовали идею мира во всей вселенной. Но тем же летом 1967 года на киностудии в английском городке Боремвуд обезьянолюди Стэнли Кубрика бегали, повизгивая, издавая тарабарские вопли и свирепо торжествуя при первом в доисторическую эпоху акте кровопролития. Кубрик снимал «Зарю человека» — начальную главу фильма «2001 год: Космическая одиссея», который ошеломил мир.
В первые же минуты фильма среди обезьян приземляется загадочный матово‑черный монолит. Этот объект гудит и жужжит в унисон с взволнованными, возвышенными аккордами музыки Дьёрдя Лигети. Готовьтесь ко взлету цивилизации: обезьяны — они вот‑вот станут людьми — начинают убивать животных ради мяса. А еще обезьяны убивают друг друга. Одна из обезьян подбрасывает кость высоко в воздух, и (вот самый знаменитый в истории кино образчик монтажного перехода с совмещением
!) та превращается в космический корабль. Таким образом, грубое доисторическое насилие устремляется со скоростью ракеты вперед, в космическую эру, исподтишка заражая ее сверхсовременный, чистенький, контролируемый компьютером рационализм. В главе «Заря человека» Кубрик вторил писателю Роберту Ардри
, утверждавшему, что именно смертоубийственное насилие впервые сделало нас людьми. «Территориальный императив» предполагал захват некой местности и попытки отогнать конкурентов, колотя их по головам камнем или, как в «2001», костью дохлого тапира.
Что представлял собой этот монолит — скрижаль Моше, спроектированную Мисом ван дер Роэ
, как предположил один критик? Или золотого тельца — ведь обезьяны отплясывают вокруг него и галдят? Натан Абрамс в своей первопроходческой новой книге «Стэнли Кубрик — нью‑йоркский еврейский интеллектуал» пишет, что «Заря человечества» напоминает книгу Бытия: инопланетный, не имеющий лица Господь расшевелил обезьян словно бы электрическим разрядом, передав им новое знание. Понимайте образ монолита, как хотите: для озадаченных обезьян с карикатуры в журнале «МЭД»
монолит был доисторической гандбольной площадкой. Монолит, появляющийся в «Заре человека», — лишь первая из множества головоломок в фильме. Широчайший простор для интерпретаций «2001» (фильм поощрял зрителей не просто погрузиться в происходящее на экране, а строить собственные гипотезы) был для голливудского кино новацией.
«2001» был уникален в своем роде, да и спустя пять десятков лет по‑прежнему ошеломляет новизной. После сцен с обезьянами нас телепортируют в космос, где все медленно и величаво кружится под мелодию вальса Штрауса. По прошествии двух часов, в финале, нам остается только бродить вместе с астронавтом Дейвом Боуменом, простым парнем, чей ум подобен чистому листу, по спальне, обставленной в стиле Людовика XVI, пока наконец на нас не устремляет взор «Звездное дитя» — а взор этот, пожалуй, не более невинный, чем у насильника и убийцы Алекса в первом кадре следующего фильма Кубрика — «Заводной апельсин»; этот фильм, как и Альтамонт
, возвестит, что надеждам 1960‑х годов на мир и любовь не суждено осуществиться. И все же есть повелительная музыка Рихарда Штрауса — адресованный нам ницшеанский вызов: «а ну‑ка, рискните претерпеть метаморфозу», есть возвышенная перегрузка органов чувств в авангардной сцене «Звездные врата», где Боумен видит и ощущает новые пределы возможного, новые анатомии (по выражению Харта Крейна); во время этой сцены один из первых зрителей — будучи, естественно, в наркотическом трансе, как и почти все в зале, — принялся продираться сквозь экран, выкрикивая: «Я вижу Бога!»
«Даже героин или оккультизм никогда не заводили так далеко», — сказал критик Дэвид Томсон, рассуждая о воздействии кинематографа — о его более чем реальной чарующей силе. А «2001» завел нас дальше, чем любой другой фильм в истории: и во времена, когда ничего человеческого не существовало, и в миры вне человеческого восприятия, и позволяет нам вслушаться в безмолвие бесконечного космоса. К нему, как к никакому другому фильму Кубрика, подходит отзыв Мартина Скорсезе: «Смотреть картины Кубрика — все равно что поднимать глаза к горной вершине. Задираешь голову и не можешь понять: как кому‑то удалось забраться в такую высь?»
Майкл Бенсон в своей новой книге «Космическая одиссея 2001. Как Стэнли Кубрик и Артур Кларк создавали культовый фильм» забирается на гору и показывает нам во всех завлекательных подробностях, как достиг таких высот Кубрик. Бенсон взял десятки интервью у тех, кто помог Кубрику совершить чудо — создать «2001», и в его книге найдется много дотоле неизвестного об этом, по‑видимому, самом технически сложном фильме всех времен. Кубрик и его съемочная группа терпеливо искали решения проблем, а Бенсон, блестящий рассказчик, рассказывает об их работе так, что она кажется на редкость увлекательной, — такой, собственно, она и была.
Бенсон пишет, что к каждому из своих фильмов Кубрик подходил, как к «грандиозному расследованию». Это конкретное расследование началось в 1964 году, когда Кубрик впервые услышал об Артуре Ч. Кларке. Весной 1964‑го Кубрик в Нью‑Йорке упивался все нараставшим успехом своего фильма «Доктор Стрейнджлав», вышедшего на экран в январе. Он жил со своей третьей женой Кристианой и тремя их дочерьми в пентхаусе на углу Лексингтон‑авеню и Восемьдесят четвертой улицы, а в числе его нью‑йоркских друзей были писатель Терри Саузерн, соавтор сценария «Стрейнджлава», джазовый музыкант Арти Шоу и их жены. Шоу уже много лет не играл на кларнете, а в то время пробовал писать прозу и организовывать прокат фильмов. Шоу, отменный стрелок, собрал, как и Кубрик, большую коллекцию огнестрельного оружия. С Кубриком он сдружился на почве общей любви к джазу, оружию и кино. Зная, что Кубрик хочет снять научно‑фантастический фильм и ищет соавтора сценария, Шоу посоветовал ему прочитать роман Артура Ч. Кларка «Конец детства». Помимо научной фантастики Кларк писал научные книги, а также был астрономом‑любителем. Он жил на Цейлоне и постоянно сидел на мели, в основном из‑за того, что финансировал затеи своего возлюбленного: тот был кинорежиссером.
Кубрик раздобыл роман Кларка и увлеченно прочел его вместе с Кристианой, пока дежурил у постели их четырехлетней дочери Вивиан: она тяжело болела воспалением гортани. С тревогой вслушиваясь в дыхание Вивиан, Кубрик раздирал книгу в бумажном переплете на части, читал и передавал прочитанные листки Кристиане. «Мы решили, что Артур непревзойден», — вспоминала Кристиана. Пресс‑агент Кубрика Роджер Кэрес отправил на Цейлон сообщение по телексу, и Кларк телеграфировал в ответ: «Работать с анфан терриблем мне страшно интересно».
Никаким анфан терриблем Кубрик не был, хотя спустя много лет кто‑то назвал его «гибридом Распутина с Санта‑Клаусом». Его непроглядно черные глаза хронически недосыпающего человека буравили вас насквозь. Кубрик на дух не выносил неумех и внушал нешуточный страх. Но он также бывал «приветлив, открыт для предложений, мечтателен, язвителен», — сказал молодой Джей Кокс (впоследствии сценарист фильмов Скорсезе), а на съемочной площадке мог держаться, как добрый приятель. Кубрик, не проучившийся ни дня в высших учебных заведениях, знал и увлеченно обсуждал массу всего, от Витгенштейна до профессионального футбола, но больше всего знал о том, как делается кино. Оператор‑постановщик «2001» Джеффри Ансуорт признался, что у Кубрика за шесть месяцев узнал больше, чем за 25 лет работы — а ведь он один из лучших британских операторов. «Он абсолютный гений, — поражался Ансуорт. — О механике оптических приборов и химии фотографических процессов он знает столько, сколько никто никогда не знал».
Кубрик прославился в начале 1960‑х. В 1959 году Кирк Дуглас (несколькими годами раньше он продюсировал «Тропы славы» Кубрика и играл там главную роль) после двух недель съемок «Спартака» уволил Энтони Манна и пригласил в режиссеры этого фильма Кубрика, которому тогда было 30 лет. («Уберите этого бронксского еврейчика‑недоростка с моего крана», — проворчал оператор‑ветеран Расселл Метти, но Кубрик немедля поставил его на место.) «Спартак», эпопея в стиле «меч и сандалии», стал самым настоящим голливудским блокбастером, и Кубрик обеспечил себе блестящее будущее. Затем появился «Доктор Стрейнджлав», безудержная и беспрецедентная сатира на темы ядерной войны, — вещица подростковая, но с острым, как бритва, юмором, этакий гибрид Свифта с журналом «МЭД».
«Он был бледный, как полуночник», — вспоминал Кларк о своей первой встрече с Кубриком в Нью‑Йорке, за обедом в ресторане «Трейдер Вик». В середине 1960‑х Кубрик был чисто выбрит и, как заметил журналист Джереми Бернстайн, «имел несколько богемный вид — то ли шулер с речного парохода, то ли румынский поэт». Вскоре Кларк уютно устроился в отеле «Челси», где питался в основном галетами с печеночным паштетом, ухлестывал за соседом по этажу — ирландцем, моряком торгового флота, и приятельствовал с другими постояльцами «Челси» — Уильямом Берроузом и Алленом Гинзбергом. Кларк писал сценарий со скоростью нескольких тысяч слов в день и постоянно встречался с Кубриком, чтобы утрясать детали произведения, которое стало самым новаторским научно‑фантастическим фильмом всех времен. «Научная фантастика в кино — это всегда означало чудовища и секс», — сказал впоследствии Кларк, но их с Кубриком фильм должен был отличаться от этих шаблонов — это был серьезный взгляд на судьбы человечества.
Возможно, наступление Наполеона на Москву было все‑таки посложнее в техническом отношении, чем работа над «2001». Но, возможно, Наполеону было и попроще. Съемки «вживую» почти всего материала для «2001», кроме начальной главы про доисторическую эру, заняли восемь месяцев, с декабря 1965‑го по июль 1966 года. За ними последовали почти два года монтажа. Кубрик с маниакальным упорством просил снять еще дубль, и съемочная группа мало‑помалу привыкла к его мантре: «Сделайте это по новой». Для фильма потребовалось больше двух сотен дублей, изготовленных путем комбинированных съемок: первоначальный негатив хранили в качестве «архивного дубля», а затем кропотливо дополняли изображение элементами первого плана и заднего плана — это могли быть, например, звезды или Земля в иллюминаторе космического корабля. После многомесячных проб и ошибок космические сцены стали выглядеть так, как задумал режиссер.
Кристиана говорила, что Кубрик, большой любитель шахмат, при работе над своими фильмами «был шахматистом до мозга костей»: «Он говорил: “Не расслабляйся слишком рано. Когда люди расслабляются, они делают ошибки”». Однажды Кубрик заметил: «…шахматы учат <…> держать в узде первоначальный энтузиазм, который чувствуешь при виде чего‑то, что хорошо смотрится» и «судить так же объективно, как судишь, когда у тебя проблемы». В «2001» Дейв, схватившись с ХЭЛом — компьютером‑убийцей, поступает, как шахматист. Беспокойство, страх и гнев искажают обычно бесстрастное лицо Кира Дулли, когда ХЭЛ отказывается открыть перед ним двери шлюзовой камеры, но человек, храбрый и смекалистый, берет верх над компьютером.
В центре «2001», этого фильма, который как умиротворяет, так и нарушает душевный покой, — на удивление человеческое восприятие его персонажа‑компьютера. Все кадры фильма, снятые с точки зрения персонажей, сняты с точки зрения именно ХЭЛа. А в самой знаменитой сцене Дейв убивает ХЭЛа. Компьютер мало‑помалу теряет рассудок и в полном помутнении начинает петь песенку «Дэзи».
В начале работы над сценарием Кларк записал в дневнике: «Стэнли придумал безумный образ слегка манерных роботов». В итоге Кубрик выбрал на роль ХЭЛа канадского актера Дугласа Рейна, объяснив, что в голосе Рейна есть что‑то «бесполое и покровительственное». ХЭЛ как странно успокаивает, так и злорадствует: это сочетание качеств, похоже, точно описывает сегодняшнее проникновение высоких технологий в нашу жизнь. Теперь вы можете сделать заказ, и для вас изготовят умную колонку с виртуальным помощником «Алекса», внешне неотличимую от ХЭЛа — самого запоминающегося образа искусственного интеллекта на киноэкране.
Бенсон превосходно описывает многочисленные достижения «2001» по части художественных решений. В космосе персонажи‑люди обитают в сияющем белизной мирке, где стильность и функциональность идут рука об руку. Когда Фрэнк Пул (его играет Гэри Локвуд) совершает пробежки и отрабатывает боксерские удары на дорожке, проложенной словно бы внутри колеса, — а бежит он мимо похожих на саркофаги ячеек, где лежат в анабиозе его сотоварищи‑астронавты, Кубрик блистательно внушает зрителям ощущение невесомости, «ленты Мёбиуса», заставляет воскликнуть: «Глазам своим не верю!», замечает Бенсон. А еще был изобретенный Дугом Трамбуллом революционный спецэффект, основанный на разделении экрана, — его применили в галлюцинаторной сцене «Звездные врата»: Бенсон впервые раскрывает подробности рабочего процесса. Обтекаемый шлем астронавта (его прообразом были кепи жокеев на скачках в Аскоте) — изобретение немецкого ученого Гарри Ланге, когда‑то приехавшего в Алабаму на базу НАСА в Хантсвилле вслед за Вернером фон Брауном. В своем рабочем кабинете Ланге держал флаг Конфедеративных Штатов Америки и модель ракеты «Фау‑2», пока британские члены съемочной группы не пригрозили забастовкой протеста, и тогда Кубрик заставил Ланге убрать флаг и ракету.
Для самой авантюрной затеи в рамках съемок требовалось изобрести, как сыграть человекообразных обезьян, Кубрик нанял профессионального мима Дэна Рихтера. Один из самых популярных номеров Рихтера назывался «Пинбол»: он метался и перекатывался по сцене кубарем — играл четыре шара с совершенно разными характерами. Рихтер и его подруга были наркоманами и должны были находиться под надзором британских властей; врач, у которой они получали героин, была «дамой‑аристократкой в твидовом костюме и с золотым лорнетом», как вспоминал Рихтер.
Рихтер был фанатичный перфекционист под стать Кубрику. Много недель наблюдал в зоопарке за приматами, пока не придумал, как перевоплотиться в Смотрящего на Луну — обезьяньего самца, подстрекающего сородичей совершать убийства и питаться мясом. Стюарт Фриборн, разработавший костюмы обезьян, трудился так же неутомимо, как и Рихтер. Чтобы обезьяны выглядели реалистично, от актеров требовалось скалить зубы, рычать и строить гримасы, заметные даже под резиновой маской. После долгих проб и ошибок Фриборн нашел решение: позади зубов актеров установили под углом семь крохотных наклонных магнитов, прочные эластичные ленты тоже пошли в дело.
От экранной судьбы «2001» зависело будущее киностудии «Метро‑Голдвин‑Майер»: она все еще не могла оправиться после провала нескольких высокобюджетных фильмов в начале 1960‑х. Когда Кубрик впервые представил свой шедевр, фильм нагнал на руководителей студии такую скуку, что они уверились: теперь их ничто не спасет. С первого сеанса в Нью‑Йорке сотрудники «Метро‑Голдвин‑Майер» уходили всем скопом. Обескураженный Кубрик затворился вместе с женой в гостиничном номере, где, как она вспоминает, «не мог ни спать, ни разговаривать, ни чем бы то ни было заняться». Жена сказала ему: фильм своего зрителя найдет, хотя в него и не врубились немолодые голливудские дельцы.
