Культура традиции быт одежда праздники национальная кухня сша

Кратко о самых интересных традициях государства США. Особенности культуры, питания, воспитания, свадьбы и многое другое.

Культура США, как и любой другой страны, имеет свои особенности. Америка формировалась на протяжении многих веков, вклад в современный менталитет внесли многочисленные народности. Совершенно непохожие друг на друга традиции и обряды видоизменялись, совмещались и совершенствовались.

Некоторые из современных обычаев многим могут показаться странными, нелепыми или даже смешными. Примечательно, что, несмотря на постоянные попытки государственных чиновников и политических деятелей страны говорить о единых традициях и обычаях США, общепризнанной философии, каждый штат, отдельный квартал, или даже семья, как правило, имеют собственное отношение к соблюдению известных обрядов.

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Содержание

  1. Национальные традиции США
  2. Семейные традиции в США
  3. Свадебные традиции в США
  4. «Правые» и «левые» движения в США
  5. Рождество
  6. Новый Год
  7. Пасха
  8. Религия
  9. Интересные факты

Национальные традиции США

Если говорить о традициях США кратко, то, как и многие другие народы, американцы считают своими национальными праздниками Пасху, Рождество и Новый год. Весенняя Пасха отражает христианскую веру в Воскресение Иисуса Христа. Для американцев это день наполнен молитвами и семейными сборами. Среди многих семей сохранилась традиции красить пасхальные яйца и угощать детей конфетами. На следующий день, в Пасхальный понедельник, президент Соединенных Штатов вместе с детьми принимает участие в ежегодном «катании пасхальных яиц» на лужайке Белого дома.

Христианский праздник Рождество отмечается в США 25 декабря. Даже те, кто не относит себя к верующим, поддерживают уважительное отношение к национальным традициям, культуре США – украшают свои дома и дворы яркими огнями, наряжают ёлки и дарят друг другу подарки.

Новый год отмечается американцами 1 января. Празднование начинается накануне, вечером. Родственники и близкие друзья собираются вместе, за накрытым столом или в общественных местах, чтобы пожелать друг другу счастья в наступающем году, обменяться подарками и от души повеселиться.

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Семейные традиции в США

Семейные традиции – это неотъемлемая часть любой культуры, и традиции США заслуживают отдельного внимания. Супруги в этой стране позиционируют себя как два независимых на финансовом уровне субъекта. Каждый из партнёров имеет собственный банковский счёт, распоряжаться средствами из которого имеет право по своему усмотрению.

Кроме этого, большинство американских семей предпочитают иметь и общий семейный счёт, чтобы совершать крупные покупки, улучшать жилищные условия, а также покрывать расходы, предусмотренные на воспитание детей. Ребёнок, достигший совершеннолетия, перебирается в отдельное жильё и начинает строить собственную жизнь.

Детям с малых лет прививают любовь к родине, почтение к старшим, безусловное уважение к родителям. Бытует мнение, что подобные убеждения способствуют укреплению брака и сводят к минимуму вероятность его разрушения. Кроме того, каждая семья в США регулярно собирается за общим столом. Для этого даже существует специальный повод – День Благодарения, который проводит в третий четверг ноября. Взрослые дети преодолевают огромные расстояния, чтобы посетить отчий дом. Главное блюдо традиционного обеда – фаршированная индейка. К мясу подаются:

  • пикантные подливки и соусы;
  • запечённый или сваренный картофель;
  • тушёные овощи;
  • салаты;
  • консервированная стручковая фасоль;
  • сладкие пироги;
  • лепёшки и булки, а на десерт – пудинг и мороженое.

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Обычно после сытного обеда родственники находят себе занятия по интересам – женщины удаляются, чтобы посплетничать, а мужчины располагаются перед телевизором со слабоалкогольными напитками. Американцы начинают готовить ребёнка к реалиям современной жизни с первых дней.

Острая конкуренция, напряжение, стрессы, с которыми придётся столкнуться малышу во взрослой жизни, требуют соответствующей подготовки, определённых навыков. Новорожденных детей закаливают с первых дней. Огромное место в воспитании занимает спорт. Почти каждый ребёнок состоит в какой-либо спортивной секции, клубе, играет в школьной команде.

Другая цель американских родителей — воспитать у детей самостоятельность и независимость. Один из действенных способов – приучение к раннему труду. Почти каждый старшеклассник после уроков работает несколько часов в день официантом, мойщиком машин, дворником. Америке свойственен культ семьи.

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Свадебные традиции в США

Свадьба – это особенный день в любой культуре, празднованию которого всегда придают особое значение. Молодая пара, как и все их родственники, не скупятся на деньги, фантазию и силы, чтобы бракосочетание оставило исключительно положительные эмоции на всю оставшуюся жизнь. Ответственность за обручальные кольца лежит на мужчине. Мало того, он должен тщательно продумать момент, когда и при каких обстоятельствах сделать предложение руки и сердца своей возлюбленной.

Помимо заветной коробочки принято преподносить солидный букет цветов. К помолвке в США относятся с особой серьёзностью, поэтому подготовка к свадебному торжеству начинается только после обручения, и может длиться до двух лет. Преимущественно забота об обустройстве, украшении места празднования, подготовке меню, организации фотосессии и других свадебных хлопотах возлагается на брачное агентство, коих в США довольно много. Все свадебные траты на себя традиционно берут родители невесты.

Девушка, готовящаяся стать законной женой, берёт на себя ответственность не только за выбор собственного платья, но и продумывает наряды приглашённых подружек. Образы девушек должны гармонировать между собой и быть представлены в одной цветовой гамме. То же правило по дресс-коду распространяется и на мужчин со стороны жениха.

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Когда хлопоты по организации свадьбы остаются позади, брачующиеся обязательно проводят генеральную репетицию вместе с родителями, крёстными, свидетелями. Ни один из партнёров не отказывается и от проведения традиционных встреч с близкими друзьями. Мальчишник, как правило, представляет собой безудержную пьянку со стриптизом, крамольными шутками под девизом «можно всё». Так, мужчина по традиции отдыхает на всю жизнь вперёд, чтобы в дальнейшем, будучи главой семьи, не иметь пристрастий к мало приятным грешкам перед супругой. С девичником всё наоборот. Это скромные, тихие посиделки с подругами и родственницами, на которых принято дарить полезные для быта вещи:

  • нижнее бельё;
  • пастельное бельё;
  • посуда;
  • кухонные принадлежности и прочее.

Кроме того, приглашённые делятся с невестой разными секретами, связанных с рукоделием, поварским искусством, воспитанием детей или интимной жизнью. Конечно, далеко не все девушки придерживаются такой традиции и предпочитают проводить девичник более помпезно – всё зависит от материального и социального статуса, интересов, убеждений и принципов.

Хотя по свадебной традиции в США венчаться принято в церкви, многие современные американцы прибегают и к таким оригинальным решениям, как выездная церемония венчания:

  • на берегу моря;
  • в цветущем саду;
  • на борту самолёта;
  • на палубе корабля и прочее.

Все декорации и украшения перевозятся на выбранную локацию. Туда же пребывает приглашённый священник. Праздничный банкет может устраиваться как в ресторане, так и в особняке с большим цветущим садом.

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В день свадьбы невесту к венчанию готовит её лучшая подруга. Она помогает надеть платье, украшения, подбадривает и помогает с организацией. Рядом с женихом в этот ответственный день находится его лучший друг, шафер. Церемония венчания проходит по особым традициям.

  1. Когда появляется невеста – все встают.
  2. Невеста идёт по цветам, которые впереди неё разбрасывает маленькая девочка в белом платье.
  3. Рядом с девочкой нарядно одетый мальчик несёт на декоративной подушечке свадебные кольца.
  4. К алтарю, где ждут жених и шафер, невесту сопровождает её отец.
  5. Во главе свадебного шествия – свидетельница.

Священник проводит обряд венчания. Молодые произносят торжественные клятвы, обещая быть вместе во что бы то ни стало, обмениваются кольцами, после чего закрепляют свой союз поцелуем. На этом церемония венчания заканчивается.

Первыми уходят жених и невеста, чтобы сделать памятные фото у главных достопримечательностей города. Тем временем гости отправляются на фуршет. Для того, чтобы каждый из присутствующих знал, какое место ему занять, при входе размещается заранее составленный план рассадки, а на столы обязательно кладут карточки с именами приглашённых. Обычно в Америке на свадебном столе можно увидеть лёгкие закуски к вину и пиву:

  • сыр и оливки;
  • свежие фрукты;
  • салаты.

На фуршете подаётся одно горячее, а завершается праздничный ужин разрезанием многоярусного свадебного торта. После этого молодые отправляются в путешествие, а гости продолжают веселиться.

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«Правые» и «левые» движения в США

Деление на левые и правые движения в США начало формироваться в европейской политике в XIX столетии. Тогда левыми считались сторонники движения вперёд, а правыми – консервации существующего порядка. Со временем эти понятия начали трансформироваться: левые движения в США стали не только носителями реформаторских идей, но и принципа увеличения налогообложения богатых, а правые – сторонниками свободного рынка и низких налогов.

В США демократическая партия считается левой, а республиканская – правой. Представители рабочих профессий голосуют за республиканцев, чтобы в страну перестали пускать мигрантов, а богатые пригороды, адвокаты – за демократов, против антиглобалистской политики. Их даже не пугает возможное повышение налогов.

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Рождество

Подготовка к Рождеству начинается в конце ноября. В это время начинается сезон распродаж. Многие магазины не работают на праздники, поэтому американцы начинают украшать свои дома, дворы и улицы заранее, не скупясь на иллюминацию и декор:

  • венки;
  • фигурки снеговиков, ангелов;
  • рождественская ёлка;
  • рождественские чулки на камине;
  • гирлянды;
  • колокольчики и прочее.

К Рождеству всё пестрит яркими огнями, царит особенная атмосфера доброты и веселья. На Рождество в США любят петь тематические гимны, которые прославляют Бога. На улицах даже можно встретить хор детей, облачённых в ангельские костюмы. Во многих городах устраиваются праздничные костюмированные парады.

Обязательной частью празднования является семейный ужин в канун Рождества, 24 декабря. За одним столом собираются все члены семьи, весело проводя время и обмениваясь заранее подготовленными подарками. Главное блюдо – запечённое мясо птицы:

  • индейка;
  • утка;
  • курица.

На гарнир подаются овощи и бобовые. На столе обязательно присутствуют лёгкие закуски. Главный десерт праздника – фруктовый кекс с орехами или цукатами, пропитанный ромом или сиропом, а также известные во всём мире имбирные пряники с глазурью. Из напитков подают:

  • горячий шоколад;
  • какао;
  • чай;
  • вино;
  • пунш.

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Перед началом трапезы принято читать молитвы, прославляющие Бога, а после – дарить подарки. При этом большое значение уделяется не столько содержимому подарочной коробки, сколько обёрточной упаковке.

Ещё один символ Рождества в США – красно-белый леденец в виде буквы J. Есть несколько версий его появления. Некоторые считают, что это отсылка к первой букве имени Jesus. Другие полагают, что необычная форма конфеты символизирует посох пастухов, которые первые пришли посетить новорожденного младенца.

Новый Год

Новый год в Америке — очень важный и любимый всеми праздник. Его отмечают пышно и с размахом, в отличие от Рождества, которое проводят дома, в кругу родных и близких. Новогодняя ночь, по традиции, сопровождается шумными гуляньями, концертами живой музыки, яркими парадами, ярмарками и фейерверками. Новый Год является официальным торжеством.

В ночь американцы не любят сидеть дома, поэтому собираются в большие компании, ходят в бары и рестораны, слушают музыку и веселятся. За несколько часов до наступления Нового года на улице начинается праздничный концерт и лазерное шоу, небо озаряют яркие салюты и фейерверки.

Новогодние праздники в США не обходятся без различных парадов и фестивалей. В США не принято готовить пышный праздничный ужин, однако на столе всегда должно быть шампанское и лёгкие закуски, например, сыр или орехи. Курицу на новогоднем столе не жалуют – она может принести неудачи, поэтому вместо неё подается запеченная индейка с овощами и зеленью. Из десертов популярностью пользуется пудинг, фрукты и различные сладкие пироги.

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Главным символом праздника считается малыш в подгузнике, который олицетворяет новые начала и перерождение. Легенда гласит, что в течение года малыш становится стариком и уступает свое место новому младенцу. В Америке ни один Новый год не обходится без планов на будущее. Провожая старый год, американцы обязательно составляют список обещаний, которые хотели бы исполнить в новом. А вот делать пышные подарки в день праздника не принято.

Пасха

Многие верующие, соблюдая национальные традиции США, в течение 40 дней перед Пасхой соблюдают пост и исповедуются. Пятница перед пасхальным воскресеньем традиционно является днём поста и покаяния, так как считается, что именно в этот день был распят Иисус Христос. Некоторые приходы проводят шествия. Некоторые церкви перед Пасхой устраивают всенощные бдения, чтобы прихожане смогли вместе встретить рассвет и задуматься о значении воскресения Христа.

После официального завершения Великого поста, близкие и друзья собираются на праздничную пасхальную трапезу. Единственной характерной традицией Пасхи в США, считающейся общей для американцев всех религий, является то, что в светлое воскресенье все они собираются за большим столом в семейном кругу. Главными блюдами на семейном ужине в пасхальный день являются картофель, ветчина с ананасами и фруктовые салаты.

Преподносят в этот день по традиции корзины с крашеными яйцами и огромным количеством разнообразных лакомств. Каждое яйцо по традиции содержит вопрос и человек, получивший такое яйцо, должен обязательно ответить на него.

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Религия

В США религиозные праздники часто являются поводом распахнуть двери для друзей и соседей, независимо от их религиозной принадлежности. Религия и церковь занимают одно из приоритетных мест в жизни американцев. Поэтому можно уверенно сказать, что подавляющее большинство жителей США относятся к вопросу вероисповедания с большим уважением. Здесь принято всей семьей посещать церковь и приглашать священнослужителя на похороны, бракосочетание или причастие.

Благодаря многонациональности американского народа постепенно сформировались разные направления верований. В США мирно сосуществуют представители всевозможных взглядов:

  • католики;
  • православные;
  • протестанты;
  • мормоны;
  • буддисты;
  • мусульмане и т.д.

У представителей каждой религии есть особые даты, которые они отмечают на протяжении года.

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Интересные факты

Еще в 90-х годах, Америка объявили всему миру о своей странной традиции – праздновать День Сурка, сняв об этом нашумевшую комедию с одноименным названием. это праздник, когда сурок выходит из своей норы в земле, чтобы оповестить всех, когда придет весна. Если же он испугается своей тени и вернется обратно, то зима будет длиться еще целых шесть недель.

Дети, разгуливающие в ночь по улицам в ужасающих костюмах, и выпрашивающие сладкое – это традиционный для Америки Хэллоуин. Главное, чем страшнее будет на малыше костюм – тем лучше!

Ежегодно, осенью американцы устраивают самые разнообразные фестивали и праздники, в честь чествования урожая. В день «Говори, как пират» (19 сентября) можно позволить себе вдоволь повеселиться: создать тематический образ, удивить яркими сленговыми словечками и выпить бутылку настоящего рома, сидя на сундуке.

Марди Гра — праздник музыки, парадов, выпивки и безудержного веселья. В этот день люди пекут блины, облачаются в карнавальные костюмы или, по крайней мере, в традиционные цвета: фиолетовый, зеленый и золотой. Ежегодно карнавал возглавляют «король» и «королева», которые в ответ на восторженные голоса толпы одаривают их разноцветными безделушками, монетками и пластиковыми бусинами. Согласно преданию, если празднество не окончится ровно в полночь, души гуляк заберет дьявол.

mardi_gras

Когда американцы посещают спортивные соревнования, то им недостаточно просто прийти и занять свои места — они должны прибыть за несколько часов, чтобы должным образом подготовиться к просмотру игры. Разукрашенные цветами любимых спортивных команд, люди будут тусоваться возле своих автомобилей на стоянке стадиона, жарить еду на гриле, попивая холодные алкогольные напитки и играть на газоне, бросая друг другу футбольные мячи. Многие болельщики крайне серьёзно готовятся к подобным мероприятиям и даже привозят с собой музыкальные центры, телевизоры и спутниковые антенны, придавая чувство глобальности спортивному событию.

Интересные традиции США поражают воображение любого туриста. На многие праздники на улицах и площадях устраиваются массовые гуляния, поэтому пропустить повод повеселиться крайне сложно. Особая атмосфера так заряжает и бодрит, что в миг помогает избавиться от грустных мыслей и жизненных трудностей.

США — страна, где обычаи и традиции формировались на протяжении нескольких веков и сегодня им уделяется большое внимание. В Штатах сложно встретить американца, который не запек бы индейку ко Дню благодарения или не украсил бы дом к Рождеству. Тем, кто интересуется культурой этой страны, будет полезно ознакомиться с американскими традициями кратко, расширив кругозор знанием устоев жизни в Америке.

Особенности американского менталитета

Многие знают об американцах только по фильмам. Причем в российском кино их часто показывают нарочито глупыми и смешными, а в голливудском — гениальными супергероями. На самом деле истинный образ американца далек от киношного.

США — многонациональная страна, где проживают несколько сотен народностей со всего мира. У каждой свои обычаи, традиции и особенности менталитета.

Американцы — патриоты. Причем это не напускной патриотизм, а искренний. Они гордятся своей страной и уровнем:

  • медицины;
  • экономики;
  • образования.

Жители Америки любят украшать свои дома государственными флагами, с удовольствием поют гимн, который знают наизусть с раннего возраста, с радостью ходят на выборы президента и участвуют в обсуждении всех важных законов государства.

Патриотизм быстро распространяется и на мигрантов. Практически сразу после переезда они начинают считать себя американцами, поют патриотические песни и готовят национальные блюда.

Американцы — доброжелательная и радушная нация. Всегда веселые, всегда с улыбкой, всегда готовы поболтать. Гуляя по улицам США, не удивляйтесь, когда вам будут делать комплименты или спрашивать как дела незнакомые люди. Вся доброжелательность жителей Америки не напускная, им правда хочется сделать вам приятное или немного поговорить. Покупая в супермаркете торт, будьте уверены, что кассир спросит вас для кого и по какому поводу вы берете сладкое.

Они дружелюбные. С радостью подскажут вам дорогу, придержат дверь, разменяют деньги. Американцы лояльны к туристам — им хочется, чтобы путешественники тоже полюбили их страну.

Вместе с тем жители Америки деловитые и занятые. Они всегда стремятся увеличить свой доход, умеют совершать выгодные сделки, удачно вкладывать инвестиции, не брать деньги в долг у знакомых, вовремя выплачивают кредиты и умело распоряжаются страховкой.

Также американцы толерантная нация, они уважают любой выбор другого и стремление к индивидуальности. Американскому гражданину неважна ваша внешность, ориентация, предпочтения. Они ни за что не станут высмеивать ваш акцент или странную прическу. Но это не означает, что им наплевать на все и они не имеют собственного мнения. Американцы уверены, что любая точка зрения имеет право существовать, любой человек может самоутверждаться так, как он считает нужным.

Многие жители США — фанаты спорта. Они с удовольствием участвуют в любительских матчах или ходят посмотреть, как играют профессионалы. Американский футбол — одна из любимых игр. Посмотреть футбольные матчи часто ходят семьями.

Семейные традиции в Америке

Многие американцы — трудоголики, карьера для них стоит на первом месте. Сначала молодые люди учатся в школах, стараясь участвовать во всех конкурсах и соревнованиях, чтобы получить стипендию, затем обучаются в колледжах и университетах, проходят практику и надеются, что их заметит работодатель. Затем они сутками пропадают на работе, чтобы как можно быстрее подняться вверх по карьерной лестнице.

Но несмотря на такую тотальную занятость семья для американца значит много.

Американцы женятся достаточно поздно, после 30–35 лет. Оба партнера считаются равными, они работают, занимаются домом и детьми. Нередко у супругов есть два раздельных банковских счета.

В подготовке к беременности и родам принимают активное участие оба родителя. Будущий папа наравне с беременной женой читает книги о родах и материнстве, ходит на различные курсы, вместе с ней посещает все приемы врача. Роды также чаще всего партнерские. В США настолько привыкли, что мужчина с головой окунается в ожидание будущего ребенка, что если женщина одна приходит на курсы или в больницу, это кажется странным, ей будут сочувствовать.

В США не считается зазорным, если после рождения ребенка декрет берет отец, а мать почти сразу же после родов выходит на работу. Несмотря на стремление строить карьеру, во многих семьях рождаются по три и более ребенка.

Воспитание подрастающего поколения

Малышей в Америке любят и балуют. Никаких физических наказаний — американцы за этим бдительно следят. Если ребенок или бдительный сосед пожалуется, что были случаи рукоприкладства (даже банальный шлепок), родителей сурово накажут. Даже бывают случаи изъятия ребенка из семьи.

С бабушкой и дедушкой детей оставляют редко. Чаще всего малышей берут везде с собой или вызывают няню. И дело не в том, что бабушки и дедушки не любят внуков — чаще всего они нещадно балуют малышей и не чают в них души, но в Америке бабушка и дедушка либо работают, либо после выхода на пенсию путешествуют и живут в свое удовольствие.

Яслей в Америке практически нет, ребенка отдают в подготовительные классы когда ему исполняется 4–5 лет, там малыш учится общаться со сверстниками и занимается творчеством.

В США растят детей амбициозными, свободными и независимыми людьми. Поэтому после окончания школы дети редко остаются жить со своими родителями, они снимают квартиры или переезжают в общежитие.

В Америке детям с детства стараются привить такие качества:

  • патриотизм;
  • желание быть лидером;
  • уверенность в себе.

Родители верят, что эти качества помогут ребенку в будущем добиться всего, что он пожелает. С раннего детства с малышами много разговаривают на равных, учитывают его мнение, учат финансовой независимости.

Традиционная свадьба в Штатах

Помолвка — это серьезный шаг в жизни влюбленных, к которому тщательно готовятся. Здесь распространены предложения руки и сердца с пышным букетом цветов и кольцом.

После помолвки начинается подготовка к свадьбе. Она длится 1–2 года, но сами влюбленные редко занимаются ей, предпочитая доверить важное событие в руки профессиональных организаторов свадеб. Во время подготовки к свадьбе невеста выбирает не только свой наряд (предпочтение обычно отдается традиционному белому платью), но и платья подружек невесты. Они должны сочетаться с нарядами жениха и невесты.

Примерно за месяц до свадьбы проводятся мальчишник и девичник. Парни обычно отмечают шумно и большой компанией где-то в клубе, а девичник часто называют «вечеринка — душ». Такое название он получил потому что в этот день на невесту сыпятся подарки, словно капли воды в душе.

Примерно за две недели до торжественной церемонии жених и невеста должны пройти регистрацию брака. Они приходят в соответствующую инстанцию с документами, а свидетельство о браке им позднее пришлют по почте.

Традиционное венчание проходит в церкви, но в последнее время большой популярностью стали пользоваться выездные церемонии. Где-нибудь на берегу водоема или в другом красивом месте устанавливается алтарь, и приглашается священник.
К свадьбе невесте помогают готовиться ее подружки. В месте венчания сначала появляются гости и жених, невеста приезжает последней. Когда она появляется, все гости встают. К алтарю новобрачную ведет ее отец, где девушку уже ждет жених и его шафер.

После церемонии молодожены уезжают кататься по достопримечательностям своего города, а гости едут готовиться к банкету.

