Задания и тексты по английскому языку для студентов СПО
Задания и тексты по английскому языку
для студентов СПО
Правила чтения и транскрипция
I. Прочитайте слова, объясните правила чтения (к какому типу слога относятся).
Lake, fog, set, verb, plus, bark, note, fort, nine, flat, mix, desk, park, fat, six, time, clock, tea, plate, tube,
he, so, student, bus, firm, for, she, open, is, hot, make, curl, time, drink, team, tiny, mister, hurt, less, fir.
II. Распределите слова по I, II и III типу слогов.
Take, fox, bed, fir, try, cup, dark, rose, fork, line, face, fix, music, dress, car, hurt, funny, home, text, tin,
made, form, minus, often, see, tulip, rat, girl, it, place, burn, bag, tree, socks, term, snack, up, her, next,
lamp, nose, me, myth, tune, control, street, bar, go, fine, pupil, duck, turn.
III. Из упражнения 2 выпишите слова, в которых есть звуки:
[ei], [æ], [i:], [e], [ǝυ], [ͻ], [ju:], [ʌ], [ɑi], [i], [ɑ:], [ͻ:], [ǝ:].
IV. Соотнесите слова и звуки:
V. Соотнесите слово и транскрипцию.
1. shoes
2. choose
3. that
4. cheese
5. juice
6. joke
7. goes
8. does
9. yacht
10. walk
11. work
12. these
a. [wǝ:k]
b. [ʃu:z]
c. [ʤu:s]
d. [gǝυz]
e. [wͻ:k]
f. [jͻ:t]
g. [ʤǝυk]
h. [dʌz]
i. [tʃi:z]
j. [tʃu:z]
k. [ði:z]
l. [ðæt]
VI. Напишите транскрипцию слов:
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
winter
spring
summer
autumn
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
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Числительные
I. Произнесите и напишите числительные словами.
8, 13, 19, 24, 115, 67, 241, 3 472, 8 936, 12 745, 90 019, 582 310, 4 683 579, 326 491 587.
II. Произнесите название года.
876, 1066, 1147, 1612, 1666, 1348, 1703, 1812, 1400, 1914, 1961, 1945, 1616, 1300, 2008, 2014, 1939.
III. Напишите дату словами.
22 января, 1 ноября, 3 июля, 15 мая, 2 сентября, 23 августа, 9 октября, 8 февраля, 22 апреля, 23
марта, 30 июня, 12 декабря.
IV. Напишите даты праздников.
The New Year’s Day is on the ……………………………………………………………………………..
Christmas is on the …………………………………………………………………………………………
Epiphany is on the …………………………………………………………………………………………
The Day of Motherland’s Defender is on the ………………………………………………………………
Women’s Day is on the …………………………………………………………………………………….
Fool’s Day is on the ………………………………………………………………………………………..
Victory Day is on the ………………………………………………………………………………………
The Day of Russia is on the ………………………………………………………………………………..
The Day of Knowledge is on the ……………………………………………………………………………
The Day of People’s Unity is on the ………………………………………………………………………..
V. Напишите свой и своих родственников год и день рождения.
I was born in …………. . My birthday is on the ………………………………………………………… .
My mother was born in …………. . Her birthday is on the ……………………………………………… .
My father was born in …………. . His birthday is on the ……………………………………………….. .
My sister / brother was born in …………. . Her / his birthday is on the ………………………………… .
My granny was born in …………. . Her birthday is on the ……………………………………………… .
Test
I. Соотнесите:
1) twenty-five thousand six hundred and seventy-nine
2) eighteen sixty-four
3) the third of June
4) two thousand and five
5) four hundred ninety-six thousand and fifty-eight
a) 03.06.
b) 496 058
c) 1864
d) 25 679
e) 2005
II. Переведите на русский язык:
1) nine hundred and twenty-six
2) twelve thousand seven hundred eighty
3) five hundred forty-six thousand six hundred and seventy-eight
4) seventeen forty-three
5) the second of July
III. Напишите по—английски:
1) 382
2) 13 475
3) 579 681
4) 1147
5) 01. 02. 2013.
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Глагол “to be”
Вставьте am, is, are. Предложения переведите.
1. He … a student. 2. Fred … not angry. 3. My friend … kind. 4. Her name … Mary. 5. She … a nice girl. 6.
We … pupils. 7. His name … Tom. 8. I … seven. 9. Rex … brave and kind. 10. They … friends. 11. You …
happy. 12. Her name … Bess. 13. She … nice and merry. 14. Kate … not lazy. 15. Her name … Jill. 16. She
… seven. 17. He … a nice boy. 18. His house … nice. 19. Tim … slim and sad. 20. He … happy. 21. I and
Tom … friends. 22. Nick … strong. 23. Tom … smart. 24. Mr. Greenwood … nice. 25. His pet … funny.
26. Bob … strong. 27. It … black. 28. I … a pupil. 29. My friend … brave. 30. You … sad. 31. They …
strong. 32. Pete … nine. 33. Our cat … five. 34. She … seven. 35. They … ten. 36. My name … Kate. 37. I
… six. 38. I … not a pupil. 39. My dog … grey. 40. His cat … black and white. 41. My pets … funny. 42. I
… Dino. 43. My friend … strong and healthy. 44. Billy … fat. 45. We … in the park. 46. Crocodiles …
green. 47. Her shirt … not dirty. 48. I … not big. 49. Dino … not a teacher. 50. Pupils … lazy. 51. Tiny …
kind and funny. 52. I … seven. 53. You … a pupil. 54. Tom’s birthday … on the 8—th of July. 55. Tom …
from Great Britain. 56. My pets … funny. 57. The girl’s flowers … nice. 58. I … a student. 59. My father ...
not a shop-assistant, he … a scientist. 60. … your aunt a nurse? — Yes, she … . 61. … they at home? — No, they
… not. They … at school. 62. … you an engineer? — Yes, I…. 63. … your friend a photographer? No, she … not
a photographer, she … a student. 64. … your brothers at school? — Yes, they ... . 65. … this her watch? — Yes, it
… . 66. Max … an office-worker. 67. We … late, sorry! 68. It … funny. 69. You … free. 70. They … a
friendly family.
Местоимения
I. Замените выделенные слова личными местоимениями.
1. Pete is a small boy. 2. Nina is a nice girl. 3. I and my friend are students. 4. John is a worker. 5. The
boys are brothers. 6. The girls are cousins. 7. I and my sister are twins. 8. The girls are nieces. 9. The boys
are my nephews. 10. Oleg is a driver. 11. I and my mother are good friends. 12. Mary is a seller. 13. My
sister is a teacher. 14. My mum and dad are office workers. 15. My granny is a pensioner.
II. Вставьте личные местоимения по смыслу.
1. Pete is a boy, … is a small boy. 2. Nina is a girl, … is nice. 3. I and my friend are students, … are good
students. 4. John is a worker, … a qualified worker. 5. The boys are brothers, … are stepbrothers. 6. The
girls are cousins, … are Mary’s cousins. 7. I and my sister are teachers, … are born teachers. 8. The girls
are nieces, … are my nieces. 9. The boys are nephews, … are my father’s nephews. 10. Nick is a
designer, … a talented designer. 11. I and my mother are friends, … are good friends. 12. Mary is a
seller, … is a lucky seller. 13. My sister is a teacher, … is a kindergarten teacher. 14. My mum and dad
are office workers, … work in the bank. 15. My granny is a pensioner, … is old.
“About Myself”
Написание русских имен и географических названий английскими буквами
I. Напишите английскими буквами фамилии, имена и отчества своих одногруппников.
II. Напишите по—английски названия улиц:
Ул. Ленина, ул. Кантера, ул. Орлова, ул. Бошняка, ул. Горького, ул. Луначарского, ул. Чихачева, ул.
Попова, ул. Советская, ул. Чкаловская, ул. Володарского, ул. Красногвардейская, ул. Аэродромная,
ул. Красноармейская, ул. Школьная, ул. Сибирская, ул. Северная, ул. Пушкина, ул. Гоголя, ул.
Павловича.
III. Напишите по—английски названия поселков и городов:
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Николаевск—на Амуре, Хабаровск, Чныррах, Чля, Нижнее Пронге, Многовершинный, Нелькан,
Иннокентьевка, Сахаровка, Пуир, Тыр, Тахта, Охотск, Арка, Чекдомын, Чумикан, Биробиджан,
Благовещенск, Советская Гавань, Гжель, Красноярск, Сыктывкар, Йошкар—Ола, Ханты—Мансийск,
Южно—Сахалинск, Петропавловск—Камчатский, Салехард, Ашхабад, Царицыно.