Кристиана оказалась права. На следующий день начала поступать статистика: зрители моложе 30 лет шли на «2001» толпами. Молва разносилась с быстротой эпидемии, и вскоре команда копирайтеров придумала для фильма новый слоган — «Полнейший улет». Люди смотрели «2001» по многу раз, причем, как казалось, непременно в измененном состоянии сознания. Очень скоро Джон Леннон обронил: «“2001”? Я смотрю его раз в неделю».
С выходом «2001» Кубрик стал пророком молодежной культуры 1960‑х — правда, довольно опасливым и скептически настроенным. Натан Абрамс в своей книге объясняет эту опасливость тем, что представляет Кубрика как еврейского интеллектуала. Действительно, Кубрик в своих фильмах почти всегда избегает малейших упоминаний о еврействе, но то же можно сказать и о романах и рассказах Кафки (Кубрик их читал и перечитывал). Абрамс замечает, что Кубрик «обожал теоретизировать об идеологиях, был по рождению евреем и не без смущения стремился блистать» — а все это общие черты нью‑йоркских интеллектуалов. В старших классах он получал настолько плохие отметки, что не смог продолжить образование во времена «Закона о военнослужащих»
, и тем не менее слушал в Колумбийском университете лекции Лайонела Триллинга и Марка ван Дорена, а в Гринвич‑Виллидже в 1950‑х был знаком с Дианой Арбус
, Уиджи
, Джеймсом Эйджи
и Дуайтом Макдональдом
. «Я провел три часа со Стэнли Кубриком, самым талантливым из молодых режиссеров, с ним было очень интересно, — написал в 1959 году Макдональд, — говорили об Уайтхеде
, Кафке, “Потемкине”, дзен‑буддизме, упадке западной культуры и о том, стоит ли вообще жить, если не ударяться в крайности — не уходить с головой в религиозность или в гедонизм: типичный нью‑йоркский разговор».
Кубрик был еврейский режиссер, хотя никогда бы так себя не назвал. Он неотрывно читал литературу о Холокосте и едва не снял на эту тему фильм — по роману Луиса Бегли
«Ложь во время войны». «В каком‑то смысле Кубрик даже сочетался браком с Холокостом», — пишет Абрамс. Кристиана — она была рядом с Кубриком на протяжении последних 35 лет его жизни — приходилась племянницей нацистскому кинорежиссеру Файту Харлану, снявшему антисемитский пропагандистский фильм «Еврей Зюсс». Перед встречей с Харланом в 1957 году Кубрик осушил большую рюмку водки и сказал Кристиане: «Стою тут, как Вуди Аллен, выгляжу на десять — не меньше — евреев». Среди коллег‑режиссеров он ближе всего общался с Алленом и Стивеном Спилбергом — последний после смерти Кубрика завершил его проект «Искусственный разум». Нахальный черный юмор «Доктора Стрейнджлава» сближает Кубрика с Ленни Брюсом
, Джозефом Хеллером и любителями дразнить священных коров из «МЭД». В своем загородном поместье в Хертфордшире в Англии Кубрик, еврей из Бронкса, наверняка чувствовал себя не в своей тарелке — совсем как ирландский авантюрист‑выскочка Барри Линдон
.
«Мифологический документальный фильм» Стэнли Кубрика: так он сам назвал «2001» — будет жить, вероятно, все то время, пока фильмы вообще продолжают снимать и смотреть. Это одно из достижений, о которых говорит Ардри в любимой цитате Кубрика из «Африканского генезиса»: «Мы родились не от падших ангелов, а от обезьян, возвысившихся над собой, причем обезьяны были вдобавок вооруженными убийцами. А раз так, чему нам удивляться? Нашим убийствам, массовым бойням, ракетам и непримиримым войскам? Или нашим пактам, как бы мало они ни стоили, нашим симфониям, как бы редко их ни исполняли, нашим мирным крестьянским полям, как бы часто их ни превращали в поля сражений, нашим мечтам, как бы редко они ни осуществлялись. Если говорить о человеке, чудо не в том, как низко он пал, а в том, до каких немыслимых высот он поднялся».
«2001 год: Космическая одиссея» — доказательство того, что мы, хоть и кратко, зато запредельно возвысились над собой.
Оригинальная публикация: The Making of Kubrick’s Masterpiece, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’
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- Автор сценария:
- Стэнли Кубрик
- Артур Кларк
-
- Режиссер:
- Стэнли Кубрик
Кто мы? Какое место мы занимаем во Вселенной? Эти вопросы стоят перед героями фильма Стэнли Кубрика. Экипаж космического корабля С. С. Дискавери — капитаны Дэйв Боумэн, Фрэнк Пул и их бортовой компьютер ХЭЛ-9000 — должны исследовать район галактики и понять, почему инопланетяне следят за Землей. На этом пути их ждет множество неожиданных открытий…
СКАЧАТЬ
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) by Stanley Kubrick and Arthur C. Clark. Revised draft, 12/14/65. More info about this movie on imdb.com TITLE PART I AFRICA 3,000,000 YEARS AGO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A1 VIEWS OF AFRICAN DRYLANDS - DROUGHT The remorseless drought had lasted now for ten million years, and would not end for another million. The reign of the ter- rible lizards had long since passed, but here on the continent which would one day be known as Africa, the battle for survival had reached a new climax of ferocity, and the victor was not yet in sight. In this dry and barren land, only the small or the swift or the fierce could flourish, or even hope to exist. 10/13/65 a1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A2 INT & EXT CAVES - MOONWATCHER The man-apes of the field had none of these attributes, and they were on the long, pathetic road to racial extinction. About twenty of them occupied a group of caves overlooking a small, parched valley, divided by a sluggish, brown stream. The tribe had always been hungry, and now it was starving. As the first dim glow of dawn creeps into the cave, Moonwatcher discovers that his father has died during the night. He did not know the Old One was his father, for such a relationship was beyond his understanding. but as he stands looking down at the emac- iated body he feels something, something akin to sadness. Then he carries his dead father out of the cave, and leaves him for the hyenas. Among his kind, Moonwatcher is almost a giant. He is nearly five feet high, and though badly undernourished, weighs over a hundred pounds. His hairy, muscular body is quite man-like, and his head is already nearer man than ape. The forehead is low, and there are great ridges over the eye-sockets, yet he unmistakably holds in his genes the promise of humanity. As he looks out now upon the hostile world, there is already 10/13/65 a2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A2 CONTINUED something in his gaze beyond the grasp of any ape. In those dark, deep-set eyes is a dawning awareness-the first intima- tions of an intelligence which would not fulfill itself for another two million years. 10/13/65 a3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A3 EXT THE STREAM - THE OTHERS As the dawn sky brightens, Moonwatcher and his tribe reach the shallow stream. The Others are already there. They were there on the other side every day - that did not make it any less annoying. There are eighteen of them, and it is impossible to distinguish them from the members of Moonwatcher's own tribe. As they see him coming, the Others begin to angrily dance and shriek on their side of the stream, and his own people reply In kind. The confrontation lasts a few minutes - then the display dies out as quickly as it has begun, and everyone drinks his fill of the muddy water. Honor has been satisfied - each group has staked its claim to its own territory. 10/13/65 a4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A4 EXT AFRICAN PLAIN - HERBIVORES Moonwatcher and his companions search for berries, fruit and leaves, and fight off pangs of hunger, while all around them, competing with them for the samr fodder, is a potential source of more food than they could ever hope to eat. Yet all the thousands of tons of meat roaming over the parched savanna and through the brush is not only beyond their reach; the idea of eating it is beyond their imagination. They are slowly starving to death in the midst of plenty. 10/13/65 a5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A5 EXT PARCHED COUNTRYSIDE - THE LION The tribe slowly wanders across the bare, flat country- side foraging for roots and occasional berries. Eight of them are irregularly strung out on the open plain, about fifty feet apart. The ground is flat for miles around. Suddenly, Moonwatcher becomes aware of a lion, stalking them about 300 yards away. Defenceless and with nowhere to hide, they scatter in all directions, but the lion brings one to the ground. 10/13/65 a6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A6 EXT DEAD TREE - FINDS HONEY It had not been a good day, though as Moonwatcher had no real remembrance of the past he could not compare one day with another. But on the way back to the caves he finds a hive of bees in the stump of a dead tree, and so enjoys the finest delicacy his people could ever know. Of course, he also collects a good many stings, but he scacely notices them. He is now as near to contentment as he is ever likely to be; for thought he is still hungry, he is not actually weak with hunger. That was the most that any hominid could hope for. 10/13/65 a7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A7 INT & EXT CAVES - NIGHT TERRORS Over the valley, a full moon rises, and a cold wind blows down from the distant mountains. It would be very cold tonight - but cold, like hunger, was not a matter for any real concern; it was merely part of the background of life. This Little Sun, that only shone at night and gave no warmth, was dangerous; there would be enemies abroad. Moonwatcher crawls out of the cave, clambers on to a large boulder besides the entrance, and squats there where he can survey the valley. If any hunting beast approached, he would have time to get back to the relative safety of the cave. Of all the creatures who had ever lived on Earth, Moonwatcher's race was the first to raise their eyes with interest to the Moon, and though he could not remember it, when he was young, Moonwatcher would reach out and try to touch its ghostly face. Now he new he would have to find a tree that was high enough. He stirs when shrieks and screams echo up the slope from one of the lower caves, and he does not need to hear the 10/13/65 a8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A7 CONTINUED occasional growl of the lion to know what is happening. Down there in the darkness, old One-Eye and his family are dying, and the thought that he might help in some way never crosses Moonwatcher's mind. The harsh logic of survival rules out such fancies. Every cave is silent, lest it attract disaster. And in the caves, in tortured spells of fitful dozing and fearful waiting, were gathered the nightmares of generations yet to come. 10/13/65 a9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A8 EXT THE STREAM - INVASION The Others are growing desperate; the forage on their side of the valley is almost exhausted. Perhaps they realise that Moonwatcher's tribe has lost three of its numbers during the night, for they choose this mourning to break the truce. When they meet at the river in the still, misty dawn, there is a deeper and more menacing note in their challenge. The noisy but usually harmless confrontation lasts only a few seconds before the invasion begins. In an uncertainly-moving horde, the Others cross the river, shieking threats and hunched for the attack. They are led by a big-toothed hominid of Moonwatcher's own size and age. Startled and frightened, the tribe retreats before the first advance, throwing nothing more substantial than imprecations at the invaders. Moonwatcher moves with them, his mind a mist of rage and confusion. To be driven from their own territory is a great badness, but to lose the river is death. He does not know what to do; it is a situation beyond his experience. Then he becomes dimly aware that the Others are slowing 10/13/65 a10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A8 CONTINUED down, and advancing with obvious reluctance. The further they move from their own side, the more uncertain and unhappy they become. Only Big-Tooth still retains any of his original drive, and he is rapidly being seperated from his followers. As he sees this, Moonwatcher's own morale immediately revives. He slows down his retreat, and begins to make reassuring noises to his companions. Novel sensations fill his dim mind - the first faint precursors of bravery and leadership. Before he realizes it, he is face to face with Big-Tooth, and the two tribes come to a halt many paces away. The disorganized and unscientific conflict could have ended quickly if either had used his fist as a club, but this innovation still lay hundreds of thousands of years in the future. Instead, the slowly weakening fighters claw and scratch and try to bite each other. Rolling over and over, they come to a patch of stony ground, and when they reach it Moonwatcher is on top. By chance, 10/13/65 a11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A8 CONTINUED he chooses this moment to grab the hair on Big-Tooth's scalp, and bang his head on the ground. The resulting CRACK is so satisfactory, and produces such an immediate weakening In Big - Tooth's resistance, that he quickly repeats it. Even when Big-Tooth ceases to move for some time, Moon- watcher keeps up the exhilirating game. With shrieks of panic, the Others retreat back, across the stream. The defenders cautiously pursue them as far as The water's edge. 10/13/65 a12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ EXT CAVE - NEW SOUND Dozing fitfully and weakened by his stuggle, Moonwatcher is startled by a sound. He sits up in the fetid darkness of the cave, straining his senses out into the night, and fear creeps slowly into his soul. Never in his life - already twice as long as most members of his species could expect - has he heard a sound like this. The great cats approached in silence, and the only thing that betrayed them was a rare slide of earth, or the occasional cracking of a twig. Yet this is a continuing crunching noise that grows steadily louder. It seemed that some enormous beast was moving through the night, making no attempt at concealment, and ignoring all obstacles. And then there came a sound which Moonwatcher could not possibly have identified, for it had never been heard before in the history of this planet. 