Банкет обычно скромный, на столах присутствуют легкие закуски, салаты, одно или два горячих блюда. Изюминка торжества — многоярусный свадебный торт.

На свадьбу обычно дарят деньги. Их отдают невесте, у нее для этого есть специальная белая сумочка. Все остальные подарки гости оставляют на столе у входа.

Главные американские праздники

Американцы любят праздники и справляют их шумно и весело. Для многих праздничные дни — это повод провести время со своей семьей, увидеться с дальними родственниками, навестить своих друзей и близких. В одиночестве праздники встречают редко — если американцы видят, что одинокому соседу не с кем праздновать, они позовут его к себе. Главными американскими праздниками считаются:

  • Рождество и Новый год;
  • День Благодарения;
  • День Независимости;
  • Пасха.

Вообще американцы большие любители праздновать все подряд. А если повода для праздника нет, то они его придумают сами. Поэтому в стране проходит много необычных праздников и конкурсов. Одним из любимых считается тыквенный фестиваль. Он проводится во многих штатах в период созревания тыкв. На фермы съезжаются тысячи людей, чтобы купить лучшую тыкву и попробовать разнообразные блюда из нее. Детей в это время катают на повозках или показывают животных, обитающих на ферме.

Также в США все без исключения обожают «черную пятницу». Она проходит на следующий день после Дня Благодарения. Все магазины в Америке устраивают грандиозные распродажи, где можно купить вещи практически за бесценок. Именно в этот день американцы забывают, что они самая дружелюбная нация. В магазинах часто случаются драки и давка.

Еще один любимый праздник — День Мартина Лютера Кинга, который отмечают в третий понедельник января. В этот день все каналы транслируют видеоролики с выступлениями знаменитого революционера, а в церквях проходят мемориальные службы и церемонии.

Новый год и Рождество

Католическое Рождество — один из любимых праздников, на подготовку к которому они тратят колоссальные суммы денег. Жители Америки стараются украсить свои дома как можно ярче и необычнее, чтобы было лучше всех на улице. В рождественские дни американцы тратят сотни тысяч долларов на оплату счетов за электричество.

Рождество в стране отмечают 25 декабря. Это уютный семейный праздник, который принято отмечать дома за богато накрытым столом. В самой большой комнате в доме ставят елку. Также дом украшают различными растениями:

  • плющом, который означает бессмертие;
  • остролистом — символом надежды и веры в лучшее;
  • омелой — священным растением.

Под омелой принято целоваться. Эта английская традиция прочно укоренилась в Америке много веков назад.

В Рождество обмениваются подарками. Дальним родственникам отправляют красивые открытки с теплыми пожеланиями, а дети ждут подарки от Санта Клауса. Он кладет их под елку или в чулок. Рождественской ночью многие семьи посещают церковную службу.

Новый год — это более шумный праздник. Его любят отмечать в клубах, театрах, гостях или на улице. Одно из наиболее ярких празднований происходит в Нью-Йорке на Таймс-сквер.

На эту знаменитую улицу в новогоднюю ночь выходят тысячи людей, а остальные наблюдают за празднованием по телевизору. Вот уже более ста лет с одного из зданий Таймс-сквер высотой 23 метра сбрасывают большой шар. Он летит до земли ровно одну минуту — как только он касается земли, наступает новый год. Последние десять секунд перед падением отсчитывают хором, также эти цифры транслируются на большом табло.

Сразу после наступления нового года принято запускать фейерверки, шуметь, гудеть автомобильными клаксонами.

День благодарения

Праздник благодарения отмечается в последний четверг ноября. В этот день вся семья должна сходить в церковь за службу, а после собраться на ужин за одним большим столом. На праздничном столе традиционно будут следующие блюда:

  • индейка;
  • тыквенный пирог;
  • картофельное пюре;
  • соус из клюквы.

Едят в этот день много и сытно, вечером ходят в гости. Согласно обычаю, за праздничным столом каждый член семьи должен взять чистый лист и написать все приятное, что произошло с ним за год, и все неприятное. Плохое нужно постараться забыть и отпустить. А за добро — поблагодарить Бога и членов своей семьи.

После Дня благодарения у американцев есть два выходных. Это время желательно провести с пользой — помочь нуждающимся, навестить близких.

Хэллоуин

Halloween — еще один из наиболее любимых праздников в Америке, который отмечается накануне Дня всех святых (в ночь с 31 октября на 1 ноября). Но готовиться к нему начинают гораздо раньше — дома, кафе и магазины украшают тыквами и страшными манекенами еще в сентябре.

В ночь с 31 октября на 1 ноября принято наряжаться в костюмы. Если раньше дети и взрослые наряжались в костюмы нечести, то теперь популярны костюмы супергероев, знаменитых певцов и актеров. Этой ночью дети ходят по соседским домам с угрозой «сладость или гадость». Принято угощать детишек конфетами или печеньем.

ЭТО ИНТЕРЕСНО! Если раньше законодательство не предъявляло никаких требований к угощениям, то теперь все сладости должны быть в заводских обертках. Такое правило появилось после 1964 года, когда некая Хелен Фэйл подмешала в конфеты мышьяк, чтобы наказать маленьких вымогателей сладостей.

Также участие в праздновании Хэллоуина принимает и американское телевидение. В этот день в новостях часто появляются шуточные сообщения, что на Землю напали инопланетяне или что к Америке приближается опасный астероид.

Особенности национальной кухни

В Америке произошло смешение кухонь разных стран мира, поэтому на одном столе можно наблюдать итальянскую пасту, борщ и японские суши.

Американцы редко готовят дома, предпочитая питаться в кафе и ресторанах. Завтракают и обедают они чаще по одиночке, но на ужин стараются выбраться всей семьей. В маленьких городах еще сохранились традиция семейного ужина дома за большим столом, чаще всего если женщина домохозяйка. Во многих семьях существует традиция собираться всем вместе на барбекю. На заднем дворе жарят мясо или рыбу, приглашают друзей и соседей вместе с детьми. Мужчины пьют пиво, женщины общаются, дети играют. Готовят во время таких посиделок чаще всего мужчины.

Завтракать американцы не любят, выбирая вместо этого перекус без кулинарных изысков — хлопья с молоком, блинчики или сэндвичи. Пить предпочитают свежевыжатый апельсиновый сок, молоко или кофе.

Обед — прием пищи, который длится меньше всего. Он практически всегда проходит вне дома, в кафе или столовых. Традиционный обед длится всего час, с 11:00 до 12:00. Едят американцы спешно, чаще не отрываясь от работы — обсуждая контракты или общаясь по телефону.

На обед едят блюда, которые не нужно готовить или чья готовка не занимает много времени — йогурты, печенье, сандвичи, салаты или сладости.

Ужин — любимый прием пищи жителей Штатов. Это время, когда можно основательно поесть, отдохнуть, пообщаться с семьей или друзьями.

Ужинают жители Америки плотно, блюд много, вся еда жирная и калорийная. Прием пищи проходит в несколько этапов:

  • закуски — нарезка, лепешки, кукуруза;
  • мясные блюда — часто предпочтение отдают стейкам, курице или индейке;
  • десерт.

В качестве гарнира крайне редко используются макароны или крупы, они считаются самостоятельными блюдами. А вот всевозможные овощи (тушеные или на гриле) американцы с радостью едят в качестве гарнира.

Из алкогольных напитков, вопреки расхожему мнению, жители Штатов любят дорогую водку. В барах или во время футбольных матчей мужчины обожают пить пиво. Женщины отдают предпочтение коктейлям.

Американцы — большие фанаты всевозможных закусочных и ресторанов быстрого питания. Если им не хочется идти на ужин в кафе или ресторан, то они заказывают еду на дом, отдавая предпочтение пиццериям или мексиканской кухне.

Во время трапезы в Америке принято общаться, вести непринужденную светскую беседу или делиться последними новостями. Молча здесь не едят.

Оригинальные обычаи и правила в Америке

Американцы — нация, у которой хватает странных традиций. Убедитесь сами:

  • На Пасху принято катать яйца на лужайке перед Белым домом. В день праздника на газоне собираются тысячи людей, в том числе и высокопоставленные чиновники. Все жители общаются, участвуют в смешных конкурсах и катают большими ложками вареные яйца.

  • На День благодарения президенту доставляют живую индейку, которую глава государства помилует и отпустит. Это странная традиция, учитывая, сколько птиц в этот день съедается по всей стране.
  • Просмотр рекламы во время супербоула (финал кубка по американскому футболу). Всех раздражает надоедливая реклама, и американцы не исключение. Но в день финала фанаты ждут рекламные ролики с нетерпением. Во время перерыва в игре демонстрируется оригинальная реклама, которую потом обсуждают еще неделю, споря, какой ролик оказался самым запоминающимся.
  • Американцы не снимают обувь, когда приходят в гости. Если гость вдруг начнет разуваться, то хозяева дома удивятся и посчитают его странным.
  • В Америке принято везде оставлять чаевые. Это правило вежливого тона. Зато платить в ресторане будет каждый сам за себя, даже если вас пригласили на ужин.
  • В России принято, что если именинник зовёт гостей на день рождения в кафе или ресторан, то он и оплачивает ужин. В Америке наоборот — гости угощают хозяина вечера.

Это далеко не все оригинальные традиции, которые есть в Америке. В каждом штате действуют свои обычаи и законы, причем часто они противоположны друг другу. Ознакомиться со всеми ими невозможно, даже коренные жители США не в курсе всех традиций, которые существуют в большой многонациональной стране.

Columbia reaching out to viewer. Original design for the «Be Patriotic» poster by Paul Stahr, c. 1917–18

The culture of the United States of America is primarily of Western, and European origin,[1] yet its influences includes the cultures of African American, Asian American, Latin American, Native American, and Pacific Islander American peoples and their cultures. The United States has its own distinct social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore. The United States is an ethnically and culturally diverse country as a result of large-scale European immigration throughout its history, its hundreds of indigenous tribes and cultures, and through African American slavery followed by emancipation. America is an anglophone country with a legal system derived from English common law.[2]

Origins, development, and spread

The European roots of the United States originate with the English and Spanish settlers of colonial North America during British and Spanish rule. The varieties of English people, as opposed to the other peoples on the British Isles, were the overwhelming majority ethnic group in the 17th century (population of the colonies in 1700 was 250,000) and were 47.9% of percent of the total population of 3.9 million. They constituted 60% of the whites at the first census in 1790 (%: 3.5 Welsh, 8.5 Scotch Irish, 4.3 Scots, 4.7 Irish, 7.2 German, 2.7 Dutch, 1.7 French and 2 Swedish).[3] The English ethnic group contributed to the major cultural and social mindset and attitudes that evolved into the American character. Of the total population in each colony, they numbered from 30% in Pennsylvania to 85% in Massachusetts.[4] Large non-English immigrant populations from the 1720s to 1775, such as the Germans (100,000 or more), Scotch Irish (250,000), added enriched and modified the English cultural substrate.[5] The religious outlook was some versions of Protestantism (1.6% of the population were English, German and Irish Catholics).

Jeffersonian democracy was a foundational American cultural innovation, which is still a core part of the country’s identity.[6] Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and was written in reaction to the views of some influential Europeans that America’s native flora and fauna (including humans) were degenerate.[6]

Major cultural influences have been brought by historical immigration, especially from Germany in much of the country,[7] Ireland and Italy in the Northeast, Japan in Hawaii. Latin American culture is especially pronounced in former Spanish areas but has also been introduced by immigration, as have Asian American cultures (especially in the Northeast and West Coast regions). Caribbean culture has been increasingly introduced by immigration and is pronounced in many urban areas. Since the abolition of slavery, the Caribbean has been the source of the earliest and largest Black immigrant group, a significant source of growth of the Black population in the U.S. and has made major cultural impacts in education, music, sports and entertainment.[8]

Native culture remains strong in areas with large undisturbed or relocated populations, including traditional government and communal organization of property now legally managed by Indian reservations (large reservations are mostly in the West, especially Arizona and South Dakota). The fate of native culture after contact with Europeans is quite varied. For example, Taíno culture in U.S. Caribbean territories is nearly extinct and like most Native American languages, the Taíno language is no longer spoken. By contrast, the Hawaiian language and culture of the Native Hawaiians has survived in Hawaii and mixed with that of immigrants from the mainland U.S. (starting before the 1898 annexation) and to some degree Japanese immigrants. It occasionally influences mainstream American culture with notable exports like surfing and Hawaiian shirts. Most languages native to what is now U.S. territory have gone extinct,[citation needed] and the economic and mainstream cultural dominance of the English language threatens the surviving ones in most places. Some of the most common native languages include Samoan, Hawaiian, Navajo, Cherokee, Sioux, and a spectrum of Inuit languages. (See Indigenous languages of the Americas for a fuller listing, plus Chamorro, and Carolinian in the Pacific territories.)[9][better source needed] Ethnic Samoans are a majority in American Samoa; Chamorro are still the largest ethnic group in Guam (though a minority), and along with Refaluwasch are smaller minorities in the Northern Mariana Islands.

European immigrants arriving in New York

American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, and faith in freedom and republicanism), American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographics.[10]

The United States has traditionally been thought of as a melting pot, with immigrants contributing to but eventually assimilating with mainstream American culture. However, beginning in the 1960s and continuing on in the present day, the country trends towards cultural pluralism,[11] and partisanship.[12][13][14] Throughout the country’s history, certain subcultures (whether based on ethnicity or other commonality, such as ghettos) have dominated certain neighborhoods, only partially melded with the broader culture. Due to the extent of American culture, there are many integrated but unique social subcultures within the United States, some not tied to any particular geography. The cultural affiliations an individual in the United States may have commonly depended on social class, political orientation and a multitude of demographic characteristics such as religious background, occupation, and ethnic group membership.[15]

Regional variations

Semi-distinct cultural regions of the United States include New England, the Mid-Atlantic, the South, the Midwest, the Southwest, and the West—an area that can be further subdivided into the Pacific States and the Mountain States.

The west coast of the continental United States, consisting of California, Oregon, and Washington state, is also sometimes referred to as the Left Coast, indicating its left-leaning political orientation and tendency towards social liberalism.

The South is sometimes informally called the «Bible Belt» due to socially conservative evangelical Protestantism, which is a significant part of the region’s culture. Christian church attendance across all denominations is generally higher there than the national average. This region is usually contrasted with the mainline Protestantism and Catholicism of the Northeast, the religiously diverse Midwest and Great Lakes, the Mormon Corridor in Utah and southern Idaho, and the relatively secular West. The percentage of non-religious people is the highest in the northeastern and New England state of Vermont at 34%, compared to 6% in the Bible Belt state of Alabama.[16]

Strong cultural differences have a long history in the U.S., with the southern slave society in the antebellum period serving as a prime example. Social and economic tensions between the Northern and Southern states were so severe that they eventually caused the South to declare itself an independent nation, the Confederate States of America; thus initiating the American Civil War.[17]

Language

Tree map of languages in the US

Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, 28 states have passed legislation making English the official language, and it is considered to be the de facto national language. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, more than 97% of Americans can speak English well, and for 81%, it is the only language spoken at home. The national dialect is known as American English, which itself consists of numerous regional dialects, but has some shared unifying features that distinguish it from other national varieties of English. There are four large dialect regions in the United States—the North, the Midland, the South, and the West—and several dialects more focused within metropolitan areas such as those of New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston. A standard dialect called «General American» (analogous in some respects to the received pronunciation elsewhere in the English-speaking world), lacking the distinctive noticeable features of any particular region, is believed by some to exist as well; it is sometimes regionally associated with the Midwest. American Sign Language, used mainly by the deaf, is also native to the United States.

More than 300 languages nationwide, and up to 800 languages in New York City, besides English, have native speakers in the United States—some are spoken by indigenous peoples (about 150 living languages) and others imported by immigrants. English is not the first language of most immigrants in the US, though many do arrive knowing how to speak it, especially from countries where English is broadly used.[18] This not only includes immigrants from countries such as Canada, Jamaica, and the UK, where English is the primary language, but also countries where English is an official language, such as India, Nigeria, and the Philippines.[18]

According to the 2000 census, there are nearly 30 million native speakers of Spanish in the United States. Spanish has official status in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, where it is the primary language spoken, and the state of New Mexico; various smaller Spanish enclaves exist around the country as well.[19] Bilingual speakers may use both English and Spanish reasonably well and may code-switch according to their dialog partner or context, a phenomenon known as Spanglish.

Indigenous languages of the United States include the Native-American languages (including Navajo, Yupik, Dakota, and Apache), which are spoken on the country’s numerous Indian reservations and at cultural events such as pow wows; Hawaiian, which has official status in the state of Hawaii; Chamorro, which has official status in the commonwealths of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands; Carolinian, which has official status in the commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; and Samoan, which has official status in the commonwealth of American Samoa.

Languages spoken at home in the United States, 2017[20]

Language Percentage of the total population
English only 78.2%
Spanish 13.4%
Chinese 1.1%
Other 7.3%

Art

In the late-18th and early-19th centuries, American artists primarily painted landscapes and portraits in a realistic style or that which looked to Europe for answers on technique: for example, John Singleton Copley was born in Boston, but most of his portraiture for which he is famous follow the trends of British painters like Thomas Gainsborough and the transitional period between Rococo and Neoclassicism. The later 18th century was a time when the United States was just an infant as a nation and as far away from the phenomenon where artists would receive training as craftsmen by apprenticeship and later seeking a fortune as a professional, ideally getting a patron: Many artists benefited from the patronage of Grand Tourists eager to procure mementos of their travels. There were no temples of Rome or grand nobility to be found in the Thirteen Colonies. Later developments of the 19th century brought America one of its earliest native homegrown movements, like the Hudson River School and portrait artists with a uniquely American flavor like Winslow Homer.

A parallel development taking shape in rural America was the American craft movement, which began as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. As the nation grew wealthier, it had patrons able to buy the works of European painters and attract foreign talent willing to teach methods and techniques from Europe to willing students as well as artists themselves; photography became a very popular medium for both journalism and in time as a medium in its own right with America having plenty of open spaces of natural beauty and growing cities in the East teeming with new arrivals and new buildings. Museums in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. began to have a booming business in acquisitions, competing for works as diverse as the then more recent work of the Impressionists to pieces from ancient Egypt, all of which captured the public imaginations and further influenced fashion and architecture. Developments in modern art in Europe came to America from exhibitions in New York City such as the Armory Show in 1913. After World War II, New York emerged as a center of the art world. Painting in the United States today covers a vast range of styles. American painting includes works by Jackson Pollock, John Singer Sargent, Georgia O’Keeffe, and Norman Rockwell, among many others.

Architecture

Architecture in the United States is regionally diverse and has been shaped by many external forces. U.S. architecture can therefore be said to be eclectic.[21] Traditionally American architecture has influences from English architecture[22] to Greco Roman architecture.[23] The overriding theme of city American Architecture is modernity, as manifest in the skyscrapers of the 20th century, with domestic and residential architecture greatly varying according to local tastes and climate, rural American and suburban architecture tends to be more traditional.

Theater and performing arts

Theater of the United States is based in the Western tradition. The United States originated stand-up comedy and modern improvisational theatre, which involves taking suggestions from the audience.

Minstrel show

The minstrel show, though now widely recognized as racist and offensive, is also recognized as the first uniquely American theatrical art form. Minstrel shows were developed in the 19th century and they were typically performed by white actors wearing blackface makeup for the purpose of imitating and caricaturing the speech and music of African Americans. Stephen Foster was a famous composer for minstrel shows. Many of his songs such as «Camptown Races», «Oh Susanna», and «My Old Kentucky Home» surpassed the popularity of minstrel shows to become popular American folk songs. Tap dancing and stand-up comedy also have origins in minstrel shows.

Drama

American theater did not take on a unique dramatic identity until the emergence of Eugene O’Neill in the early 20th century, now considered by many to be the father of American drama. O’Neill is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize for drama and the only American playwright to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. After O’Neill, American drama came of age and flourished with the likes of Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Lillian Hellman, William Inge, and Clifford Odets during the first half of the 20th century. After this fertile period, American theater broke new ground, artistically, with the absurdist forms of Edward Albee in the 1960s.

Social commentary has also been a preoccupation of American theater, often addressing issues not discussed in the mainstream. Writers such as Lorraine Hansbury, August Wilson, David Mamet and Tony Kushner have all won Pulitzer Prizes for their polemical plays on American society.

Musical theater

The United States is also the home and largest exporter of modern musical theater, producing such musical talents as Rodgers and Hammerstein, Lerner and Loewe, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, Leonard Bernstein, George and Ira Gershwin, Kander and Ebb, and Stephen Sondheim. Broadway is one of the largest theater communities in the world and is the epicenter of American commercial theater.

Music

American music styles and influences (such as country, jazz, blues, rock, pop, techno, soul, and hip hop) and music based on them can be heard all over the world. Music in the U.S. is diverse. It includes African American influence in the 20th century. The first half of the 20th century is notable for jazz music, developed by African Americans. According to music journalist Robert Christgau, «pop music is more African than any other facet of American culture.»[24] There are also variations such as film music and musicals.

The best-selling male solo musicians in the United States are Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Garth Brooks, and Billy Joel. The best-selling bands are the Eagles, Aerosmith, Metallica, and Van Halen.[25] Female music artists of the 20th century such as Whitney Houston and Madonna became global celebrities.[26]

Cinema

The cinema of the United States, also known as Hollywood, has exerted a large influence upon the global film industry since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema, which developed from 1913 to 1969 and is still typical of most films made there to this day. While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema,[27] American cinema soon came to be a dominant force in the emerging industry. The world’s first sync-sound musical film, The Jazz Singer, was released in 1927,[28] and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades. Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane (1941) is frequently cited in critics’ polls as the greatest film of all time.[29]

Broadcasting

Television constitutes a significant part of the traditional media of the United States. Household ownership of television sets in the country is 96.7%,[30] and the majority of households have more than one set. The peak ownership percentage of households with at least one television set occurred during the 1996–97 season, with 98.4% ownership.[31] As a whole, the television networks of the United States is the largest and most syndicated in the world.[32]

As of August 2013, approximately 114,200,000 American households own at least one television set.[33]

In 2014, due to a recent surge in the number and popularity of critically acclaimed television series, many critics have said that American television is currently enjoying a golden age.[34][35]

American family watching TV, 1958

Philosophy

Early American philosophy was heavily shaped by the European Age of Enlightenment, which promoted ideals such as reason and individual liberty.[36] Enlightenment ideals influenced the American Revolution and the Constitution of the United States. Major figures in the American Enlightenment included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Paine.

Pragmatism and transcendentalism are uniquely American philosophical traditions founded in the 19th century by William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively. Objectivism is a philosophical system founded by Ayn Rand which influenced libertarianism. John Rawls presented the theory of «justice as fairness» in A Theory of Justice (1971).

Willard Van Orman Quine, Saul Kripke, and David Lewis helped advance logic and analytic philosophy in the 20th century. Thomas Kuhn revolutionized the philosophy of science with his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), one of the most cited academic works of all time, and he coined the term paradigm shift.

Artificial intelligence and the philosophy of mind have been heavily influenced by American philosophers such as Daniel Dennett,[37] Noam Chomsky,[38] Hilary Putnam,[39] Jerry Fodor, and John Searle, who contributed to cognitivism, the hard problem of consciousness, and the mind-body problem. The Libet experiment created by American neuroscientist Benjamin Libet raised philosophical debate regarding the neuroscience of free will. The Chinese room thought experiment presented by John Searle questions the nature of intelligence in machines, and it has been influential in cognitive science and the philosophy of artificial intelligence.