IV. Заполните удостоверение личности.
Identity Card
V. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
About Myself
Let me introduce myself. My name is Timofei, Tim for short. My full name is Timofei Kurochkin. I’m
seventeen years old. I was born in 1998. My birthday is on the 22
nd
of January. I live in Russia, in the Far
East. I’m Russian. I‘m a student. I study at teachers’ training college. I want to be a teacher like my
grandfather. There are two more children in the family besides me — my elder brother Oleg and my
younger sister Maria. Oleg is twenty-one, he goes to the Academy and he will be a dentist. Maria is only
twelve, she is a schoolgirl. My parents are not old at all. My Mum is forty, she works for a newspaper.
My Dad is forty-four; he is an engineer in computers. My parents love their jobs very much. I’m doing
quite well at college. My parents are proud of my marks. I go in for sports. I play basketball. I take part in
different basketball competitions. I have many friends at school and in the team. My grandparents are
already retired. They are fond of gardening and spend all their time growing tomatoes, potatoes, onions,
strawberries, raspberries.
Vocabulary:
to introduce — представлять
let me introduce myself — разрешите представиться
besides – кроме
job — работа
quite – вполне
proud — гордый
to be proud of smth — гордиться чем—то
marks – оценки
to go in for sports — увлекаться спортом
take part in – принимать участие
competition – соревнование
to retire — быть на пенсии
to be fond of – увлекаться
grow – расти, выращивать
raspberries – малина
Questions:
1. What is the boy’s full name?
2. How old is he?
3. When is his birthday?
4. Where does he live?
5. What nationality is he?
6. Does Timofei go to school?
7. Where does he study?
8. What profession did he choose? Why?
9. Is he the only child in the family?
10. How old are his parents?
11. What are they?
12. What are they proud of? Why?
13. What is Tim’s hobby?
14. Does he have many or few friends?
15. What are his grandparents fond of?
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VI. Составьте диалог, используя вопросы.
1. What is your name?
2. What is your surname?
3. How old are you?
4. When were you born?
5. When is your birthday?
6. Where do you live?
7. What is your address?
8. What nationality are you?
9. What are you?
10. Where do you study?
11. What do you like to do?
12. Do you have many friends?
13. What are they fond of?
VII. Напишите о себе, используя опоры.
1. My name is ………………., ……………. for short.
2. My full name is ………………………………… .
3. I am ……………………………………. years old.
4. I was born in …………. .
5. My birthday is on the ………………………………………………………… .
6. I live in Russia.
7. I am ………………………… by nationality.
8. My address is ……………………………………………………………………….. .
9. I am a ………………………………………. .
10. I study at ……………………………………………………………………… .
11. I like to ………………………………………………………………………. .
12. I have many / few friends.
13. My best companions are ……………………………………………………… .
14. They are fond of ……………………………………………………………… .
“My Family”
I. Перепишите и переведите слова по теме “Family”
1. family
2. parents
3. mother
4. grandmother
5. father
6. wife
7. relative
8. husband
9. grandfather
10. grandparents
11. great-
18. son
19. grandson
20. granny
21. grandpa
22. cousin
23. twins
24. aunt
25. uncle
26. nephew
27. niece
28. marry
12. sister
13. brother
14. children
15. daughter
16. granddaughter
17. step
29. married
30. … —in-law
31. large
32. small
33. pensioner
34. grandchildren
II. Напишите слова по теме «Семья» в алфавитном порядке.
III. Вставьте пропущенные буквы и переведите слова на русский язык.
IV. Восстановите слова, переведите их на русский язык.
V. Напишите слова к транскрипции.
1. [a:nt]
2. [´nevju:]
3. [ni:s]
4. [ʌŋkl]
5. [´mærid]
6. [´pɛərənts]
7. [´kʌzin]
8. [´brʌðə]
9. [´waif]
10. [´hʌzbənd]
11. [´dɔ:tə]
12. [´relətiv]
VI. Найдите и выпишите слова по теме «Семья».
VII. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
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Our family, his cousin, their aunt, her uncle, your niece, their nephew, my relatives, our grandmother,
their grandfather, her husband, their children, his wife, your grandchildren, her grandson, his
granddaughter, their parents, our mother, her father, his daughter, their son, your married brother, my
sister, our grandparents.
VIII. Переведите словосочетания на английский язык.
Моя бабушка, их мама, наш папа, его сестра, её племянник, наши двоюродные братья и сестры,
твои бабушка и дедушка, их родители, его дядя, наша тетя, моя племянница, их дети, её дочь, его
жена, их родственники, твой сын, наша внучка, её внук, его брат, их дедушка, её муж, наши внуки,
моя замужняя сестра.
IX. Назовите родственников противоположного пола:
Father, aunt, distant, relative, niece, married, a family man, wife, grandmother, son, nephew, uncle,
grandfather, daughter, mother, sister, grandson, unmarried, brother, close relative, single, husband,
granddaughter.
X. Замените выделенные слова притяжательными местоимениями.
1. This is Jack’s brother. 2. This is Susan’s nephew. 3. This is Bob and Dick’s father. 4. This is my and
my sister’s granny. 4. This is Boris’s niece. 5. This is Mary’s sister-in-law. 6. These are Henry’s parents.
7. These are Betty’s grandparents. 8. This is my and my brother’s grandpa. 10. This is Richard’s stepson.
11. These are John and Nelly’s children. 12. This is Mrs. Green’s daughter. 13. These are the Greens’
grandchildren. 14. This is my and my stepsister’s family. 15. This is William’s cousin.
XI. Вставьте притяжательные местоимения по смыслу.
1. This is Jack’s uncle, he is … uncle. 2. This is Susan’s aunt, she is … aunt. 3. This is Bob and Dick’s
dad, he is … father. 4. This is my and my sister’s granny, she is … granny. 5. This is Boris’s niece, she
is … niece. 6. This is Mary’s sister—in-law, she is … sister—in-law. 7. These are Henry’s parents, they are
… parents. 8. These are Betty’s grandparents, they are … grandparents. 9. This is my and my brother’s
grandpa, he is … grandpa. 10. This is Richard’s stepson, he is … stepson. 11. These are John and Nelly’s
children, they are … children. 12. This is Mrs. Green’s daughter, she is … daughter. 13. These are the
Greens’ grandchildren, they are … grandchildren. 14. This is my and my stepsister’s family, it’s …
family. 15. This is William’s cousin, it’s … cousin.
XII. Перефразируйте, используя притяжательный падеж.
The brother of my mother, the parents of my friend, the sister of my father, the business of my parents,
the daughter of my uncle, the cousin of my mother, the niece of my father, the children of my aunt, the
house of my uncle and aunt, the name of my cousin, the dog of my nephew, the doll of my niece, the car
of my elder brother, the bike of his son.
XIII. Закончите предложения.
1. My mother’s mother is my …
7. My parents’ daughter is my …
2. My mother’s father is my …
8. My aunt’s children are my …
3. My mother’s parents are my …
9. My sister’s daughter is my …
4. My mother’s brother is my …
10. My brother’s son is my …
5. My mother’s sister is my …
11. My mother and my father are my …
6. My parents’ son is my …
12. My mum is my Granny’s …
XIV. Напишите, кем вы являетесь для своих родственников.
I am a ………..
XV. Напишите, какие родственники у вас есть.
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I have a …..
XVI. Составьте диалог о своей семье.
— Do you have many or few relatives?
— What relatives do you have?
— Is your family large or small?
— How many of you in the family?
— What is your mother’s name?
— How old is she?
— What is she?
— What is your father’s name?
— How old is he?
— What is he?
— Do you have brothers or sisters?
— What is her/his name?
— How old is he/she?
— What is he/she?
— Do you have grandparents?
— Are they old?
— Do they work?
— Are you a friendly family?
— I have many/few relatives?
— I have …
— My family is large / small; not very large /
not very small.
— We are … :
— My mother’s name is ….
— She is …
— She is a …
— My father’s name is ….
— He is …
— He is a …
— I have a …….
— Her/his name is ……
— He/she is ….
— He/she is a ….
— Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
— Granny is …, Grandpa is … .
— Yes, they do. / No, they don’t. They are
pensioners.
— I think we are a friendly family, but
sometimes we have problems.
XVII. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
About My Family
My family is not very big, just a typical family: Dad, Mom, me, my brother and sister and me.