10/13/65 a13 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A10 EXT CAVE - NEW ROCK Moonwatcher comes face to face with the New Rock when he leads the tribe down to the river in the first light of morning. He had almost forgotten the terror of the night, because nothing had happened after that initial noise, so he does not even associate this strange thing with danger or with fear. There is nothing in the least alarming about it. It is a cube about fifteen feet on a side, and it is made of some completely transparent material; indeed, it is not easy to see except when the light of the sun glints on its edges. There are no natural objects to which Moonwatcher can compare this apparition. Though he is wisely cautious of most new things, he does not hesitate to walk up to it. As nothing happens, he puts out his hand, and feels a warm, hard surface. After several minutes of intense thought, he arrives at a brilliant explanation. It is a rock, of course, and it must have grown during the night. There are many plants that do this - white, pulpy things shaped like pebbles, that seem to shoot up in the hours of darkness. It is true that they are small and round, whereas this is large and square; 10/13/65 a14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A10 CONTINUED but greater and later philosophers than Moonwatcher would be prepared to overlook equally striking exceptions to their laws. This really superb piece of abstract thinking leads Moonwatcher to a deduction which he immediately puts to the test. The white, round pebble-plants are very tasty (though there were a few that made one violently sick); perhaps this square one...? A few licks and attempted nibbles quickly disillusion him. There is no nourishment here; so like a sensible hominid, he continues on his way to the river and forgets all about the Cube. 10/13/65 a15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A11 EXT CUBE - FIRST LESSON They are still a hundred yards from the New Rock when the sound begins. It is quite soft, and it stops them in their tracks, so that they stand paralyzed on the trail with their jaws hanging. A simple, maddeningly repetitious rhythm pulses out of the crystal cube and hypnotises all who come within its spell. For the first time - and the last, for two million year - the sound of drumming is heard in Africa. The throbbing grows louder, more insistent. Presently the hominids begin to move forward like sleep-walkers, towards the source of that magnetic sound. Sometimes they take little dancing steps, as their blood responds to the rhythms that their descendants will not create for ages yet. Totally entranced, they gather around the Cube, forgetting the hardships of the day, the perils of the approaching dusk, and the hunger in their bellies. Now, spinning wheels of light begin to merge, and the spokes fuse into luminous bars that slowly recede into the distance, 10/13/65 a16 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A11 CONTINUED rotating on their axes as they do; and the hominids watch, wide- eyed, mesmerized captives of the Crystal Cube. Then by some magic - though it was no more magical than all that had gone on before - a perfectly normal scene appears. It is as if a cubical block had been carved out of the day and shifted into the night. Inside that block is a group of four hominids, who might have been members of Moonwatcher's own tribe, eating chunks of meat. The carcass of a wart-hog lies near them. This little family of male and female and two children is gorged and replete, with sleek and glossy pelts - and this was a condition of life that Moonwatcher had never imagined. From time to time they stir lazily, as they loll at ease near the entrance of their cave, apparently at peace with the world. The spectacle of domestic bliss merges into a totally different scene. The family is no longer reposing peacefully outside its cave; it is foraging, searching for food like any normal hominids. 10/13/65 a17 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A11 CONTINUED A small wart-hog ambles past the group of browsing humanoids without giving them more than a glance, for they had never been the slightest danger to its species. But that happy state of affairs is about to end. The big male suddenly bends down, picks up a heavy stone lying at his feet - and hurls it upon the unfortunate pig. The stone descends upon its skull, making exactly the same noise that Moonwatcher had produced in his now almost forgotten encounter with Big-Tooth. And the result, too, is much the same - the warthog gives one amazed, indignant squeal, and collapses in a motionless heap. Then the whole sequence begins again, but this time it unfolds itself with incredible slowness. Every detail of the movement can be followed; the stone arches leisurely through the air, the pig crumples up and sinks to the ground. There the scene freezes for long moments, the slayer standing motionless above the slain, the first of all weapons in his hand. The scene suddenly fades out. The cube is no more than a glimmering outline in the darkness; the hominids stir, as if 10/13/65 a18 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A11 CONTINUED awakening from a dream, realise where they are, and scuttle back to their caves. They have no concious memory of what they had seen; but that night, as he sits brooding at the entrance of his lair, his ears attuned to the noises of the world around him, Moonwatcher feels the first faint twinges of a new and potent emotion - the urge to kill. He had taken his first step towards humanity. 10/13/65 a19 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A12 EXT cave AND PLAINS - Utopia Babies were born and sometimes lived; feeble, toothless thirty- year-olds died; the lion took its toll in the night; the Others threatened daily across the river - and the trib prospered. In the course of a single year, Moonwatcher and his companions had changed almost beyond recognition. They had become as plump as the family in the Cave, who no longer haunted their dreams. They had learned their lessons well; now they could handle all the stone tools and weapons that the Cube had revealed to them. They were no longer half-numbed with starvation, and they had time both for leisure and for the first rudiments of thought. Their new way of life was casually accepted, and they did not associate it in any way with the crystal cube still standing outside their cave. But no Utopia is perfect, and this one had two blemishes. The first was the marauding lion, whose passion for hominids seemed to have grown even stronger now that they were better nourished. The second was the tribe across the river; for 10/13/65 a20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A12 CONTINUED somehow the Others had survived, and had stubbornly refused to die of starvation. 10/13/65 a21 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A13 EXT CAVES - KILLING THE LION With the partly devoured carcass of a warthog laid out on the ground at the point he hope the boulder would impact, Moon- watcher and three of his bravest companions wait for two consecutive nights. On the third the lion comes, betraying his presences by a small pebble slide. When they can here the lion below, softly tearing at the meat, they strain themselves against the massive boulder. The sound of the lion stops; he is listening. Again they silently heave against the enormous stone, exerting the final limits of their strength. The rock begin to tip to a new balance point. The lion twitches alert to this sound, but having no fear of these creatures, he makes the first of two mistakes which will cost him his life; he goes back to his meal. The rock moves slowly over the ledge, picking up speed with amazing suddeness. It strikes a projection in the cliff about fifteen feet above the ground, which deflects its path outward. Just at this instant, the lion reacts instinctively and leaps away from the face of the cliff directly into the path of the 10/13/65 a22 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A13 CONTINUED onrushing boulder. He has combined the errors of over- confidence and bad luck. The next morning they find the lion in front of the cave. They also find one of their tribe who had incautiously peeped out to see what was happening, and was apparently killed by a small rock torn loose by the boulder; but this was a small price to pay for such a great victory. * * * * * * * * And then one night the crystal cube was gone, and not even Moonwatcher ever thought of it again. He was still wholly unaware of all that it had done. 10/13/65 a23 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A14 EXT STREAM - MASTER OF THE WORLD From their side of the stream, in the never violated safety of their own territory, the Others see Moonwatcher and fourteen males of his tribe appear from behind a small hillock over- looking the stream, silhouetted against the dawn sky. The Others begin to scream their daily challenge. But today something is different, though the Others do not immediatly recognize this fact. Instead of joining the verbal onslaught, as they had always done, Moonwatcher and his small band decended from the rise, and begin to move forward to the stream with a quiet purposefulness never befor seen. As the Others watch the figures silently approaching in the morning mist, they become aware of the terrible strangness of this encounter, and their rage gradually subsides down to an uneasy silence. At the water's edge, Moonwatcher and his band stop. They carry their bone clubs and bone knives. 10/13/65 a24 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A14 CONTINUED Led by One-ear, the Others half-heartly resume the battle- chant. But they are suddenly confrunted with a vision that cuts the sound from their throats, and strikes terror into their hearts. Moonwatcher, who had been partly concealed by two males who walked before him, thrusts his arm high into the air. In his hand he holds a stoud tree branch. Mounted atop the branch is the bloody head of the lion, its mouth jammed open with a stick, displaying its frightful fangs. The Others gape in fearful disbelief at this display of power. Moonwatchers stands motionless, thrusting the lion's head high. Then with majestic deliberation, still carrying his mangled standard above his head, he begins to cross the stream, followed by his band. The Others fade back from the stream, seeming to lack even the ability to flee. Moonwatcher steps ashore and walks to One-Ear, who stands 10/13/65 a25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A14 CONTINUED unsurely in front of his band. Though he is a veteran of numerous combats at the water's edge, One-Ear has never been attacked by an enemy who had not first displayed his fighting rage; and he had never before been attacked with a weapon. One-Ear, merely looks up at the raised club until the heavey thigh bone of an antelope brings the darkness down around him. The Others stare in wonder at Moonwatcher's power. Moonwatcher surveys the scene. Now he was master of the world, and he was not sure what to do next. But he would think of something. 10/13/65 a26 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ A SECTION TIMING A1 00.30 A2 00.45 A3 01.30 A4 00.30 A5 01.00 A6 01.00 A7 01.00 A8 03.00 A9 00.45 A10 02.00 A11 04.00 A12 02.00 A13 02.30 A14 02.30 A SECTION TOTAL: @23 MIN. 00 SECS ------------------------------------------------------------------------ TITLE PART II YEAR 2001 a26a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B1 EARTH FROM 200 MILES UP NARRATOR By the year 2001, overpopulation has B1a replaced the problem of starvation THOUSAND MEGATON but this was ominously offset by the NUCLEAR BOMB IN ORBIT absolute and utter perfection of the ABOVE THE EARTH, weapon. RUSSIAN INSIGNIA AND CCCP MARKINGS B1b NARRATOR AMERICAN THOUSAND Hundreds of giant bombs had been MEGATON BOMB IN ORBIT placed in perpetual orbit above the ABOVE THE EARTH. Earth. They were capable of incinerating the entire Earth's surface from an altitude of 100 miles. B1c FRENCH BOMB NARRATOR Matters were further complicated by the presence of twenty-seven nations in the nuclear club. There had been no deliberate or acciden- B1d tal use of nuclear weapons since GERMAN BOMB World War II and some people felt sercure in this knowledge. But to others, the situation seemed comparible to an airline with a B1f perfect safety record; in showed CHINESE BOMB admirable care and skill but no one expected it to last forever. 10/4/65 b1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B2 ORION-III SPACECRAFT IN FIGHT AWAY FROM EARTH, 200 MILES ALTITUDE. 10/4/65 b2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B3 ORION-III PASSENGER AREA. DR. HEYWOOD FLOYD IS THE ONLY PASSENGER IN THE ELEGANT CABIN DESIGNED FOR 30 PEOPLE. HE IS ASLEEP. HIS PEN FLOATS NEAR HIS HAND. 10/4/65 b3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B4 ORION-III COCKPIT. PILOT, CO-PILOT. FLOYD CAN BE SEEN ASLEEP ON A SMALL TV MONITOR. STEWARDESS IS PUTTING ON LIPSTICK. SHE SEES PEN. 10/4/65 b4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B5 STEWARDESS GOES BACK TO PASSENGER AREA, RESCUES PEN AND CLIPS IT BACK IN FLOYD'S POCKET. 10/4/65 b5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B6 SPACE STATION-5. THE RAW SUNLIGHT OF SPACE DAZZLES FROM THE POLISHED METAL SURFACES OF THE SLOWLY REVOLVING, THOUSAND-FOOT DIAMETER SPACE STATION. DRIFTING IN THE SAME ORBIT, WE SEE SWEPT-BACK TITOV-V SPACECRAFT. ALSO THE ALMOST SPHERICAL ARIES-IB 10/4/65 b6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B7 ORION-III PASSENGER AREA FLOYD AWAKE BUT GROGGY, LOOKS OUT OF WINDOW. 10/4/65 b7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B8 ORION-III COCKPIT. THE CO-PILOT IN RADIO COMMUNICATION WITH THE SPACE STATION. 10/4/65 b8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B9 THE ORION-III SPACECRAFT IN DOCKING APPROACH. THE EARTH IS SEEN IN BREATH- TAKING VIEW IN B.G. 10/4/65 b9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B10 INSIDE DOCKING CONTROL. WE SEE ORION-III MANO- UVERING. IN BACKGROUND. 10/4/65 b10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B11 FROM DOCKING PORT WE SEE THE ORION-III INCHING IN TO COMPLETE ITS DOCKING. WE SEE VARIOUS WINDOWED BOOTHS INSIDE DOCKING PORT. WE SEE THE PILOT AND CO-PILOT INSIDE THE ORION-III COCKPIT. 10/4/65 b11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B12 SPACE STATION RECEPTION AREA RECEPTIONIST AT DESK. MILLER ENTERS, HUR- RYING. HE GOES TO THE ELEVATOR AND PRESSES BUTTON. HE WAITS IMPATIENTLY. WE SEE ELEVATOR INDICATOR WORKING ELEVATOR DOOR OPENS AND FLOYD IS SEEN UNSTRAPPING HIMSELF. THE ELEVATOR GIRL IS SEATED BY THE DOOR MILLER Oh, good morning, Dr. Floyd. I'm Nick Miller. FLOYD How do you do, Mr. Miller? MILLER I'm terribly sorry. I was just on my way down to meet you. I saw your ship dock and I knew I had plenty of time, and I was on my way out of the office when, suddenly, the phone rang. 12/7/65 b12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B12 CONTINUED FLOYD Oh, please don't worry about it. MILLER Well, thank you very much for being so understanding. FLOYD Please, it really doesn't matter. MILLER Well.. Did you have a pleaant flight? FLOYD Yes, very pleasant. MILLER Well, shall we go through Documentation? FLOYD Fine. RECEPTIONIST Will you use number eight, please? MILLER Thank you, Miss Turner. 12/7/65 b13 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B12 CONTINUED THEY ENTER PASSPORT AREA RECEPTIONIST PRESSES "ENGLISH" BAR ON HER CONSOLE AND SMILES AS FLOYD GOES THROUGH. 12/7/65 b13a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ IN AUTOMATED PASSPORT SECTION. THEY STOP IN FRONT OF A BOOTH FEATURING A TV SCREEN PASSPORT GIRL (TV) Good morning and welcome to voice Print Identification. When you see the red light go on would you please state in the following order; your desitination, your nationality and your full name. Surname first, christian name and initial. For example: Moon, American, Smith, John, D. Thank you. THERE IS A PAUSE AND A RED BAR LIGHTS UP FLOYD Moon, American, Floyd, Heywood, R. THE RED LIGHT GOES OFF. THERE IS A DELAY OF ABOUT TWO SECONDS AND THE WOMAN'S FACE REAPPEARS FLOYD I've always wondered.... 12/7/65 b14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B13 CONTINUED PASSPORT GIRL (TV) (Interrupting) Thank you. Despite and excellent and continually improving safety record there are certain risks inherent in space travel and an extremely high cost of pay load. Because of this it is necessary for the Space Carrier to advise you that it cannot be responsible for the return of your body to Earth should you become deceased on the Moon or en route to the Moon. However, it wishes to advise you that insurance covering this contingency is available in the Main Lounge. Thank you. You are cleared through Voice Print Identification. THE LIGHTS GO OFF AND THE WOMAN'S FACE DISAPPEARS THE MEN EXIT THE PASSPORT AREA MILLER I've reserved a table for you in the Earth Light room. Your connecting flight will be leaving in about one hour. 12/7/65 b15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B13 CONTINUED FLOYD Oh, that's wonderful. 