Science and technology

The Washington Post on Monday, July 21, 1969 stating «‘The Eagle Has Landed’—Two Men Walk on the Moon»

There is a regard for scientific advancement and technological innovation in American culture, resulting in the creation of many modern innovations. The great American inventors include Robert Fulton (the steamboat); Samuel Morse (the telegraph); Eli Whitney (the cotton gin, interchangeable parts); Cyrus McCormick (the reaper); and Thomas Edison (with more than a thousand inventions credited to his name). Most of the new technological innovations over the 20th and 21st centuries were either first invented in the United States, first widely adopted by Americans, or both. Examples include the lightbulb, the airplane, the transistor, the atomic bomb, nuclear power, the personal computer, the iPod, video games, online shopping, and the development of the Internet.

This propensity for application of scientific ideas continued throughout the 20th century with innovations that held strong international benefits. The 20th century saw the arrival of the Space Age, the Information Age, and a renaissance in the health sciences. This culminated in cultural milestones such as the Apollo moon landings, the creation of the Personal Computer, and the sequencing effort called the Human Genome Project.

Thomas Edison and his early phonograph. Edison was credited for inventing many devices, including the lightbulb.

Throughout its history, American culture has made significant gains through the open immigration of accomplished scientists. Accomplished scientists include Scottish American scientist Alexander Graham Bell, who developed and patented the telephone and other devices; German scientist Charles Steinmetz, who developed new alternating-current electrical systems in 1889; Russian scientist Vladimir Zworykin, who invented the motion camera in 1919; Serb scientist Nikola Tesla who patented a brushless electrical induction motor based on rotating magnetic fields in 1888. With the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, a large number of Jewish scientists fled Germany and immigrated to the country, including theoretical physicist Albert Einstein in 1933.

Education

Education in the United States is and has historically been provided mainly by the government. Control and funding come from three levels: federal, state, and local. School attendance is mandatory and nearly universal at the elementary and high school levels (often known outside the United States as the primary and secondary levels).

Students have the option of having their education held in public schools, private schools, or home school. In most public and private schools, education is divided into three levels: elementary school, junior high school (also often called middle school), and high school. In almost all schools at these levels, children are divided by age groups into grades. Post-secondary education, better known as «college» in the United States, is generally governed separately from the elementary and high school system.

In the year 2000, there were 76.6 million students enrolled in schools from kindergarten through graduate schools. Of these, 72 percent aged 12 to 17 were judged academically «on track» for their age (enrolled in school at or above grade level). Of those enrolled in compulsory education, 5.2 million (10.4 percent) were attending private schools. Among the country’s adult population, over 85 percent have completed high school and 27 percent have received a bachelor’s degree or higher.[40]

Religion

Among developed countries, the U.S. is one of the most religious in terms of its demographics. According to a 2002 study by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, the U.S. was the only developed nation in the survey where a majority of citizens reported that religion played a «very important» role in their lives, an opinion similar to that found in Latin America.[41] Today, governments at the national, state, and local levels are secular institutions, with what is often called the «separation of church and state». The most popular religion in the U.S. is Christianity, comprising the majority of the population (73.7% of adults in 2016).[42][43]

Although participation in organized religion has been diminishing, the public life and popular culture of the United States incorporates many Christian ideals specifically about redemption, salvation, conscience, and morality. Examples are popular culture obsessions with confession and forgiveness, which extends from reality television to twelve-step meetings. Americans expect public figures to confess and have public penitence for any sins or moral wrongdoings they may have caused. According to Salon, examples of inadequate public penitence may include the scandals and fallout regarding Tiger Woods, Alex Rodriguez, Mel Gibson, Larry Craig, and Lance Armstrong.[44]

Most of the Thirteen Colonies were generally not tolerant of dissident forms of worship. Civil and religious restrictions were most strictly applied by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony which saw various banishments applied to enforce conformity, including the branding iron, the whipping post, the bilboes and the hangman’s noose.[45] The persecuting spirit was shared by Plymouth Colony and the colonies along the Connecticut river.[46] Mary Dyer was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs, and her death on the Boston gallows marked the beginning of the end of Puritan theocracy and New England independence from English rule; in 1661 Massachusetts was forbidden from executing anyone for professing Quakerism.[47] Anti-Catholic sentiment appeared in New England with the first Pilgrim and Puritan settlers.[48] The Pilgrims of New England held radical Protestant disapproval of Christmas.[49] Christmas observance was outlawed in Boston in 1659.[50] The ban by the Puritans was revoked in 1681 by an English appointed governor, however it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became common in the Boston region.[51]

The colony of Maryland, founded by the Catholic Lord Baltimore in 1634, came closest to applying freedom of religion.[52] Fifteen years later (1649), the Maryland Toleration Act, drafted by Lord Baltimore, provided: «No person or persons…shall from henceforth be any waies troubled, molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof.» The Act allowed freedom of worship for all Trinitarian Christians in Maryland, but sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the United States Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the central government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise. In the following decades, the animating spirit behind the constitution’s Establishment Clause led to the disestablishment of the official religions within the member states. The framers were mainly influenced by secular, Enlightenment ideals, but they also considered the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups who did not want to be under the power or influence of a state religion that did not represent them.[53] Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence said: «The priest has been hostile to liberty. He is always in alliance with the despot.»[54]

Adherence to young Earth creationism and rejection of evolution is higher in the U.S. than in the rest of the Western world.[55][56] A 2012 Gallup survey reported that 46 percent of Americans believed in the creationist view that God created humans in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years.[57]

Public holidays

John F. Kennedy unofficially spares a turkey on November 19, 1963. The practice of «pardoning» turkeys in this manner became a permanent tradition in 1989.

The United States observes holidays derived from events in American history, Christian traditions, and national patriarchs.

Thanksgiving is the principal traditionally-American holiday, evolving from the English Pilgrim’s custom of giving thanks for one’s welfare. Thanksgiving is generally celebrated as a family reunion with a large afternoon feast. Independence Day (or the Fourth of July) celebrates the anniversary of the country’s Declaration of Independence from Great Britain, and is generally observed by parades throughout the day and the shooting of fireworks at night.

Christmas Day, celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ, is widely celebrated and a federal holiday, though a fair amount of its current cultural importance is due to secular reasons. European colonization has led to some other Christian holidays such as Easter and St. Patrick’s Day to be observed, though with varying degrees of religious fidelity.

Halloween is thought to have evolved from the ancient Celtic/Gaelic festival of Samhain, which was introduced in the American colonies by Irish settlers. It has become a holiday that is celebrated by children and teens who traditionally dress up in costumes and go door to door trick-or-treating for candy. It also brings about an emphasis on eerie and frightening urban legends and movies. Mardi Gras, which evolved from the Catholic tradition of Carnival, is observed in the state of Louisiana.

Federally recognized holidays of the United States[58]

Date Official name Remarks
January 1 New Year’s Day Celebrates beginning of the Gregorian calendar year. Festivities include counting down to midnight (12:00 am) on a preceding night, New Year’s Eve. The traditional end of the holiday season.
Third Monday of January Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr., or Martin Luther King Jr. Day Honors Martin Luther King Jr., Civil Rights leader, who was actually born on January 15, 1929; combined with other holidays in several states.
Third Monday of February Washington’s Birthday Washington’s Birthday was first declared a federal holiday by an 1879 act of Congress. The Uniform Holidays Act, 1968, shifted the date of the commemoration of Washington’s Birthday from February 22 to the third Monday in February. Many people now refer to this holiday as «Presidents’ Day» and consider it a day honoring all American presidents. However, neither the Uniform Holidays Act nor any subsequent law changed the name of the holiday from Washington’s Birthday to Presidents’ Day.[59]
Last Monday of May Memorial Day Honors the nation’s war dead from the Civil War onwards; marks the unofficial beginning of the summer season. (traditionally May 30, shifted by the Uniform Holidays Act 1968)
June 19 Juneteenth Juneteenth honors the emancipation of enslaved African Americans in the United States. The word comes from «June» and «nineteenth»[60]
July 4 Independence Day Celebrates Declaration of Independence, also called the Fourth of July.
First Monday of September Labor Day Celebrates the achievements of workers and the labor movement; marks the unofficial end of the summer season.
Second Monday of October Columbus Day Honors Christopher Columbus, traditional discoverer of the Americas. In some areas it is also a celebration of Italian culture and heritage. (traditionally October 12); celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day and Fraternal Day in Alabama;[61] celebrated as Native American Day in South Dakota.[62] In Hawaii, it is celebrated as Discoverer’s Day, though is not an official state holiday.[63]
November 11 Veterans Day Honors all veterans of the United States armed forces. A traditional observation is a moment of silence at 11:00 am remembering those killed in the war. (Commemorates the 1918 armistice, which began at «the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month.»)
Fourth Thursday of November Thanksgiving Day Traditionally celebrates the giving of thanks for the autumn harvest. Traditionally includes the consumption of a turkey dinner. The traditional start of the holiday season.
December 25 Christmas Celebrates the Nativity of Jesus.

Names

The United States has few laws governing given names. Traditionally, the right to name your child or yourself as you choose has been upheld by court rulings and is rooted in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. This freedom, along with the cultural diversity within the United States has given rise to a wide variety of names and naming trends.

Creativity has also long been a part of American naming traditions and names have been used to express personality, cultural identity, and values.[64][65] Naming trends vary by race, geographic area, and socioeconomic status. African Americans, for instance, have developed a very distinct naming culture.[65] Both religious names and those inspired by popular culture are common.[66]

A few restrictions do exist, varying by state, mostly for the sake of practicality (e.g., limiting the number of characters due to limitations in record-keeping software).

Fashion and dress

Fashion in the United States is eclectic and predominantly informal. While the diverse cultural roots of Americans are reflected in their clothing, particularly those of recent immigrants, cowboy hats and boots, and leather motorcycle jackets are emblematic of specifically-American styles.

Blue jeans were popularized as work clothes in the 1850s by merchant Levi Strauss, a German-Jewish immigrant in San Francisco, and adopted by many American teenagers a century later. They are worn in every state by people of all ages and social classes. Along with mass-marketed informal wear in general, blue jeans are arguably one of US culture’s primary contributions to global fashion.[67]

Though the informal dress is more common, certain professionals, such as bankers and lawyers, traditionally dress formally for work, and some occasions, such as weddings, funerals, dances, and some parties, typically call for formal wear.

Some cities and regions have specialties in certain areas. For example, Miami for swimwear, Boston and the general New England area for formal menswear, Los Angeles for casual attire and womenswear, and cities like Seattle and Portland for eco-conscious fashion. Chicago is known for its sportswear, and is the premier fashion destination in the middle American market. Dallas, Houston, Austin, Nashville, and Atlanta are big markets for the fast fashion and cosmetics industries, alongside having their own distinct fashion sense that mainly incorporates cowboy boots and workwear, greater usage of makeup, lighter colors and pastels, “college prep” style, sandals, bigger hairstyles, and thinner, airier fabrics due to the heat and humidity of the region.

Sports

In the 1800s, colleges were encouraged to focus on intramural sports, particularly track, field, and, in the late 1800s, American football. Physical education was incorporated into primary school curriculums in the 20th century.[68]

Baseball is the oldest of the major American team sports. Professional baseball dates from 1869 and had no close rivals in popularity until the 1960s. Though baseball is no longer the most popular sport,[69] it is still referred to as «the national pastime.» Also unlike the professional levels of the other popular spectator sports in the U.S., Major League Baseball teams play almost every day. The Major League Baseball regular season consists of each of the 30 teams playing 162 games from late March to early October. The season ends with the postseason and World Series in October. Unlike most other major sports in the country, professional baseball draws most of its players from a «minor league» system, rather than from university athletics.

American football, known in the United States as simply «football», now attracts more television viewers than any other sport and is considered to be the most popular sport in the United States.[70] The 32-team National Football League (NFL) is the most popular professional American football league.
The National Football League differs from the other three major pro sports leagues in that each of its 32 teams plays one game a week over 18 weeks, for a total of 17 games with one bye week for each team. The NFL season lasts from September to December, ending with the playoffs and Super Bowl in January and February.
Its championship game, the Super Bowl, has often been the highest rated television show, and it has an audience of over 100 million viewers annually.[citation needed]

College football also attracts audiences of millions. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, place great emphasis on their local high school football team. American football games usually include cheerleaders and marching bands, which aim to raise school spirit and entertain the crowd at halftime.

Basketball is another major sport, represented professionally by the National Basketball Association. It was invented in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891, by Canadian-born physical education teacher James Naismith. College basketball is also popular, due in large part to the NCAA men’s Division I basketball tournament in March, colloquially known as «March Madness».

Ice hockey is the fourth-leading professional team sport. Always a mainstay of Great Lakes and New England-area culture, the sport gained tenuous footholds in regions like the American South since the early 1990s, as the National Hockey League pursued a policy of expansion.[71]

Lacrosse is a team sport of American and Canadian Native American origin and is the fastest-growing sport in the United States.[72] Lacrosse is most popular in the East Coast area. NLL and MLL are the national box and outdoor lacrosse leagues, respectively, and have increased their following in recent years. Also, many of the top Division I college lacrosse teams draw upwards of 7–10,000 for a game, especially in the Mid-Atlantic and New England areas.

Soccer is very popular as a participation sport, particularly among youth, and the US national teams are competitive internationally. A twenty-six-team (with four more confirmed to be added within the next few years) professional league, Major League Soccer, plays from March to October, but its television audience and overall popularity lag behind other American professional sports.[73]

Other popular sports are tennis, softball, rodeo, swimming, water polo, fencing, shooting sports, hunting, volleyball, skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding, ultimate, disc golf, cycling, MMA, roller derby, wrestling, weightlifting, and rugby.

Relative to other parts of the world, the United States is unusually competitive in women’s sports, a fact usually attributed to the Title IX anti discrimination law, which requires most American colleges to give equal funding to men’s and women’s sports.[74] Despite that, however, women’s sports are not nearly as popular among spectators as men’s sports.

The United States enjoys a great deal of success both in the Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics, constantly finishing among the top medal winners.

Sports and community culture

Homecoming is an annual tradition of the United States. People, towns, high schools and colleges come together, usually in late September or early October, to welcome back former residents and alumni. It is built around a central event, such as a banquet, a parade, and most often, a game of American football, or, on occasion, basketball, wrestling or ice hockey. When celebrated by schools, the activities vary. However, they usually consist of a football game, played on the school’s home football field, activities for students and alumni, a parade featuring the school’s marching band and sports teams, and the coronation of a Homecoming Queen.

American high schools commonly field football, basketball, baseball, softball, volleyball, soccer, golf, swimming, track and field, and cross-country teams as well.

Cuisine

The cuisine of the United States is extremely diverse, owing to the vastness of the country, the relatively large population (1/3 of a billion people) and the number of native and immigrant influences. Mainstream American culinary arts are similar to those in other Western countries. Wheat and corn are the primary cereal grains. Traditional American cuisine uses ingredients such as turkey, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn (maize), squash, and maple syrup, as well as indigenous foods employed by American Indians and early European settlers, African slaves, and their descendants.

Iconic American dishes such as apple pie, donuts, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants and domestic innovations.[75][76] French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are consumed.[77]

The types of food served at home vary greatly and depend upon the region of the country and the family’s own cultural heritage. Recent immigrants tend to eat food similar to that of their country of origin, and Americanized versions of these cultural foods, such as Chinese American cuisine or Italian American cuisine often eventually appear. Vietnamese cuisine, Korean cuisine, and Thai cuisine in authentic forms are often readily available in large cities. German cuisine has a profound impact on American cuisine, especially mid-western cuisine; potatoes, noodles, roasts, stews, cakes, and other pastries are the most iconic ingredients in both cuisines.[11] Dishes such as the hamburger, pot roast, baked ham, and hot dogs are examples of American dishes derived from German cuisine.[78][79]

Apple pie is one of a number of American cultural icons.

Different regions of the United States have their own cuisine and styles of cooking. The states of Louisiana and Mississippi, for example, are known for their Cajun and Creole cooking. Cajun and Creole cooking are influenced by French, Acadian, and Haitian cooking, although the dishes themselves are original and unique. Examples include Crawfish Étouffée, Red beans and rice, seafood or chicken gumbo, jambalaya, and boudin. Italian, German, Hungarian, and Chinese influences, traditional Native American, Caribbean, Mexican, and Greek dishes have also diffused into the general American repertoire. It is not uncommon for a middle class family from Middle America to eat, for example, restaurant pizza, home-made pizza, enchiladas con carne, chicken paprikash, beef stroganoff, and bratwurst with sauerkraut for dinner throughout a single week.

Soul food, mostly the same as food eaten by white southerners, developed by southern African slaves, and their free descendants, is popular around the South and among many African Americans elsewhere. Syncretic cuisines such as Louisiana Creole, Cajun, Pennsylvania Dutch, and Tex-Mex are regionally important.

Americans generally prefer coffee to tea, and more than half the adult population drinks at least one cup a day.[80] Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk (now often fat-reduced) ubiquitous breakfast beverages.[81] During the 1980s and 1990s, the caloric intake of Americans rose by 24%;[77] and frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what health officials call the American «obesity epidemic.» Highly sweetened soft drinks are popular; sugared beverages account for 9% of the average American’s daily caloric intake.[82]

  • Some representative American foods
  • A cream-based New England chowder, traditionally made with clams and potatoes

    A cream-based New England chowder, traditionally made with clams and potatoes

  • Fried chicken, a southern dish consisting of chicken pieces that have been coated with seasoned flour or batter and deep fried

    Fried chicken, a southern dish consisting of chicken pieces that have been coated with seasoned flour or batter and deep fried

  • Creole Jambalaya with shrimp, ham, tomato, and Andouille sausage

    Creole Jambalaya with shrimp, ham, tomato, and Andouille sausage

  • A hot dog sausage topped with beef chili, white onions and mustard

    A hot dog sausage topped with beef chili, white onions and mustard

  • An apple cobbler dessert

The nuclear family and family structure

Family arrangements in the United States reflect the nature of contemporary American society. The nuclear family is an idealized version of what most people think when they think of family.[84] The classic nuclear family is a man and a woman, united in marriage, with one or more biological children. Today, a person may grow up in a single-parent family, go on to marry and live in a childfree couple arrangement, then get divorced, live as a single for a couple of years, remarry, have children and live in a nuclear family arrangement.[15][83]

Year Families (69.7%) Non-families (31.2%)
Married couples (52.5%) Single parents Other blood relatives Singles (25.5%) Other non-family
Nuclear family Without children Male Female
2000 24.1% 28.7% 9.9% 7% 10.7% 14.8% 5.7%
1970 40.3% 30.3% 5.2% 5.5% 5.6% 11.5% 1.7%

Youth dependence

Exceptions to the custom of leaving home when one reaches legal adulthood at age eighteen can occur especially among Italian and Hispanic Americans, and in expensive urban real estate markets such as New York City,[85] California,[86] and Honolulu,[87] where monthly rents commonly exceed $1,000 a month.

Marriage and divorce

Marriage laws are established by individual states. The typical wedding involves a couple proclaiming their commitment to one another in front of their close relatives and friends, often presided over by a religious figure such as a minister, priest, or rabbi, depending upon the faith of the couple. In traditional Christian ceremonies, the bride’s father will «give away» (handoff) the bride to the groom. Secular weddings are also common, often presided over by a judge, Justice of the Peace, or other municipal officials. Same-sex marriage is legal in all states.

Divorce is the province of state governments, so divorce law varies from state to state. Prior to the 1970s, divorcing spouses had to allege that the other spouse was guilty of a crime or sin like abandonment or adultery; when spouses simply could not get along, lawyers were forced to manufacture «uncontested» divorces. The no-fault divorce revolution began in 1969 in California; New York and South Dakota were the last states to begin allowing no-fault divorce. No-fault divorce on the grounds of «irreconcilable differences» is now available in all states. However, many states have recently required separation periods prior to a formal divorce decree.

State law provides for child support where children are involved, and sometimes for alimony. «Married adults now divorce two-and-a-half times as often as adults did 20 years ago and four times as often as they did 50 years ago… between 40% and 60% of new marriages will eventually end in divorce. The probability within… the first five years is 20%, and the probability of its ending within the first 10 years is 33%… Perhaps 25% of children (ages 16 and under) live with a stepparent.»[88] The median length for a marriage in the U.S. today is 11 years with 90% of all divorces being settled out of court.

Housing

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This section needs expansion with: material about housing pre-World War II. You can help by adding to it. (August 2016)

Historically, Americans mainly lived in a rural environment, with a few important cities of moderate size.

American cities with housing prices near the national median have also been losing the middle income neighborhoods, those with median income between 80% and 120% of the metropolitan area’s median household income. Here, the more affluent members of the middle-class, who are also often referred to as being professional or upper middle-class, have left in search of larger homes in more exclusive suburbs. This trend is largely attributed to the Middle-class squeeze, which has caused a starker distinction between the statistical middle class and the more privileged members of the middle class.[89] In more expensive areas such as California, however, another trend has been taking place where an influx of more affluent middle-class households has displaced those in the actual middle of society and converted former middle-middle-class neighborhoods into upper-middle-class neighborhoods.[90]

Transport

Plot of numbers of automobiles in the United States by year

Public transport in major North American metro areas

Automobiles and commuting

The rise of suburbs and the need for workers to commute to cities brought about the popularity of automobiles. In 2001, 90% of Americans drove to work by car.[91] Lower energy and land costs favor the production of relatively large, powerful cars. The culture in the 1950s and 1960s often catered to the automobile with motels and drive-in restaurants. Outside of the relatively few urban areas, it is considered a necessity for most Americans to own and drive cars. New York City is the only locality in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car.[91]

In the 1950s and 1960s subcultures began to arise around the modification and racing of American automobiles and converting them into hot rods. Later, in the late-1960s and early-1970s Detroit manufacturers began making muscle cars and pony cars to cater to the needs of wealthier Americans seeking hot rod style, performance and appeal.

Social class and work

Though most Americans in the 21st century identify themselves as middle class, American society and its culture are considerably fragmented.[15][92][93] Social class, generally described as a combination of educational attainment, income and occupational prestige, is one of the greatest cultural influences in America.[15] Nearly all cultural aspects of mundane interactions and consumer behavior in the U.S. are guided by a person’s location within the country’s social structure.