My Mummy is forty-one, she is a teacher of Spanish at the University. She is a born teacher. She
has teaching abilities.
My Dad is forty-two, he is a professional painter and he works for a design company. My parents
both like their work very much.
My elder sister Natasha is nineteen, she goes to the University and she wants to be a teacher of
history. She is fond of reading books on history and fiction.
My younger brother Igor is only six years old, he goes to the kindergarten. He is very funny; I like
to spend my free time teaching him something. Igor likes to play with our cat.
My grandparents are retired. They like gardening. They spend a lot of their time in the garden. They
grow vegetables and fruits. We enjoy having fresh vegetables and green on our dinner table.
I love my family very much. We always help each other. Everyone in my family is my best friend.
Vocabulary:
typical — типичный
Spanish — испанский
ability — способность
painter — художник
fiction — художественная литература
Questions:
1. How many are they in the family?
2. How old is mother?
3. What is she?
4. How old is father?
5. What is he?
funny — смешной
to spend — проводить
to grow — выращивать
to enjoy — наслаждаться
to be retired — выйти на пенсию
green — зелень
to be fond of smth. — нравиться кому—либо
6. How is the sister?
7. What is her name?
8. What is she?
9. What is she fond of?
10. How is the brother?
11. What is his name?
12. Do the grandparents work?
13. What do they like to do?
14. How do they get along in the family?
XVIII. Напишите о своей семье, используйте диалог и текст.
“My Working Day”
I. Прочитайте слова.
wash
watch
walk
homework
with
housework
get
dress
rest
help
bed
friend
then
breakfast
listen
dinner
till
visit
with
read
clean
evening
sleep
asleep
III. Запишите перевод выражений.
1. make my bed_____________________________
2. dress ___________________________________
3. go to college _____________________________
4. have lessons _____________________________
5. have lunch/dinner _________________________
6. have a rest _______________________________
7. listen to music ____________________________
8. do sports ________________________________
9. visit friends ______________________________
10. chat with friends __________________________
11. help about the house _______________________
12. do housework ____________________________
13. then ____________________________________
14. at 6 o’clock ______________________________
15. from … till … ____________________________
IV. Найдите слова по теме. Выпишите и переведите их.
V. Вставьте пропущенные буквы, переведите слова.
1. br_ _kfast
2. home_ork
3. l_nch
4. fr_ _nd
5. l_sson
6. s_pper
7. h_ _sework
8. w_lk
9. th_n
10. ch_t
11. m _sic
12. colle_e
VI. Восстановите слова и переведите их.
1. haws
2. hatc
3. tawch
4. erda
5. sert
6. sersd
7. pelh
8. silent
9. deb
10. tivis
VII. Соотнесите слова и транскрипцию. Запишите перевод слов.
1. [´redi]
2. [ri:d]
3. [swiʧ]
4. [swi:p]
5. [´bizi]
6. [bed]
7. [taim]
8. [twais]
9. [wɔʧ]
10.[wɔʃ]
11.[´diʃiz]
a. busy
b. ready
c. twice
d. switch
e. dishes
f. sweep
g. read
h. bed
i. time
j. watch
k. wash
VIII. Прочитайте текст.
I am very busy on my week-days. On week-days my working day begins early in the morning.
My school starts at 8 o’clock, so I get up at 7, to be ready in time. Sometimes I do my morning exercises,
then I go to the bathroom. I clean my teeth, wash my face. Then I go back to my room, make my bed. I
switch on my radio, usually I listen to radio. I dress, comb my hair, put a little make-ups. By that time my
breakfast is ready (my mother cooks it for me). At 7.45 I take my bag and go to my school. My school
starts at 8 o’clock and I don’t like to be late. Usually I have six or seven lessons a day, it lasts till 3 o’clock.
After each lesson there is a break, so I chat with my friends or eat my sandwich. When school is over I go
home. First of all I walk my dog. Then I have my dinner and rest. The teachers give us a lot of homework,
so I start doing it about 4.30 or 5.00 p.m. My parents get home about six o’clock. We watch TV, have
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supper together. After it, I help my mother to do some work about the house — wash dishes, sweep the
floor, clean the room. Twice a week in evenings I go to play tennis. When I do not go to play tennis, I
stay at home and watch TV, listen to the music, read magazines. Sometimes my friends call me and we go
for a walk. At eleven o’clock I go to bed and fall asleep.
IX. Выпишите из текста слова к транскрипции и переведите их.
1. [wi:k]
2. [bæg]
3. [stei]
4. [teik]
5. [ti:θ]
6. [breik]
7. [sʌmtaimz]
8. [juӡᴜəli]
9. [kəᴜm]
10. [ba:θrum]
11. [kli:n]
Переведите текст.
X. Составьте вопросы и запишите их.
get up?
have breakfast?
go to college?
have lessons?
go home?
have dinner?
have a rest?
do homework?
do in the evening?
have supper?
go to bed?
XI. Ответьте на вопросы и запишите свои ответы.
XII. Разыграйте диалог. Используйте вопросы: «And you? And what about you?»
XIII. Опишите свой рабочий день и расскажите о нем.
Библиографический список
1. Агабекян И.П. Англ. язык для средних специальных заведений. Ростов—на—Дону, 2003.
2. Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика С—Петербург, 2003.
3. Голубев А.П. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов СПО. М., 2008.
4. Куриленко Ю. В. 400 тем по английскому языку для школьников, абитуриентов, студентов и
преподавателей. Учебное пособие. БАО—ПРЕСС Рипол Классик, Москва 2005.
12
5. Рогова Г.В. Англ. язык за два года. М., 1997.
6. Степанова Е.Н. Учебное пособие по англ. языку для I курса пед. колледжа. Ростов—на— Дону,
1999.
Е.А.
Полупанова
Сборник
заданий
и текстов по английскому языку
для
1 курса
Николаевск-на-Амуре
2014
Министерство
образования и науки Хабаровского края
Николаевский-на-Амуре
педагогический колледж коренных малочисленных народов Севера – филиал краевого
государственно бюджетного образовательного учреждения среднего
профессионального образования «Хабаровский педагогический колледж»
Е.А.
Полупанова
Сборник
заданий и текстов по английскому языку для 1 курса
Утверждено
в качестве учебного пособия
научно-методическим
советом НнАПК КМНС – филиала КГБОУ СПО ХПК
Николаевск-на-Амуре
2014
Е.А. Полупанова
Сборник заданий и
текстов по английскому языку для 1 курса: НнАПК КМНС – филиал КГБОУ СПО ХПК, 2014
– 37 с.
Сборник
предназначен для студентов специальностей 0050146 «Преподавание в начальных
классах» и 0050144 «Дошкольное образование» и нацелен на формирование у
студентов языковых и речевых навыков по темам, изучаемым на первом году
обучения в педагогическом колледже. В сборник включены задания, тексты и
упражнения, способствующие овладению лексическим и грамматическим материалом,
развитию навыков чтения, говорения и письма в соответствии с рабочей программой
для 1 курса и уровнем подготовки студентов.
Издательство
НнАПК КМНС – филиала КГБОУ СПО ХПК, 2014
Содержание
Пояснительная
записка
…………………………………………………………………………5
Вводный курс
Правила чтения и
транскрипция. Числительные …………………………………………….6
Глагол «to be».
Личные и притяжательные местоимения ……………………………………8
Тема «About Myself»
……………………………………………………………………………8
Тема «My Family»
………………………………………………………………………………10
Тема «My Working Day»
………………………………………………………………………14
Тема
«My Day Off» …………………………………………………………………………….18
Тема
«My Home» ………………………………………………………………………………20
Тема
«School Years» ……………………………………………………………………………25
Тема «Seasons and Weather»
…………………………………………………………………..29
Библиографический
список…….………………………………………………………………35
Приложение……………………………………………………………………………………..36
Пояснительная
записка
Данный
сборник предназначен для студентов 1 курсов специальностей «Преподавание в
начальных классах» и «Дошкольное образование» и рассчитан на 2 семестра.
Задания из сборника могут быть использованы для студентов, обучающихся по индивидуальным
планам.
Главная
цель сборника – развитие у студентов фонетических, лексических и грамматических
навыков, навыков чтения и перевода, устной и письменной речи.