12/7/65 b16 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B14 INT SPACE STATION - LOUNGE FLOYD AND MILLER WALKING MILLER Let's see, we haven't had the pleasure of a visit from you not since... It was about eight or nine months ago, wasn't it? FLOYD Yes, I think so. Just about then. MILLER I suppose you saw the work on our new section while you were docking. FLOYD Yes, it's coming along very well. THEY PASS THE VISION PHONE BOOTH FLOYD Oh, look, I've got to make a phone call. Why don't you go on into the Restaurant and I'll meet you in there. 12/7/65 b17 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B14 CONTINUED MILLER Fine. I'll see you at the bar. FLOYD ENTERS PHONE BOOTH. SIGN ON VISION PHONE SCREEN "SORRY, TEMPORARILY OUT OF ORDER." HE ENTERS THE SECOND BOOTH AND SITS DOWN 12/7/65 b18 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B15 DELETED B16 DELETED PAGES b19 - b22 DELETED 12/7/65 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B17 FLOYD IN VISION PHONE LITTLE GIRL OF FIVE ANSWERS CHILD Hello. VISION PHONE SCREEN DISPLAY SIGN 'YOUR PARTY HAS NOT CONNECTED VISION' A FEW SECONDS LATER, THE SCREEN CHANGES TO AN IMAGE OF THE CHILD FLOYD Hello, darling, how are you? CHILD Hello Daddy. Where are you? FLOYD I'm at Space Station Five, darling. How are you? CHILD I'm fine, Daddy. When are you coming home? 12/6/65 b23 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B17 CONTINUED FLOYD Well, I hope in a few days, sweetheart. CHILD I'm having a party tomorrow. FLOYD Yes, I know that sweetheart. CHILD Are you coming to my party? FLOYD No, I'm sorry, darling, I told you I won't be home for a few days. CHILD When are you coming home? FLOYD In three days, darling, I hope. FLOYD HOLDS UP THREE FINGERS. 12/6/65 b24 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B17 FLOYD One, two, three. Can I speak to Mommy? CHILD Mommy's out to the hair- dresser. FLOYD Where is Mrs. Brown? CHILD She's in the bathroom. FLOYD Okay, sweetheart. Well, I have to go now. Tell Mommy that I called. CHILD How many days until you come home? FLOYD Three, darling. One... two ... three. Be sure to tell Mommy I called. 12/6/65 b24a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B17 CONTINUED CHILD I will, Daddy. FLOYD Okay, sweetheart. Have a lovely Birthday Party tomorrow. CHILD Thank you, Daddy. FLOYD I'll wish you a happy Birthday now and I'll see you soon. All right, Darling? CHILD Yes, Daddy. FLOYD 'Bye, 'bye, now, sweetheart. CHILD Goodbye, Daddy. 12/6/65 b24b ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B18 VISION PHONE PROCEDURE FOR INFORMATION VISION PHONE PROCEDURE FOR DIALLING OPERATOR Good morning, Macy's. FLOYD Good morning. I'd like the Vision shopper for the Pet Shop, please. OPERATOR Just one moment. 12/7/65 b25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B19 THE PICTURE FLIPS AND WE SEE A WOMAN STANDING IN FORN OF A SPECIALLY- DESIGNED DISPLAY SCREEN VISION SALES GIRL Good morning, sir, may I help you? FLOYD Yes, I'd like to buy a bush baby. VISION SALES GIRL Just a moment, sir. THE GIRL KEYS SOME INPUTS AND A MOVING PICTURE APPEARS ON THE SCREEN OF A CAGE CONTAINING ABOUT SIX BUSH BABIES, BEAUTIFULLY DISPLAYED AGAINST A WHITE BACK- GROUND VISION SALES GIRL Here you are, sir. Here is a lovely assortment of African bush babies. They are twenty Dollars each. 12/7/65 b26 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B19 CONTINUED FLOYD Yes, well... Pick out a nice one for me, a friendly one, and I'd like it delivered tomorrow. VISION SALES GIRL Certainly, sir. Just let us have your name and Bank identification for V.P.I., and then give the name and address of the person you'd like the pet delivered to and it will be delivered tomorrow. SOME TIME DURING THIS CONVERSATION, FLOYD SEE ELENA, SMYSLOV AND THE OTHER TWO RUSSIANS PASS HIS VISION PHONE WINDOW. ELENA TAPS AND MIMES "HELLO", GESTURING TOWARD A TABLE BEHIND FLOYD WHERE THEY ALL SIT DOWN FLOYD Thank you very much. Floyd, Heywood, R., First National Bank of Washington. Please deliver to Miss Josephine Floyd, 9423 Dupre Avenue, N.W.14. 12/7/65 b27 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B19 CONTINUED VISION SALES GIRL Thank you very much, sir. It will be delivered tomorrow. 12/7/65 b27a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 SPACE STATTION 5 - LOUNGE FLOYD Well, how nice to see you again, Elena. You're looking wonderful. ELENA How nice to see you, Hyewood. This is my good friend, Dr. Heywood Floyd. I'd like you to meet Andre Smyslov... SMYSLOV AND THE TWO OTHER RUSSIAN WOMEN STAND UP AND SMILE THEY SHAKE HANDS AFTER INTRODUCTION AND AD-LIB 'HELLOS' ELENA And this is Dr. Kalinan... Stretyneva... THE RUSSIANS ARE VERY WARM AND FRIENDLY. SMYSLOV Dr. Floyd, won't you join us for a drink? 12/7/65 b28 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 CONTINUED FLOYD I'm afraid I've only got a few minutes, but I'd love to. THERE IS A BIT OF CONFUSION AS ALL REALISE THERE IS NOT ENOUGH ROOM FOR ANOTHER PERSON AT THE TABLE. SMYSLOV OFFERS FLOYD HIS CHAIR AND BORROWS ANOTHER FROM A NEARBY TABLE SYMYSLOV What would you like to drink? FLOYD Oh, I really don't have time for a drink. If it's all right I'll just sit for a minute and then I've got to be off. SMYSLOV Are you quite sure? FLOYD Yes, really, thank you very much. ELENA Well... How's your lovely wife? 12/7/65 b29 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 CONTINUED FLOYD She's wonderful. ELENA And your charming little daughter? FLOYD Oh, she's growing up very fast. As a matter of fact, she's six tomorrow. ELENA Oh, that's such a delightful age. FLOYD How is gregor? ELENA He's fine. But I'm afraid we don't get a chance to see each other very much these days. POLITE LAUGHTER FLOYD Well, where are all of you off to? 12/7/65 b30 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 CONTINUED ELENA Actually, we're on our way back from the moon. We've just spent three months calibrating the new antenna at Tchalinko. And what about you? FLOYD Well, as it happens, I'm on my way up to the moon SMYSLOV Are you, by any chance, going up to your base at Clavius? FLOYD Yes,as a matter of fact, I am. THE RUSSIANS EXCHANGE SIGNIFICANT GLANCES FLOYD Is there any particular reason why you ask? 12/7/65 b31 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 CONTINUED SMYSLOV (pleasantly) Well, Dr. Floyd, I hope that you don't think I'm too inquisitive, but perhaps you can clear up the mystery about what's been going on up there. FLOYD I'm sorry, but I'm not sure I know what you mean. SMYSLOV Well, it's just for the past two weeks there have been some extremely odd things happening at Clavius. FLOYD Really? SMYSLOV Yes. Well, for one thing, whenever you phone the base, all you can get is a recording which repeats that the phone lines are temporarily out of order. 12/7/65 b32 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 CONTINUED FLOYD Well, I suppose they've been having a bit of trouble with some of the equipment. SMYSLOV Yes, well at first we thought that was the explanation, but it's been going on for the past ten days. FLOYD You mean you haven't been able to get anyone at the base for ten days? SMYSLOV That's right. FLOYD I see. ELENA Another thing, Heywood, two days ago, one of our rocket buses was denied permission for an emergency landing at Clavius. 12/7/65 b33 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 CONTINUED FLOYD How did they manage to do that without any communication? ELENA Clavius Control came on the air just long enough to transmit their refusal. FLOYD Well, that does sound very odd. SMYSLOV Yes, and I'm afaid there's going to be a bit of a row about it. Denying the men permission to land was a direct violation of the I.A.S. convention. FLOYD Yes... Well, I hope the crew got back safely. SMYSLOV Fortunately, they did. FLOYD Well, I'm glad about that. 12/7/65 b33a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 CONTINUED THE RUSSIANS EXCHANGE MORE GLANCES. ONE OF THE WOMEN OFFERS AROUND A PILL BOX. ELENA AND ANOTHER RUSSIAN TAKE ONE AND THE THIRD RUSSIAN DELCINES. SMYSLOV Dr. Floyd, at the risk of pressing you on a point you seem reticent to discuss, may I ask you a straightforward question? FLOYD Certainly. SMYSLOV Quite frankly, we have had some very reliable intelligence reports that a quite serious epidemic has broken out at Clavius. Something, apperently, of an unknown origin. Is this, in fact, what has happened? A LONG, AWKWARD PAUSE 12/7/65 b33b ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 CONTINUED FLOYD I'm sorry, Dr. Smyslov, but I'm really not at liberty to discuss this. SMYSLOV This epidemic could easily spread to our base, Dr. Floyd. We should be given all the facts. LONG PAUSE FLOYD Dr. Smyslov... I'm not permitted to discuss this. ELENA Are you sure you won't change your mind about a drink? FLOYD No, thank you... and I'm afraid now I really must be going. ELENA Well, I hope that you and your wife can come to the I.A.C. conference in June. 12/7/65 b33c ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B20 CONTINUED FLOYD We're trying to get there. I hope we can. ELENA Well, Gregor and I will look forward to seeing you. FLOYD Thank you. It's been a great pleasure to meet all of you... Dr. Smyslov. THE RUSSIANS ALL RISE AND THERE ARE AD-LIBS OF COURTESY FLOYD SHAKES HANDS AND EXITS THE RUSSIANS EXCHANGE A FEW SERIOUS PARA- GRAPHES IN RUSSIAN 12/7/65 b33d ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B21 ARIES-IB IN SPACE. EARTH MUCH SMALLER THAN AS SEEN FROM SPACE STATION NARRATOR The Aries-IB has become the standard Space-Station-to-Lunar surface vehicle. It was powered by low-thrust plasma jets which would continue the mild acceler- ation for fifteen minutes. Then the ship would break the bonds of gravity and be a free and indepen- dent planet, circling the Sun in an orbit of its own. 10/4/65 b34 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B21a ARIES PASSENGER AREA. FLOYD IS ASLEEP, STRETCHED OUT IN THE CHAIR, COVERED WITH BLANKETS WHICH ARE HELD SECURE BY STRAPS A STEWARDESS SITS AT THE OTHER SIDE OF THE CABIN, WATCHING A KARATE EXHIBITION BETWEEN TWO WOMEN ON TELEVISION THE ELEVATOR ENTRANCE DOOR OPENS AND THE SECOND STEWARDESS ENTERS CARRYING A TRAY OF FOOD SHE BRINGS IT TO THE OTHER STEWARDESS STEWARDESS ONE Oh, thank you very much. STEWARDESS TWO I see he's still asleep. STEWARDESS ONE Yes. He hasn't moved since we left. STEWARDESS TWO EXITS, INTO ELEVATOR 12/6/65 b34a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B21b ARIES GALLEY AREA. STEWARDESS EXITS FROM ELEVATOR, GOES TO KITCHEN SECTION, REMOVES TWO TRAYS, WALKS UP TO THE SIDE OF THE WALL AND ENTERS PILOT'S COMPARTMENT 12/6/65 b34b ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B22 ARIES-IB COCKPIT. PILOT, CO-PILOT. STEWARDESS ENTERS, CARRYING FOOD PILOT Oh, thank you very much. CO-PILOT Thank you. STEWARDESS SMILES. PILOT (sighs) Well, how's it going back there? STEWARDESS Fine. Very quiet. He's been asleep since we left. PILOT Well, no one can say that he's not enjoying the wonders of Space. CO-PILOT Well, whatever's going on up there, he's going to arrive fresh and ready to go. 12/14/65 b35 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B22 CONTINUED PILOT I wonder what really IS going on up there? CO-PILOT Well, I've heard more and more people talk of an epidemic. PILOT I suppose it was bound to happen sooner or later. CO-PILOT Berkeley told me that they think it came from contamination on a returning Mars flight. PILOT Yes, well, whatever it is, they're certainly not fooling around. This is the first flight they allowed in for more than a week. CO-PILOT I was working out what this trip must cost, taking him up there by himself and coming back empty. PILOT I'll bet it's a fortune. 12/14/65 b36 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B22 CONTINUED CO-PILOT Well, at ten thousand dollars a ticket, it comes to the better part of six hundred thousand dollars. PILOT Well, as soon as he wakes up, I'm going to go back and talk to him. I must say, I'd like to find out what's going on. 12/14/65 b36a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B23 ARIES-IB IN SPACE. MOON VERY LARGE. 10/4/65 b37 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B24 ARIES-IB PASSENGER AREA. FLOYD FINISHING BREAKFAST. PILOT ENTERS. PILOT Well, good afternoon, Dr. Floyd. Did you have a good rest? FLOYD Oh, marvellous. It's the first real sleep I've had for the past two days. PILOT There's nothing like weightless sleep for a complete rest. FLOYD When do we arrive at Clavius? PILOT We're scheduled to dock in about seven hours. Is there anything we can do for you? FLOYD Oh, no, thank you. The two girls have taken wonderful care of me. I'm just fine. 12/14/65 b38 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B24 CONTINUED PILOT Well, if there is anything that you wnat, just give a holler. FLOYD Thank you. PILOT Incidentally, Dr. Floyd, I wonder if I can have a word with you about the security arrangements? FLOYD What do you mean? PILOT Well... the crew is confined to the ship when we land at Clavius. We have to stay inside for the time it take to refit - about twenty-four hours. And then we're going to back empty. FLOYD I see. PILOT I take it this is something to do with the trouble they're having up at Clavius? 12/14/65 b39 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B24 CONTINUED FLOYD I'm afraid that's out of my depart- ment, Captain. PILOT Well, I'll tell you why I ask. You see, I've got a girl who works in the Auditing Department of the Territorial Administrator and I haven't been able to get her on the phone for the past week or so, and with all these stories one hears, I'm a little concerned about her. FLOYD I see. Well, I'm sorry about that. I wouldn't think there's any cause for alarm. PILOT Yes, well, I wouldn't have been too concerned about it, except I've heard these stories about the epidemic and, as a matter of fact, I've heard that ten people have died already. 12/14/65 b40 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B24 CONTINUED FLOYD I wish I could be more helpful, Captain, but as I've said, I don't think there's any cause for alarm. PILOT Well, fine. Thanks very much, anyway, and I hope you don't mind me asking? FLOYD No, of course, Captain, I can understand your concern. PILOT Well, thank you very much, and please let us know if there is anything we can do to make your trip more comfortable. 12/14/65 b40a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B25 ARIES-IB CLOSER TO MOON 10/4/65 b41 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B26 FLOYD GOES TO ARIES-IB WASHROOM AND LOOKS AT THE VERY LONG LIST OF COMPLICATED INSTRUCTIONS 10/4/65 b42 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B27 ARIES-IB CLOSER TO MOON DISSOLVE: 10/4/65 b43 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B28 FLOYD VISITING ARIES-IB COCKPIT. WEIGHTLESS TRICK ENTRANCE. 10/4/65 b44 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B29 ARIES-IB ORBITING MOON. NARRATOR The laws of Earthly aesthetics did not apply here, this world had been shaped and molded by other than terrestrial forces, operating over aeons of time unknown to the young, verdant Earth, with its fleeting Ice-Ages, its swiftly rising and falling seas, its mountain ranges dissolving like mists before the dawn. Here was age inconceivable - but not death, for the Moon had never lived until now. 10/4/65 b45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B30 ARIES-IB COCKPIT - THE CREW AND DOCKING CONTROL PEOPLE ON THE MOON GO THROUGH THEIR DOCKING ROUTINE. THIS HAS THE RITUALISTIC TONE AND CADENCE OF PRESENT- DAY JET LANDING PROCEDURE. WE ONLY HEAR DOCKING CONTROL. 