Distinct lifestyles, consumption patterns and values are associated with different classes. Early sociologist-economist Thorstein Veblen, for example, said that those at the top of the societal hierarchy engage in conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption. Upper class Americans commonly have elite Ivy League educations and are traditionally members of exclusive clubs and fraternities with connections to high society, distinguished by their enormous incomes derived from their wealth in assets. The upper-class lifestyle and values often overlap with that of the upper middle class, with main differences being higher attention to security and privacy in home life and high regard for philanthropy (i.e. the «Donor Class») and the arts. Due to their large wealth (inherited or accrued over a lifetime of investments) and lavish, leisurely lifestyles, the upper class are more prone to idleness. The upper middle-class, or the «working rich»,[94] commonly identify education and being cultured as prime values, similar to the upper class. Persons in this particular social class tend to speak in a more direct manner that projects authority, knowledge and thus credibility. They often tend to engage in the consumption of so-called mass luxuries, such as designer label clothing. A strong preference for natural materials, organic foods, and a strong health consciousness tend to be prominent features of the upper middle-class. American middle-class individuals in general value expanding one’s horizon, partially because they are more educated and can afford greater leisure and travel. Working-class individuals take great pride in doing what they consider to be «real work» and keep very close-knit kin networks that serve as a safeguard against frequent economic instability.[15][95][96]

Hours worked in different countries according to UN data in a CNN report.[97]

Working-class Americans and many of those in the middle class may also face occupation alienation. In contrast to upper-middle-class professionals who are mostly hired to conceptualize, supervise, and share their thoughts, many Americans have little autonomy or creative latitude in the workplace.[98] As a result, white collar professionals tend to be significantly more satisfied with their work.[99][100] In 2006, Elizabeth Warren presented her article entitled «The Middle Class on the Precipice», stating that individuals in the center of the income strata, who may still identify as middle class, have faced increasing economic insecurity,[101] supporting the idea of a working-class majority.[102]

Political behavior is affected by class; more affluent individuals are more likely to vote, and education and income affect whether individuals tend to vote for the Democratic or Republican party. Income also had a significant impact on health as those with higher incomes had better access to health care facilities, higher life expectancy, lower infant mortality rate and increased health consciousness.[103][104][105] This is particularly noticeable with black voters who are often socially conservative, yet overwhelmingly vote Democratic.[106][107]

In the United States occupation is one of the prime factors of social class and is closely linked to an individual’s identity. The average workweek in the U.S. for those employed full-time was 42.9 hours long with 30% of the population working more than 40 hours a week.[108] The Average American worker earned $16.64 an hour in the first two quarters of 2006.[109] Overall Americans worked more than their counterparts in other developed post-industrial nations. While the average worker in Denmark enjoyed 30 days of vacation annually, the average American had 16 annual vacation days.[110]

In 2000 the average American worked 1,978 hours per year, 500 hours more than the average German, yet 100 hours less than the average Czech. Overall the U.S. labor force is one of the most productive in the world, largely due to its workers working more than those in any other post-industrial country (excluding South Korea).[97] Americans generally hold working and being productive in high regard; being busy and working extensively may also serve as the means to obtain esteem.[96]

Race and ancestry

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2013)

Race in the United States is based on physical characteristics, such as skin color, and has played an essential part in shaping American society even before the nation’s conception.[15] Until the civil rights movement of the 1960s, racial minorities in the United States faced institutionalized discrimination and both social and economic marginalization.[111] The United States Census Bureau currently recognizes five racial groupings: White, African, Native, Asian, and Pacific Islander. According to the U.S. government, Hispanic Americans do not constitute a race, but rather an ethnic group. During the 2000 U.S. census, Whites made up 75.1% of the population; those who are Hispanic or Latino constituted the nation’s prevalent minority with 12.5% of the population. African Americans made up 12.3% of the total population, 3.6% were Asian American and 0.7% were Native American.[112]

With its ratification on December 6, 1965, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery in the United States. The Northern states had outlawed slavery in their territory in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, though their industrial economies relied on raw materials produced by slaves. Following the Reconstruction period in the 1870s, racist legislation emerged in the Southern states named the Jim Crow laws that provided for legal segregation. Lynching was practiced throughout the U.S., including in the Northern states, until the 1930s, while continuing well into the civil rights movement in the South.[111]

Chinese Americans were earlier marginalized as well during a significant proportion of U.S. history. Between 1882 and 1943, the United States instituted the Chinese Exclusion Act barring all Chinese immigrants from entering the United States. During the Second World War, roughly 120,000 Japanese Americans, 62% of whom were U.S. citizens,[113] were imprisoned in Japanese internment camps by the U.S. government following the attacks on Pearl Harbor, an American military base, by Japanese troops.

Median household income along ethnic lines in the United States.

Due to exclusion from or marginalization by earlier mainstream society, there emerged a unique subculture among the racial minorities in the United States. During the 1920s, Harlem, New York City became home to the Harlem Renaissance. Music styles such as jazz, blues, rap, rock and roll, and numerous folk songs such as Blue Tail Fly (Jimmy Crack Corn) originated within the realms of African American culture and were later adopted by the mainstream.[111] Chinatowns can be found in many cities across the country and Asian cuisine has become a common staple in mainstream America. The Hispanic community has also had a dramatic impact on American culture. Today, Catholics are the largest religious denomination in the United States and outnumber Protestants in the Southwest and California.[114] Mariachi music and Mexican cuisine are commonly found throughout the Southwest, and some Latin dishes, such as burritos and tacos, are found practically everywhere in the nation.

Economic variance and substantive segregation, is commonplace in the United States. Asian Americans have median household income and educational attainment exceeding that of other races. African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans have considerably lower income and education than do White Americans or Asian Americans.[115][116] In 2005, the median household income of Whites was 62.5% higher than that of African Americans, nearly one-quarter of whom live below the poverty line.[115] 46.9% of homicide victims in the United States are African American.[111][117]

After the attacks by Muslim terrorists on September 11, 2001, discrimination against Arabs and Muslims in the U.S. rose significantly. The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) reported an increase in hate speech, cases of airline discrimination, hate crimes, police misconduct, and racial profiling.[118]

Race relations

Internment of Japanese Americans forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the country of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who lived on the Pacific coast.

White Americans (non-Hispanic/Latino and Hispanic/Latino) are the racial majority and have a 72% share of the U.S. population, according to the 2010 U.S. census.[119] Hispanic and Latino Americans comprise 15% of the population, making up the largest ethnic minority.[120] Black Americans are the largest racial minority, comprising nearly 13% of the population.[119][120] The White, non-Hispanic or Latino population comprises 63% of the nation’s total.[120]

Throughout most of the country’s history before and after its independence, the majority race in the United States has been Caucasian—aided by historic restrictions on citizenship and immigration—and the largest racial minority has been African Americans, most of whom are descended from slaves. This relationship has historically been the most important one since the founding of the United States. Slavery existed in the United States at the time of the country’s formation in the 1770s. The U.S. banned the importation of slaves in 1808, and the domestic slave trade, which broke up many families, became a major economic activity which lasted until the 1860s.[121] Before the American Civil War, eight serving presidents had owned slaves, and almost four million black people remained enslaved in the South.[122][123] Slavery was partially abolished by the Emancipation Proclamation issued by the president Abraham Lincoln in 1862 for slaves in the Southeastern United States during the Civil War. Slavery was rendered illegal by the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Jim Crow laws prevented full use of African American citizenship until the civil rights movement in the 1960s and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed official or legal segregation in public places or limited access to minorities.

Relations between white Americans and other racial or ethnic groups have been a constant source of tension. According to Professor Leland T. Saito: «Throughout the history of the United States, race has been used by whites for legitimizing and creating difference and social, economic and political exclusion.»[124] The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only.[125] Relations between whites and Native Americans was a significant issue. A justification for the policy of conquest and subjugation of the Indigenous people emanated from the stereotyped perceptions of all Native Americans as «merciless Indian savages» (as described in the United States Declaration of Independence).[126]

In 1882, in response to Chinese immigration due to the Gold Rush and the labor needed for the transcontinental railroad, the U.S. signed into law the Chinese Exclusion Act which banned immigration by Chinese people into the U.S. In the late 19th century, the growth of the Hispanic population in the U.S., fueled largely by Mexican immigration, generated debate over policies such as English as the official language and reform to immigration policies. The Immigration Act of 1924 established the National Origins Formula as the basis of U.S. immigration policy, largely to restrict immigration from Asia, Southern Europe, and Eastern Europe. According to the Office of the Historian of the U.S. Department of State, the purpose of the 1924 Act was «to preserve the ideal of U.S. homogeneity».[127] In 1924, Indian-born Bhagat Singh Thind was twice denied citizenship as he was not deemed white.[128] Marking a radical break from U.S. immigration policies of the past, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 opened entry to the U.S. to non-Germanic groups.[129] This Act significantly altered the demographic mix in the U.S. as a result, creating a modern, diverse America.[129]

A huge majority of Americans of all races disapprove of racism. Nevertheless, some Americans continue to hold negative racial/ethnic stereotypes about various racial and ethnic groups. Professor Imani Perry, of Princeton University, has argued that contemporary racism in the United States «is frequently unintentional or unacknowledged on the part of the actor»,[130] believing that racism mostly stems unconsciously from below the level of cognition.[131]

Death and funerals

It is customary for Americans to hold a wake in a funeral home within a couple of days of the death of a loved one. The body of the deceased may be embalmed and dressed in fine clothing if there will be an open-casket viewing. Traditional Jewish and Muslim practices include a ritual bath and no embalming. Friends, relatives and acquaintances gather, often from distant parts of the country, to «pay their last respects» to the deceased. Flowers are brought to the coffin and sometimes eulogies, elegies, personal anecdotes or group prayers are recited. Otherwise, the attendees sit, stand or kneel in quiet contemplation or prayer. Kissing the corpse on the forehead is typical among Italian Americans[132] and others. Condolences are also offered to the widow or widower and other close relatives.

A funeral may be held immediately afterward or the next day. The funeral ceremony varies according to religion and culture. American Catholics typically hold a funeral mass in a church, which sometimes takes the form of a Requiem mass. Jewish Americans may hold a service in a synagogue or temple. Pallbearers carry the coffin of the deceased to the hearse, which then proceeds in a procession to the place of final repose, usually a cemetery. The unique Jazz funeral of New Orleans features joyous and raucous music and dancing during the procession.

Mount Auburn Cemetery (founded in 1831) is known as «America’s first garden cemetery.»[133] American cemeteries created since are distinctive for their park-like setting. Rows of graves are covered by lawns and are interspersed with trees and flowers. Headstones, mausoleums, statuary or simple plaques typically mark off the individual graves. Cremation is another common practice in the United States, though it is frowned upon by various religions. The ashes of the deceased are usually placed in an urn, which may be kept in a private house, or they are interred. Sometimes the ashes are released into the atmosphere. The «sprinkling» or «scattering» of the ashes may be part of an informal ceremony, often taking place at a scenic natural feature (a cliff, lake or mountain) that was favored by the deceased.

Drugs and alcohol

Removal of liquor during Prohibition.

American attitudes towards drugs and alcoholic beverages have evolved considerably throughout the country’s history. In the 19th century, alcohol was readily available and consumed, and no laws restricted the use of other drugs. Attitudes on drug addiction started to change, resulting in the Harrison Act, which eventually became proscriptive.

A movement to ban alcoholic beverages called the Temperance movement, emerged in the late 19th century. Several American Protestant religious groups and women’s groups, such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, supported the movement. In 1919, Prohibitionists succeeded in amending the Constitution to prohibit the sale of alcohol. Although the Prohibition period did result in a 50% decrease in alcohol consumption,[134] banning alcohol outright proved to be unworkable, as the previously legitimate distillery industry was replaced by criminal gangs that trafficked in alcohol. Prohibition was repealed in 1933. States and localities retained the right to remain «dry», and to this day, a handful still do.

During the Vietnam War era, attitudes swung well away from prohibition. Commentators noted that an 18-year-old could be drafted to war but could not buy a beer.

Since 1980, the trend has been toward greater restrictions on alcohol and drug use. The focus this time, however, has been to criminalize behaviors associated with alcohol, rather than attempt to prohibit consumption outright. New York was the first state to enact tough drunk-driving laws in 1980; since then all other states have followed suit. All states have also banned the purchase of alcoholic beverages by individuals under 21.

A «Just Say No to Drugs» movement replaced the more liberal ethos of the 1960s. This led to stricter drug laws and greater police latitude in drug cases. Drugs are, however, widely available, and 16% of Americans 12 and older used an illicit drug in 2012.[135]

Since the 1990s, marijuana use has become increasingly tolerated in America, and a number of states allow the use of marijuana for medical purposes. In most states marijuana is still illegal without a medical prescription. Since the 2012 general election, voters in the District of Columbia and the states of Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington approved the legalization of marijuana for recreational use. Marijuana is classified as illegal under federal law.

Volunteerism

Alexis de Tocqueville first noted, in 1835, the American attitude towards helping others in need. A 2011 Charities Aid Foundation study found that Americans were the first most willing to help a stranger and donate time and money in the world at 60%. Many low-level crimes are punished by assigning hours of «community service», a requirement that the offender perform volunteer work;[136] some high schools also require community service to graduate. Since US citizens are required to attend jury duty, they can be jurors in legal proceedings.

Governmental role

The federal government of the United States is notorious for its perennial failure to develop a comprehensive and consistent federal public policy addressing cultural activities and the arts.[137] Responsibilities that are usually found in a cultural minister’s portfolio elsewhere are divided among the President’s Committee on the Arts and Humanities, the Federal Communications Commission, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the U.S. Department of State, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Institute of Museum and Library Services, the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian Institution, and the National Gallery of Art. However, many state and city governments have a department dedicated to cultural affairs.

Military culture

Pin-up girl nose art on the restored World War II B-25J aircraft Take-off Time.

From the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of national unity and identity was forged out of the victorious First Barbary War, Second Barbary War, and the War of 1812. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and not until the outbreak of World War II did a large standing army become officially established.[138] The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the onset of the Cold War, created the modern U.S. military framework;[139] the Act merged previously Cabinet-level Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (renamed the Department of Defense in 1949), headed by the Secretary of Defense; and created the Department of the Air Force and National Security Council.[140]

The U.S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of the number of personnel. It draws its manpower from a large pool of paid volunteers; although conscription has been used in the past in various times of both war and peace, it has not been used since 1972. As of 2011, the United States spends about $550 billion annually to fund its military forces,[141] and appropriates approximately $160 billion to fund Overseas Contingency Operations. Put together, the United States constitutes roughly 43 percent of the world’s military expenditures.[142] The U.S. armed forces as a whole possess large quantities of advanced and powerful equipment, along with widespread placement of forces around the world, giving them significant capabilities in both defense and power projection.[143][144]

Gun culture

In sharp contrast to most other nations, firearms laws in the United States are permissive, and private gun ownership is common; almost half of American households contain at least one firearm.[145] There are more privately owned firearms in the United States than in any other country, both per capita and in total.[146] The Supreme Court has ruled that the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects an individual right to possess modern firearms, subject to reasonable regulation,[147] a view shared by the majority of Americans.

Civilians in the United States possess about 42% of the global inventory of privately owned firearms.[148] Though rates of gun ownership vary significantly by region and by state; gun ownership is most common in Alaska, the Mountain States, and the South, and least prevalent in Hawaii, the island territories, California, and New England. Across the board, gun ownership tends to be more common in rural than in urban areas.[149]

Hunting, plinking and target shooting are popular pastimes, although ownership of firearms for purely utilitarian purposes such as personal protection is common as well. «Personal protection» was the most common reason given for gun ownership in a 2013 Gallup poll of gun owners, at 60%.[150] Ownership of handguns, while not uncommon, is less common than ownership of long guns. Gun ownership is much more prevalent among men than among women, with men being approximately four times more likely than women to report owning guns.[151]

Laws, punishment, and incarceration

The United States has the largest prison population in the world, and the highest per-capita incarceration rate.[152][153] One out of every 5 people imprisoned across the world is incarcerated in the U.S.[154] Zero tolerance policies in the U.S. has contributed to its mass incarceration, with people in positions of authority required to impose a pre-determined punishment regardless of individual culpability. This pre-determined punishment, whether mild or severe, is always meted out.[155]

Laws in the U.S. limit how people can use public streets as pedestrians can be arrested for jaywalking—the action of walking across a street at a place where it is not allowed.[156] Punishments for jaywalking range from a fine to imprisonment.[157]

In the U.S. the legal drinking age is 21, the highest in the world, and anyone under 21 operating a vehicle with any type of blood alcohol count, ie. having one drink, will be punished regardless of whether or not they are physically impaired during driving.[155]

See also

  • 1950s American automobile culture
  • American studies
  • American exceptionalism
  • American Dream
  • Americanization
  • Americana
  • Society of the United States
  • American imperialism
  • Culture of the Southern United States
  • Culture of the Midwestern United States
  • Culture of Western United States
  • Appalachian Culture
  • Etiquette in North America
  • Folklore of the United States
  • Philanthropy in the United States
  • Stereotypes of Americans

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  154. ^ «World Prison Population List» (PDF). World Prison Brief, Institute for Crime & Justice Policy Research. 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  155. ^ a b «Zero Tolerance Law Law and Legal Definition». US Legal. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  156. ^ «9 Reasons to Eliminate Jaywalking Laws Now». Bloomberg. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  157. ^ «The US’s jaywalking laws target people of colour. They should be abolished». The Guardian. Retrieved September 14, 2022.

Further reading

  • Coffin, Tristam P.; Cohen, Hennig, (editors), Folklore in America; tales, songs, superstitions, proverbs, riddles, games, folk drama and folk festivals, Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, 1966. Selections from the Journal of American folklore.
  • Marcus, Greil (2007). The Shape of Things to Come: Prophecy and the American Voice. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42642-2.
  • Shell, Ellen Ruppel, Cheap: The High Cost of Discount Culture, New York: Penguin Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59420-215-5
  • Swirski, Peter. Ars Americana Ars Politica: Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen’s University Press (2010) ISBN 978-0-7735-3766-8
  • Crunden, Robert Morse (1996). A Brief History of American Culture. M.E. Sharpe. p. 363. ISBN 9781563248658.

External links

  • Customs & Culture in the U.S.
  • American Culture Education
  • Life in the USA: The Complete Guide for Immigrants and Americans
  • Guide to American culture and customs for foreign students (U.S. Army Intelligence)
  • CommonCensus Map Project – Identifying geographic spheres of influence

Columbia reaching out to viewer. Original design for the «Be Patriotic» poster by Paul Stahr, c. 1917–18

The culture of the United States of America is primarily of Western, and European origin,[1] yet its influences includes the cultures of African American, Asian American, Latin American, Native American, and Pacific Islander American peoples and their cultures. The United States has its own distinct social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore. The United States is an ethnically and culturally diverse country as a result of large-scale European immigration throughout its history, its hundreds of indigenous tribes and cultures, and through African American slavery followed by emancipation. America is an anglophone country with a legal system derived from English common law.[2]

Origins, development, and spread

The European roots of the United States originate with the English and Spanish settlers of colonial North America during British and Spanish rule. The varieties of English people, as opposed to the other peoples on the British Isles, were the overwhelming majority ethnic group in the 17th century (population of the colonies in 1700 was 250,000) and were 47.9% of percent of the total population of 3.9 million. They constituted 60% of the whites at the first census in 1790 (%: 3.5 Welsh, 8.5 Scotch Irish, 4.3 Scots, 4.7 Irish, 7.2 German, 2.7 Dutch, 1.7 French and 2 Swedish).[3] The English ethnic group contributed to the major cultural and social mindset and attitudes that evolved into the American character. Of the total population in each colony, they numbered from 30% in Pennsylvania to 85% in Massachusetts.[4] Large non-English immigrant populations from the 1720s to 1775, such as the Germans (100,000 or more), Scotch Irish (250,000), added enriched and modified the English cultural substrate.[5] The religious outlook was some versions of Protestantism (1.6% of the population were English, German and Irish Catholics).

Jeffersonian democracy was a foundational American cultural innovation, which is still a core part of the country’s identity.[6] Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on the State of Virginia was perhaps the first influential domestic cultural critique by an American and was written in reaction to the views of some influential Europeans that America’s native flora and fauna (including humans) were degenerate.[6]

Major cultural influences have been brought by historical immigration, especially from Germany in much of the country,[7] Ireland and Italy in the Northeast, Japan in Hawaii. Latin American culture is especially pronounced in former Spanish areas but has also been introduced by immigration, as have Asian American cultures (especially in the Northeast and West Coast regions). Caribbean culture has been increasingly introduced by immigration and is pronounced in many urban areas. Since the abolition of slavery, the Caribbean has been the source of the earliest and largest Black immigrant group, a significant source of growth of the Black population in the U.S. and has made major cultural impacts in education, music, sports and entertainment.[8]

Native culture remains strong in areas with large undisturbed or relocated populations, including traditional government and communal organization of property now legally managed by Indian reservations (large reservations are mostly in the West, especially Arizona and South Dakota). The fate of native culture after contact with Europeans is quite varied. For example, Taíno culture in U.S. Caribbean territories is nearly extinct and like most Native American languages, the Taíno language is no longer spoken. By contrast, the Hawaiian language and culture of the Native Hawaiians has survived in Hawaii and mixed with that of immigrants from the mainland U.S. (starting before the 1898 annexation) and to some degree Japanese immigrants. It occasionally influences mainstream American culture with notable exports like surfing and Hawaiian shirts. Most languages native to what is now U.S. territory have gone extinct,[citation needed] and the economic and mainstream cultural dominance of the English language threatens the surviving ones in most places. Some of the most common native languages include Samoan, Hawaiian, Navajo, Cherokee, Sioux, and a spectrum of Inuit languages. (See Indigenous languages of the Americas for a fuller listing, plus Chamorro, and Carolinian in the Pacific territories.)[9][better source needed] Ethnic Samoans are a majority in American Samoa; Chamorro are still the largest ethnic group in Guam (though a minority), and along with Refaluwasch are smaller minorities in the Northern Mariana Islands.

European immigrants arriving in New York

American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, and faith in freedom and republicanism), American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographics.[10]

The United States has traditionally been thought of as a melting pot, with immigrants contributing to but eventually assimilating with mainstream American culture. However, beginning in the 1960s and continuing on in the present day, the country trends towards cultural pluralism,[11] and partisanship.[12][13][14] Throughout the country’s history, certain subcultures (whether based on ethnicity or other commonality, such as ghettos) have dominated certain neighborhoods, only partially melded with the broader culture. Due to the extent of American culture, there are many integrated but unique social subcultures within the United States, some not tied to any particular geography. The cultural affiliations an individual in the United States may have commonly depended on social class, political orientation and a multitude of demographic characteristics such as religious background, occupation, and ethnic group membership.[15]

Regional variations

Semi-distinct cultural regions of the United States include New England, the Mid-Atlantic, the South, the Midwest, the Southwest, and the West—an area that can be further subdivided into the Pacific States and the Mountain States.

The west coast of the continental United States, consisting of California, Oregon, and Washington state, is also sometimes referred to as the Left Coast, indicating its left-leaning political orientation and tendency towards social liberalism.

The South is sometimes informally called the «Bible Belt» due to socially conservative evangelical Protestantism, which is a significant part of the region’s culture. Christian church attendance across all denominations is generally higher there than the national average. This region is usually contrasted with the mainline Protestantism and Catholicism of the Northeast, the religiously diverse Midwest and Great Lakes, the Mormon Corridor in Utah and southern Idaho, and the relatively secular West. The percentage of non-religious people is the highest in the northeastern and New England state of Vermont at 34%, compared to 6% in the Bible Belt state of Alabama.[16]

Strong cultural differences have a long history in the U.S., with the southern slave society in the antebellum period serving as a prime example. Social and economic tensions between the Northern and Southern states were so severe that they eventually caused the South to declare itself an independent nation, the Confederate States of America; thus initiating the American Civil War.[17]

Language

Tree map of languages in the US

Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, 28 states have passed legislation making English the official language, and it is considered to be the de facto national language. According to the 2000 U.S. Census, more than 97% of Americans can speak English well, and for 81%, it is the only language spoken at home. The national dialect is known as American English, which itself consists of numerous regional dialects, but has some shared unifying features that distinguish it from other national varieties of English. There are four large dialect regions in the United States—the North, the Midland, the South, and the West—and several dialects more focused within metropolitan areas such as those of New York City, Philadelphia, and Boston. A standard dialect called «General American» (analogous in some respects to the received pronunciation elsewhere in the English-speaking world), lacking the distinctive noticeable features of any particular region, is believed by some to exist as well; it is sometimes regionally associated with the Midwest. American Sign Language, used mainly by the deaf, is also native to the United States.