В
сборник включен материал, изучаемый на 1 курсе. Это основные
обязательные
темы,
такие
как:
About Myself, My Family, My Working Day, My Day Off, My Home, School Years, Seasons
and Weather. В начале сборника даны упражнения для
устного вводного курса: повторение правил чтения, транскрипции, числительных,
глагола «to be»
в настоящем времени, личных и притяжательных местоимений. Овладение фонетикой,
лексикой и грамматикой – необходимое условие для формирования навыков во всех
видах речевой деятельности. Поэтому каждая тема начинается со списка
лексических единиц, которые затем отрабатываются в упражнениях на уровне слова,
словосочетания и предложения. Кроме того, есть упражнения для развития
фонетических навыков: чтение слов с определенным звуком, соотнесения слова и
транскрипции, написание слов к предложенной транскрипции. Необходимый грамматический
материал отрабатывается в условно-речевых и речевых упражнениях. В сборник
включены диалоги для развития навыков диалогической речи и тексты для чтения и
перевода, являющиеся также полно изложенными устными темами, которые помогут
студентам подготовиться к устному ответу по теме. Также для подготовки устного
монологического высказывания в конце тем есть опоры, помогающие построить
связный рассказ. В приложении дается список наиболее употребляемых неправильных
глаголов, которые студенты должны выучить к концу учебного года.
Все
задания разработаны с учетом уровня знаний и владения английским языком
студентов, поступающих на первый курс педагогического колледжа.
Правила
чтения и транскрипция
I.
Прочитайте слова, объясните правила чтения
(к какому типу слога относятся).
Lake, fog, set, verb,
plus, bark, note, fort, nine, flat, mix, desk, park, fat, six, time, clock,
tea, plate, tube, he, so, student, bus, firm, for, she, open, is, hot, make,
curl, time, drink, team, tiny, mister, hurt, less, fir.
II.
Распределите слова по I,
II
и III типу слогов.
Take,
fox, bed, fir, try, cup, dark, rose, fork, line, face, fix, music, dress, car,
hurt, funny, home, text, tin, made, form, minus, often, see, tulip, rat, girl,
it, place, burn, bag, tree, socks, term, snack, up, her, next, lamp, nose, me,
myth, tune, control, street, bar, go, fine, pupil, duck, turn.
III.
Из упражнения 2 выпишите слова, в которых
есть звуки:
[ei],
[æ], [i:], [e], [ǝυ],
[ͻ], [ju:], [ʌ],
[ɑi],
[i], [ɑ:],
[ͻ:], [ǝ:].
IV.
Соотнесите слова и звуки:
|
1. [ei] |
2. [æ] |
3. [i:] |
4. [e] |
5. [ǝυ] |
6. [ͻ] |
7. [ju:] |
8. [ʌ] |
9. [ɑi] |
10. [i] |
11. [ɑ:] |
12. [ͻ:] |
13. |
|
a. |
b. line |
c. luck |
d. lane |
e. lack |
f. left |
g. little |
h. close |
i. lark |
j. lee |
k. lurk |
l. lute |
m. |
V.
Соотнесите слово и транскрипцию.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. |
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. |
VI.
Напишите транскрипцию слов:
|
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday winter spring summer autumn |
December January February March April May June July August September October November |
Числительные
I.
Произнесите и напишите числительные
словами.
8,
13, 19, 24, 115, 67, 241, 3 472, 8 936, 12 745, 90 019, 582 310,
4 683 579, 326 491 587.
II.
Произнесите название года.
876,
1066, 1147, 1612, 1666, 1348, 1703, 1812, 1400, 1914, 1961, 1945, 1616, 1300,
2008, 2014, 1939.
III.
Напишите дату словами.
22
января, 1 ноября, 3 июля, 15 мая, 2 сентября, 23 августа, 9 октября, 8 февраля,
22 апреля, 23 марта, 30 июня, 12 декабря.
IV.
Напишите даты праздников.
The
New Year’s Day is on the ……………………………………………………………………………..
Christmas
is on the …………………………………………………………………………………………
Epiphany
is on the …………………………………………………………………………………………
The
Day of Motherland’s Defender is on the ………………………………………………………………
Women’s
Day is on the …………………………………………………………………………………….
Fool’s
Day is on the ………………………………………………………………………………………..
Victory
Day is on the ………………………………………………………………………………………
The
Day of Russia is on the ………………………………………………………………………………..
The
Day of Knowledge is on the ……………………………………………………………………………
The
Day of People’s Unity is on the ………………………………………………………………………..
V.
Напишите свой и своих родственников год и
день рождения.
I
was born in …………. . My birthday is on the ………………………………………………………… .
My
mother was born in …………. . Her birthday is on the ……………………………………………… .
My
father was born in …………. . His birthday is on the ……………………………………………….. .
My
sister / brother was born in …………. . Her / his birthday is on the …………………………………
.
My
granny was born in …………. . Her birthday is on the ……………………………………………… .
Test
I.
Соотнесите:
|
1) twenty-five 2) eighteen 3) the 4) two 5) four |
a) b) c) d) e) |
II.
Переведите на русский язык:
1) nine
hundred and twenty-six
2) twelve
thousand seven hundred eighty
3) five
hundred forty-six thousand six hundred and seventy-eight
4) seventeen
forty-three
5) the
second of July
III.
Напишите по-английски:
1) 382
2) 13 475
3) 579 681
4) 1147
5) 01.
02. 2013.
Глагол
“to
be”
Вставьте
am,
is, are. Предложения переведите.
1. He
… a student.
2.
Fred … not angry. 3. My friend … kind. 4. Her name … Mary. 5. She … a nice
girl. 6. We … pupils. 7. His name … Tom. 8. I … seven. 9. Rex … brave and kind.
10. They … friends. 11. You … happy. 12. Her name … Bess. 13. She … nice and
merry. 14. Kate … not lazy. 15. Her name … Jill. 16. She … seven. 17. He … a
nice boy. 18. His house … nice. 19. Tim … slim and sad. 20. He … happy. 21. I
and Tom … friends. 22. Nick … strong. 23. Tom … smart. 24. Mr.
Greenwood … nice. 25. His pet … funny. 26. Bob … strong. 27. It … black. 28. I
… a pupil. 29. My friend … brave. 30. You … sad. 31. They … strong. 32. Pete …
nine. 33. Our cat … five. 34. She … seven. 35. They … ten. 36. My name … Kate.
37. I … six. 38. I … not a pupil. 39. My dog … grey. 40. His cat … black and
white. 41. My pets … funny. 42. I … Dino. 43. My friend … strong and healthy.
44. Billy … fat. 45. We … in the park. 46. Crocodiles … green. 47. Her shirt …
not dirty. 48. I … not big. 49. Dino … not a teacher. 50. Pupils … lazy. 51.
Tiny … kind and funny. 52. I … seven. 53. You … a pupil. 54. Tom’s birthday …
on the 8-th of July. 55. Tom … from Great Britain. 56. My pets … funny. 57. The
girl’s flowers … nice. 58. I … a student. 59. My father … not a
shop-assistant, he … a scientist. 60. … your aunt a nurse? — Yes, she … .
61. … they at home? — No, they … not. They … at school. 62. … you an
engineer? — Yes, I…. 63. … your friend a photographer? No, she … not a
photographer, she … a student. 64. … your brothers at school? — Yes, they
… . 65. … this her watch? — Yes, it … . 66. Max … an office-worker. 67.
We … late, sorry! 68. It … funny. 69. You … free. 70. They … a friendly
family.
Местоимения
I.
Замените выделенные слова личными местоимениями.
1.
Pete is a small boy. 2. Nina is a nice girl. 3. I and my
friend are students. 4. John is a worker. 5. The boys are
brothers. 6. The girls are cousins. 7. I and my sister are twins.
8. The girls are nieces. 9. The boys are my nephews. 10. Oleg
is a driver. 11. I and my mother are good friends. 12. Mary is a
seller. 13. My sister is a teacher. 14. My mum and dad are office
workers. 15. My granny is a pensioner.
II.
Вставьте личные местоимения по смыслу.
1.
Pete is a boy, … is a small boy. 2. Nina is a girl, … is nice. 3. I and my
friend are students, … are good students. 4. John is a worker, … a qualified
worker. 5. The boys are brothers, … are stepbrothers. 6. The girls are cousins,
… are Mary’s cousins. 7. I and my sister are teachers, … are born teachers. 8.
The girls are nieces, … are my nieces. 9. The boys are nephews, … are my
father’s nephews. 10. Nick is a designer, … a talented designer. 11. I and my
mother are friends, … are good friends. 12. Mary is a seller, … is a lucky
seller. 13. My sister is a teacher, … is a kindergarten teacher. 14. My mum and
dad are office workers, … work in the bank. 15.