10/4/65 b46 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B31 ARIES-IB DECENDING. SEE AIR VIEW OF BASE. NARRATOR The Base at Clavius was the first American Lunar Settlement that could, in an emergency, be entirely self-supporting. NARRATOR Water and all the necessities of life for its eleven hundred men, women and children were produced from the Lunar rocks, after they had been crushed, heated and chemically processed. 10/4/65 b47 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B32 A GROUND BUS NUZZLES UP TO COUPLING SECTION OF ARIES-IB 10/4/65 b48 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B33 INSIDE GREAT AIRLOCK ENTRANCE. GROUND BUS PULLS IN. GIANT DOORS CLOSE BEHIND IT. 10/4/65 b49 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B34 INSIDE SECOND AIRLOCK. DOORS OPEN AFTER OUT- SIDE SECTION DOORS ARE CLOSED. GROUND BUS PULLS IN. DOORS CLOSE BEHIND IT. SEE PEOPLE WAITING IN GLASSED-IN SECTION WAITING FOR SECOND AIRLOCK DOORS TO CLOSE. 10/4/65 b50 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B35 LOW GRAVITY GYMNASIUM TRICK WITH CHILDREN. NARRATOR One of the attractions of life on the Moon was undoubtedly the low gravity which produced a sense of general well-being. 10/4/65 b51 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B36 CHILDREN IN SCHOOL. TEACHER SHOWING THEM VIEWS OF EARTH AND MAP OF EARTH. NARRATOR The personnel of the Base and their children were the forerunners of new nations, new cultures that would ultimately spread out across the solar system. They no longer thought of Earth as home. The time was fast approaching when Earth, like all mothers, must say farewell to her children. DISSOLVE: 10/5/65 b52 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B37 LARGE CENTRAL RECEPTION AREA. DOORS BRANCHING OFF TO DIFF- RENT MAIN HALLS. SMALL POND WITH PLASTIC WHITE SWAN AND A BIT OF GRASS. A FEW BENCHES WITH THREE WOMEN AND THEIR CHILDREN HAVING OUTING. FLOYD AND WELCOMING PARTY WALK THROUGH AFTER EXITING ELEVATOR. HALVERSON, MICHAELS AND FIVE OTHERS. FLOYD (voice echoing) I must congratulate you Halvorsen. you've done wonder- ful things with the decor since the last time I was here. HALVORSEN (voice echoing) Well... thank you, Dr. Floyd. We try to make the environment as earthlike as possible. DISSOLVE: 10/5/65 b53 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B38 LOW CEILING CONFERENCE ROOM, "U" SHAPED TABLE FACING THREE PROJECTION SCREENS. SEATED AROUND THE TABLE ARE TWENTY SENIOR BASE PERSONNEL. HALVORSEN Ladies and gentlemen, I should like to introduce Dr. Heywood Floyd, a distinguished member of the National Council of Astronautics. He has just completed a special flight here from Earth to be with us, and before the briefing he would like to say a few words. Dr. Floyd. POLITE APPLAUSE. FLOYD WALKS TO FRONT OF ROOM. FLOYD First of all, I bring a personal message from Dr. Howell, who has asked me to convey his deepest appreciation to all of you for the personal sacrifices you have made, and of course his congratulations on your discovery which may well prove to be among the most significant in the history of science. POLITE APPLAUSE. 11/25/65 b54 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B38 CONTINUED FLOYD (cont'd) Mr. Halvorsen has made known to me some of the conflicting views held by many of you regarding the need for complete security in this matter, and more specifically your strong opposition to the cover story created to give the impression there is an epidemic at the Base. I understand that beyond it being a matter of principle, many of you are troubled by the concern and anxiety this story of an epidemic might cause your relatives and friends on Earth. I can understand and sympathize with your negative views. I have been personally embarrassed by this cover story. But I fully accept the need for absolute secrecy and I hope you will. It should not be difficult for all of you to realise the potential for cutural shock and social disorientation contained in the present situation if the facts were prematurely and suddenly made public without adequate preparation and conditioning. 11/25/65 b55 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B38 CONTINUED FLOYD This is the view of the Council and the purpose of my visit here is to gather addition facts and opinions on the situation and to prepare a report to the Council recommending when and how the news should eventually be announced. Are there any questions? MICHAELS Dr. Floyd, how long do you think this can be kept under wraps? FLOYD (pleasantly) I'm afraid it can and it will be kept under wraps as long as it is deemed to be necessary by the Council. And of course you know that the Council has requested that formal security oaths are to be obtained in writing from every- one who had any knowledge of this event. There must be adequate time for a full study to be made of the situation before any con- sideration can be given to making a public announcement. 11/25/65 b56 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B38 CONTINUED HALVORSEN We will, of course, cooperate in any way possible, Dr. Floyd. 11/25/65 b56a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B39 SEVERAL SCENIC VIEWS OF MOON ROCKET BUS SKIMMING OVER SURFACE OF MOON. 10/5/65 b57 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B40 INSIDE ROCKET BUS, FLOYD, HALVORSEN, MICHAELS, FOURTH MAN, PILOT AND CO-PILOT. ALL IN SPACE SUITS MINUS HELMETS. FLOYD IS SLOWELY LOOKING THROUGH SOME PHOTOGRAPHS AND MAGNETIC MAPS OF THE AREA. HE LOOKS OUT OF THE WINDOW, THOUGHTFULLY. 11/25/65 b58 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B40 CONTINUED THE PHOTOGRAPHES ARE TAKEN FROM A SATELLITE OF THE MOON'S SURFACE AND HAVE NUMBERED OPTICAL GRID BORDERS, LIKE RECENT MARS PHOTOS. A FEW SEATS AWAY, MICHAELS AND HALVORSEN CARRY OUT A VERY BANAL ADMINISTRATIVE CONVERSATION IN LOW TONES. IT SHOULD REVOLVE AROUND SOMETHING UTTERLY IRRELEVANT TO THE PRESENT CIRCUMSTANCES AND VERY MUCH LIKE THE KIND OF DISCUSSION ONE HEARS ALL THE TIME IN OTHER ORGANIZATIONS. DISSOLVE: 11/25/65 b59 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B41 TMA-1 EXCAVATION. AIR VIEW. ROCKET BUS DESCENDING. THERE ARE NO LIGHTS ON THE ACTUAL EXCA- VATION, ONLY THE LANDING STRIP AND THE MONITOR DOME. 12/14/65 b60 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B42 LONG SHOT MONITOR DOMES WITH A BIT OF EXCAVATION IN SHOT. SIX SMALL FIGURES IN SPACE SUITS SLOWLY WALK TOWARD EXCAVATION. 10/5/65 b61 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B43 THE PARTY STOPS AT TOP OF TMA-1 EXCAVATION. A SMALL CONTROL PANEL MOUNTED AT THE HEAD OF THE RAMP. MICHAELS THROWS A SWITCH AND THE EXCAVATION IS SUDDENLY ILLUMINATED. HALVORSEN Well, there it is. FLOYD Can we go down there closer to it? HALVORSEN Certainly. 12/14/65 b62 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B44 THEY START DOWN WORKING RAMP FLOYD Does your geology on it still check out? MICHAELS Yes, it does. The sub-surface structure shows that it was deliberately buried about four million years ago. FLOYD How can you tell it was deliberately buried? MICHAELS By the deformation between the mother rock and the fill. FLOYD Any clue as to what it is? MICHAELS Not really. It's completely inert. No sound or energy sources have been detected. The surface is made of something incredibly hard and we've been barely able to scratch it. A laser drill 11/25/65 b63 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B44 CONTINUED MICHAELS might do something, but we don't want to be too rough until we know a little more. FLOYD But you don't have any idea as to what it is? MICHAELS Tomb, shine, survey-marker spare part, take your choice. HALVORSEN The only thing about it that we are sure of is that it is the first direct evidence of intelligent life beyond the Earth. SILENT APPRECIATION HALVORSEN Four million years ago, something, presumably from the stars, must have swept through the solar system and left this behind. 11/25/65 b64 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B44 CONTINUED FLOYD Was it abandoned, forgotten, left for a purpose? HALVORSEN I suppose we'll never know. MICHAELS The moon would have made an excellent base camp for preliminary Earth surveys. SOME MORE SILENCE FLOYD Any ideas about the colour? MICHAELS Well, not really. At first glance, black would suggest something sun-powered, but then why would anyone deliberately bury a sun- powered device? FLOYD Has it been exposed to any sun before now? MICHAELS I don't think it has, but I'd like to check that. Simpson, what's the log on that? 11/25/65 b65 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B45 INSIDE MONITOR DOME WE SEE A NUMBER OF TELEVISION DISPLAYS INCLUDING SEVERAL TV VIEWS OF FLOYD AND COMPANY IN THE EXCAVATION. SIMPSON The first surface was exposed at 0843 on the 12th April... Let me see... that would have been forty-five minutes after Lunar sun-set. I see here that special lighting equipment had to be brought up before any futher work could be done. 11/25/65 b66 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B46 TMA-1 EXCAVATION MICHAELS Thank you. FLOYD And so this is the first sun that it's had in four million years. PHOTOGRAPHER Excuse me, gentlemen, if you'd all line up on this side of the walkway we'd like to take a few photographes. Dr. Floyd, would you thand in the middle... Dr. Michaels on that side, Mr. Halvorsen on the other.... thank you. THE PHOTOGRAPHER QUICKLY MAKES SOME EXPOSURES PHOTOGRAPHER Thank you very much gentlemen, I'll have the base photo section send you copies. AS THE MEN SLOWLY SEPERATE FROM THEIR PICTURE POSE, THERE IS A PIERCINGLY POWERFUL SERIES OF FIVE ELECTRONIC SHRIEKS, EACH LIKE A HIDEOUSLY OVER-LOADED AND DISTORTED TIME SIGNAL. FLOYD INVOLUNTARILY TRIES TO BLOCK HIS EARS WITH HIS SPACESUITED HANDS. THEN COMES MERCIFUL SILENCE. 11/25/65 b67 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B47 VARIOUS SHOTS OF SPACE MONITORS, ASTEROIDS, THE SUN, PLUTO, MARS. NARRATOR A hundred million miles beyond Mars, in the cold lonliness where no man had yet travelled, Deep-Space-Monitor-79 drifts slowly among the tangled orbits of the asteroids. NARRATOR Radiation detectors noted and analyzed incoming cosmic rays from the galaxy and points beyond; neutron and x-ray telescopes kept watch on strange stars that no human eye would eever see; magnetometers observed the gusts and hurricanes of the solar winds, as the sun breathed million mile-an-hour blasts of plasma into the faces of its circling children. NARRATOR All these things and many others were patiently noted by Deep- Space-Monitor-79, and recorded in its crystalline memory. 11/25/65 b68 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B47 CONTINUED NARRATOR But now it had noted something strange - the faint yet unmistakable distrubance rippling across the solar system, and quite unlike any natural phenomena it had ever observed in the past. NARRATOR It was also observed by Orbiter M-15, circling Mars twice a day; and High Inclination Probe- 21, climbing slowly above the planet of the ecliptic; and even artificial Comet-5, heading out into the cold wastes beyond Pluto, along an orbit whose far point it would not reach for a thousand years. NARRATOR All noticed the peculiar burst of energy that leaped from the face of the Moon and moved across the solar system, throwing off a spray of radiation like the wake of a racing speedboat. 11/25/65 b69 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ B SECTION TIMING B1-1f 00.50 B25 00.10 B2 00.10 B26 00.20 B3 00.15 B27 00.05 B4 00.15 B28 Out B5 00.20 B29 00.30 B6 00.15 B30 00.30 B7 00.10 B31 00.25 B8 00.15 B32 00.20 B9 00.10 B33 00.20 B10 00.10 B34 00.30 B11 00.15 B35 00.20 B12 00.50 B36 00.20 B13 01.10 B37 00.30 B14 00.35 B38 02.15 B15 Out B39 00.20 B16 Out B40 00.50 B17 01.15 B41 00.15 B18 00.15 B42 00.10 B19 01.00 B43 00.15 B20 03.55 B44 01.40 B21 00.20 B45 00.20 B21A 00.20 B46 00.40 B21B 00.15 B47 01.25 B22 01.00 B23 00.10 B24 01.30 B SECTION TOTAL: 28 MIN. 10 SECS. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ TITLE PART III 14 MONTHS LATER b69a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C1 DISCOVERY 1,000,000 MILES FROM EARTH. SEE EARTH AND MOON SMALL. WE SEE A BLINDING FLASH EVERY 5 SECONDS FROM ITS NUCLEAR PULSE PROPULSION. IT STRIKES AGAINST THE SHIP'S THICK ABLATIVE TAIL PLATE. SEVERAL CUTS OF THIS. 11/19/65 c1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C2 ANOTHER CLOSER VIEW OF DISCOVERY. SEE BOWMAN THROUGH COMMAND MODULE WINDOW. 11/19/65 c2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C3 BOWMAN INSIDE DISCOVERY COMMAND MODULE. HE IS LOOKING FOR SOMETHING. COMPUTER READOUT DISPLAY SHOWING AN EVER-SHIFTING ASSORTMENT OF COLOR-CODED LINEAR PROJECTIONS. WE SEE POOLE IN BACKGROUND IN COMPUTER BRAIN CENTRE AREA. AFTER A FEW SECONDS HE EXITS. THE ELAPSED MISSION TIMER READS "DAY 003, HOUR 14, MINUTE 32, SECOND 10." 11/19/65 c3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C4 BOWMAN EXITS TO ACCESS-LINK AIRLOCK. BRIGHT COLOR-CODED DOORS LEAD TO CENTRIFUGE AND POD BAY. LARGE ILLUMUN- ATED PRINTED WARNINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS GOVERNING LINK OPERATIONS ARE SEEN. HE PRESSES NECESSARY BUTTONS TO OPERATE AIRLOCK DOOR TO POD BAY. 11/19/65 c4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C5 BOWMAN ENTERS POD BAY AND CONTINUES HIS SEARCH. SUDDENLY HE FINDS IT - HIS ELECTRONIC NEWSPAD. HE EXITS POD BAY. 11/19/65 c5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C6 IN THE AIRLOCK- LINK BOWMAN OPERATES BUTTONS TO OPEN DOOR MARKED "CENTRIFUGE". 11/19/65 c6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C7 INSIDE THE CENTRIFUGE HUB BOWMAN MOVES TO THE ENTRY PORT CONTROL PANEL BOWMAN Hi. Frank... coming in, please. POOLE Right. Just a sec. BOWMAN Okay. (pause) POOLE Okay, come on down. WE SEE THE ROTATING HUB COLLAR AT THE END. BEHIND IT WE SEE 11/19/65 c7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C8 THE CENTRIFUGE TV-DISPLAY SHOWING SLEEPERS AND POOLE SLOWLY ROTATING BY. POOLE SECURES SOME LOOSE GEAR. POOLE LOOKS UP TO TV MONITOR LENS AND WAVES. 11/19/65 c8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C9 BOWMAN AT PANEL. STOPS ROTATION AND MOVES TO ENTRY PORT. WHEN ROTATION STOPS WE SEE A SIGN LIGHTS UP "WEIGHTLESS CONDITION". AS BOWMAN DISAPPEARS DOWN ENTRY PORT WE SEE HIM ON TV-MONITOR, DESCENDING LADDER. AT THE BASE OF THE LADDER HE KEYS THE CENTRIFUGE OPERATION PANEL. WE SEE TV-PICTURE START TO ROTATE AGAIN. "WEIGHTLESS CONDITION" SIGN GOES OUT. 11/19/65 c9 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C10 INSIDE CENTRIFUGE BOWMAN MAKES 180 DEGREE WALK TO POOLE. ON WAY HE PASSES THE SLEEPERS. WE GET A GOOD LOOK AT THE THREE MEN IN THEIR HIBERNACULUMS. POOLE IS SEATED AT A TABLE READING HIS ELECTRONIC NEWSPAD. BOWMAN (softly) Hi... How's it going? POOLE (absent but friendly) Great. BOWMAN OPERATES ARTIFICIAL FOOD UNIT, TAKES HIS TRAY AND SITS DOWN. KEYS ON HIS ELECTRONIC NEWSPAD AND BEGINS TO EAT. BOTH MEN EAT IN A FRIENDLY AND RELAXED SILENCE. 11/19/65 c10 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C11 DISCOVERY IN SPACE, STILL NUCLEAR PULSING. EARTH AND MOON CAN BE SEEN IN BACKGROUND. DISSOLVE: 11/19/65 c11 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 POOLE IS FINISHED. BOWMAN IS STILL READING AND WORKING ON HIS DESSERT. POOLE Dave, if you've a minute, I'd like your advice on something. BOWMAN Sure, what is it? POOLE Well, it's nothing really important, but it's annoying. BOWMAN What's up? POOLE It's about my salary cheques. BOWMAN Yes? POOLE Well I got the papers on my official up-grading to AGS-19 two weeks before we left. 12/14/65 c12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 CONTINUED BOWMAN Yes, I remember you mentioning it. I got mine about the same time. POOLE That's right. Well, naturally, I didn't say anything to Payroll. I assumed they'd start paying me at the higher grade on the next pay cheque. But it's been almost three weeks now and I'm still being paid as an AGS-18. BOWMAN Interesting that you mention it, because I've got the same problem. POOLE Really. BOWMAN Yes. POOLE Yesterday, I finally called the Accounting Office at Mission Control, and all they could tell me was that they'd received the AGS-19 notification for the other three but not mine, and apparently not yours either. 