More than 300 languages nationwide, and up to 800 languages in New York City, besides English, have native speakers in the United States—some are spoken by indigenous peoples (about 150 living languages) and others imported by immigrants. English is not the first language of most immigrants in the US, though many do arrive knowing how to speak it, especially from countries where English is broadly used.[18] This not only includes immigrants from countries such as Canada, Jamaica, and the UK, where English is the primary language, but also countries where English is an official language, such as India, Nigeria, and the Philippines.[18]

According to the 2000 census, there are nearly 30 million native speakers of Spanish in the United States. Spanish has official status in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, where it is the primary language spoken, and the state of New Mexico; various smaller Spanish enclaves exist around the country as well.[19] Bilingual speakers may use both English and Spanish reasonably well and may code-switch according to their dialog partner or context, a phenomenon known as Spanglish.

Indigenous languages of the United States include the Native-American languages (including Navajo, Yupik, Dakota, and Apache), which are spoken on the country’s numerous Indian reservations and at cultural events such as pow wows; Hawaiian, which has official status in the state of Hawaii; Chamorro, which has official status in the commonwealths of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands; Carolinian, which has official status in the commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands; and Samoan, which has official status in the commonwealth of American Samoa.

Languages spoken at home in the United States, 2017[20]

Language Percentage of the total population
English only 78.2%
Spanish 13.4%
Chinese 1.1%
Other 7.3%

Art

In the late-18th and early-19th centuries, American artists primarily painted landscapes and portraits in a realistic style or that which looked to Europe for answers on technique: for example, John Singleton Copley was born in Boston, but most of his portraiture for which he is famous follow the trends of British painters like Thomas Gainsborough and the transitional period between Rococo and Neoclassicism. The later 18th century was a time when the United States was just an infant as a nation and as far away from the phenomenon where artists would receive training as craftsmen by apprenticeship and later seeking a fortune as a professional, ideally getting a patron: Many artists benefited from the patronage of Grand Tourists eager to procure mementos of their travels. There were no temples of Rome or grand nobility to be found in the Thirteen Colonies. Later developments of the 19th century brought America one of its earliest native homegrown movements, like the Hudson River School and portrait artists with a uniquely American flavor like Winslow Homer.

A parallel development taking shape in rural America was the American craft movement, which began as a reaction to the Industrial Revolution. As the nation grew wealthier, it had patrons able to buy the works of European painters and attract foreign talent willing to teach methods and techniques from Europe to willing students as well as artists themselves; photography became a very popular medium for both journalism and in time as a medium in its own right with America having plenty of open spaces of natural beauty and growing cities in the East teeming with new arrivals and new buildings. Museums in New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. began to have a booming business in acquisitions, competing for works as diverse as the then more recent work of the Impressionists to pieces from ancient Egypt, all of which captured the public imaginations and further influenced fashion and architecture. Developments in modern art in Europe came to America from exhibitions in New York City such as the Armory Show in 1913. After World War II, New York emerged as a center of the art world. Painting in the United States today covers a vast range of styles. American painting includes works by Jackson Pollock, John Singer Sargent, Georgia O’Keeffe, and Norman Rockwell, among many others.

Architecture

Architecture in the United States is regionally diverse and has been shaped by many external forces. U.S. architecture can therefore be said to be eclectic.[21] Traditionally American architecture has influences from English architecture[22] to Greco Roman architecture.[23] The overriding theme of city American Architecture is modernity, as manifest in the skyscrapers of the 20th century, with domestic and residential architecture greatly varying according to local tastes and climate, rural American and suburban architecture tends to be more traditional.

Theater and performing arts

Theater of the United States is based in the Western tradition. The United States originated stand-up comedy and modern improvisational theatre, which involves taking suggestions from the audience.

Minstrel show

The minstrel show, though now widely recognized as racist and offensive, is also recognized as the first uniquely American theatrical art form. Minstrel shows were developed in the 19th century and they were typically performed by white actors wearing blackface makeup for the purpose of imitating and caricaturing the speech and music of African Americans. Stephen Foster was a famous composer for minstrel shows. Many of his songs such as «Camptown Races», «Oh Susanna», and «My Old Kentucky Home» surpassed the popularity of minstrel shows to become popular American folk songs. Tap dancing and stand-up comedy also have origins in minstrel shows.

Drama

American theater did not take on a unique dramatic identity until the emergence of Eugene O’Neill in the early 20th century, now considered by many to be the father of American drama. O’Neill is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize for drama and the only American playwright to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. After O’Neill, American drama came of age and flourished with the likes of Arthur Miller, Tennessee Williams, Lillian Hellman, William Inge, and Clifford Odets during the first half of the 20th century. After this fertile period, American theater broke new ground, artistically, with the absurdist forms of Edward Albee in the 1960s.

Social commentary has also been a preoccupation of American theater, often addressing issues not discussed in the mainstream. Writers such as Lorraine Hansbury, August Wilson, David Mamet and Tony Kushner have all won Pulitzer Prizes for their polemical plays on American society.

Musical theater

The United States is also the home and largest exporter of modern musical theater, producing such musical talents as Rodgers and Hammerstein, Lerner and Loewe, Cole Porter, Irving Berlin, Leonard Bernstein, George and Ira Gershwin, Kander and Ebb, and Stephen Sondheim. Broadway is one of the largest theater communities in the world and is the epicenter of American commercial theater.

Music

American music styles and influences (such as country, jazz, blues, rock, pop, techno, soul, and hip hop) and music based on them can be heard all over the world. Music in the U.S. is diverse. It includes African American influence in the 20th century. The first half of the 20th century is notable for jazz music, developed by African Americans. According to music journalist Robert Christgau, «pop music is more African than any other facet of American culture.»[24] There are also variations such as film music and musicals.

The best-selling male solo musicians in the United States are Elvis Presley, Michael Jackson, Garth Brooks, and Billy Joel. The best-selling bands are the Eagles, Aerosmith, Metallica, and Van Halen.[25] Female music artists of the 20th century such as Whitney Houston and Madonna became global celebrities.[26]

Cinema

The cinema of the United States, also known as Hollywood, has exerted a large influence upon the global film industry since the early 20th century. The dominant style of American cinema is classical Hollywood cinema, which developed from 1913 to 1969 and is still typical of most films made there to this day. While Frenchmen Auguste and Louis Lumière are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema,[27] American cinema soon came to be a dominant force in the emerging industry. The world’s first sync-sound musical film, The Jazz Singer, was released in 1927,[28] and was at the forefront of sound-film development in the following decades. Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane (1941) is frequently cited in critics’ polls as the greatest film of all time.[29]

Broadcasting

Television constitutes a significant part of the traditional media of the United States. Household ownership of television sets in the country is 96.7%,[30] and the majority of households have more than one set. The peak ownership percentage of households with at least one television set occurred during the 1996–97 season, with 98.4% ownership.[31] As a whole, the television networks of the United States is the largest and most syndicated in the world.[32]

As of August 2013, approximately 114,200,000 American households own at least one television set.[33]

In 2014, due to a recent surge in the number and popularity of critically acclaimed television series, many critics have said that American television is currently enjoying a golden age.[34][35]

American family watching TV, 1958

Philosophy

Early American philosophy was heavily shaped by the European Age of Enlightenment, which promoted ideals such as reason and individual liberty.[36] Enlightenment ideals influenced the American Revolution and the Constitution of the United States. Major figures in the American Enlightenment included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Paine.

Pragmatism and transcendentalism are uniquely American philosophical traditions founded in the 19th century by William James and Ralph Waldo Emerson respectively. Objectivism is a philosophical system founded by Ayn Rand which influenced libertarianism. John Rawls presented the theory of «justice as fairness» in A Theory of Justice (1971).

Willard Van Orman Quine, Saul Kripke, and David Lewis helped advance logic and analytic philosophy in the 20th century. Thomas Kuhn revolutionized the philosophy of science with his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962), one of the most cited academic works of all time, and he coined the term paradigm shift.

Artificial intelligence and the philosophy of mind have been heavily influenced by American philosophers such as Daniel Dennett,[37] Noam Chomsky,[38] Hilary Putnam,[39] Jerry Fodor, and John Searle, who contributed to cognitivism, the hard problem of consciousness, and the mind-body problem. The Libet experiment created by American neuroscientist Benjamin Libet raised philosophical debate regarding the neuroscience of free will. The Chinese room thought experiment presented by John Searle questions the nature of intelligence in machines, and it has been influential in cognitive science and the philosophy of artificial intelligence.

Science and technology

The Washington Post on Monday, July 21, 1969 stating «‘The Eagle Has Landed’—Two Men Walk on the Moon»

There is a regard for scientific advancement and technological innovation in American culture, resulting in the creation of many modern innovations. The great American inventors include Robert Fulton (the steamboat); Samuel Morse (the telegraph); Eli Whitney (the cotton gin, interchangeable parts); Cyrus McCormick (the reaper); and Thomas Edison (with more than a thousand inventions credited to his name). Most of the new technological innovations over the 20th and 21st centuries were either first invented in the United States, first widely adopted by Americans, or both. Examples include the lightbulb, the airplane, the transistor, the atomic bomb, nuclear power, the personal computer, the iPod, video games, online shopping, and the development of the Internet.

This propensity for application of scientific ideas continued throughout the 20th century with innovations that held strong international benefits. The 20th century saw the arrival of the Space Age, the Information Age, and a renaissance in the health sciences. This culminated in cultural milestones such as the Apollo moon landings, the creation of the Personal Computer, and the sequencing effort called the Human Genome Project.

Thomas Edison and his early phonograph. Edison was credited for inventing many devices, including the lightbulb.

Throughout its history, American culture has made significant gains through the open immigration of accomplished scientists. Accomplished scientists include Scottish American scientist Alexander Graham Bell, who developed and patented the telephone and other devices; German scientist Charles Steinmetz, who developed new alternating-current electrical systems in 1889; Russian scientist Vladimir Zworykin, who invented the motion camera in 1919; Serb scientist Nikola Tesla who patented a brushless electrical induction motor based on rotating magnetic fields in 1888. With the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, a large number of Jewish scientists fled Germany and immigrated to the country, including theoretical physicist Albert Einstein in 1933.

Education

Education in the United States is and has historically been provided mainly by the government. Control and funding come from three levels: federal, state, and local. School attendance is mandatory and nearly universal at the elementary and high school levels (often known outside the United States as the primary and secondary levels).

Students have the option of having their education held in public schools, private schools, or home school. In most public and private schools, education is divided into three levels: elementary school, junior high school (also often called middle school), and high school. In almost all schools at these levels, children are divided by age groups into grades. Post-secondary education, better known as «college» in the United States, is generally governed separately from the elementary and high school system.

In the year 2000, there were 76.6 million students enrolled in schools from kindergarten through graduate schools. Of these, 72 percent aged 12 to 17 were judged academically «on track» for their age (enrolled in school at or above grade level). Of those enrolled in compulsory education, 5.2 million (10.4 percent) were attending private schools. Among the country’s adult population, over 85 percent have completed high school and 27 percent have received a bachelor’s degree or higher.[40]

Religion

Among developed countries, the U.S. is one of the most religious in terms of its demographics. According to a 2002 study by the Pew Global Attitudes Project, the U.S. was the only developed nation in the survey where a majority of citizens reported that religion played a «very important» role in their lives, an opinion similar to that found in Latin America.[41] Today, governments at the national, state, and local levels are secular institutions, with what is often called the «separation of church and state». The most popular religion in the U.S. is Christianity, comprising the majority of the population (73.7% of adults in 2016).[42][43]

Although participation in organized religion has been diminishing, the public life and popular culture of the United States incorporates many Christian ideals specifically about redemption, salvation, conscience, and morality. Examples are popular culture obsessions with confession and forgiveness, which extends from reality television to twelve-step meetings. Americans expect public figures to confess and have public penitence for any sins or moral wrongdoings they may have caused. According to Salon, examples of inadequate public penitence may include the scandals and fallout regarding Tiger Woods, Alex Rodriguez, Mel Gibson, Larry Craig, and Lance Armstrong.[44]

Most of the Thirteen Colonies were generally not tolerant of dissident forms of worship. Civil and religious restrictions were most strictly applied by the Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony which saw various banishments applied to enforce conformity, including the branding iron, the whipping post, the bilboes and the hangman’s noose.[45] The persecuting spirit was shared by Plymouth Colony and the colonies along the Connecticut river.[46] Mary Dyer was one of the four executed Quakers known as the Boston martyrs, and her death on the Boston gallows marked the beginning of the end of Puritan theocracy and New England independence from English rule; in 1661 Massachusetts was forbidden from executing anyone for professing Quakerism.[47] Anti-Catholic sentiment appeared in New England with the first Pilgrim and Puritan settlers.[48] The Pilgrims of New England held radical Protestant disapproval of Christmas.[49] Christmas observance was outlawed in Boston in 1659.[50] The ban by the Puritans was revoked in 1681 by an English appointed governor, however it was not until the mid-19th century that celebrating Christmas became common in the Boston region.[51]

The colony of Maryland, founded by the Catholic Lord Baltimore in 1634, came closest to applying freedom of religion.[52] Fifteen years later (1649), the Maryland Toleration Act, drafted by Lord Baltimore, provided: «No person or persons…shall from henceforth be any waies troubled, molested or discountenanced for or in respect of his or her religion nor in the free exercise thereof.» The Act allowed freedom of worship for all Trinitarian Christians in Maryland, but sentenced to death anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus.

Modeling the provisions concerning religion within the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, the framers of the United States Constitution rejected any religious test for office, and the First Amendment specifically denied the central government any power to enact any law respecting either an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise. In the following decades, the animating spirit behind the constitution’s Establishment Clause led to the disestablishment of the official religions within the member states. The framers were mainly influenced by secular, Enlightenment ideals, but they also considered the pragmatic concerns of minority religious groups who did not want to be under the power or influence of a state religion that did not represent them.[53] Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence said: «The priest has been hostile to liberty. He is always in alliance with the despot.»[54]

Adherence to young Earth creationism and rejection of evolution is higher in the U.S. than in the rest of the Western world.[55][56] A 2012 Gallup survey reported that 46 percent of Americans believed in the creationist view that God created humans in their present form at one time within the last 10,000 years.[57]

Public holidays

John F. Kennedy unofficially spares a turkey on November 19, 1963. The practice of «pardoning» turkeys in this manner became a permanent tradition in 1989.

The United States observes holidays derived from events in American history, Christian traditions, and national patriarchs.

Thanksgiving is the principal traditionally-American holiday, evolving from the English Pilgrim’s custom of giving thanks for one’s welfare. Thanksgiving is generally celebrated as a family reunion with a large afternoon feast. Independence Day (or the Fourth of July) celebrates the anniversary of the country’s Declaration of Independence from Great Britain, and is generally observed by parades throughout the day and the shooting of fireworks at night.

Christmas Day, celebrating the birth of Jesus Christ, is widely celebrated and a federal holiday, though a fair amount of its current cultural importance is due to secular reasons. European colonization has led to some other Christian holidays such as Easter and St. Patrick’s Day to be observed, though with varying degrees of religious fidelity.

Halloween is thought to have evolved from the ancient Celtic/Gaelic festival of Samhain, which was introduced in the American colonies by Irish settlers. It has become a holiday that is celebrated by children and teens who traditionally dress up in costumes and go door to door trick-or-treating for candy. It also brings about an emphasis on eerie and frightening urban legends and movies. Mardi Gras, which evolved from the Catholic tradition of Carnival, is observed in the state of Louisiana.

Federally recognized holidays of the United States[58]

Date Official name Remarks
January 1 New Year’s Day Celebrates beginning of the Gregorian calendar year. Festivities include counting down to midnight (12:00 am) on a preceding night, New Year’s Eve. The traditional end of the holiday season.
Third Monday of January Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr., or Martin Luther King Jr. Day Honors Martin Luther King Jr., Civil Rights leader, who was actually born on January 15, 1929; combined with other holidays in several states.
Third Monday of February Washington’s Birthday Washington’s Birthday was first declared a federal holiday by an 1879 act of Congress. The Uniform Holidays Act, 1968, shifted the date of the commemoration of Washington’s Birthday from February 22 to the third Monday in February. Many people now refer to this holiday as «Presidents’ Day» and consider it a day honoring all American presidents. However, neither the Uniform Holidays Act nor any subsequent law changed the name of the holiday from Washington’s Birthday to Presidents’ Day.[59]
Last Monday of May Memorial Day Honors the nation’s war dead from the Civil War onwards; marks the unofficial beginning of the summer season. (traditionally May 30, shifted by the Uniform Holidays Act 1968)
June 19 Juneteenth Juneteenth honors the emancipation of enslaved African Americans in the United States. The word comes from «June» and «nineteenth»[60]
July 4 Independence Day Celebrates Declaration of Independence, also called the Fourth of July.
First Monday of September Labor Day Celebrates the achievements of workers and the labor movement; marks the unofficial end of the summer season.
Second Monday of October Columbus Day Honors Christopher Columbus, traditional discoverer of the Americas. In some areas it is also a celebration of Italian culture and heritage. (traditionally October 12); celebrated as American Indian Heritage Day and Fraternal Day in Alabama;[61] celebrated as Native American Day in South Dakota.[62] In Hawaii, it is celebrated as Discoverer’s Day, though is not an official state holiday.[63]
November 11 Veterans Day Honors all veterans of the United States armed forces. A traditional observation is a moment of silence at 11:00 am remembering those killed in the war. (Commemorates the 1918 armistice, which began at «the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month.»)
Fourth Thursday of November Thanksgiving Day Traditionally celebrates the giving of thanks for the autumn harvest. Traditionally includes the consumption of a turkey dinner. The traditional start of the holiday season.
December 25 Christmas Celebrates the Nativity of Jesus.

Names

The United States has few laws governing given names. Traditionally, the right to name your child or yourself as you choose has been upheld by court rulings and is rooted in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. This freedom, along with the cultural diversity within the United States has given rise to a wide variety of names and naming trends.

Creativity has also long been a part of American naming traditions and names have been used to express personality, cultural identity, and values.[64][65] Naming trends vary by race, geographic area, and socioeconomic status. African Americans, for instance, have developed a very distinct naming culture.[65] Both religious names and those inspired by popular culture are common.[66]

A few restrictions do exist, varying by state, mostly for the sake of practicality (e.g., limiting the number of characters due to limitations in record-keeping software).

Fashion and dress

Fashion in the United States is eclectic and predominantly informal. While the diverse cultural roots of Americans are reflected in their clothing, particularly those of recent immigrants, cowboy hats and boots, and leather motorcycle jackets are emblematic of specifically-American styles.

Blue jeans were popularized as work clothes in the 1850s by merchant Levi Strauss, a German-Jewish immigrant in San Francisco, and adopted by many American teenagers a century later. They are worn in every state by people of all ages and social classes. Along with mass-marketed informal wear in general, blue jeans are arguably one of US culture’s primary contributions to global fashion.[67]

Though the informal dress is more common, certain professionals, such as bankers and lawyers, traditionally dress formally for work, and some occasions, such as weddings, funerals, dances, and some parties, typically call for formal wear.

Some cities and regions have specialties in certain areas. For example, Miami for swimwear, Boston and the general New England area for formal menswear, Los Angeles for casual attire and womenswear, and cities like Seattle and Portland for eco-conscious fashion. Chicago is known for its sportswear, and is the premier fashion destination in the middle American market. Dallas, Houston, Austin, Nashville, and Atlanta are big markets for the fast fashion and cosmetics industries, alongside having their own distinct fashion sense that mainly incorporates cowboy boots and workwear, greater usage of makeup, lighter colors and pastels, “college prep” style, sandals, bigger hairstyles, and thinner, airier fabrics due to the heat and humidity of the region.

Sports

In the 1800s, colleges were encouraged to focus on intramural sports, particularly track, field, and, in the late 1800s, American football. Physical education was incorporated into primary school curriculums in the 20th century.[68]

Baseball is the oldest of the major American team sports. Professional baseball dates from 1869 and had no close rivals in popularity until the 1960s. Though baseball is no longer the most popular sport,[69] it is still referred to as «the national pastime.» Also unlike the professional levels of the other popular spectator sports in the U.S., Major League Baseball teams play almost every day. The Major League Baseball regular season consists of each of the 30 teams playing 162 games from late March to early October. The season ends with the postseason and World Series in October. Unlike most other major sports in the country, professional baseball draws most of its players from a «minor league» system, rather than from university athletics.

American football, known in the United States as simply «football», now attracts more television viewers than any other sport and is considered to be the most popular sport in the United States.[70] The 32-team National Football League (NFL) is the most popular professional American football league.
The National Football League differs from the other three major pro sports leagues in that each of its 32 teams plays one game a week over 18 weeks, for a total of 17 games with one bye week for each team. The NFL season lasts from September to December, ending with the playoffs and Super Bowl in January and February.
Its championship game, the Super Bowl, has often been the highest rated television show, and it has an audience of over 100 million viewers annually.[citation needed]

College football also attracts audiences of millions. Some communities, particularly in rural areas, place great emphasis on their local high school football team. American football games usually include cheerleaders and marching bands, which aim to raise school spirit and entertain the crowd at halftime.

Basketball is another major sport, represented professionally by the National Basketball Association. It was invented in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891, by Canadian-born physical education teacher James Naismith. College basketball is also popular, due in large part to the NCAA men’s Division I basketball tournament in March, colloquially known as «March Madness».

Ice hockey is the fourth-leading professional team sport. Always a mainstay of Great Lakes and New England-area culture, the sport gained tenuous footholds in regions like the American South since the early 1990s, as the National Hockey League pursued a policy of expansion.[71]

Lacrosse is a team sport of American and Canadian Native American origin and is the fastest-growing sport in the United States.[72] Lacrosse is most popular in the East Coast area. NLL and MLL are the national box and outdoor lacrosse leagues, respectively, and have increased their following in recent years. Also, many of the top Division I college lacrosse teams draw upwards of 7–10,000 for a game, especially in the Mid-Atlantic and New England areas.

Soccer is very popular as a participation sport, particularly among youth, and the US national teams are competitive internationally. A twenty-six-team (with four more confirmed to be added within the next few years) professional league, Major League Soccer, plays from March to October, but its television audience and overall popularity lag behind other American professional sports.[73]

Other popular sports are tennis, softball, rodeo, swimming, water polo, fencing, shooting sports, hunting, volleyball, skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding, ultimate, disc golf, cycling, MMA, roller derby, wrestling, weightlifting, and rugby.

Relative to other parts of the world, the United States is unusually competitive in women’s sports, a fact usually attributed to the Title IX anti discrimination law, which requires most American colleges to give equal funding to men’s and women’s sports.[74] Despite that, however, women’s sports are not nearly as popular among spectators as men’s sports.

The United States enjoys a great deal of success both in the Summer Olympics and Winter Olympics, constantly finishing among the top medal winners.

Sports and community culture

Homecoming is an annual tradition of the United States. People, towns, high schools and colleges come together, usually in late September or early October, to welcome back former residents and alumni. It is built around a central event, such as a banquet, a parade, and most often, a game of American football, or, on occasion, basketball, wrestling or ice hockey. When celebrated by schools, the activities vary. However, they usually consist of a football game, played on the school’s home football field, activities for students and alumni, a parade featuring the school’s marching band and sports teams, and the coronation of a Homecoming Queen.

American high schools commonly field football, basketball, baseball, softball, volleyball, soccer, golf, swimming, track and field, and cross-country teams as well.