My granny is a pensioner,
… is old.
“About Myself”
Написание
русских имен и географических названий английскими буквами
I.
Напишите английскими буквами фамилии, имена и отчества своих одногруппников.
II.
Напишите по-английски названия улиц:
Ул. Ленина, ул. Кантера,
ул. Орлова, ул. Бошняка, ул. Горького, ул. Луначарского, ул. Чихачева, ул. Попова,
ул. Советская, ул. Чкаловская, ул. Володарского, ул. Красногвардейская, ул. Аэродромная,
ул. Красноармейская, ул. Школьная, ул. Сибирская, ул.
Северная, ул. Пушкина, ул. Гоголя, ул. Павловича.
III.
Напишите по-английски названия поселков и городов:
Николаевск-на Амуре,
Хабаровск, Чныррах, Чля, Нижнее Пронге, Многовершинный, Нелькан, Иннокентьевка,
Сахаровка, Пуир, Тыр, Тахта, Охотск, Арка, Чекдомын, Чумикан, Биробиджан,
Благовещенск, Советская Гавань, Гжель, Красноярск, Сыктывкар, Йошкар-Ола, Ханты-Мансийск,
Южно-Сахалинск, Петропавловск-Камчатский, Салехард, Ашхабад, Царицыно.
IV. Заполните
удостоверение личности.
Identity
Card
|
First name |
|
|
Surname |
|
|
Citizenship |
|
|
Nationality |
|
|
Occupation |
|
|
City (town, village) |
|
|
Address |
|
|
Telephone number |
V.
Прочитайте и переведите текст.
About Myself
Let me introduce myself. My name is Timofei, Tim for
short. My full name is Timofei Kurochkin. I’m seventeen years old. I was born
in 1998. My birthday is on the 22nd of January. I live in Russia, in
the Far East. I’m Russian. I’m a student. I study at teachers’ training
college. I want to be a teacher like my grandfather. There are two more children
in the family besides me — my elder brother Oleg and my younger sister Maria.
Oleg is twenty-one, he goes to the Academy and he will be a dentist. Maria is
only twelve, she is a schoolgirl. My parents are not old at all. My Mum is
forty, she works for a newspaper. My Dad is forty-four; he is an engineer in
computers. My parents love their jobs very much. I’m doing quite well at college.
My parents are proud of my marks. I go in for sports. I play basketball. I take
part in different basketball competitions. I have many friends at school and in
the team. My grandparents are already retired. They are fond of gardening and
spend all their time growing tomatoes, potatoes, onions, strawberries,
raspberries.
|
Vocabulary: to introduce — представлять let me introduce myself besides job quite proud — гордый to be proud of marks – оценки to go in for sports — увлекаться take competition to to be fond of – увлекаться grow – расти, raspberries |
Questions: 1. What is the boy’s 2. How old is he? 3. When is his 4. Where does he live? 5. What nationality is 6. Does Timofei go to 7. Where does he study? 8. What profession did 9. Is he the only child 10. How old are his 11. What are they? 12. What are they proud 13. What is Tim’s 14. Does he have many 15. What are his |
VI.
Составьте диалог, используя вопросы.
1. What
is your name?
2. What
is your surname?
3. How
old are you?
4. When
were you born?
5. When
is your birthday?
6. Where
do you live?
7. What
is your address?
8. What
nationality are you?
9. What
are you?
10. Where
do you study?
11. What
do you like to do?
12. Do
you have many friends?
13. What
are they fond of?
VII.
Напишите о себе, используя опоры.
1. My
name is ………………., ……………. for short.
2. My
full name is ………………………………… .
3. I
am ……………………………………. years old.
4. I
was born in …………. .
5. My
birthday is on the ………………………………………………………… .
6. I
live in Russia.
7. I
am ………………………… by nationality.
8. My
address is ……………………………………………………………………….. .
9. I
am a ………………………………………. .
10. I
study at ……………………………………………………………………… .
11. I
like to ………………………………………………………………………. .
12. I
have many / few friends.
13. My
best companions are ……………………………………………………… .
14. They
are fond of ……………………………………………………………… .
“My Family”
I.
Перепишите и переведите слова по теме “Family”
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. |
18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. |
II.
Напишите слова по теме «Семья» в алфавитном порядке.
III.
Вставьте пропущенные буквы и переведите слова на русский язык.
|
…ncle |
ni…ce |
|
a…nt |
s…n |
|
co…sin |
d…ug…ter |
|
t…ins |
w…fe |
|
rel…tive |
h…sband |
|
ne…hew |
pensi…ner |
IV.
Восстановите слова, переведите их на русский язык.
|
raspent |
pewhen |
|
godnrasn |
stiwn |
|
ceine |
therbor |
|
fiew |
sonicu |
|
andbush |
letavier |
V.
Напишите слова к транскрипции.
1.
[a:nt]
2.
[´nevju:]
3.
[ni:s]
4.
[ʌŋkl]
5.
[´mærid]
6.
[´pɛərənts]
7.
[´kʌzin]
8.
[´brʌðə]
9.
[´waif]
10.
[´hʌzbənd]
11.
[´dɔ:tə]
12.
[´relətiv]
VI.
Найдите и выпишите слова по теме «Семья».
|
g |
f |
a |
t |
g |
m |
a |
r |
r |
i |
e |
d |
o |
|
r |
r |
d |
w |
r |
u |
u |
u |
l |
n |
s |
g |
s |
|
a |
e |
a |
i |
a |
m |
n |
n |
a |
e |
m |
r |
g |
|
n |
l |
u |
n |
n |
m |
t |
c |
r |
p |
a |
a |
r |
|
d |
a |
g |
s |
d |
y |
a |
l |
g |
h |
l |
n |
a |
|
m |
t |
h |
i |
c |
d |
f |
e |
e |
e |
l |
d |
n |
|
o |
i |
t |
s |
h |
c |
a |
h |
b |
w |
y |
s |
d |
|
t |
v |
e |
t |
i |
o |
m |
u |
b |
i |
g |
o |
f |
|
h |
e |
r |
e |
l |
u |
i |
s |
g |
s |
o |
n |
a |
|
e |
o |
n |
r |
d |
s |
l |
b |
a |
h |
b |
y |
t |
|
r |
o |
s |
e |
r |
i |
y |
a |
t |
i |
t |
o |
h |
|
n |
i |
e |
c |
e |
n |
e |
n |
d |
a |
d |
e |
e |
|
w |
g |
r |
a |
n |
n |
y |
d |
f |
o |
u |
r |
r |
VII.
Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
Our
family, his cousin, their aunt, her uncle, your niece, their nephew, my
relatives, our grandmother, their grandfather, her husband, their children, his
wife, your grandchildren, her grandson, his granddaughter, their parents, our
mother, her father, his daughter, their son, your married brother, my sister,
our grandparents.
VIII.
Переведите словосочетания на английский язык.
Моя
бабушка, их мама, наш папа, его сестра, её племянник, наши двоюродные братья и
сестры, твои бабушка и дедушка, их родители, его дядя, наша тетя, моя
племянница, их дети, её дочь, его жена, их родственники, твой сын, наша внучка,
её внук, его брат, их дедушка, её муж, наши внуки, моя замужняя сестра.
IX.
Назовите родственников противоположного пола:
Father, aunt, distant,
relative, niece, married, a family man, wife, grandmother, son, nephew, uncle,
grandfather, daughter, mother, sister, grandson, unmarried, brother, close
relative, single, husband, granddaughter.
X. Замените
выделенные слова
притяжательными
местоимениями.
1. This is Jack’s
brother. 2. This is Susan’s nephew. 3. This is Bob and Dick’s
father. 4. This is my and my sister’s granny. 4. This is Boris’s
niece. 5. This is Mary’s sister-in-law. 6. These are Henry’s parents.
7. These are Betty’s grandparents. 8. This is my and my brother’s grandpa.
10. This is Richard’s stepson. 11. These are John and Nelly’s
children. 12. This is Mrs. Green’s daughter. 13. These are the Greens’
grandchildren. 14. This is my and my stepsister’s family. 15. This is William’s
cousin.
XI. Вставьте
притяжательные местоимения по смыслу.
1. This is Jack’s uncle,
he is
… uncle.
2.
This is Susan’s aunt, she is … aunt. 3. This is Bob and Dick’s dad, he is … father.