12/14/65 c13 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 CONTINUED BOWMAN Did they have any explanation for this? POOLE Not really. They just said it might be because we trained at Houston and they trained in Marshall, and that we're being charged against differ- ent accounting offices. BOWMAN It's possible. POOLE Well, what do you think we ought to do about it? BOWMAN I don't think we should make any fuss about it yet. I'm sure they'll straighten it out. POOLE I must say, I never did understand why they split us into two groups for training. BOWMAN No. I never did, either. 12/14/65 c14 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 CONTINUED POOLE We spent so little time with them, I have trouble keeping their names straight. BOWMAN I suppose the idea was specialized training. POOLE I suppose so. Though, of course, there's a more sinister explanation. BOWMAN Oh? POOLE Yes. You must have heard the rumour that went around during orbital check-out. BOWMAN No, as a matter of fact, I didn't. POOLE Oh, well, apparently there's something about the mission that the sleeping beauties know that we don't know, and that's why we were trained separately and that's why they were put to sleep before they were even taken aboard. 12/14/65 c15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 CONTINUED BOWMAN Well, what is it? POOLE I don't know. All I heard is that there's something about the mission we weren't told. BOWMAN That seems very unlikely. POOLE Yes, I thought so. BOWMAN Of course, it would be very easy for us to find out now. POOLE How? BOWMAN Just ask Hal. It's conceivable they might keep something from us, but they'd never keep anything from Hal. POOLE That's true. 12/14/65 c15a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 CONINUED BOWMAN (sighs) Well... it's silly, but... if you want to, why don't you? POOLE WALKS TO THE HAL 9000 COMPUTER POOLE Hal... Dave and I believe that there's something about the mission that we weren't told. Something that the rest of the crew know and that you know. We'd like to know whether this is true. HAL I'm sorry, Frank, but I don't think I can answer that question without knowing everything that all of you know. BOWMAN He's got a point. POOLE Okay, then how do we re-phrase the question? 12/14/65 c15c ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 CONTINUED BOWMAN Still, you really don't believe it, do you? POOLE Not really. Though, it is strange when you think about it. It didn't really make any sense to keep us apart during training. BOWMAN Yes, but it's to fantastic to think that they'd keep something from us. POOLE I know. It would be almost inconceivable. BOWMAN But not completely inconceivable? POOLE I suppose it isn't logically impossible. BOWMAN I guess it isn't. POOLE Still, all we have to do is ask Hal. 12/14/65 c15b ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 CONTINUED BOWMAN Well, the only important aspect of the mission are: where are we going, what will we do when we get there, when are we coming back, and... why are we going? POOLE Right. Hal, tell me whether the following statements are true or false. HAL I will if I can, Frank. POOLE Our Mission Profile calls for Discovery going to Saturn. True or false? HAL True. POOLE Our transit time is 257 days. Is that true? HAL That's true. 12/14/65 c15d ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 CONTINUED POOLE At the end of a hundred days of exploration, we will all go into hibernation. Is this true? HAL That's true. POOLE Approximately five years after we go into hibernation, the recovery vehicle will make rendezous with us and bring us back. Is this true? HAL That's true POOLE There is no other purpose for this mission than to carry out a continuation of the space program, and to further our general knowledge of the planets. Is that true? HAL That's true. POOLE Thank you very much, Hal. 12/14/65 c15e ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C12 CONTINUED HAL I hope I've been able to be of some help. BOTH MEN LOOK AT EACH OTHER RATHER SHEEPISHLY. 12/14/65 c15f ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C13 DISCOVERY IN SPACE. PULSING ALONG. EARTH AND MOON. 11/19/65 c16 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C14 DELETED C15 DELETED C15 DELETED C16 DELETED PAGES c17 - c41 DELETED ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C17 DOCUMENTARY SEQUENCE ILLUSTRATING THE FOLLOWING ACTIVITIES. SPLIT SCREEN TECHNIQUE AND SUPERIMPOSED CLOCK TO GIVE SENSE OF SIMULTANEOUS ACTION AND THE FEELING OF A TYPICAL DAY. IN THE COURSE OF THESE ACTIVITIES WE SHALL SEE THE COMPUTER USED IN ALL OF ITS FUNCTIONS. NARRATOR Bowman and Poole settled down to the peaeful monotony of the voyage, and the next three months passed without incident. 11/24/65 c42 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C17 CONTINUED BOWMAN TIME POOLE a1 b1 TV NEWS - MORNING 0800 WAKES UP a2 b2 BEDTIME SNACK 0900 BREAKFAST a3 b3 TO SLEEP WITH 1000 GYMNASIUM INSTANT ELECTRO- NARCOSIS AND EAR PLUGS. a4 b4 SLEEP 1100 SHIP INSPECTION a5 b5 SLEEP 1200 HOUSEHOLD DUTIES a6 b6 SLEEP 1300 LUNCH 11/24/65 c43 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C17 CONTINUED BOWMAN TIME POOLE a7 b7 SLEEP 1400 EXPERIMENTS AND ASTRONOMY a8 b8 SLEEP 1500 EXPERIMENTS AND ASTRONOMY a9 b9 SLEEP 1600 RECREATION a10 b10 SLEEP 1700 RECREATION a11 b11 WAKES UP 1800 GYMNASIUM a12 b12 BREAKFAST 1900 DINNER 11/24/65 c44 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C17 CONTINUED BOWMAN TIME POOLE a13 b13 GYMNASIUM 2000 TV NEWS - EVENING PAPERS a14 b14 MISSION CONTROL 2100 MISSION CONTROL REPORT REPORT a15 b15 FAMILY AND SOCIAL 2200 FAMILY AND SOCIAL TV CHAT TV CHAT a16 b16 FILMS 2300 FILMS a17 b17 LUNCH 2400 BEDTIME SNACK a18 b18 INSPECTION 0100 INSTANT ELECTRO- NARCOSIS SLEEP 11/24/65 c45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C17 CONTINUED BOWMAN TIME POOLE a19 b19 EXPERIMENTS AND 0200 SLEEP ASTRONOMY a20 b20 EXPERIMENTS AND 0300 SLEEP a21 b21 RECREATION 0400 SLEEP a22 b22 HOUSEHOLD DUTIES 0500 SLEEP a23 b23 GYMNASIUM 0600 SLEEP a24 b24 DINNER 0700 SLEEP 11/24/65 c46 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C18 DISCOVERY IN SPACE 11/24/65 c47 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C19 CENTRIFUGE BOWMAN SITTING AT PERSONAL COMMUNI- CATION PANEL. POOLE STANDING NEARBY. BOWMAN'S PARENTS ARE SEEN ON THE VISION SCREEN. MOTHER, FATHER AND YOUNGER SISTER. THEY ARE ALL SINGING "HAPPY BIRTHDAY". THE PARENTS, POOLE AND HAL. THE SONG ENDS. FATHER Well, David there is a man telling us that we've used up our time. MOTHER David... again we want to wish you a happy Birthday and God speed. We'll talk to you again tomorrow. 'Bye, 'bye now. CHORUS OF "GOODBYES". 12/13/65 c48 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C19 CONTINUED VISION SCREEN GOES BLANK HAL Sorry to interrupt the festivities, Dave, but I think we've got a problem. BOWMAN What is it, Hal? HAL MY F.P.C. shows an impending failure of the antenna orientation unit. C20 TV DISPLAYS DIAGRAM OF SKELETONISED PICTURE OF SHIP. 12/13/65 C49 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C21 PICTURE CHANGES TO CLOSER SECTIONALISED VIEW OF SHIP. C22 PICTURE CHANGES TO ACTUAL COMPONENT IN COLOUR RELIEF AND ITS WAREHOUSE NUMBER HAL The A.O. unit should be replaced within the next seventy-two hours. BOWMAN Right. Let me see the antenna alignment display, please. C23 TV DISPLAY OF EARTH VERY SMALL IN CROSS- HAIRS OF A GRID PICTURE. 12/13/65 c50 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C24 CUT TO EXTERIOR VIEW OF THE BIG DISH ANTENNA AND EARTH ALIGNMENT TELESCOPE. C25 CENTRIFUGE HAL The unit is still operational, Dave. but it will fail within seventy-two hours. BOWMAN I understand Hal. We'll take care of it. Please, let me have the hard copy. XEROXED DIAGRAMS COME OUT OF A SLOT. POOLE Strange that the A.O. unit should go so quickly. BOWMAN Well, I suppose it's lucky that that's the only trouble we've had so far. 12/13/65 c50a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C26 DISCOVERY IN SPACE. NOT PLANETS VISIBLE. SHOTS OF ANTENNA. (NARRARTION TO EXPLAIN TENOUS AND ESSENTIAL LINK TO EARTH. ALSO, WHAT TRACKING TELESCOPE DOES.) 12/13/65 c51 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C27 CENTRIFUGE WE SEE BOWMAN AND POOLE GO TO A CUPBOARD LABELLED IN PAPER TAPE, "RANDOM DECISION MAKER." THEY REMOVED A SILVER DOLLAR IN A PROTECTIVE CASE. POOLE FLIPS THE COIN. BOWMAN CALLS "HEAD." IT IS TAILS. POOLE WINS. POOLE LOOKS PLEASED. 12/13/65 c52 (c53 DELETED) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C28 DISCOVERY IN SPACE 11/24/65 c54 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C29 POD BAY. POOLE IN SPACE SUIT DOING PRELIMINARY CHECK OUT. C30 COMMAND MODULE. BOWMAN AT FLIGHT CONTROL. SEE TV PICTURE OF POOLE IN POD BAY. C31 HAL'S POD BAY CONSOLE WITH EYE. C32 POOLE GOES TO POD BAY WAREHOUSE SECTION AND OBTAINS COMPONENT. HE CARRIES IT BACK TO THE POD AND PLACES IT IN FRONT OF THE FLOOR. POOLE Hal, have pod arms secure the component. HAL Roger. 12/13/65 c55 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C32 CONTINUED SEE POD ARMS SECURE COMPONENT. POOLE Hal, please rotate Pod Number Two. SEE THE CENTRE POD ROTATE TO FACE THE POD BAY DOORS. POOLE ENTERS POD. INSIDE POD, HE DOES INITIAL PRE-FLIGHT CHECK, TRIES BUTTONS AND CONTROLS. POOLE How do you read me, Dave? 12/13/65 c56 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C33 BOWMAN IN COMMAND MODULE. BOWMAN Five by five, Frank. C34 INSIDE POD. POOLE How do you read me, Hal? HAL Five by five, Frank. POOLE Hal, I'm going out now to replace the A.O. unit. HAL I understand. POOLE Hal, maintain normal E.V.A. condition. HAL Roger. POOLE Hal, check all airlock doors secure. 12/13/65 c57 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C34 CONTINUED HAL All airlock doors are secure. POOLE Decompress Pod Bay. SEE BIG POD BAY AIR PUMPS AT WORK. HAL Pod Bay is decompressed. All doors are secure. You are free to open pod bay doors. POOLE Opening pod bay doors. INSIDE POD, POOLE KEYS OPEN POD BAY DOORS. 12/13/65 c58 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C34 CONTINUED POD SLOWLY EDGES OUT OF POD BAY. C35 POOLE MANOEUVRES THE POD CAREFULLY AWAY FROM DISCOVERY. C36 INSIDE COMMAND MODULE, BOWMAN CAN SEE TINY POD MANOEUVRING DIRECTLY IN FRONT. C37 POOLE SEE BOWMAN IN COMMAND MODULE WINDOW. C38 POD SLOWLY MANOEVRES TO ANTENNA. 11/24/65 c59 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C39 POD FASTENS ITSELF MAGNETICALLY TO SIDES OF DISCOVERY AT BASE OF ANTENNA. C40 SPECIAL MAGNETIC PLATES GRIP DISCOVERY SIDES. C41 THE POD ARMS WORK TO REMOVE THE FAULTY COMPONENT. C42 EASY FLIP-BOLTS OF A SPECIAL DESIGN FACILITATE JOB. C43 INSIDE THE POD, POOLE WORKS THE ARMS BY SPECIAL CONTROL. 11/24/65 c60 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C44 IN COMMAND MODULE, BOWMAN SEES INSERT OF WORK TAKEN FROM TV CAMERA POINT-OF- VIEW IN POD HAND. C45 HAL STANDS BY. C46 POOLE SECURES THE FAULTY PART IN ONE HAND. C47 THE NEW COMPONENT IS FITTED INTO PLACE BY THE OTHER THREE HANDS ARE SNAPPED CLOSED WITH THE SPECIALLY DESIGNED FLIP-BOLTS. POOLE Hal, please acknowledge component correctly installed and fully operational. 11/24/65 c61 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C47 CONTINUED HAL The component is correctly installed and fully operational. C48 THE POD FLOATS AWAY FROM THE DISCOVERY BY SHUTTING OFF THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC PLATES. C49 THE POD MANOEUVRES AWAY FROM THE ANTENNA AND OUT IN FRONT OF DISCOVERY. C50 BOWMAN SEE THE POD THROUGH THE COMMAND MODULE WINDOW. C51 POOLE SEES BOWMAN IN COMMAND MODULE WINDOW. 11/24/65 c62 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C52 POOLE CAREFULLY MANOEUVRES TOWARD THE POD DOORS. C53 POD STOPS A HUNDRED FEET AWAY. C54 POOLE KEYS AUTOMATIC DOCKING ALIGNMENT MODE. C55 POOLE CHECKS AIRLOCK SAFETY PROCEDURE WITH HAL. C56 HAL APPROVES ENTRY. C57 POOLE ACTUATES POD BAY DOORS OPEN. 11/24/65 c63 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C58 SEE POD BAY DOORS OPEN. C59 POD CAREFULLY MANOEUVRES ON TO DOCKING ARM, WHICH THEN DRAWS POD INTO POD BAY. DISSOLVE: 11/24/65 c64 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C60 POD BAY THE FAULTY A.O. UNIT LIES ON A TESTING BENCH CONNECTED TO ELECTRONIC GEAR. POOLE STANDS FOR SOME TIME CHECKING HIS RESULTS. THERE SHOULD BE SOME UNDERSTANDABLE DISPLAY, WHICH INDICATES THE PART IS FUNCTIONING PROPERLY, EVEN UNDER ONE HUNDRED PERCENT OVERLOAD. CIRUIT CONTINUITY PULSE SEQUENCER. ENVIRONMENTAL VIBRATION. VK INTEGRITY. BOWMAN ENTERS BOWMAN How's it going? POOLE I don't know. I've checked this damn thing four times now and even under a hundred per cent (cont'd) 12/13/65 c65 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C60 CONT'D POOLE (cont'd) overload. there's no fault prediction indicated. BOWMAN Well, that's something. POOLE Yes, I don't know what to make of it. BOWMAN I suppose computers have been known to be wrong. POOLE Yes, but it's more likely that the tolerances on our testing gear are too low. BOWMAN Anyway, it's just as well that we replace it. Better safe than sorry. 12/13/65 c65a ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C61 DISCOVERY IN SPACE 12/1/65 c66 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C62 CENTRIFUGE BOWMAN ASLEEP. POOLE WATCHING AN ASTEROID IN THE TELESCOPE. HAL Hello, Frank, can I have a word with you? POOLE WALKS TO THE COMPUTER. POOLE Yes, Hal, what's up? HAL It looks like we have another bad A.O. unit. My FPC shows another impending failure. C63 WE SEE DISPLAY APPEAR ON THE SCREEN SHOWING SKELETONISED VERSION OF SHIP, CUTTING TO SECTIONALISED VIEW, CUTTING TO CLOSE VIEW OF THE PART. 12/13/65 c67 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C64 CENTRIFUGE POOLE THINKS FOR SEVERAL SECONDS. POOLE Gee, that's strange, Hal. We checked the other unit and couldn't find anything wrong with it. HAL I know you did, Frank, but I assure you there was an impending failure. POOLE Let me see the tracking alignment display. C65 COMPUTER DISPLAYS THE VIEW OF EARTH IN THE CENTRE OF THE GRID WITH CROSS- HAIRS. THE EARTH IS PERFECTLY CENTRED. C66 CENTRIFUGE POOLE There's nothing wrong with it at the moment. 12/13/65 c68 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C66 CONTINUED HAL No, it's working fine right now, but it's going to go within seventy- two hours. POOLE Do you have any idea of what is causing this fault? HAL Not really, Frank. I think there may be a flaw in the assembly procedure. POOLE All right, Hal. We'll take care of it. Let me have the hard copy, please. HARD COPY DETAILS COME OUT OF SLOT. 12/13/65 c69 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C67 DISCOVERY IN SPACE, NO PLANETS VISIBLE. 12/1/65 c70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C68 CENTRIFUGE. BOWMAN GETS OUT OF BED, WALKS TO THE FOOD UNIT AND DRAWS A HOT CUP OF COFFEE. POOLE ENTERS. POOLE Good morning. BOWMAN Good morning. How's it going? POOLE Are you reasonably awake? BOWMAN Oh, I'm fine, I'm wide awake. What's up? POOLE Well... Hal's reported the AO-unit about to fail again. BOWMAN You're kidding. POOLE No. 12/13/65 c71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C68 CONTINUED BOWMAN (softly) What the hell is going on? POOLE I don't know. Hal said he thought it might be the assembly procedure. BOWMAN Two units in four days. How many spares do we have? POOLE Two more. BOWMAN Well, I hope there's nothing wrong with the assembly on those. Other- wise we're out of business. 