Cuisine

The cuisine of the United States is extremely diverse, owing to the vastness of the country, the relatively large population (1/3 of a billion people) and the number of native and immigrant influences. Mainstream American culinary arts are similar to those in other Western countries. Wheat and corn are the primary cereal grains. Traditional American cuisine uses ingredients such as turkey, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn (maize), squash, and maple syrup, as well as indigenous foods employed by American Indians and early European settlers, African slaves, and their descendants.

Iconic American dishes such as apple pie, donuts, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants and domestic innovations.[75][76] French fries, Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos, and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are consumed.[77]

The types of food served at home vary greatly and depend upon the region of the country and the family’s own cultural heritage. Recent immigrants tend to eat food similar to that of their country of origin, and Americanized versions of these cultural foods, such as Chinese American cuisine or Italian American cuisine often eventually appear. Vietnamese cuisine, Korean cuisine, and Thai cuisine in authentic forms are often readily available in large cities. German cuisine has a profound impact on American cuisine, especially mid-western cuisine; potatoes, noodles, roasts, stews, cakes, and other pastries are the most iconic ingredients in both cuisines.[11] Dishes such as the hamburger, pot roast, baked ham, and hot dogs are examples of American dishes derived from German cuisine.[78][79]

Apple pie is one of a number of American cultural icons.

Different regions of the United States have their own cuisine and styles of cooking. The states of Louisiana and Mississippi, for example, are known for their Cajun and Creole cooking. Cajun and Creole cooking are influenced by French, Acadian, and Haitian cooking, although the dishes themselves are original and unique. Examples include Crawfish Étouffée, Red beans and rice, seafood or chicken gumbo, jambalaya, and boudin. Italian, German, Hungarian, and Chinese influences, traditional Native American, Caribbean, Mexican, and Greek dishes have also diffused into the general American repertoire. It is not uncommon for a middle class family from Middle America to eat, for example, restaurant pizza, home-made pizza, enchiladas con carne, chicken paprikash, beef stroganoff, and bratwurst with sauerkraut for dinner throughout a single week.

Soul food, mostly the same as food eaten by white southerners, developed by southern African slaves, and their free descendants, is popular around the South and among many African Americans elsewhere. Syncretic cuisines such as Louisiana Creole, Cajun, Pennsylvania Dutch, and Tex-Mex are regionally important.

Americans generally prefer coffee to tea, and more than half the adult population drinks at least one cup a day.[80] Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk (now often fat-reduced) ubiquitous breakfast beverages.[81] During the 1980s and 1990s, the caloric intake of Americans rose by 24%;[77] and frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what health officials call the American «obesity epidemic.» Highly sweetened soft drinks are popular; sugared beverages account for 9% of the average American’s daily caloric intake.[82]

  • Some representative American foods
  • A cream-based New England chowder, traditionally made with clams and potatoes

    A cream-based New England chowder, traditionally made with clams and potatoes

  • Fried chicken, a southern dish consisting of chicken pieces that have been coated with seasoned flour or batter and deep fried

    Fried chicken, a southern dish consisting of chicken pieces that have been coated with seasoned flour or batter and deep fried

  • Creole Jambalaya with shrimp, ham, tomato, and Andouille sausage

    Creole Jambalaya with shrimp, ham, tomato, and Andouille sausage

  • A hot dog sausage topped with beef chili, white onions and mustard

    A hot dog sausage topped with beef chili, white onions and mustard

  • An apple cobbler dessert

The nuclear family and family structure

Family arrangements in the United States reflect the nature of contemporary American society. The nuclear family is an idealized version of what most people think when they think of family.[84] The classic nuclear family is a man and a woman, united in marriage, with one or more biological children. Today, a person may grow up in a single-parent family, go on to marry and live in a childfree couple arrangement, then get divorced, live as a single for a couple of years, remarry, have children and live in a nuclear family arrangement.[15][83]

Year Families (69.7%) Non-families (31.2%)
Married couples (52.5%) Single parents Other blood relatives Singles (25.5%) Other non-family
Nuclear family Without children Male Female
2000 24.1% 28.7% 9.9% 7% 10.7% 14.8% 5.7%
1970 40.3% 30.3% 5.2% 5.5% 5.6% 11.5% 1.7%

Youth dependence

Exceptions to the custom of leaving home when one reaches legal adulthood at age eighteen can occur especially among Italian and Hispanic Americans, and in expensive urban real estate markets such as New York City,[85] California,[86] and Honolulu,[87] where monthly rents commonly exceed $1,000 a month.

Marriage and divorce

Marriage laws are established by individual states. The typical wedding involves a couple proclaiming their commitment to one another in front of their close relatives and friends, often presided over by a religious figure such as a minister, priest, or rabbi, depending upon the faith of the couple. In traditional Christian ceremonies, the bride’s father will «give away» (handoff) the bride to the groom. Secular weddings are also common, often presided over by a judge, Justice of the Peace, or other municipal officials. Same-sex marriage is legal in all states.

Divorce is the province of state governments, so divorce law varies from state to state. Prior to the 1970s, divorcing spouses had to allege that the other spouse was guilty of a crime or sin like abandonment or adultery; when spouses simply could not get along, lawyers were forced to manufacture «uncontested» divorces. The no-fault divorce revolution began in 1969 in California; New York and South Dakota were the last states to begin allowing no-fault divorce. No-fault divorce on the grounds of «irreconcilable differences» is now available in all states. However, many states have recently required separation periods prior to a formal divorce decree.

State law provides for child support where children are involved, and sometimes for alimony. «Married adults now divorce two-and-a-half times as often as adults did 20 years ago and four times as often as they did 50 years ago… between 40% and 60% of new marriages will eventually end in divorce. The probability within… the first five years is 20%, and the probability of its ending within the first 10 years is 33%… Perhaps 25% of children (ages 16 and under) live with a stepparent.»[88] The median length for a marriage in the U.S. today is 11 years with 90% of all divorces being settled out of court.

Housing

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This section needs expansion with: material about housing pre-World War II. You can help by adding to it. (August 2016)

Historically, Americans mainly lived in a rural environment, with a few important cities of moderate size.

American cities with housing prices near the national median have also been losing the middle income neighborhoods, those with median income between 80% and 120% of the metropolitan area’s median household income. Here, the more affluent members of the middle-class, who are also often referred to as being professional or upper middle-class, have left in search of larger homes in more exclusive suburbs. This trend is largely attributed to the Middle-class squeeze, which has caused a starker distinction between the statistical middle class and the more privileged members of the middle class.[89] In more expensive areas such as California, however, another trend has been taking place where an influx of more affluent middle-class households has displaced those in the actual middle of society and converted former middle-middle-class neighborhoods into upper-middle-class neighborhoods.[90]

Transport

Plot of numbers of automobiles in the United States by year

Public transport in major North American metro areas

Automobiles and commuting

The rise of suburbs and the need for workers to commute to cities brought about the popularity of automobiles. In 2001, 90% of Americans drove to work by car.[91] Lower energy and land costs favor the production of relatively large, powerful cars. The culture in the 1950s and 1960s often catered to the automobile with motels and drive-in restaurants. Outside of the relatively few urban areas, it is considered a necessity for most Americans to own and drive cars. New York City is the only locality in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car.[91]

In the 1950s and 1960s subcultures began to arise around the modification and racing of American automobiles and converting them into hot rods. Later, in the late-1960s and early-1970s Detroit manufacturers began making muscle cars and pony cars to cater to the needs of wealthier Americans seeking hot rod style, performance and appeal.

Social class and work

Though most Americans in the 21st century identify themselves as middle class, American society and its culture are considerably fragmented.[15][92][93] Social class, generally described as a combination of educational attainment, income and occupational prestige, is one of the greatest cultural influences in America.[15] Nearly all cultural aspects of mundane interactions and consumer behavior in the U.S. are guided by a person’s location within the country’s social structure.

Distinct lifestyles, consumption patterns and values are associated with different classes. Early sociologist-economist Thorstein Veblen, for example, said that those at the top of the societal hierarchy engage in conspicuous leisure and conspicuous consumption. Upper class Americans commonly have elite Ivy League educations and are traditionally members of exclusive clubs and fraternities with connections to high society, distinguished by their enormous incomes derived from their wealth in assets. The upper-class lifestyle and values often overlap with that of the upper middle class, with main differences being higher attention to security and privacy in home life and high regard for philanthropy (i.e. the «Donor Class») and the arts. Due to their large wealth (inherited or accrued over a lifetime of investments) and lavish, leisurely lifestyles, the upper class are more prone to idleness. The upper middle-class, or the «working rich»,[94] commonly identify education and being cultured as prime values, similar to the upper class. Persons in this particular social class tend to speak in a more direct manner that projects authority, knowledge and thus credibility. They often tend to engage in the consumption of so-called mass luxuries, such as designer label clothing. A strong preference for natural materials, organic foods, and a strong health consciousness tend to be prominent features of the upper middle-class. American middle-class individuals in general value expanding one’s horizon, partially because they are more educated and can afford greater leisure and travel. Working-class individuals take great pride in doing what they consider to be «real work» and keep very close-knit kin networks that serve as a safeguard against frequent economic instability.[15][95][96]

Hours worked in different countries according to UN data in a CNN report.[97]

Working-class Americans and many of those in the middle class may also face occupation alienation. In contrast to upper-middle-class professionals who are mostly hired to conceptualize, supervise, and share their thoughts, many Americans have little autonomy or creative latitude in the workplace.[98] As a result, white collar professionals tend to be significantly more satisfied with their work.[99][100] In 2006, Elizabeth Warren presented her article entitled «The Middle Class on the Precipice», stating that individuals in the center of the income strata, who may still identify as middle class, have faced increasing economic insecurity,[101] supporting the idea of a working-class majority.[102]

Political behavior is affected by class; more affluent individuals are more likely to vote, and education and income affect whether individuals tend to vote for the Democratic or Republican party. Income also had a significant impact on health as those with higher incomes had better access to health care facilities, higher life expectancy, lower infant mortality rate and increased health consciousness.[103][104][105] This is particularly noticeable with black voters who are often socially conservative, yet overwhelmingly vote Democratic.[106][107]

In the United States occupation is one of the prime factors of social class and is closely linked to an individual’s identity. The average workweek in the U.S. for those employed full-time was 42.9 hours long with 30% of the population working more than 40 hours a week.[108] The Average American worker earned $16.64 an hour in the first two quarters of 2006.[109] Overall Americans worked more than their counterparts in other developed post-industrial nations. While the average worker in Denmark enjoyed 30 days of vacation annually, the average American had 16 annual vacation days.[110]

In 2000 the average American worked 1,978 hours per year, 500 hours more than the average German, yet 100 hours less than the average Czech. Overall the U.S. labor force is one of the most productive in the world, largely due to its workers working more than those in any other post-industrial country (excluding South Korea).[97] Americans generally hold working and being productive in high regard; being busy and working extensively may also serve as the means to obtain esteem.[96]

Race and ancestry

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2013)

Race in the United States is based on physical characteristics, such as skin color, and has played an essential part in shaping American society even before the nation’s conception.[15] Until the civil rights movement of the 1960s, racial minorities in the United States faced institutionalized discrimination and both social and economic marginalization.[111] The United States Census Bureau currently recognizes five racial groupings: White, African, Native, Asian, and Pacific Islander. According to the U.S. government, Hispanic Americans do not constitute a race, but rather an ethnic group. During the 2000 U.S. census, Whites made up 75.1% of the population; those who are Hispanic or Latino constituted the nation’s prevalent minority with 12.5% of the population. African Americans made up 12.3% of the total population, 3.6% were Asian American and 0.7% were Native American.[112]

With its ratification on December 6, 1965, the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery in the United States. The Northern states had outlawed slavery in their territory in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, though their industrial economies relied on raw materials produced by slaves. Following the Reconstruction period in the 1870s, racist legislation emerged in the Southern states named the Jim Crow laws that provided for legal segregation. Lynching was practiced throughout the U.S., including in the Northern states, until the 1930s, while continuing well into the civil rights movement in the South.[111]

Chinese Americans were earlier marginalized as well during a significant proportion of U.S. history. Between 1882 and 1943, the United States instituted the Chinese Exclusion Act barring all Chinese immigrants from entering the United States. During the Second World War, roughly 120,000 Japanese Americans, 62% of whom were U.S. citizens,[113] were imprisoned in Japanese internment camps by the U.S. government following the attacks on Pearl Harbor, an American military base, by Japanese troops.

Median household income along ethnic lines in the United States.

Due to exclusion from or marginalization by earlier mainstream society, there emerged a unique subculture among the racial minorities in the United States. During the 1920s, Harlem, New York City became home to the Harlem Renaissance. Music styles such as jazz, blues, rap, rock and roll, and numerous folk songs such as Blue Tail Fly (Jimmy Crack Corn) originated within the realms of African American culture and were later adopted by the mainstream.[111] Chinatowns can be found in many cities across the country and Asian cuisine has become a common staple in mainstream America. The Hispanic community has also had a dramatic impact on American culture. Today, Catholics are the largest religious denomination in the United States and outnumber Protestants in the Southwest and California.[114] Mariachi music and Mexican cuisine are commonly found throughout the Southwest, and some Latin dishes, such as burritos and tacos, are found practically everywhere in the nation.

Economic variance and substantive segregation, is commonplace in the United States. Asian Americans have median household income and educational attainment exceeding that of other races. African Americans, Hispanics and Native Americans have considerably lower income and education than do White Americans or Asian Americans.[115][116] In 2005, the median household income of Whites was 62.5% higher than that of African Americans, nearly one-quarter of whom live below the poverty line.[115] 46.9% of homicide victims in the United States are African American.[111][117]

After the attacks by Muslim terrorists on September 11, 2001, discrimination against Arabs and Muslims in the U.S. rose significantly. The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee (ADC) reported an increase in hate speech, cases of airline discrimination, hate crimes, police misconduct, and racial profiling.[118]

Race relations

Internment of Japanese Americans forced relocation and incarceration in camps in the interior of the country of between 110,000 and 120,000 people of Japanese ancestry who lived on the Pacific coast.

White Americans (non-Hispanic/Latino and Hispanic/Latino) are the racial majority and have a 72% share of the U.S. population, according to the 2010 U.S. census.[119] Hispanic and Latino Americans comprise 15% of the population, making up the largest ethnic minority.[120] Black Americans are the largest racial minority, comprising nearly 13% of the population.[119][120] The White, non-Hispanic or Latino population comprises 63% of the nation’s total.[120]

Throughout most of the country’s history before and after its independence, the majority race in the United States has been Caucasian—aided by historic restrictions on citizenship and immigration—and the largest racial minority has been African Americans, most of whom are descended from slaves. This relationship has historically been the most important one since the founding of the United States. Slavery existed in the United States at the time of the country’s formation in the 1770s. The U.S. banned the importation of slaves in 1808, and the domestic slave trade, which broke up many families, became a major economic activity which lasted until the 1860s.[121] Before the American Civil War, eight serving presidents had owned slaves, and almost four million black people remained enslaved in the South.[122][123] Slavery was partially abolished by the Emancipation Proclamation issued by the president Abraham Lincoln in 1862 for slaves in the Southeastern United States during the Civil War. Slavery was rendered illegal by the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Jim Crow laws prevented full use of African American citizenship until the civil rights movement in the 1960s and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed official or legal segregation in public places or limited access to minorities.

Relations between white Americans and other racial or ethnic groups have been a constant source of tension. According to Professor Leland T. Saito: «Throughout the history of the United States, race has been used by whites for legitimizing and creating difference and social, economic and political exclusion.»[124] The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. citizenship to whites only.[125] Relations between whites and Native Americans was a significant issue. A justification for the policy of conquest and subjugation of the Indigenous people emanated from the stereotyped perceptions of all Native Americans as «merciless Indian savages» (as described in the United States Declaration of Independence).[126]

In 1882, in response to Chinese immigration due to the Gold Rush and the labor needed for the transcontinental railroad, the U.S. signed into law the Chinese Exclusion Act which banned immigration by Chinese people into the U.S. In the late 19th century, the growth of the Hispanic population in the U.S., fueled largely by Mexican immigration, generated debate over policies such as English as the official language and reform to immigration policies. The Immigration Act of 1924 established the National Origins Formula as the basis of U.S. immigration policy, largely to restrict immigration from Asia, Southern Europe, and Eastern Europe. According to the Office of the Historian of the U.S. Department of State, the purpose of the 1924 Act was «to preserve the ideal of U.S. homogeneity».[127] In 1924, Indian-born Bhagat Singh Thind was twice denied citizenship as he was not deemed white.[128] Marking a radical break from U.S. immigration policies of the past, the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 opened entry to the U.S. to non-Germanic groups.[129] This Act significantly altered the demographic mix in the U.S. as a result, creating a modern, diverse America.[129]

A huge majority of Americans of all races disapprove of racism. Nevertheless, some Americans continue to hold negative racial/ethnic stereotypes about various racial and ethnic groups. Professor Imani Perry, of Princeton University, has argued that contemporary racism in the United States «is frequently unintentional or unacknowledged on the part of the actor»,[130] believing that racism mostly stems unconsciously from below the level of cognition.[131]

Death and funerals

It is customary for Americans to hold a wake in a funeral home within a couple of days of the death of a loved one. The body of the deceased may be embalmed and dressed in fine clothing if there will be an open-casket viewing. Traditional Jewish and Muslim practices include a ritual bath and no embalming. Friends, relatives and acquaintances gather, often from distant parts of the country, to «pay their last respects» to the deceased. Flowers are brought to the coffin and sometimes eulogies, elegies, personal anecdotes or group prayers are recited. Otherwise, the attendees sit, stand or kneel in quiet contemplation or prayer. Kissing the corpse on the forehead is typical among Italian Americans[132] and others. Condolences are also offered to the widow or widower and other close relatives.

A funeral may be held immediately afterward or the next day. The funeral ceremony varies according to religion and culture. American Catholics typically hold a funeral mass in a church, which sometimes takes the form of a Requiem mass. Jewish Americans may hold a service in a synagogue or temple. Pallbearers carry the coffin of the deceased to the hearse, which then proceeds in a procession to the place of final repose, usually a cemetery. The unique Jazz funeral of New Orleans features joyous and raucous music and dancing during the procession.

Mount Auburn Cemetery (founded in 1831) is known as «America’s first garden cemetery.»[133] American cemeteries created since are distinctive for their park-like setting. Rows of graves are covered by lawns and are interspersed with trees and flowers. Headstones, mausoleums, statuary or simple plaques typically mark off the individual graves. Cremation is another common practice in the United States, though it is frowned upon by various religions. The ashes of the deceased are usually placed in an urn, which may be kept in a private house, or they are interred. Sometimes the ashes are released into the atmosphere. The «sprinkling» or «scattering» of the ashes may be part of an informal ceremony, often taking place at a scenic natural feature (a cliff, lake or mountain) that was favored by the deceased.

Drugs and alcohol

Removal of liquor during Prohibition.

American attitudes towards drugs and alcoholic beverages have evolved considerably throughout the country’s history. In the 19th century, alcohol was readily available and consumed, and no laws restricted the use of other drugs. Attitudes on drug addiction started to change, resulting in the Harrison Act, which eventually became proscriptive.

A movement to ban alcoholic beverages called the Temperance movement, emerged in the late 19th century. Several American Protestant religious groups and women’s groups, such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, supported the movement. In 1919, Prohibitionists succeeded in amending the Constitution to prohibit the sale of alcohol. Although the Prohibition period did result in a 50% decrease in alcohol consumption,[134] banning alcohol outright proved to be unworkable, as the previously legitimate distillery industry was replaced by criminal gangs that trafficked in alcohol. Prohibition was repealed in 1933. States and localities retained the right to remain «dry», and to this day, a handful still do.

During the Vietnam War era, attitudes swung well away from prohibition. Commentators noted that an 18-year-old could be drafted to war but could not buy a beer.

Since 1980, the trend has been toward greater restrictions on alcohol and drug use. The focus this time, however, has been to criminalize behaviors associated with alcohol, rather than attempt to prohibit consumption outright. New York was the first state to enact tough drunk-driving laws in 1980; since then all other states have followed suit. All states have also banned the purchase of alcoholic beverages by individuals under 21.

A «Just Say No to Drugs» movement replaced the more liberal ethos of the 1960s. This led to stricter drug laws and greater police latitude in drug cases. Drugs are, however, widely available, and 16% of Americans 12 and older used an illicit drug in 2012.[135]

Since the 1990s, marijuana use has become increasingly tolerated in America, and a number of states allow the use of marijuana for medical purposes. In most states marijuana is still illegal without a medical prescription. Since the 2012 general election, voters in the District of Columbia and the states of Alaska, California, Colorado, Maine, Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington approved the legalization of marijuana for recreational use. Marijuana is classified as illegal under federal law.

Volunteerism

Alexis de Tocqueville first noted, in 1835, the American attitude towards helping others in need. A 2011 Charities Aid Foundation study found that Americans were the first most willing to help a stranger and donate time and money in the world at 60%. Many low-level crimes are punished by assigning hours of «community service», a requirement that the offender perform volunteer work;[136] some high schools also require community service to graduate. Since US citizens are required to attend jury duty, they can be jurors in legal proceedings.

Governmental role

The federal government of the United States is notorious for its perennial failure to develop a comprehensive and consistent federal public policy addressing cultural activities and the arts.[137] Responsibilities that are usually found in a cultural minister’s portfolio elsewhere are divided among the President’s Committee on the Arts and Humanities, the Federal Communications Commission, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Department of the Interior, the U.S. Department of State, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Institute of Museum and Library Services, the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, the Library of Congress, the Smithsonian Institution, and the National Gallery of Art. However, many state and city governments have a department dedicated to cultural affairs.

Military culture

Pin-up girl nose art on the restored World War II B-25J aircraft Take-off Time.

From the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of national unity and identity was forged out of the victorious First Barbary War, Second Barbary War, and the War of 1812. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and not until the outbreak of World War II did a large standing army become officially established.[138] The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the onset of the Cold War, created the modern U.S. military framework;[139] the Act merged previously Cabinet-level Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (renamed the Department of Defense in 1949), headed by the Secretary of Defense; and created the Department of the Air Force and National Security Council.[140]

The U.S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of the number of personnel. It draws its manpower from a large pool of paid volunteers; although conscription has been used in the past in various times of both war and peace, it has not been used since 1972. As of 2011, the United States spends about $550 billion annually to fund its military forces,[141] and appropriates approximately $160 billion to fund Overseas Contingency Operations. Put together, the United States constitutes roughly 43 percent of the world’s military expenditures.[142] The U.S. armed forces as a whole possess large quantities of advanced and powerful equipment, along with widespread placement of forces around the world, giving them significant capabilities in both defense and power projection.[143][144]

Gun culture

In sharp contrast to most other nations, firearms laws in the United States are permissive, and private gun ownership is common; almost half of American households contain at least one firearm.[145] There are more privately owned firearms in the United States than in any other country, both per capita and in total.[146] The Supreme Court has ruled that the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution protects an individual right to possess modern firearms, subject to reasonable regulation,[147] a view shared by the majority of Americans.