4. This is my and my sister’s granny, she is … granny. 5. This is Boris’s niece,
she is … niece. 6. This is Mary’s sister-in-law, she is … sister-in-law. 7.
These are Henry’s parents, they are … parents. 8. These are Betty’s
grandparents, they are … grandparents. 9. This is my and my brother’s grandpa,
he is … grandpa. 10. This is Richard’s stepson, he is … stepson. 11. These are
John and Nelly’s children, they are … children. 12. This is Mrs. Green’s
daughter, she is … daughter. 13. These are the Greens’ grandchildren, they are
… grandchildren. 14. This is my and my stepsister’s family, it’s … family. 15. This
is William’s cousin, it’s … cousin.
XII.
Перефразируйте, используя притяжательный
падеж.
The brother of my mother,
the parents of my friend, the sister of my father, the business of my parents,
the daughter of my uncle, the cousin of my mother, the niece of my father, the
children of my aunt, the house of my uncle and aunt, the name of my cousin, the
dog of my nephew, the doll of my niece, the car of my elder brother, the bike
of his son.
XIII. Закончите
предложения.
|
1. |
7. |
|
2. |
8. |
|
3. |
9. |
|
4. |
10. |
|
5. |
11. |
|
6. |
12. |
XIV.
Напишите, кем вы являетесь для своих
родственников.
I
am a ………..
XV.
Напишите, какие родственники у вас есть.
I
have a …..
XVI.
Составьте диалог о своей
семье.
|
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — |
— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — |
XVII. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
About My Family
My family is not very big, just a
typical family: Dad, Mom, me, my brother and sister and me.
My Mummy is forty-one, she is a
teacher of Spanish at the University. She is a born teacher. She has teaching
abilities.
My Dad is forty-two, he is a
professional painter and he works for a design company. My parents both like
their work very much.
My elder sister Natasha is nineteen,
she goes to the University and she wants to be a teacher of history. She is
fond of reading books on history and fiction.
My younger brother Igor is only six
years old, he goes to the kindergarten. He is very funny; I like to spend my
free time teaching him something. Igor likes to play with our cat.
My grandparents are retired. They
like gardening. They spend a lot of their time in the garden. They grow
vegetables and fruits. We enjoy having fresh vegetables and green on our dinner
table.
I love my family very much. We always
help each other. Everyone in my family is my best friend.
|
Vocabulary: typical — типичный Spanish — испанский ability — способность painter fiction funny to spend — проводить to grow — выращивать to enjoy — наслаждаться to be retired — выйти green — зелень to be fond of smth. — нравиться |
Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is she? 9. What is she fond of? 10. How is the brother? 11. What is his name? 12. Do the grandparents work? 13. What do they like to do? 14. How do they get along in the family? |
XVIII. Напишите о своей семье, используйте диалог и текст.
“My
Working Day”
I. Прочитайте
слова.
|
[ѡ] |
[е] |
[æ] |
[ᴧ] |
[i] |
[i:] |
[әυ] |
[аυ] |
|
wash watch walk homework with housework |
get dress rest help bed friend then breakfast |
have back chat at |
come supper lunch up |
listen dinner till visit with |
read clean evening sleep asleep |
go home homework |
about house |
II.
Соотнесите выражение и картинку. Запишите перевод.
|
1. |
a. e. i. |
|
2. |
|
|
3. |
|
|
4. |
|
|
5. |
|
|
6. |
|
|
7. |
|
|
8. |
|
|
9. |
|
|
10. |
|
|
11. |
III.
Запишите перевод
выражений.
1.
make my bed_____________________________
2.
dress ___________________________________
3.
go to college _____________________________
4.
have lessons _____________________________
5.
have lunch/dinner _________________________
6.
have a rest _______________________________
7.
listen to music ____________________________
8.
do sports ________________________________
9.
visit friends ______________________________
10.
chat with friends __________________________
11.
help about the house _______________________
12.
do housework ____________________________
13.
then ____________________________________
14.
at 6 o’clock ______________________________
15.
from
… till
… ____________________________
IV.
Найдите слова по теме. Выпишите и переведите их.
|
c |
d |
i |
n |
n |
e |
r |
w |
a |
s |
h |
|
o |
v |
a |
d |
o |
g |
e |
t |
l |
w |
o |
|
l |
m |
k |
r |
w |
o |
w |
e |
i |
u |
|
|
l |
b |
r |
e |
a |
k |
f |
a |
s |
t |
s |
|
e |
a |
e |
s |
t |
l |
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l |
s |
h |
e |
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g |
c |
a |
s |
c |
u |
p |
k |
o |
t |
w |
|
e |
k |
d |
r |
h |
n |
o |
c |
n |
h |
o |
|
h |
b |
f |
e |
a |
c |
r |
h |
u |
e |
r |
|
o |
e |
b |
s |
w |
h |
t |
a |
p |
n |
k |
|
m |
d |
o |
t |
l |
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s |
t |
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n |
a |
|
e |
v |
i |
s |
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t |
h |
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l |
p |
t |
V.
Вставьте пропущенные буквы, переведите слова.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. |
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. |
VI. Восстановите
слова и
переведите их.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. |
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. |
VII. Соотнесите
слова и
транскрипцию.
Запишите перевод
слов.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.[wɔʃ] 11.[´diʃiz] |
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. |
VIII. Прочитайте текст.
I am very busy on my week-days. On
week-days my working day begins early in the morning. My school starts at 8
o’clock, so I get up at 7, to be ready in time. Sometimes I do my morning
exercises, then I go to the bathroom. I clean my teeth, wash my face. Then I go
back to my room, make my bed. I switch on my radio, usually I listen to radio.
I dress, comb my hair, put a little make-up. By that time my breakfast is ready
(my mother cooks it for me). At 7.45 I take my bag and go to my school. My
school starts at 8 o’clock and I don’t like to be late. Usually I have six or
seven lessons a day, it lasts till 3 o’clock. After each lesson there is a
break, so I chat with my friends or eat my sandwich. When school is over I go
home. First of all I walk my dog. Then I have my dinner and rest. The teachers
give us a lot of homework, so I start doing it about 4.30 or 5.00 p.m. My
parents get home about six o’clock. We watch TV, have supper together. After
it, I help my mother to do some work about the house — wash dishes, sweep the
floor, clean the room. Twice a week in evenings I go to play tennis. When I do
not go to play tennis, I stay at home and watch TV, listen to the music, read
magazines. Sometimes my friends call me and we go for a walk. At eleven o’clock
I go to bed and fall asleep.
IX. Выпишите из текста
слова к транскрипции и переведите их.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. |
Переведите текст.
X. Составьте
вопросы и
запишите их.
|
When How What |
do |
you |
get have go have go have have do do have go |
XI.
Ответьте на вопросы и запишите свои ответы.
XII. Разыграйте диалог.
Используйте вопросы: «And you?
And what about you?»
XIII. Опишите свой рабочий
день и расскажите о нем.
Тренировочные
упражнения по теме «Группа времен Simple»
I. Поставьте
глагол в
Present, Past и
Future Simple. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
1.
She,
to eat.
2.
We
to do.
II. Определите
видовременную форму глагола, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.
She
goes to school every day.
2.
They
will skate next winter.
3.
I
cooked supper yesterday.
4.
He
got a “4” on History.
5.
You
swim on Sunday.
6.
We
will have a day off tomorrow.
III.
Поставьте глагол в нужную форму,
переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.
He
(to meet) with his friends yesterday.
2.
You
(to watch) TV every day!
3.
I
(to vacuum) tomorrow.
4.
She
(to ski) on Sunday.
5.
They
(to listen) to music last Saturday.
6.
We
(to drink) coffee next morning.
IV.
Переведите предложения на английский
язык.
1.
Он встает в 6 утра почти (almost)
каждый день. Вчера он встал в 6.30, а завтра встанет в 6.15.
2.
Обычно мы готовим еду вечером. Вчера мы
готовили ужин в 7 часов, а завтра мы будем готовить обед днем.
Домашняя
работа. Тренировочные упражнения по теме «Группа времен Simple»
I. Поставьте
глагол в
Present, Past и
Future Simple. Переведите предложения на
русский язык.
I,
to visit my friends.
II. Определите
видовременную форму глагола, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.
She
dusted the furniture yesterday.
2.
I
will do housework tomorrow.
3.
You
water flowers every day.
III.
Поставьте глагол в нужную форму,
переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.
He
(to make) the bed every day.
2.
We
(to swim) last weekend.
3.
I
(to wash up) tomorrow.
IV.