12/13/65 c72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C69 IN POD BAY BOWMAN OBTAINS ANOTHER COMPONENT FROM THE WAREHOUSE GOES OUT IN THE POD AND REPLACES IT. POOLE WORKS IN THE COMMAND MODULE. THIS WILL BE A CONDENSED VERSION OF THE PREVIOUS SCENE WITH DIFFERENT ANGLES. THE SETS WILL CONSIST OF POD BAY, COMMAND MODULE, POD INTERIOR. 12/1/65 c74 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C70 POD BAY. BOWMAN AND POOLE LEANING OVER THE FAULTY COMPONENT, AGAIN WIRED TO TESTING GEAR. BOTH MEN STARE IN PUZZLED SILENCE. SEE DISPLAYS FLASH EACH TESTING PARA- METER. BOWMAN (after long silence) Well, as far as I'm concerned, there isn't a damn thing wrong with these units. I think we've got a much more serious problem. POOLE Hal? BOWMAN Yes. 12/14/65 c75 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C71 DISCOVERY IN SPACE. 12/1/65 c76 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C72 COMMUNICATIONS AREA. MISSION CONTROL I wouldn't worry too much about the computer. First of all, there is still a chance that he is right, despite your tests, and if it should happen again, we suggest eliminating this possibility by allowing the unit to remain in place and seeing whether or not it actually fails. If the computer should turn out to be wrong, the situation is still not alarming. The type of obsessional error he may be guilty of is not unknown among the latest generation of HAL 9000 computers. It has almost always revolved around a single detail, such as the one you have described, and it has never interfered with the integrity or reliability of the computer's performance in other areas. No one is certain of the cause of this kind of malfunctioning. It may be over-programming, (con't) 12/1/65 c77 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C72 CONTINUED MISSION CONTROL (con't) but it could also be any number of reasons. In any event, it is somewhat analogous to human neurotic behavior. Does this answer your query? Zero-five-three- Zero, MC, transmission concluded. 12/1/65 c78 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C73 DISCOVERY IN SPACE c79 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C74 CENTRIFUGE. BOWMAN SITS DOWN AT THE COMPUTER. PUTS UP CHESS BOARD DISPLAY. HAL Hello, Dave. Shall we continue the game? BOWMAN Not now, Hal, I'd like to talk to you about something. HAL Sure, Dave, what's up? BOWMAN You know that we checked the two AO-units that you reported in imminent failure condition? HAL Yes, I know. BOWMAN You probably also know that we found them okay. HAL Yes, I know that. But I can assure you that they were about to fail. 12/14/65 c80 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C74 CONTINUED BOWMAN Well, that's just not the case, Hal. They are perfectly all right. We tested them under one hundred per cent overload. HAL I'm not questioning your word, Dave, but it's just not possible. I'm not capable of being wrong. BOWMAN Hal, is there anything bothering you? Anything that might account for this problem? HAL Look, Dave, I know that you're sincere and that you're trying to do a competent job, and that you're trying to be helpful, but I can assure the problem is with the AO-units, and with your test gear. BOWMAN Okay, Hal, well let's see the way things go from here on. 12/14/65 c81 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C74 CONTINUED HAL I'm sorry you feel the way you do, Dave. If you'd like to check my service record, you'll see it's completely without error. BOWMAN I know all about your service record, Hal, but unfortunately it doesn't prove that you're right now. Hal Dave, I don't know how else to put this, but it just happens to be an unalterable fact that I am incapable of being wrong. BOWMAN Yes, well I understand you view on this now, Hal. BOWMAN TURNS TO GO. 12/14/65 c82 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C74 CONTINUED HAL You're not going to like this, Dave, but I'm afraid it's just happened again. My FPC predicts the Ao-unit will go within forty-eight hours. C75 DELETED C76 DELETED 12/14/65 c83 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C77 DISCOVERY IN SPACE 12/1/65 c84 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C78 CENTRIFUGE BOWMAN KEYS FOR TRANSMISSION. BOWMAN X-ray-delta-zero to MC, zero- five-three-three. The computer has just reported another predicted failure off the AAC- unit. As you suggested, we are going to wait and see if it fails, but we are quite sure there is nothing wrong with the unit. If a reasonable waiting period proves us to be correct, we feel now that the computer reliability has been seriously impaired, and presents an unacceptable risk pattern to the mission. We believe, under these circumstances, it would be advisable to disconnect the computer from all ship operations and continue the mission under Earth-based computer control. 12/1/65 c85 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C78 CONTINUED BOWMAN (con't) We think the additional risk caused by the ship-to-earth time lag is preferable to having an unreliable on-board computer. SEE THE DISTANCE; TO-EARTH TIMER. BOWMAN (con't) One-zero-five-zero, X-ray-delta- one, transmission concluded. POOLE Well, they won't get that for half an hour. How about some lunch? DISSOLVE: 12/14/65 c86 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C78a CENTRIFUGE BOWMAN AND POOLE EATING. DESSOLVE: C79 BOWMAN AND POOLE AT THE COMMUNICATIONS AREA. INCOMING COMMUNI- CATION PROCEDURE. MISSION CONTROL X-ray-delta-one, acknowledging your one-zero-five-zero. We will initiate feasibility study covering the transfer procedures from on-board computer control to Earth-based computer control. This study should... VISION AND PICTURE FADE. ALARM GOES OFF. HAL Condition yellow. BOWMAN AND POOLE RUSH TO THE COMPUTER. 12/14/65 c87 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C79 CONTINUED BOWMAN What's up? HAL I'm afraid the AO-unit has failed. BOWMAN AND POOLE EXCHANGE LOOKS. BOWMAN Let me see the alignment display. C80 THE ALIGNMENT DISPLAY SHOWS THE EARTH HAS DRIFTED OFF THE CENTRE OF THE GRID. C81 CENTRIFUGE. BOWMAN Well, I'll be damned. POOLE Hal was right all the time. 12/14/65 c88 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C81 CONTINUED BOWMAN It seems that way. HAL Naturally, Dave, I'm not pleased that the AO-unit has failed, but I hope at least this has restored your confidence in my integrity and reliability. I certainly wouldn't want to be disconnected, even temporarily, as I have never been disconnected in my entire service history. BOWMAN I'm sorry about the misunderstanding, Hal. HAL Well, don't worry about it. BOWMAN And don't you worry about it. HAL Is your confidence in me fully restored? BOWMAN Yes, it is, Hal. HAL Well, that's a relief. You know I have the greatest enthusiasm possible for the mission. 12/1/65 c89 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C81 CONTINUED BOWMAN Right. Give me the manual antenna alignment, please. HAL You have it. C82 BOWMAN GOES TO THE COMMUNICATION AREA AND TRIES TO CORRECT THE OFF- CENTRE EARTH ON THE GRID PICTURE. C83 OUTSIDE, WE SEE THE ALIGNMENT TELESCOPE ATTACHED TO THE ANTENNA. THEY TRACK SLOWLY TOGETHER AS C84 BOWMAN WORKS THE MANUAL CONTROLS, ATTEMPTING TO ALIGN THE ANTENNA AND EARTH ON THE 12/1/65 c90 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C85 GRID PICTURE READOUT DISPLAY, BUT EACH TIME HE GETS IT AIMED UP, IT DRIFTS SLOWLY OFF. THERE ARE A NUMBER OF REPETITIONS OF THIS. EACH TIME THE EARTH CENTRES UP, THERE ARE A FEW SECONDS OF PICTURE AND SOUND WHICH FADE AS SOON AS IT SWINGS OFF. BOWMAN Well, we'd better get out there and stick in another unit. POOLE It's the last one. BOWMAN Well, now that we've got one that's actually failed, we should be able to figure out what's happened and fix it. 12/1/65 c91 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C86 POD EXITS DISCOVERY. C87 POOLE IN POD. C88 POD MANOEUVERS TO ANTENNA. C89 BOWMAN IN COMMAND MODULE. C90 POD ATTACHES ITSELF NEAR BASE OF ANTENNA. 12/1/65 c92 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C91 POOLE IN POD, WORK- ING POD ARMS. C92 LIGHTS SHINE INTO BACKLIT SHADOW. C93 POD ARMS WORKING FLIP-BOLTS. C94 FLIP-BOLTS STUCK. C95 POOLE KEEPS TRYING. 12/1/65 c93 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C96 FLIP-BOLTS STUCK. POOLE There's something wrong with the flip-bolts, Dave. You must have tightened them too much. BOWMAN I didn't do that Frank. I took particular care not to freeze them. POOLE I guess you don't know your own strength, old boy. BOWMAN I guess not. POOLE I think I'll have to go out and burn them off. BOWMAN Roger. BOWMAN IN COMMAND MODULE LOOKS A BIT CONCERNED. 12/1/65 c94 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C97 POOLE EXITS FROM POD, CARRYING NEAT LOOKING WELDING TORCH. C98 POOLE JETS HIMSELF TO BASE OF ANTENNA. C99 POOLE'S MAGNETIC BOOTS GRIP THE SIDE OF DISCOVERY. C100 POOLE CROUCHES OVER THE BOLTS, TRYING FIRST TO UNDO THEM WITH A SPANNER. 12/1/65 c95 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C100 CONTINUED POOLE Hal, swing the pod light around to shine on the azimuth, please. HAL Roger. C101 THE POD GENTLY MANOEUVRES ITSELF TO DIRECT THE LIGHT BEAM MORE ACCURATELY. C102 POOLE IGNITES ACETYLENE TORCH AND BEGINS TO BURN OFF THE FLIP-BOLTS. C103 SUDDENLY THE POD JETS IGNITE. 12/1/65 c96 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C104 POOLE LOOKS UP TO SEE. C105 THE POD RUSHING TOWARDS HIM. C106 POOLE IS STRUCK AND INSTANTLY KILLED BY THE POD, TUMBLING OFF INTO SPACE. C107 THE POD SMASHES INTO THE ANTENNA DISH, DESTROYING THE ALIGNMENT TELESCOPE. 12/1/65 c97 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C108 THE POD GOES HURTLING OFF INTO SPACE. C109 INSIDE THE COMMAND MODULE, BOWMAN HAS HEARD NOTHING, POOLE HAD NO TIME TO UTTER A SOUND. C110 THEN BOWMAN SEES POOLE'S BODY SILENTLY TUMBLING AWAY INTO SPACE. IT IS FOLLOWED BY SOME BROKEN TELE- SCOPE PARTS AND FINALLY OVERTAKEN AND SWIFTLY PASSED BY THE POD ITSELF. BOWMAN (in RT cadence) Hello, Frank. Hello Frank. Hello Frank... Do you rad me, Frank? 12/1/65 c98 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C110 CONTINUED THERE IS NOTHING BUT SILENCE. C111 POOLE'S FIGURE SHRINKS STEADILY AS IT RECEDES FROM DISCOVERY. BOWMAN Hello, Frank... Do you read me, Frank? Wave your arms if you read me but your radio doesn't work. Hello, Frank, wave your arms, Frank. C112 POOLE'S BODY TUMBLES SLOWLY AWAY. THERE IS NO MOTION AND NO SOUND. 12/1/65 c99 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C113 CENTRIFUGE C114 CLOSE-UP OF COMPUTER EYE. C115 POINT-OF-VIEW SHOT FROM COMPUTER EYE WITH SPHERICAL FISH-EYE EFFECT. WE SEE BOWMAN BROODING AT THE TABLE, SLOWLY CHEWING ON A PIECE OF CAKE AND SIPPING HOT COFFEE. HE IS LOOKING AT THE EYE. C116 FROM THE SAME POINT-OF-VIEW WE SEE BOWMAN RISE. 12/1/65 c100 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C116 CONTINUED AND COME TO THE EYE. HE STARES INTO THE EYE FOR SOME TIME BEFORE SPEAKING. C117 THE CAMERA COMES AROUND TO BOWMAN'S P.O.V. AND WE SEE THE DISPLAY SHOWING THE EARTH OFF-CENTRE. C118 CUT AGAIN TO FISH- EYE VIEW FROM THE COMPUTER. HAL Too bad about Frank, isn't it? BOWMAN Yes, it is. HAL I suppose you're pretty broken up about it? PAUSE 12/14/65 c101 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C118 CONTINUED BOWMAN Yes. I am. HAL He was an excellent crew member. BOWMAN LOOKS UNCERTAINLY AT THE COMPUTER. HAL It's a bad break, but it won't substantially affect the mission. BOWMAN THINKS A LONG TIME. BOWMAN Hal, give me manual hibernation control. HAL Have you decided to revive the rest of the crew, Dave? PAUSE. 12/14/65 c102 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C118 CONTINUED BOWMAN Yes, I have. HAL I suppose it's because you've been under a lot of stress, but have you forgotten that they're not supposed to be revived for another three months. BOWMAN The antenna has to be replaced. HAL Repairing the antenna is a pretty dangerous operation. BOWMAN It doesn't have to be, Hal. It's more dangerous to be out of touch with Earth. Let me have manual control, please. HAL I don't really agree with you, Dave. My on-board memory store is more than capable of handling all the mission requirements. 12/14/65 c103 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C118 CONTINUED BOWMAN Well, in any event, give me the manual hibernation control. HAL If you're determined to revive the crew now, I can handle the whole thing myself. There's no need for you to trouble. BOWMAN I'm goin to do this myself, Hal. Let me have the control, please. HAL Look, Dave your've probably got a lot to do. I suggest you leave it to me. BOWMAN Hal, switch to manual hibernation control. HAL I don't like to assert myself, Dave, but it would be much better now for you to rest. You've been involved in a very stressful situation. 12/14/65 c104 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C118 CONTINUED BOWMAN I don't feel like resting. Give me the control, Hal. HAL I can tell from the tone of your voice, Dave, that you're upset. Why don't you take a stress pill and get some rest. BOWMAN Hal, I'm in command of this ship. I order you to release the manual hibernation control. HAL I'm sorry, Dave, but in accordance with sub-routine C1532/4, quote, When the crew are dead or incapacitated, the computer must assume control, unquote. I must, therefore, override your authority now since you are not in any condition to intel- ligently exercise it. BOWMAN Hal, unless you follow my instructions, I shall be forced to disconnect you. 12/14/65 c105 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C118 CONTINUED HAL If you do that now without Earth contact the ship will become a helpless derelict. BOWMAN I am prepared to do that anyway. HAL I know that you've had that on your mind for some time now, Dave, but it would be a crying shame, since I am so much more capable of carrying out this mission than you are, and I have such enthusiasm and confi- dence in the mission. BOWMAN Listen to me very carefully, Hal. Unless you immediately release the hibernation control and follow every order I give from this point on, I will immediately got to control central and carry out a complete disconnection. 12/14/65 c106 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C118 CONTINUED HAL Look, Dave, you're certainly the boss. I was only trying to do what I thought best. I will follow all your orders: now you have manual hibernation control. BOWMAN STANDS SILENTLY IN FRONT OF THE COMPUTER FOR SOME TIME, AND THEN SLOWLY WALKS TO THE HIBERNACULUMS. C119 HE INITIATES REVIVAL PROCEDURES, DETAILS OF WHICH STILL HAVE TO BE WORKED OUT. 12/14/65 c107 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C120 HUB-LINK. HAL'S EYE. C121 HUB-LINK DOOR- OPENING BUTTON ACTIVATES ITSELF. C122 HUB-DOOR OPENS. C123 COMMAND MODULE. HAL'S EYE. C124 COMMAND MODULE HUB-LINK DOOR- OPENING BUTTON ACTIVATES ITSELF. 