Civilians in the United States possess about 42% of the global inventory of privately owned firearms.[148] Though rates of gun ownership vary significantly by region and by state; gun ownership is most common in Alaska, the Mountain States, and the South, and least prevalent in Hawaii, the island territories, California, and New England. Across the board, gun ownership tends to be more common in rural than in urban areas.[149]

Hunting, plinking and target shooting are popular pastimes, although ownership of firearms for purely utilitarian purposes such as personal protection is common as well. «Personal protection» was the most common reason given for gun ownership in a 2013 Gallup poll of gun owners, at 60%.[150] Ownership of handguns, while not uncommon, is less common than ownership of long guns. Gun ownership is much more prevalent among men than among women, with men being approximately four times more likely than women to report owning guns.[151]

Laws, punishment, and incarceration

The United States has the largest prison population in the world, and the highest per-capita incarceration rate.[152][153] One out of every 5 people imprisoned across the world is incarcerated in the U.S.[154] Zero tolerance policies in the U.S. has contributed to its mass incarceration, with people in positions of authority required to impose a pre-determined punishment regardless of individual culpability. This pre-determined punishment, whether mild or severe, is always meted out.[155]

Laws in the U.S. limit how people can use public streets as pedestrians can be arrested for jaywalking—the action of walking across a street at a place where it is not allowed.[156] Punishments for jaywalking range from a fine to imprisonment.[157]

In the U.S. the legal drinking age is 21, the highest in the world, and anyone under 21 operating a vehicle with any type of blood alcohol count, ie. having one drink, will be punished regardless of whether or not they are physically impaired during driving.[155]

See also

  • 1950s American automobile culture
  • American studies
  • American exceptionalism
  • American Dream
  • Americanization
  • Americana
  • Society of the United States
  • American imperialism
  • Culture of the Southern United States
  • Culture of the Midwestern United States
  • Culture of Western United States
  • Appalachian Culture
  • Etiquette in North America
  • Folklore of the United States
  • Philanthropy in the United States
  • Stereotypes of Americans

References

  1. ^ Galloway, Joseph (1780). Cool thoughts on the consequences to Great Britain of American independence [microform] : on the expence [sic] of Great Britain in the settlement and defence of the American colonies; on the value and importance of the American colonies and the West Indies to the British Empire. Canadiana.org. London : Printed for J. Wilkie … ISBN 978-0-665-20596-5.
  2. ^ Hall, Ford W. (1950). «The Common Law: An Account of Its Reception in the United States». Vanderbilt Law Review. 4: 791.
  3. ^ The American Revolution, Colin Bonwick, 1991, p. 254
  4. ^ Becoming America, Jon Butler, 2000, pp. 9–11
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Further reading

  • Coffin, Tristam P.; Cohen, Hennig, (editors), Folklore in America; tales, songs, superstitions, proverbs, riddles, games, folk drama and folk festivals, Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday, 1966. Selections from the Journal of American folklore.
  • Marcus, Greil (2007). The Shape of Things to Come: Prophecy and the American Voice. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42642-2.
  • Shell, Ellen Ruppel, Cheap: The High Cost of Discount Culture, New York: Penguin Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-59420-215-5
  • Swirski, Peter. Ars Americana Ars Politica: Partisan Expression in Contemporary American Literature and Culture. Montreal, London: McGill-Queen’s University Press (2010) ISBN 978-0-7735-3766-8
  • Crunden, Robert Morse (1996). A Brief History of American Culture. M.E. Sharpe. p. 363. ISBN 9781563248658.

External links

  • Customs & Culture in the U.S.
  • American Culture Education
  • Life in the USA: The Complete Guide for Immigrants and Americans
  • Guide to American culture and customs for foreign students (U.S. Army Intelligence)
  • CommonCensus Map Project – Identifying geographic spheres of influence


Странности жителей США, которые русскому не понять

Видео: Странности жителей США, которые русскому не понять

Содержание

  • Традиции
  • 4 июля, День Независимости
  • Хэллоуин
  • День Благодарения
  • День памяти
  • Рождество
  • Таможня
  • Чаевые
  • Спрашивая «как дела?» при приветствии
  • Любовь к спорту 
  • Поблагодарить
  • Бранч
  • Гастрономия
  • Гамбургер
  • яблочный пирог
  • Хот-доги или хот-дог
  • Крылышки буйвола или куриные крылышки буйвола
  • Мясной рулет или мясной рулет
  • Музыка
  • Религия
  • Ссылки

В американская культура это один из самых влиятельных в мире. Многие традиции и обычаи этой страны распространились на другие регионы и стали частью повседневной жизни других стран. Музыка, праздники, такие как Хэллоуин и Рождество, — вот некоторые из традиций, которые эта страна продвигает и превосходит.

Соединенные Штаты, официально называемые Соединенными Штатами Америки, — это федеративная республика, состоящая из 50 штатов. Его население многокультурно и весьма разнообразно. На его территории сходятся группы из разных стран, рас, этнических групп и культур в результате глобальной иммиграции, которую пробудила территория Северной Америки.

В настоящее время это одна из основных экономических держав в мире, несмотря на то, что она одна из самых молодых наций, поскольку она является независимой страной чуть менее 250 лет назад. Сегодня он способен производить примерно пятую часть мировой экономической продукции.

Еще один сектор, в котором Соединенные Штаты оказывают большое влияние, — это мир искусства. В таких областях, как театр, музыка и кино, эта страна имеет довольно широкую и устойчивую промышленность на национальном и международном рынках. Это одна из основных стран-производителей фильмов в мире.

С другой стороны, музыкальная индустрия также находится в одном из лучших мест. Таким образом Соединенные Штаты стали колыбелью и катапультой для многих художников мира.

С другой стороны, спорт — одно из самых заветных увлечений американцев. Баскетбол, футбол, хоккей и другие виды спорта являются традиционными спортивными увлечениями страны и часто становятся частью повседневной жизни, будь то практика, зритель или фанатизм. Спорт также является еще одним очень успешным промышленным сектором страны.

Традиции

В США есть несколько памятных дат, которые стали основными традициями страны. Некоторым из этих торжеств удалось повлиять на международную культуру, поэтому они также отмечаются в разных частях мира. Культура Соединенных Штатов сегодня одна из самых влиятельных в мире.

4 июля, День Независимости

Это один из самых важных праздников в Соединенных Штатах, который отмечается на национальном уровне. Он является частью государственных праздников с 1941 года, хотя начало празднования Дня независимости относится к 18 веку, а именно во времена американской революции.

4 июля 1776 года, после того как Континентальный конгресс проголосовал за независимость, делегаты 13 колоний приняли Декларацию независимости, составленную Томасом Джефферсоном. С этого момента в этот день по всей стране проходят вечеринки с массовыми мероприятиями и семейными посиделками.

В настоящее время празднования включают большой фейерверк, пикники, семейные барбекю, концерты и даже некоторые политические выступления. С другой стороны, в оформлении общественных мест также используются цвета флага: красный, синий и белый.

Хэллоуин

Это праздник, который отмечается 31 октября. Это не часть официальных праздников США, однако это очень популярная традиция в стране и во всем мире.

Хэллоуин происходит из кельтской культуры, а именно из празднования Самайна, которому более 1000 лет. Для этой культуры новый год отмечался в первый день ноября.

По их верованиям, это было время года, когда стиралась граница между миром живых и мертвых. Этот день ознаменовал конец лета и начало зимы, сезона, который часто ассоциировался с холодами и смертью.

В ночь на 31 октября отмечался «Самайн», когда считалось, что призраки вернулись на землю. Первоначально зажигались большие костры, и люди носили костюмы, сделанные из голов и шкур животных.

Позже другие культуры меняли или объединяли свои праздники с этой кельтской традицией. Начиная с 1920-х годов, в США Хэллоуин стал довольно популярным светским праздником.

В наши дни люди, особенно дети и подростки, одеваются и проводят такие мероприятия, как угощение или угощение, костюмированные вечеринки и многое другое.

День Благодарения

В Соединенных Штатах это официальный выходной день, когда люди часто берут на работу или учебу день или два, чтобы отпраздновать благословения года. Традиция восходит к событию, которое произошло в 1621 году, когда группа европейцев, известных как «паломники», устроили пир вместе с местными жителями.

Праздник Благодарения ознаменовал хорошие времена сбора урожая на американских землях. В свою очередь, это была большая форма благодарности туземцам, которые помогли европейцам найти эффективные способы выращивания урожая.

Празднование традиционно состоит из семейных посиделок, на которых проводится большой праздник по обычным рецептам: индейка, фаршированный хлеб, картофель и тыквенный пирог.

Цели — выразить благодарность за прожитый год и провести время с близкими. Кроме того, День Благодарения знаменует для американцев начало рождественского сезона.

День памяти

День памяти всех павших воинов, отдавших свою жизнь на службе стране. Это происходит из Гражданской войны в США или Гражданской войны, возможно, в 60-х годах.

В первую очередь он был известен как Украсить деньпо традиции, зародившейся в то время, которая заключалась в украшении могил погибших воинов цветами, а также в молитвах над ними.

С этого момента эта традиция распространилась по всей стране. После других воинственных конфликтов, таких как Первая мировая война, День памяти стал поводом для чествования погибших солдат при любых обстоятельствах службы Соединенным Штатам, он больше не ограничивался празднованием Гражданской войны.

В настоящее время День памяти проводится в последний понедельник мая. Караваны с военнослужащими ходят по всей стране. С другой стороны, некоторые горожане решают посетить кладбища или памятники.

День памяти также неофициально символизирует начало лета, поэтому есть люди, которые устраивают вечеринки и встречи между друзьями и семьей.

Рождество

Существуют различные версии происхождения Рождества, однако одна из самых популярных говорит о христианизации популярного фестиваля Римской империи, известного как «dies solis invicti nati» (день рождения неукротимого солнца), который был связан с с возрождением солнца после зимы, и это позже будет связано с рождением Иисуса.

Однако Рождество, как его называют сегодня в Соединенных Штатах, выходит за рамки христианской традиции. Начиная с 19 века, понятие Рождества связано со временем, посвященным единству, миру и ностальгии.

Часть этой новой идеи этого праздника взята из работ таких влиятельных авторов, как «Альбом для рисования Гоффри Крайона» Вашингтон Ирвинг, рассказавший истории о том, как Рождество праздновали в английском особняке, куда крестьяне были приглашены для празднования этих дат.

Другим влиятельным автором рождественских обычаев был Чарльз Диккенс с такими произведениями, как «Рождественский гимн» в котором важны милосердие и доброта. Эти события в течение многих лет повышали чувствительность культуры Соединенных Штатов в эти даты. Со временем были добавлены новые обычаи, такие как елочные украшения, рождественские письма и обмен подарками.

Таможня

Чаевые

Довольно часто и хорошо видно, когда вы получаете чаевые за хорошее обслуживание. Когда дело доходит до такси, похода в ресторан или другой подобной услуги, принято благодарить дополнительными деньгами.

Спрашивая «как дела?» при приветствии

В Соединенных Штатах принято приветствовать вас, спрашивая «как дела?» Это приятный способ принять кого-то, и на это приветствие обычно отвечают словами «хорошо, спасибо».

Любовь к спорту 

Американцы — любители спорта. Среди дисциплин, наиболее любимых и любимых фанатами, — футбол, бейсбол, хоккей, баскетбол и американский футбол.

Поблагодарить

Это одна из самых важных привычек в американской культуре. В первую очередь важно благодарить как за то, что дано, так и за то, что получено.

Бранч

Это обычай, который распространился по всему миру и состоит из еды, которая работает как смесь завтрака и обеда. Это крепкая еда или завтрак около полудня.

Гастрономия

Гамбургер

Это одно из самых популярных и типичных блюд американской культуры. Традиционно гамбургер представляет собой своего рода бутерброд, состоящий из двух круглых ломтиков хлеба, начиненных мясом и некоторыми дополнительными ингредиентами, такими как салат, соленые огурцы, помидоры и различные соусы. Предполагается, что происхождение этого блюда в США происходит от немецких иммигрантов.

яблочный пирог

Это один из типичных десертов североамериканской кухни. Он был популяризирован с 18 века, и предполагается, что он пришел в Америку во время европейской колонизации, в частности из английской, голландской и шведской кухни.

Как видно из названия, это пирог с яблоком. Его часто подают со взбитыми сливками или с мороженым. Обычно имеет цельную обложку или в виде сетки или сетки.

Хот-доги или хот-дог

Еще одно типичное блюдо американской кухни и повседневной жизни этого общества — хот-доги. Это всем известный бутерброд с начинкой из колбасы, а именно такой, известный как «винер».

Другие типичные ингредиенты, добавляемые в хот-доги, включают соусы, такие как кетчуп, горчица и майонез. Вы также можете добавить лук, халапеньо, соленые огурцы, сыр и многое другое.

Крылышки буйвола или куриные крылышки буйвола

Это рецепт, изобретенный Anchor Bar в Буффало, штат Нью-Йорк, в 1964 году. Он стал очень популярным в американской кухне. Он состоит из обжаренных куриных крылышек, обжаренных в остром соусе из уксуса и перца. Перед подачей на стол обычно поливают крылышки небольшим количеством топленого масла.

Расширение этого рецепта привело к созданию сетей быстрого питания, которые включают это блюдо в свои гастрономические предложения.

Мясной рулет или мясной рулет

Он происходит из гастрономических традиций таких стран, как Германия, Скандинавия и Бельгия. Американский мясной рулет возник из «лома», комбинации свинины и кукурузной муки, которую подавали американцы немецкого происхождения, населявшие колонии.

Популярность мясного рулета в американском обществе также объясняется временами Великой депрессии, когда его часто готовили в качестве меры экономии.

Американский рецепт включает помимо мяса такие добавки, как чеснок, перец, петрушку, кетчуп, масло и соль. Кроме того, для его приготовления используют мягкие панировочные сухари и яйца.

Музыка

Художественная и музыкальная культура Соединенных Штатов разнообразна, поскольку с течением времени на нее оказали влияние различные части мира, такие как Африка и регионы Европы. Здесь можно найти множество жанров, включая рок, джаз, блюз, поп, соул, техно, диско, хип-хоп, кантри, фанк и другие.

Сегодня в Соединенных Штатах одна из самых сильных музыкальных индустрий в мире. И его исполнители, и продукция, создаваемая внутри страны, имеют глобальный охват и повлияли на музыкальную культуру многих других регионов и континентов.

Религия

В Соединенных Штатах сосуществуют несколько верований и религий. Большинство жителей страны считают себя христианами, около 70%. Однако в рамках одной и той же христианской веры существуют различные течения веры, такие как протестанты, католики, мормоны, Тетигос Иеговы и другие.

С другой стороны, есть некритические общины, которые составляют примерно 5% религиозного населения США, среди них мусульмане, евреи, буддисты и индуисты.

Есть также группы, не идентифицирующие себя ни с какой верой, которые составляют 1,5%, в том числе атеисты и агностики. Наконец, есть 15%, которые заявляют, что не верят во что-то конкретное.

Ссылки

  1. Редакторы Энциклопедии Британника (2020). Хэллоуин. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc. Получено с britannica.com
  2. Сильверман Д. (2020). День Благодарения. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc. Получено с britannica.com
  3. Hillerbrand H (2019). Рождество. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc. Получено с britannica.com
  4. Редакторы энциклопедии Британника (2016). Гамбургер Encyclopdia Britannica, inc. Получено с britannica.com
  5. Уитмен Х, Льюис П. (2020). Соединенные Штаты. Encyclopdia Britannica, inc. Получено с britannica.com
  6. (2009). Хэллоуин. История. Восстановлено с history.com
  7. (2009). Четвертое июля — День Независимости. История. Восстановлено с history.com
  8. (2009). День памяти История. Восстановлено с history.com
  9. (2009). История Рождества. История. Восстановлено с history.com
  10. (2019). День Благодарения: Что это такое ?. BBC. Получено с bbc.co.uk
  11. История Дня памяти. PBS News Hour. Восстановлено с pbs.org
  12. Американская культура и обычаи. BBC Story Works. Получено с bbc.com
  13. Религия. Pew Research Center. Восстановлено с pewforum.org
  14. Музыка США. Википедия, свободная энциклопедия. Получено с en.wikipedia.com
  15. Искусство и развлечения. Посольство США. Получено с usa.usembassy.de

народы США

Все население Соединенных Штатов Америки состоит из коренных жителей и мигрантов, прибывших на постоянное место жительства в Америку из различных стран. Эти две крупные группы и составляют население США.

В результате смешения между собой представителей различных этнических групп, приехавших на материк по разным причинам, возникло новое полиэтническое образование, называемое американской нацией. Каждая этническая группа обогатила американскую культуру, придала ей свой колорит.

Народы и национальности США

Североамериканские индейцы
(Североамериканские индейцы)

Коренное население страны – это малочисленная группа народов, в составе которой – различные племена индейцев, эскимосы, гавайцы и алеуты. С момента открытия Америки Колумбом начался процесс непрерывного сокращения численности коренного населения. По данным последней переписи, индейцы и их потомки составляют 1,2% населения страны. Количество индейских племен значительно уменьшилось в результате демографической катастрофы.

Сейчас большая часть коренных индейцев обитает в резервациях, преимущественно на западе, немногие живут на севере и в центре, совсем незначительная часть – в восточной области США. Несмотря на спартанские условия, представители коренных племен Америки продолжают жить в резервациях. Индейцы хранят свою культурную самобытность и прикладывают много усилий к тому, чтобы очистить и сберечь окружающую их природу.

население Дикого Запада
(Население Дикого запада)

Вторая часть, составляющая население США, отличается пестротой и разнородностью состава. Сегодня в США можно найти представителя практически любой народности, проживающей на планете. Иммиграция на протяжении всей истории существования Соединенных Штатов давала и дает постоянный прирост населения страны. В Штаты приезжают люди из разных уголков мира.

Дядя Сэм 1813 г. и девушка из Кабаре 30-х гг XX века
(Дядя Сэм 1813 г. и девушка из Кабаре 30-х гг XX века)

В XIX-XX веках население США пополнялось в основном за счет выходцев из Северной, Южной и Восточной Европы. Сегодня сюда едут жители Мексики, Филиппин, Кубы, Индии, которые не имеют высшего образования и часто плохо говорят по-английски. За счет этого, к сожалению, несколько снизился общий уровень образования у жителей США. В число эмигрантов входят африканцы, океанийцы, жители Южной Америки, азиаты и др.  

Американцы XX века, иллюстратор James Montgomery Flagg
(Американцы XX века, иллюстратор James Montgomery Flagg)

Согласно статистике, расовый состав населения в стране является следующим: белое население составляет большую часть, около 78%, темнокожих чуть больше 13%, азиатов – 5%, наименьшую долю составляют коренные представители (1,2%) и представители других национальностей (2%).

В данный момент демографическая ситуация в Штатах является одной из лучших в мире. Четверть населения – юноши и девушки до 20 лет, отмечается высокая продолжительность жизни и рождаемость населения.

Чикагский блюз
(Чикагский блюз)

Америка – одна из наиболее урбанизированных стран мира, 82% американцев живет в городах и городских агломерациях (пригородах). Чикаго, Нью-Йорк, Филадельфия, Финикс, Лос-Анжелес, СанХьюстон, Сан-Диего, Даллас, Сан-Хосе имеют население более миллиона жителей.

Рок-концерт
(Рок-концерт)

Можно без преувеличений сказать, что каждый город Америки имеет свои особенные черты в силу неоднородности этнического состава и уникальности географического положения.

американский автодом-трейлер
(Американцы любят путешествовать по стране в автодомах, трейлерах)

На территории Штатов представлены все климатические зоны, начиная от тропической в штате Гавайи, и заканчивая арктической – на севере Аляски. Немногие страны мира могут похвастаться таким разнообразием и богатством флоры и фауны, какое имеется в Америке.

На территории страны встречаются и густые хвойные леса (Кордильеры), и тундровая растительность (Аляска), и прерии (Иллинойс), и болотистые низменности, и пустынные степи, и низменные равнины (Колорадо).

американский Кадиллак
(Жители США обожают большие автомобили, как эта классика олдтаймер Кадиллак)

Несмотря на многообразие природы и оригинальность городов, в любой части Америки можно встретить стандартный набор услуг, сервисов и развлечений. Благодаря этому американец чувствует себя уверенно в любой части США и легко привыкает к новому месту жительства.

Типичный быт американского человека

Чикаго
(Большой деловой-промышленный город Чикаго)

Традиционные американские небоскребы как правило находятся в деловом центре города. Жить американцы предпочитают в небольших домах, а после того, как обзаводятся семьей, часто переезжают из больших и шумных городов в пригороды.

Территориального разделения между большими городами и пригородами, как правило, не существует. Иногда между ними находится только дорожный знак или небольшой мостик. Города, называемые «спальными», находятся подальше от «сити». Там американцы живут, а на работу ездят на машине.

штат Нью-Гэмпшир
(Небольшой городок в штате Нью-Гэмпшир)

В маленьких городах есть все для жизни: школы, детские сады, магазины, больницы, фаст-фуд и пр. Чем богаче жители города, тем комфортабельнее в нем жизнь. Выбирают место жительства в зависимости от своего дохода.

Разделение на социальные классы в Штатах существует номинально. Однако «богатые» и «бедные» в стране есть, как есть и типичные представители данных классов.

Богатые и бедные, США
(«Богатые» и «бедные» в США)

К примеру, политики и топ-менеджеры – это очень богатые люди, специалисты в какой-либо области и представители среднего звена руководства – это «высший средний класс», а квалифицированные рабочие – это  так называемый «нижний средний класс». Низший класс составляют безработные, частично занятые и существующие на субсидии граждане.

В Америке, имея высокий уровень образования, можно получить и высокий уровня доходов.

Традиции и обычаи в США

День независимости США
(4 июля главный праздник– День независимости США)

Пасха, Рождество и Новый год – традиционные праздники, которые американцы празднуют по-своему и в то же время сходно с другими народами.

День благодарения – один из самых популярных праздников в стране. Он отмечается в кругу родных за столом с традиционным угощением – индейкой. Иногда, чтобы отпраздновать этот день, американцы едут в дом главы семьи через всю страну.

День Поминовения, США
(Дети на марше посвященном памяти американских военнослужащих, День Поминовения)

Официальные праздники США – День независимости, День Поминовения, День Мартина Лютера Кинга, День труда, Президентский день и другие.

День флага, США
(14 июня — в США празднуют День флага)

Также отмечаются неофициальные праздники, всевозможные музыкальные фестивали. В подготовке выборов в США, предвыборные компании это тоже, как праздник и целые шоу, проходящие в ходе противостояния республиканцев и демократов. Традиционный праздник День сурка, отмечаемый ежегодно 2 февраля, День Святого Патрика 17 марта, Хеллоуин 31 октября и различные праздники разных наций, а также и этнических меньшинств.

уличные музыканты у пляжа Санта-Моники, Калифорния
(Уличные музыканты у пляжа Санта-Моники, Калифорния)

Американцы любят шутки и веселые номера, обращение в суд считают не такой серьезной процедурой, как в других странах, любят животных, а тему «похудения» относят к ценностям непреходящего значения.

Культура: традиции, нравы и обычаи современной Америки

  1. Национальная
    символика (флаг, герб, гимн)

  2. Национальная валюта сша

  3. Общенациональные
    праздники

а) Рождество

б) День памяти
павших

в) День независимости

г) День Благодарения

  1. Национальные виды
    спорта

а) Бейсбол

б) Американский
футбол

в) Баскетбол

г) Хоккей

  1. Язык (английский,
    испанский, др.; вопрос о государственном
    языке)

  2. Массовая культура (одноэтажная Америка):

а) Американская
кухня

б) Здоровый образ
жизни

в) Туризм, курорты,
парки аттракционов и развлечений

г) Мода, шопинг

д) Телевидение,
как источник информации и развлечения

ТЕМЫ ДЛЯ ОБСУЖДЕНИЯ
НА СЕМИНАРАХ

СЕМИНАР 9

Викторина

ВОПРОСЫ К ЗАЧЁТУ

История

  1. Открытие Северной
    Америки

  2. Английские колонии
    в Северной Америке

  3. Путь к независимости
    – предпосылки Американской революции

  4. Война
    за независимость (Американская революция)

  5. Становление
    и развитие молодой республики:
    континентальная экспансия.