Переведите предложения на английский
язык.
Он
сидит в интернете (almost)
каждый день. Вчера он сидел в интернете весь (the whole)
день и завтра он будет сидеть в интернете опять (again).
“My
Day Off”
I. Перепишите
слова по теме и переведите их.
|
1. day 2. weekend 3. get 4. wash 5. have 6. have 7. have 8. have 9. have 10. dress 11. have 12. read 13. watch 14. play 15. listen 16. do 17. visit 18. chat 19. meet 20. go 21. go 22. go 23. go |
24. go 25. go 26. go 27. play 28. swim 29. skate 30. ski 31. toboggan 32. ride 33. do 34. do 35. go 36. go 37. surf 38. do 39. make 40. wash 41. vacuum 42. wash 43. dust 44. water 45. cook |
II. Выпишите
слова к транскрипции и переведите их.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. |
III.
Скажите, что вы делаете каждый день, что
вы делаете обычно, часто, иногда, редко, никогда.
Every day I ………………………………………………………………………………………………
I usually …………………………………………………………………………………………………
I often ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
I sometimes ………………………………………………………………………………………………
I seldom …………………………………………………………………………………………………
I never ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
IV.
Скажите, что вы любите и не любите делать.
I
like ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
I
don’t like ………………………………………………………………………………………………
V. Прочитайте
текст и переведите текст.
My Days Off
I go to college five six a week, so I have
one day off – Sunday (I’m not lucky, because some other students have two days
off). During the week I am very busy, so I like to have a rest on weekend.
I
am not an early riser, so on Sunday I try to sleep well and never get up before
9 o’clock. I enjoy staying in bed, when I don’t have to hurry anywhere. We have
late breakfast at 10 and watch TV. Usually we have something tasty: meat salad,
fried potatoes, chicken, cake or pie. If the weather is fine, I usually do not
stay ay home, I and my dog go for a walk. We often go to the park and play
there. If the weather is rainy and gloomy, I stay at home and watch TV, listen
to the music, read books. After dinner we go visit our grandparents or
relatives, or just simply take a nap. Sometimes when my friends call me we go
rollerblading near the Opera theatre. I like rollerblading very much, I think
it is a lot of fun. In the evenings I like to watch video and music programs.
There is a big armchair in my room right beside the lamp with a blue shade. If
it is cold I like to sit there with cup of coffee and read. Sometimes I do
something special on weekends: go to an art exhibition, to the theatre, to the
concert. I always go to bed late on Sundays, and Monday morning is the nastiest
thing through all the week. I like weekends very much, because I can rest and
gain some energy for the next week.
|
Vocabulary: lucky early to to tasty pie gloomy relative take exhibition nasty to gain — приобретать |
Questions: 1. How many day offs do 2. When do you get up 3. What do you usually 4. What do you do if 5. Do you spend a lot 6. Do you watch TV a 7. What time do you go 8. Do you like |
VI.
Опишите ваш выходной день.
On
my day off I usually get up at about ………….o’clock.
In
the morning I often ……………………………………………………………………………………
In
the afternoon I usually ………………………………………………………………………………
In
the evening I …………………………………………………………………………………………
VII. Опишите,
как вы обычно проводите каникулы.
VIII. Опишите,
как вы провели последние каникулы.
IX.
Расскажите, что вы будите делать на
следующих каникулах.
X. Придумайте,
как и где бы вы хотели провести свой идеальный выходной.
My
Ideal Day Off
I
would like to spend my ideal day off in ……………………………………………………………..
In
the morning I would …………………………………………………………………………………
In
the afternoon I’d ……………………………………………………………………………………
In
the evening I would like to …………………………………………………………………………
“My
Home”
I. Перепишите
слова по теме и переведите их.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. |
21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. |
II. Распределите
слова по чтению гласной буквы под ударением.
|
[ei] |
[æ] |
[a:] |
[е] |
|
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
|
[аi] |
[i] |
[әυ] |
[ju:] |
|
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
|
[ᴧ] |
[u] |
[ǝ:] |
[ͻ:] |
|
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
III.
Распределите слова по категориям:
1.
Living
places: ______________________________________________________________
2.
Rooms:
___________________________________________________________________
3.
Furniture:
_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4.
Appliances:
________________________________________________________________
IV.
Напишите, какая мебель и вещи необходимы
в указанных комнатах.
|
Hall |
Living-room/ |
Dining-room |
Bedroom |
|
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
|
Children’s |
Study |
Kitchen |
Bathroom |
|
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
_________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ |
V. Вставьте
пропущенные буквы и переведите слова.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. |
5. 6. 7. 8. |
VI.
Восстановите слова, правильно распределив буквы. Переведите
слова.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. |
7. 8. darebowr 9. tarcep 10. blosokfeh 11. tucrasin 12. |
VII.
Найдите слова по теме, выпишите их. (21слово)
|
m |
i |
c |
r |
o |
w |
a |
v |
e |
o |
v |
e |
|
h |
c |
b |
o |
o |
k |
c |
a |
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t |
n |
|
a |
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f |
c |
i |
s |
t |
o |
o |
l |
s |
w |
|
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h |
a |
m |
t |
b |
a |
f |
j |
t |
a |
|
r |
e |
f |
r |
i |
g |
e |
r |
a |
t |
o |
r |
|
d |
l |
e |
p |
r |
e |
d |
m |
h |
a |
v |
d |
|
e |
f |
r |
e |
r |
i |
l |
c |
a |
b |
e |
r |
|
s |
l |
t |
t |
o |
t |
d |
h |
l |
l |
w |
o |
|
k |
u |
s |
c |
r |
i |
n |
a |
l |
e |
o |
b |
|
w |
a |
l |
l |
u |
n |
s |
i |
n |
k |
d |
e |
|
c |
u |
r |
t |
a |
i |
n |
r |
w |
i |
n |
r |
|
v |
a |
c |
u |
u |
m |
c |
l |
e |
a |
n |
e |
VIII.
Прочитайте транскрипции, запишите слова буквами и переведите их.
|
1. [‘vækјuǝm̖̖̖kli:nǝ] 2. [‘wͻ:drǝub] 3. [‘bukkeis] 4. [ri‘friʤǝreitǝ] 5. [‘kᴧpǝd] |
6. [‘kiʧinset] 7. [‘ba:Ɵrum] 8. [ǝ‘pa:tmǝnt] 9. [‘a:m’ʧ̖̖ɛǝ] 10. [‘ka:pit] |
IX. Соедините
части слов
и переведите
их.
|
Arm Book Kit Ward Cup Car Bath TV Vacuum Living Apart |
pet cleaner set board room case chair room chen ment robe |
X.
Напишите, какой это предмет мебели или бытовой техники.
1.
We
rest on it. – It is a _______________________________________________________
2.
We
eat at it. – It is a _________________________________________________________
3.
We
cook on it. – It is a _______________________________________________________
4.
We
watch it. – It is a _______________________________________________________
5.
We
keep food in it. – It is a __________________________________________________
6.
We
keep books in it. – It is a _________________________________________________
7.
We
sit on it. – It is a ________________________________________________________
8.
We
sleep on it. – It is a _______________________________________________________
9.
We
keep clothes in it. – It is a
___________________________________________________
10.
We
clean carpets with it. – It is a
_________________________________________________
11.
We
keep dishes in it. – It is a ____________________________________________________
12.
We
write at it. – It is a _______________________________________________________
13.
We
wash dishes in it. – It is a
____________________________________________________
14.
We
live in it. – It is a ________________________________________________________
XI.
Соотнесите название комнаты и что мы там
делаем.
|
1.The study is … 2. The bedroom is … 3. The sitting-room is 4. The bathroom is … 5. The kitchen is … 6. The dining-room is … 7. The children’s room 8. The hall is … |
a) b) a c) d) a e) f) g) a h) a |
XII. Вставьте
is
или are. Перепишите и письменно
переведите текст.
1.
My
family has a big flat. There … four rooms in the flat. There … a living-room, a
dining-room, a bedroom and a children’s room. Also there … a hall, a kitchen, a
bathroom and a balcony in the flat.
2.
The
living-room is very big. There … nice furniture in the living-room. There … a
sofa, a coffee-table, a wall unit, a TV set and two armchairs. There … a big
carpet on the floor. On the window there … nice curtains. On the walls there …
many pictures and photos.
3.
In
the dining-room there … not much furniture. There … a table, five chairs, a
cupboard, a TV set. On the window there … curtains, but there … no carpet on
the floor.