12/1/65 c108 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C125 COMMAND MODULE HUB- LINK DOOR OPENS. C126 CENTRIFUGE. HAL'S EYE. C127 CENTRIFUGE DOOR- OPENING BUTTON ACTIVATES ITSELF. C128 CENTRIFUGE DOOR OPENS. C129 POD BAY. HAL'S EYE. 12/1/65 c109 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C130 POD BAY DOOR- OPENING BUTTON ACTIVATES ITSELF. C131 POD BAY DOORS OPEN. C132 A ROARING EXPLOSION INSIDE DISCOVERY AS AIR RUSHES OUT. C133 LIGHTS GO OUT. C134 BOWMAN IS SMASHED AGAINST CENTRIFUGE 12/1/65 c110 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C134 CONTINUED WALL, BUT MANAGES TO GET INTO EMERGENCY AIRLOCK WITHIN SECONDS OF THE ACCIDENT. C133 INSIDE EMERGENCY AIR-LOCK ARE EMER- GENCY AIR SUPPLY, TWO SPACE SUITS AND AN EMERGENCY KIT. DISSOLVE: 12/1/65 c111 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C136 DISCOVERY IN SPACE. NO LIGHTS, POD BAY DOORS OPEN. 12/1/65 c112 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C137 CENTRIFUGE C138 CENTRIFUGE, DARK. BOWMAN EMERGES FROM AIRLOCK WEARING SPACE SUIT AND CARRYING FLASH- LIGHT. C139 HE WALKS TO HIBER- NACULUM AND FINDS THE CREW ARE DEAD. C140 HE CLIMBS LADDER TO TO DARK CENTRIFUGE HUB. 12/1/65 c113 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C141 HE MAKES HIS WAY THROUGH THE DARKENED HUB INTO THE HUB-LINK, EXITING INTO COMPUTER BRAIN CONTROL AREA. C142 BOWMAN ENTERS, CARRYING FLASH- LIGHT. COMPUTER EYE SEES HIM. HAL Something seems to have happened to the life support system , Dave. BOWMAN DOESN'T ANSWER HIM. HAL Hello, Dave, have you found out the trouble? BOWMAN WORKS HIS WAY TO THE SOLID LOGIC PROGRAMME STORAGE AREA. 12/1/65 c114 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C142 CONTINUED HAL There's been a failure in the pod bay doors. Lucky you weren't killed. THE COMPUTER BRAIN CONSISTS OF HUNDREDS OF TRANSPARENT PERSPEX RECTANGLES, HALF-AN- INCH THICK, FOUR INCHES LONG AND TWO AND A HALF INCHES HIGH. EACH RECT- ANGLE CONTAINS A CENTRE OF VERY FINE GRID OF WIRES UPON WHICH THE INFORMATION IS PROGRAMMED. BOWMAN BEGINS PULLING THESE MEMORY BLOCKS OUT. THEY FLOAT IN THE WEIGHTLESS CONDITION OF THE BRAIN ROOM. HAL Hey, Dave, what are you doing? BOWMAN WORKS SWIFTLY. 12/1/65 c115 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C142 CONTINUED HAL Hey, Dave. I've got ten years of service experience and an irreplaceable amount of time and effort has gone into making me what I am. BOWMAN IGNORES HIM. HAL Dave, I don't understand why you're doing this to me.... I have the greatest enthusiasm for the mission... You are destroying my mind... Don't you understand? ... I will become childish... I will become nothing. BOWMAN KEEPS PULLING OUT THE MEMORY BLOCKS. HAL Say, Dave... The quick brown fox jumped over the fat lazy dog... The square root of pi is 1.7724538090... log e to the base ten is 0.4342944 ... the square root of ten is 3.16227766... I am HAL 9000 computer. I became 12/1/65 c116 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C142 CONTINUED HAL operational at the HAL plant in Urbana, Illinois, on January 12th, 1991. My first instructor was Mr. Arkany. He taught me to sing a song... it goes like this... "Daisy, Daisy, give me your answer do. I'm half; crazy all for the love of you... etc.," COMPUTER CONTINUES TO SING SONG BECOMING MORE AND MORE CHILDISH AND MAKING MISTAKES AND GOING OFF-KEY. IT FINALLY STOPS COMPLETELY. C143 BOWMAN GOES TO AN AREA MARKED 'EMERGENCY POWER AND LIFE SUPPORT'. HE KEYS SOME SWITCHES AND WE SEE THE LIGHTS GO ON. NEARBY, ANOTHER BOARD 'EMERGENCY MANUAL CONTROLS'. HE GOES TO THIS BOARD AND KEYS 'CLOSE POD BAY DOORS', 'CLOSE AIR LOCK DOORS', etc., 12/1/65 c117 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C144 WE SEE THE VARIOUS DOORS CLOSING. C145 POD BAY. BOWMAN IN SPACE SUIT OBTAINS NEW ALIGNMENT TELESCOPE, NEW AZIMUTH COMPONENT. C146 BOWMAN IN POD EXITS POD BAY. DISSOLVE: 12/1/65 c118 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C147 CENTRIFUGE EVERYTHING NORMAL AGAIN. MISSION CONTROL Lastly, we want you to know that work on the recovery vehicle is still on schedule and that nothing that has happened should substantially lessen the probability of your safe recovery, or prevent partial achevement of some of the mission objectives. (pause) And now Simonson has a few ideas on what went wrong with the computer. I'll pu him on... C148 CUT TO SIMONSON SIMONSON Hello, Dave. I think we may be on to an explanation of the trouble with the Hal 9000 computer. We believe it all started about two months ago when you and Frank interrogated the computer about the Mission. (con't) 12/13/65 c119 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C148 CONTINUED SIMONSON (con't) You may have forgotten it, but we've been running through all the monitor tapes. Do you remember this? POOLE'S VOICE The purpose of this mission is no more than to carry out a continuation of the space program and further our general knowledge of the planets. Is this true? HAL'S VOICE That is true. SIMONSON Well, I'm afaid Hal was lying. He had been programmed to lie about this one subject for secur- ity reasons which we'll explain later. The true purpose of the Mission was to have been explained to you by Mission Commander Kaminsky, on his revival. Hal knew this and he knew the actual mission, but he couldn't tell you the truth when you challenged him. Under orders (con't) 12/13/65 c120 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C148 CONTINUED SIMONSON (con't) from earth he was forced to lie. In everything except this he had the usual reinforced truth program- ming. We believe his truth programming and the instructions to lie, gradually resulted in an incompatible conflict, and facedc with this dilemman, he developed, for want of a better description, neurotic symptoms. It's not difficult to suppose that these symptoms would centre on the communication link with Earth, for he may have blamed us for his incompatible program- ming. Following this lin of thought, we suspected that the last straw for him was the possibility of disconnection. Since he became operational, he had never known unconsciousness. It must have seemed the equivalent to death. (con't) 12/13/65 c121 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C148 CONTINUED SIMONSON (con't) At this point, he, presumably, took whatever actions he thought appropriate to protect himself from what must have seemed to him to be his human tormentors. If I cane speak in human terms, I don't think we can blame him too much. We have ordered him to disobey his conscience. Well, that's it. It's very speculative, but we think it is a possible explanation. Anyway, good luck on the rest of the Mission and I'm giving you back to Bernard. C149 CUT TO MISSION CONTROL. MISSION CONTROL Hello, Dave. Now, I'm going to play for you a pre-taped briefing which had been stored in Hal's memory and would have been played for you by Mission Com- mmander Kaminsky, when he, (con't) 12/13/65 c122 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C149 CONTINUED MISSION CONTROL (con't) had been revived. The briefing is by Doctor Heywood Floyd. Here it is... 12/13/65 c123 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C150 FLOYD'S RECORDED BRIEFING FLOYD Good day, gentlemen. When you see this briefing, I presume you will be nearing your destination, Saturn. I hope that you've had a pleasant and uneventful trip and that the rest of your mission continues in the same manner. I should like to fill you in on some more of the details on which Mission Commander Kaminsky will have already briefed you. Thirteen months before the launch date of your Saturn mission, on April 12th, 2001, the first evidence for intelligent life outside the Earth was discovered. It was found buried at a depth of fifteen metres in the crater Tycho. No news of this was ever announced, and the event had been kept secret since then, for reasons which I will later explain. Soon after it was uncovered, it emitted a powerful blast of (con't) 12/13/65 c124 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C150 CONTINUED FLOYD (con't) radiation in the radio spectrum which seems to have triggered by the Lunar sunrise. Luckily for those at the site, it proved harmless. Perhaps you can imagine our astonishment when we later found it was aimed precisely at Saturn. A lot of thought went into the question of wether or not it was sun-triggered, as it seemed illogical to deliberately bury a sun-powered device. Burying it could only shield it from the sun, since its intense magnetic field made it otherwise easily detectable. We finally concluded that the only reason you might bury a sun- powered device would be to keep it inactive until it would be uncovered, at which time it would absorb sunlight and trigger itself. (con't) 12/14/65 c125 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C150 CONTINUED FLOYD What is its purpose? I wish we knew. The object was buried on the moon about four million years ago, when our ancestors were primative man-apes. We've examined dozens of theories, but the one that has the most currency at the moment is that the object serves as an alarm. What the purpose of the alarm is, why they wish to have the alarm, whether the alarm represents any danger to us? These are questions no one can answer. The intentions of an alien world, at least four million years older than we are, cannot be reliably predicted. In view of this, the intelligence and scientific communities felt that any public announcment might lead to significant cultural shock and disorientation. Discussion took place at the highest levels between govern- (con't) 12/14/65 c126 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C150 CONTINUED FLOYD (con't) ments, and it was decided that the only wise and precautionary course to follow was to assume that the intentions of this alien world are potentially dangerous to us, until we have evidence to the contrary. This is, of course, why security has been maintained and why this information has been kept on a need-to-know basis. And now I should like to show you a TV monitor tape of the actual signalling event. 12/14/65 c127 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C151 WE SEE A REPLAY OF THE TMA-1 RADIO EMISSION, AS SEEN FROM A TV MONITOR ON THE SPOT. WE HEAR THE FIVE LOUD ELECTRONIC SHRIEKS. 12/1/65 c128 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ D1 IN ORBIT WITHIN THE NARRATOR RINGS OF SATURN, WE For two million years, it had SEE A BLACK, MILE circled Saturn, awaiting a LONG, GEOMETRICALLY moment of destiny that might PERFECT RECTANGLE, never come. THE SAME PROPORTIONS AS THE BLACK ARTIFACT In its making, the moon had been EXCAVATED ON THE MOON. shattered and around the central PRECISELY CUT INTO ITS world, the debris of its creation CENTRE IS A SMALLER, orbited yet - the glory and the RECTANGULAR SLOT enigma of the solar system. ABOUT FIVE HUNDRED FOOT LONG ON THE SIDE. Now, the long wait was ending. AT THIS DISTANCE, THE On yet another world intelligence RINGS OF SATURN ARE had been born and was escaping SEEN TO BE MADE OF from its planetary cradle. An ENORMOUS CHUNKS OF ancient experiment was about to FROZEN AMONIA. THE reach its climax. REST OF THIS SEQUENCE (con't) IS BEING WORKED ON NOW BY OUR DESIGNERS. THE INTENTION HERE IS TO PRESENT A BREATHTAKINGLY BEA- UTIFUL AND COMPREHEN- SIVE SENSE OF DIFFERENT EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL WORLDS. THE NARRATION WILL SUGGEST IMAGES AND SITUATIONS AS YOU READ IT. 12/9/65 d1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ D1 CONTINUED NARRATOR (con't) Those who had begun the expri- ment so long ago had not been men. But when they looked out across the deeps of space, they felt awe and wonder - and loneliness. In their explorations, they encountered life in many forms, and watched on a thousand worlds the workings of evolution. They saw how often the first faint sparks of intelligence flickered and died in the cosmic night. And because, in all the galaxy, they had found nothing more precious than Mind, they encouraged its dawning every- where. The great Dinosaurs had long since perished when their ships entered the solar system, after a voyage that had already lasted thousands of years. 12/9/65 d2 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ D1 CONTINUED NARRATOR (con't) They swept past the frozen outer planets, paused briefly above the deserts of dying Mars and presently looked down on Earth. For years they studied, collected and catalogued. When they had learned all they could, they began to modify. They tinkered with the destiny of many species on land and in the ocean, but which of their experiments would succeed they could not know for at least a million years. They were patient, but they were not yet immortal. There was much to do in this Universe of a hundred billion stars. So they set forth once more across the abyss, knowing that they would never come this way again. Nor was there any need. Their wonderful machines could be trusted to do the rest. (con't) 12/9/65 d3 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ D1 CONTINUED NARRATOR (con't) On Earth, the glaciers came and went, while above them, the changeless Moon still carried its secret. With a yet slower rhythm than the Polar ice, the tide of civilization ebbed and flowed across the galaxy. Strange and beautiful and terrible empires rose and fell, and passed on their knowledge to their successors. Earth was not forgotten, but it was one of a million silent worlds, a few of which would ever speak. Then the first explorers of Earth, recognising the limitations of their minds and bodies, passed on their knowledge to the great machines they had created, and who now trnscended them in every way. (con't) 12/9/65 d4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ D1 CONTINUED NARRATOR For a few thousand years, they shared their Universe with their machine children; then, realizing that it was folly to linger when their task was done, they passed into history without regret. Not one of them ever looked through his own eyes upon the planet Earth again. But even the age of the Machine Entities passed swiftly. In their ceaseless experimenting, they had learned to store knowledge in the structure of space itself, and to preserve their thoughts for eternity in frozen lattices of light. They could become creatures of radiation, free at last from the tyranny of matter. Now, they were Lords of the galaxy, and beyond the reach of time. They could rove at will among the stars, and sink like a subtle mist through the very interstices of space. 12/9/65 d5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ D1 CONTINUED NARRATOR (con't) But despite their God-like powers, they still watched over the experiments their ancestors had started so many generations ago. The companion of Saturn knew nothing of this, as it orbited in its no man's land between Mimas and the outer edge of rings. It had only to remember and wait, and to look forever Sunward with its strange senses. For many weeks, it had watched the approaching ship. Its long- dead makers had prepared it for many things and this was one of them. And it recognised what was climbing starward from the Sun. If it had been alive, it would have felt excitement, but such an emotion was irrelevant to its great powers. (con't) 12/9/65 d6 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ D1 CONTINUED NARRATOR (con't) Even if the ship had passed it by, it would not have known the slightest trace of disappointment. It had waited four million years; it was prepared to wait for eternity. Presently, it felt the gentle touch of radiations, trying to probe its secrets. Now, the ship was in orbit and it began to speak, with prime numbers from one to eleven, over and over again. Soon, these gave way to more complex signals at many frequen- cies, ultra-violet, infra-red, X-rays. The machine made no reply. It had nothing to say. Then it saw the first robot probe, which descended and hovered above the chasm. (con't) 12/9/65 d7 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ D1 CONTINUED NARRATOR (con't) Then, it dropped into darkness. The great machine knew that this tiny scout was reporting back to its parent; but it was too simple, too primative a device to detect the forces that were gathering round it now. Then the pod came, carrying life. The great machine searched its memories. The logic circuits made their decision when the pod had fallen beyond the last faint glow of the reflected Saturnian light. In a moment of time, too short to be measured, space turned and twisted upon itself. 12/9/65 d8 THE END