  6. Предпосылки
    Гражданской войны

  7. Гражданская
    Война. Реконструкция Юга.

  8. Политическая
    и экономическая жизнь в США: последняя
    треть 19 – начало 20 века.

  9. Участие
    США в Первой мировой войне

  10. Послевоенные
    годы – «Процветание»

  11. Великая
    Депрессия и «Новый курс»

  12. Участие
    США во Второй мировой войне

  13. «Холодная
    война» и гонка вооружений. Разрядка.

  14. Роль
    США на мировой арене (конец 20 века –
    наши дни).

Общие вопросы

  1. География США:
    общий обзор

  2. Население
    США: общий обзор

  3. Экономика США:
    промышленность, сельское хозяйство,
    транспорт и сфера услуг

  4. Государственная
    и политическая системы: Законодательная
    ветвь власти

  5. Государственная
    и политическая системы: Исполнительная
    ветвь власти

  6. Государственная
    и политическая системы: Судебная ветвь
    власти

  7. Государственная
    и политическая системы: Политические
    партии, выборы

  8. Государственная
    и политическая системы: Силовые структуры

  9. Образование:
    История и философия американской
    системы образования

  10. Образование:
    Управление и финансирование

  11. Образование:
    Средняя школа

  12. Образование:
    Высшая школа и наука

  13. Культура:
    Изобразительное искусство и архитектура

  14. Культура:
    Театр

  15. Культура:
    Кино

  16. Культура:
    Музыка

  17. Культура:
    Литература

  18. Культура:
    СМИ

  19. Культура:
    Гражданские права и сводобы

  20. Культура:
    Массовая культура

СПРАВОЧНАЯ
ЛИТЕРАТУРА*

Словари и
справочники

  1. Америка. Энциклопедия
    повседневной жизни. М., 1998

  2. Американский
    пирог. Словарь разговорной лексики.
    Голденков М., М, 2006

  3. Русско-английский/англо-русский
    справочник культурных различий.
    Комаровская
    С.Д.
    (Серия
    «On Top of English») М.,
    2006

  4. Англо-русский
    словарь особенностей английского языка
    в Северной Америке, Великобритании и
    Австралии. Матюшенков В.С. М, 2002

  5. Словарь английского
    сленга. Особенности употребления сленга
    в Северной Америке, Великобритании и
    Австралии. Матюшенков В.С. М, 2005

6. Краткий
англо-русский лингвострановедческий
словарь: Великобритания,

США,
Канада, Австралия, Новая Зеландия.
Ощепкова В., Шустилова И.

М.,
2006

7.
Американа. Англо-русский лингвострановедческий
словарь, М., 1996.

8. Словарь
американской истории. Под ред. А.А.
Фурсенко
СПб.,
1997

9.
Dictionary of English Language and Culture. Longman, 1999

10. The
World of English. Longman,
1997

Прочая
литература

  1. Буллак А., Кравцова
    Л. Знакомьтесь: Америка! М, 2005

  2. Бурова
    И.
    Glimpses of American History СПб,
    2003.

  3. Бурова И., Силинский
    С. США СПб, 2002.

  4. Власова
    Е.
    Teen’s Guide to the USA. СПб,
    2001.

  5. Голицинский,
    Ю.
    United States of America СПб,
    1999

  6. Истомина
    Е.
    и
    др.
    Profiles of the USA. М,
    2003

  7. Клименко М. Другая
    Америка. Мечты и действительность. М,
    2003

  8. Краткая История
    США (авторский коллектив) Минск, 2003

  9. Мурашова,
    Н.
    The USA from Columbus until Nowadays. М,
    2002

  10. Нестарчук Г.,
    Иванова В. США и американцы. Минск, 2004

  11. Ощепкова В., Булкин
    А. Соединенный Штаты Америки. М, 2000

  12. Ощепкова
    В.
    и
    др.
    USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Язык
    и культура. М. 2004

  13. Падучева Е. О США
    кратко: Книга для чтения на англ. яз. М,
    2007

  14. Согрин
    В.
    Founding Fathers of the United States of America. М,
    1998

  15. Таратута М. Америка
    с Михаилом Таратутой. М, 2004

  16. Тимашевская,
    Н.
    Spotlight on English-Speaking Countries: Great Britain, the USA,
    Canada, Australia, New Zealand. Тула,
    1998

  17. Токарева,
    Н.,
    Поппард,
    В,
    What it is like in the USA М,
    1998

  18. Томахин,
    Г.
    Across the Countries of the English Language. М,
    1998

  19. Фол, С. Эти странные
    американцы. М, 1999

  20. Халилова,
    Л.
    «The USA: History and Present», M., 1999

  21. Щукин А.В. Язык и
    культура Великобритании, США, Канады,
    Австралии, Новой Зеландии. М., 2006

  22. «USA: Geography,
    History» M., 1998

  23. Согрин
    В. Политическая история США. М, 2001

  24. Согрин
    В. История США. М, 2003

  25. Бурсин,
    Д., Американцы (трехтомник) М, 1999

*
Справочная
литература не является обязательной к
прочтению; она лишь рекомендована к
использованию во время подготовки к
семинарским занятиям наряду с другими
источниками по выбору студента.

Приложение 1

Календарь-расписание
занятий на 2011/12 уч. год

Дата

Теор.и Мет.

Перев. (1, 2 па)

Перев. (3, 4 па)

7.02

ЛЕКЦИЯ 1

8.02

14.02

СЕМИНАР 1

СЕМИНАР 1

15.02

СЕМИНАР 1

21.02

ЛЕКЦИЯ 2

22.02

СЕМИНАР 2

28.02

СЕМИНАР 2

29.02

СЕМИНАР 2

6.03

ЛЕКЦИЯ 3

7.03

СЕМИНАР 3

13.03

СЕМИНАР 3

14.03

СЕМИНАР 3

20.03

ЛЕКЦИЯ 4

21.03

СЕМИНАР 4

27.03

СЕМИНАР 4

28.03

СЕМИНАР 4

3.04

ЛЕКЦИЯ 5

4.04

СЕМИНАР 5

11.04

СЕМИНАР 5

16.04

СЕМИНАР 5

17.04

ЛЕКЦИЯ 6

18.04

СЕМИНАР 6

24.04

СЕМИНАР 6

25.04

СЕМИНАР 6

1.05

ЛЕКЦИЯ 7

2.05

СЕМИНАР 7

8.05

СЕМИНАР 7

9.05

СЕМИНАР 7

15.05

ЛЕКЦИЯ 8

16.05

СЕМИНАР 8

22.05

СЕМИНАР 8

23.05

СЕМИНАР 8

29.05

ЛЕКЦИЯ 9

30.05

СЕМИНАР 9

6.06

СЕМИНАР 9

7.06

СЕМИНАР 9

24

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Учреждение: 

ГБПОУ «Нижегородский Губернский колледж»

В ученическом исследовательском проекте по истории на тему «Культура и традиции США» автором была поставлена цель, рассказать о культуре, нравах и обычаях американцев. Развеять некоторые стереотипы и объяснить, как правильно следует себя вести, пребывая в США.

Подробнее о проекте

В индивидуальной творческой работе по истории на тему «Культура и традиции США» изучена история возникновения американского общества, дается общая характеристика граждан США, рассказывается о культуре и менталитете американцев и о том, как правильно себя вести при встрече с жителем США. Особое внимание автор уделяет изучению культуры американских праздников.

В данном индивидуальном проекте по истории на тему «Культура и традиции США» автор анализирует язык, религию, стиль одежды, американскую пищу, спорт и искусство в Америке, а также выясняет, какие особенности менталитета являются отличительными для американского народа от других, объясняет, что нужно учитывать нам при встрече с американцами.

Оглавление

Введение
1. История американского общества.
2. Общая характеристика граждан США.
3. Культура и менталитет американцев.
3.1. Язык.
3.2. Религия.
3.3. Стиль одежды.
3.4. Американская пища.
3.5. Искусство в Америке.
3.6. Спорт.
3.7. Американские праздники.
4. Правильное поведение при встрече с жителем США.
5. Практическая часть — Опрос после выступления.
Заключение
Список использованной литературы

Введение

Настоящее исследование посвящено актуальной проблеме международной коммуникации.

Актуальность темы: В нынешнее время технологии коммуникации вышли на новый уровень. Благодаря этому люди стали лучше знать о народах, населяющих другие территории. Однако, несмотря на это, люди по-прежнему верят в стереотипы и испытывают недопонимание по отношению к иностранцам.

На сегодняшний день в мире между разными странами происходит много конфликтов, в том числе и вооруженных. Некоторые из них не только возникают, но и продолжают существовать из-за того, что люди неправильно воспринимают жителей других стран.

Чтобы уменьшить количество разногласий между людьми, нужно дать понять, насколько важно быть толерантными и терпимыми друг к другу.

Цель работы: рассказать о культуре, нравах и обычаях американцев. Развеять некоторые стереотипы и объяснить, как правильно следует себя вести, пребывая в США.

Задачи исследования:

  1. Посмотреть на историю развития американского общества.
  2. Дать общую характеристику граждан США.
  3. Рассказать о культуре и менталитете американцев.
  4. Рассказать о том, как правильно себя вести при встрече с жителем США.

Объект исследования: культура и обычаи жителей США.

Предмет исследования: правильное восприятие американцев.

История американского общества

Коренное население страны – это малочисленная группа народов, в составе которой – различные племена индейцев, эскимосы, гавайцы и алеуты. С момента открытия Америки Колумбом начался процесс непрерывного сокращения численности коренного населения в связи с колонизацией. По данным последней переписи, индейцы и их потомки составляют 1,2% населения страны. Количество индейских племен значительно уменьшилось в результате демографической катастрофы.

Сейчас большая часть коренных индейцев обитает в резервациях, преимущественно на западе, немногие живут на севере и в центре, совсем незначительная часть – в восточной области США. Несмотря на тяжкие условия, представители коренных племен Америки продолжают жить в резервациях. Индейцы сохраняют свою культурную самобытность и прикладывают много усилий к тому, чтобы очистить и сберечь окружающую их природу.

Вторая часть, составляющая население США — это население дикого запада, отличается пестротой и разнородностью состава. На сегодняшний день в США можно найти представителя практически любой народности, проживающей на планете. Иммиграция на протяжении всей истории существования Соединенных Штатов давала и дает постоянный прирост населения страны. В Штаты приезжают люди из разных уголков мира, это и обеспечивает демографическое разнообразие.

В XIX-XX веках население США увеличивалось в основном за счет выходцев из Северной, Южной и Восточной Европы. В нынешнее время сюда едут жители Мексики, Филиппин, Кубы, Индии, которые не имеют высшего образования и часто плохо говорят по-английски. По этой причине, к сожалению, несколько снизился общий уровень образования жителей США. В число эмигрантов входят африканцы, океанийцы, жители Южной Америки, азиаты и др.

В итоге, в результате смешивания между собой представителей различных этнических групп, приехавших на материк по разным причинам, возникло новое полиэтническое образование, называемое американской нацией. Каждая этническая группа обогатила американскую культуру по-своему, и придала ей свой колорит.

Общая характеристика граждан США

Американцы любят улыбаться, обмениваться рукопожатиями и шутить. Они предпочитают оберегать свое личное пространство и избегают обсуждения таких противоречивых тем, как политика, деньги, религия и личные ценности. В то же время люди очень дружелюбны и открыты. Многие американцы ценят независимое мышление. Они всегда пунктуальны и терпеливо ожидают своей очереди в толпе. Традиционные американские небоскребы, как правило, находятся в деловом центре города. Жить американцы предпочитают в небольших домах, а после того, как обзаводятся семьей, часто переезжают из больших и шумных городов в пригороды.

Территориального разделения между большими городами и пригородами, чаще всего, не существует. Иногда между ними находится только небольшой мостик или дорожный знак. Города, называемые «спальными»[1:6], находятся подальше от «сити». Там американцы живут, а на работу ездят на машине. В маленьких городах есть все для жизни: школы, детские сады, магазины, больницы, фаст-фуд и прочее. Чем богаче жители города, тем комфортабельнее в нем жизнь. Выбирают место жительства в зависимости от своего дохода.

Разделение на социальные классы в Штатах существует номинально. Однако «богатые» и «бедные» в стране есть, как есть и типичные представители данных классов. Например, политики и топ-менеджеры – это очень богатые люди, специалисты в какой-либо области и представители среднего звена руководства – это «высший средний класс», а квалифицированные рабочие – это, так называемый «нижний средний класс». Низший класс составляют безработные, частично занятые и существующие на субсидии граждане.

В Америке, имея высокий уровень образования, можно получить и высокий уровень доходов.

Культура и менталитет американцев

Язык. В стране нет одного официального языка, однако 31 из 50 штатов предоставили этот статус английскому языку. Свыше 90% населения США говорит и понимает по-английски, также большинство официальных дел ведётся именно на этом языке.

В то время как почти все языки в мире можно услышать в Соединённых Штатах — китайский, испанский, немецкий и французский языки являются одними из наиболее часто употребляемых (не считая английского). Каждый регион США, в частности юг, имеет своё собственное произношение с использованием уникальных слов и фраз.

Религия. Почти все известные религии практикуются в Соединённых Штатах по причине того, что страна была основана на идее религиозной свободы. Свыше 75% американцев считают себя христианами. Приблизительно половина из них — протестанты, четверть — католики, и небольшой процент — мормоны. После христианства иудаизм является второй наиболее распространённой религией — примерно 1,4% населения. Около 20% американцев не относят себя ни к какой религии.

Стиль одежды. Стиль одежды в США зависит от климата и региона, но в основном это стиль «casual» — повседневная одежда, где основная функция — это удобство. Стиль «деним» (грубая джинсовая ткань), кроссовки, ковбойские шляпы и сапоги — это некоторые предметы одежды, которые так тесно связаны с образом американцев.
«Кельвин Кляйн», «Ральф Лорен», «Виктория Сикрет», и «Майкл Корс» считаются известными американскими брендами. Также американская мода сильно подвержена влиянию своих знаменитостей.

Американская пища. Американская кухня находилась под влиянием европейцев и коренных американцев в своей ранней истории. В нынешнее время существует ряд продуктов, которые, как правило, определяются как исконно американские, а именно: хот-доги, гамбургеры, чипсы, мясной хлеб и макароны с сыром. Фраза «Такой американский, как яблочный пирог» стала обозначать то, что является подлинно американским.

Существуют также типы продуктов и стили приготовления пищи, которые являются специфическими для региона. Южный стиль приготовления пищи, который часто называют американской «удобной» едой, включает в себя такие блюда, как: капуста, жареная курица, кукурузный хлеб и спаржевая фасоль. Текс-мекс [3;13] — это популярная разновидность кухни в штате Техас и на юго-западе, представляет собой смесь мексиканских и испанских стилей приготовления пищи и включает в себя такие элементы, как: буррито, перец чили, различные специи и содержит большое количество тёртого сыра и бобов.

Искусство в Америке. Соединённые Штаты имеют широкую известность во всём мире как лидирующая страна по производству средств массовой информации, включая кинематограф и телевидение. Отрасли массового телевещания начали развиваться в Соединённых Штатах в начале 1950-х, когда американские телевизионные программы начали показывать по всему миру.

США также имеет яркую киноиндустрию, сосредоточенную в Голливуде, а американские фильмы пользуются популярностью во всем мире. Нью-Йорк является домом Бродвея и американцы имеют богатую театральную историю. Американская музыка очень разнообразна, можно выделить: госпел, ритм-н-блюз, хип-хоп, кантри, джаз и рок-н -ролл.

Спорт. Соединённые Штаты являются спортивно-ориентированной страной с миллионами поклонников, следящими за футбольными, бейсбольными, баскетбольными и хоккейными матчами помимо множества других видов спорта. Бейсбол, который появился в колониальной Америке, стал официальным спортом в середине 1800-х годов и по сей день известен как любимый вид спорта у американцев, хотя сейчас его популярность затмил футбол.

Боулинг, бейсбол, футбол и баскетбол – любимое времяпрепровождение американцев. В эти виды спорта играют по всей стране тысячи спортсменов-любителей.

Американские праздники. Американцы празднуют свою независимость от Великобритании 4-го июля. В день независимости американские семьи выезжают на природу и устраивают пикники, барбекю и разбивают палатки. Вечером всегда начинают запускать впечатляющие фейерверки.
День Памяти отмечается в последний понедельник мая. В этот день чтят память тех, кто умер на военной службе.

День Труда отмечается в первый понедельник сентября, и чествует рабочую силу страны.

Вклад ветеранов в развитие и свободу страны чествуется в День Ветеранов 11 ноября.

День Благодарения, ещё один отличительный американский праздник, приходится на четвёртый четверг ноября и уходит корнями к колониальным временам. День Благодарения, пожалуй, единственный праздник, который американцы проводят дома. Настольные украшения следуют традиционной схеме — урожай кукурузы, апельсины, яблоки, виноград и грецкие орехи. Цветы также создают атмосферу осени в помещении. Центром праздника является традиционная жареная индейка.

В День Президентов отмечают дни рождения Авраама Линкольна и Джорджа Вашингтона в третий понедельник февраля.

Вклад лидера движения за гражданские права Мартина Лютера Кинга отмечают в третий понедельник января.

Еще одна американская традиция касается Хэллоуина. Его происхождение восходит корнями на сотни лет, к друидскому[3;24] фестивалю. Друидский Новый год начинался 1 ноября, по случаю начала зимы и царствования бога смерти. Обычай рассказывать истории о приведениях на Хеллоуин происходит от друидов. В Хэллоуин взрослые и дети любят вырезать фонари из тыквы, наряжаться в страшные костюмы и ходить на вечеринки. Дети также просто обожают бродить от дома к дому и просить конфеты, покрикивая «сладость или гадость».

Правильное поведение при встрече с жителем США

Приветствия в США абсолютно неформальные. От вас требуется улыбаться и называть всех по имени. Если вы пришли не один, то нужно представить людей друг другу. Пожать руку и просто сказать: «Добрый день» — это все, что от вас нужно. Американцы, как и русские довольно прямолинейны, поэтому это не должно вас смутить. Не то, чтобы они нарочито грубы, просто экономят время, чтобы перейти прямо к делу.

В то время как англичанин считает дурным тоном задавать личные вопросы, американец так не думает. Он расскажет вам все о себе, о своей жене и семье, и спросит, откуда вы приехали, как вам нравится Америка, в какой сфере вы работаете, и как долго вы собираетесь здесь пробыть. Американец предпочитает коммуникабельность. Эта коммуникабельность сопровождается подавляющим гостеприимством.

На европейский манер, держать вилку нужно в правой руке, а нож — в левой. Тем не менее, какую-то еду можно есть руками, и никто не поднимет бровь в знак неодобрения. Как и в России, хозяин дома должен пригласить к столу гостей и сказать «пожалуйста, приступайте».

Американцы любят шутки и веселые номера, обращение в суд считают не такой серьезной процедурой, как в других странах, любят животных, а тему «похудения» относят к ценностям непреходящего значения.

Практическая часть — Опрос после выступления

Какие народы являются коренными в США? (племена индейцев, эскимосы, гавайцы)

Что обеспечило прирост населения и многонациональность в США? (Иммиграция)

Какие города называются «спальными»? (находящиеся подальше от деловых центров и промышленных районов)

Какой язык является официальным в США? (в США нет единого официального языка, но в основном используется английский)

По какой причине все известные религии практикуются в США? (по причине того, что страна была основана на идее религиозной свободы)

Какие стили одежды преобладают в США? В чём их особенности? («casual»-удобство. Стиль «деним» — предметы одежды связаны с образом американцев.)

Какие известные американские бренды вы знаете? («Кельвин Кляйн», «Ральф Лорен», «Виктория Сикрет», «Майкл Корc» и другие)

Что обозначает фраза «Такой американский, как яблочный пирог»? (то, что является подлинно американским)

Что такое текс-мекс? (смесь мексиканских и испанских стилей приготовления пищи)

Где находится знаменитый Бродвей? ( в Нью-йорке)

С каким видом искусства, в основном, ассоциируется США? (с кинематографом)

Какой любимый вид спорта американцев? (бейсбол)

В какой американский праздник едят жаренную индейку? (на День Благодарения)

В какой праздник дети хотят по домам и кричат «сладость или гадость»? (на хеллоуин)

Заключение

В итоге мы видим, что американцы весьма весёлый и миролюбивый народ, который знает толк в развлечениях, искусстве, музыке и спорте. Надеюсь, что теперь Соединённые Штаты предстанут перед вами в совершенно новом свете. Не как страна толстяков, питающихся одними только чизбургерами и запускающими ракеты на другие страны, а как страна свободолюбивых и общительных людей, которые принесли в этот мир немало хорошего.

Ещё хотелось бы добавить, что нужно смотреть на общество страны, а не на его политическую сферу. Ведь политическая деятельность государства совершенно не характеризует людей проживающих в этой стране. И это относится не только к Соединённым Штатам Америки, но и ко всем другим странам.

Список использованной литературы

  1. Эдуард Геллер – «Открой Америку!» путеводитель по США.
  2. Харина О.А. –«Американская национальная культурная традиция в работах Рассела Керка». // Текст научной статьи по специальности «Философия, этика, религиоведение»: Удмуртский государственный университет, 2015 г.
  3. А.Б. Танасейчук – «Культурно-исторический тип американской цивилизации и его особенности». // Текст научной статьи по специальности «Философия, этика, религиоведение»: науч. ред. — «Культурология», 2008 г.
  4. Миряшева Е.В., От колоний к штатам. Опыт синтетического исследования американского федерализма и судебной власти США (историко-правовые и конституционно-правовые проблемы) : монография / Миряшева Е.В.. — Москва : Российский государственный университет правосудия, 2017. — 334 c. —Текст : электронный // Электронно-библиотечная система IPR BOOKS.
  5. Соломатина В. М. – «К вопросу об американской национальной идентичности». // Текст научной статьи по специальности «История и археология»: Российская академия наук, 1998 г.
  6. Тремба В.А. – «Миграционные процессы в современном обществе: политологический анализ». // Текст научной статьи по специальности «Политологические науки»: 2012 г.
  7. В.В. Ихисонова – «К вопросу об изучении этнических групп в социальной структуре общества в рамках исследований представителей Чикагской школы социологии начала XX века». 2014 г.
  8. И.К. Забродина – «Развитие социокультурных умений студентов направления подготовки «Перевод и переводоведение». // Текст научной статьи по специальности «Науки об образовании»: Томский политех. университет 2012 г.
  9. Рубцова Т. И. – «Организация встреч с иностранными партнерами». // Текст научной статьи по специальности «Философия, этика, религиоведение»: Всероссийская академия внешней торговли 2008 г.
  10. О. В. Желнович – «Воспитание толерантности студентов в процессе изучения иностранного языка». // Текст научной статьи по специальности «Науки об образовании»: 2010 г.
  11. Закирова Р.Р., Котлова Л.А. – «Национальные праздники США как отражение культурных традиций народа: историко-культурологический аспект». // Новое слово в науке и практике: гипотезы и апробация результатов исследований. 2014 № 11. С. 28-31.

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