4.
My
parents sleep in the bedroom. There … a big bed, two bedside tables with lamps,
two wardrobes, a table with a mirror and an armchair. There … a carpet on the
floor and on the window there … curtains. On the walls there … two pictures.
5.
I
and my sister have the children’s room. There … two beds, a desk
with a computer, two chairs, two wardrobes, a bookcase and two bookshelves.
There … a carpet on the floor and curtains on the window.
6.
In
the kitchen there … a kitchen set, a table with four stools, a sink, a
refrigerator, a stove, a microwave oven and many other kitchen appliances. On
the window there … curtains.
7.
In
the hall there … a hall-stand, a soft stool and a mirror. On the wall there …
three pictures.
8.
In
the bathroom there … a bath, a sink, a washing machine and shelves.
9.
On
the balcony there … many flowers and two chairs.
10. We like our flat.
It is nice and comfortable. I and my sister help mother to clean the rooms.
XIII. Прочитайте,
переведите и перескажите текст.
My Room
Wе
live in a three-room flat. I think the best
room in our flat is mine. My room is my study and my bedroom. It is very nice
and cozy. There isn’t much furniture in it. There is built-in
furniture in the room. On the left there is my bed and desk.
There are a lot of drawers in the desk for my text-books, notes,
pens, pencils and other things. On the right there is a sofa and
a built-in wardrobe. In the right corner there is a comfortable
arm-chair. I like to sit in the arm-chair and read an interesting book. There
are some shelves with books in my room. There are Russian and English books
there. There is a big carpet on the floor. There are some posters with my
favorite singers on the wall. I like my room very much. When my friends come to
visit me, I invite them into my room. My room is a nice place for
rest and work.
|
the a cozy built-in on drawer |
on corner comfortable poster invite place – место |
XIV. Вспомните
правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и заполните таблицу.
|
larger |
||
|
nicest |
||
|
white |
||
|
rich |
||
|
smallest |
||
|
red |
||
|
big |
||
|
nicer |
||
|
finest |
||
|
cozy |
||
|
happier |
||
|
comfortable |
||
|
more |
||
|
difficult |
XV. Прочитайте
текст, переведите его и ответьте на вопросы.
My
family lives in a big house. There are five rooms in the house: a living-room,
dining-room, bedroom, children’s room and a study. Also there is a hall,
kitchen and a bathroom in the house. The living-room is the biggest and the
nicest in the house. The dining-room is smaller than the living-room, but
bigger than the kitchen. The bedroom is as big as the children’s room. The
bedroom and the children’s room are the coziest rooms in the house. The study
is smaller than the bedroom, but it is very comfortable. The kitchen is bigger
than the study. The bathroom is not so small as the hall. So the hall is the
smallest place in the house.
1.
What
room is the biggest in the house? ______________________________________________
2.
What
is bigger: the dining-room or the kitchen? _______________________________________
3.
What
is smaller: the study or the bedroom? __________________________________________
4.
Which
room is the nicest in the house? ______________________________________________
5.
Which
rooms are the coziest in the house? ___________________________________________
6.
What
place is the smallest in the house? _____________________________________________
XVI. Прочитайте
и переведите диалог.
— Do you have a flat or a
house?
— We have a flat.
— How many rooms are
there in it?
— There are three rooms
and a kitchen in it.
— What rooms are they?
— They are a
sitting-room, children’s room and bedroom.
— What is there in the
sitting-room?
— There
is a sofa, two armchairs, a wall unit, a coffee-table and a TV set.
— What is there in the
bedroom?
— There is a big bed, two
bedside tables with lamps, a wardrobe, a table with a mirror and a chair.
— What is there in the
children’s room?
— There is a bed, a desk
with a computer, a chair, a wardrobe, a bookcase and a bookshelf.
— Do you have modern
conveniences?
— Yes, we have
electricity, running water, central heating, bath and a telephone.
XVII.
Опишите свой дом и выучите этот рассказ.
Используйте опору, можете
изменять её по своему усмотрению.
I
and my family live in the ______________________.
There
are ______ rooms in it: ___________________________________________________.
In the sitting-room there
is a __________________________________________________________.
In the bedroom there is a
_____________________________________________________________. In the
children’s room there are ________________________________________________________.
In the kitchen there is a ______________________________________________________________.
In the hall there is a________________________________________________________________.
We have modern conveniences _____________________________________________________.
“School
Years”
I.
Перепишите слова по теме и переведите их.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. |
26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. |
II.
Распределите слова по чтению гласной буквы
под ударением.
|
[ei] |
[æ] |
[a:] |
[е] |
|
[аi] |
[i] |
[әυ] |
[ju:] |
|
[ᴧ] |
[u] |
[ǝ:] |
[ͻ:] |
III.
Напишите слова к транскрипции.
|
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. |
9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. |
IV.
Напишите, какой это предмет.
1.
Pupils
read different books and talk about writer and poets at the lessons of
_________________
2.
Pupils
learn foreign words, read texts and speak at the lessons of _________________________
3.
Pupils
run, jump, play games at the lessons of ________________________________________
4.
Pupils
count, do sums, solve equations at the lessons of _________________________________
5.
Pupils
learn physical laws and do experiments at the lessons of ___________________________
6.
Pupils
learn chemical laws and do experiments at the lessons of __________________________
7.
Pupils
learn about nature, plants and animals at the lessons of ____________________________
8.
Pupils
learn about historical events and great people at the lessons of
______________________
9.
Pupils
learn about different countries and peoples at the lessons of
________________________
10.
Pupils
learn how to cook, sew, knit and do other things with their own hands at the
lessons of __
V. Составьте
кластер,
используя ключевые
слова: school, teacher,
pupils, classroom, subjects.
VI.
Прочитайте текст, переведите его и ответьте на вопросы.
School Life
My name is Mary, I am a pupil of the
11-th form. I study at school number 9. I would like to tell you about our
school life. I go to school six days a week. Our classes start at 8.30 o’clock
a. m. and last till 2 o’clock p.m. So we have 6 or 7 lessons a day. We study
many different subjects: Russian, English, French, literatures, history,
geography, biology, physics, chemistry, mathematics, programming and computer
sciences.
Languages, literature and history are my favourite
subjects. I make good marks in these subjects. The school year is divided into
four terms, called quarters. It begins on the 1st of September known as a Day
of knowledge and finishes in May. Each quarter is followed by holidays. Every
pupil has a day-book where the teachers put down the marks, that pupil has
earned at the class. During the classes pupils are to answer the teacher’s questions,
do some exercises, write sentences, count and read. The pupils are often called
to the blackboard. After every lesson the teachers give us home assignment. At
the next lesson the teachers check them up. To do good at school one should
make home assignments regularly, be active at the lessons and spend at least
two-three hours every day studying. I like studying. My favourite proverb is
«Live and learn».
|
Vocabulary: to last — продолжаться programming — программирование computer science — информатика favourite — любимый to divide — разделять quarter — четверть day-book — дневник to earn a mark for the home assignment — домашнее to check up — проверять regularly — регулярно proverb — пословица live and learn — век |
Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. |
VII.
Прочитайте текст, переведите его и ответьте на вопросы.
The Subjects We Studied at School. My Favourite Subject
Let me introduce myself. I’m Kate Belova.
Now I’m a student of teachers’ training college. I finished school 2 years ago.
We did quite a lot of subjects at school. They were: Mathematics, Physics,
Chemistry, History, Geography, Russian, English, Literature and others. Every
teacher asked for equal and adequate attention to his subject and it was not an
easy work to do. I knew that all the subjects were important, but still I was
always indifferent to exact sciences. Since my childhood I have been fond of
reading. My favourite subjects were Literature and languages. When I started
studying English, the first thing I got interested in, was the different way to
express one and the same idea in English and Russian. I wondered why if an
Englishman is upset or gloomy he does not say: «I have a bad mood»
like Russians do but says: «I feel blue». There is an infinite number
of such things in any language. I read English books, tried to translate some
articles from «Moscow News». Very often I borrowed English books from
our school library. I spend a lot of time studying
Grammar and doing exercises. At our English lessons we read quite a lot, but
didn’t talk much. So I and my friends decided to speak English among us. Very
often I spoke English with my friends on the way home after classes.
|
Vocabulary: equal — равный adequate — достаточный attention — внимание indifferent — равнодушный exact sciences — точные express — выражать to upset — огорчать gloomy — мрачный infinite — бесконечный to translate — переводить to borrow — брать, among — среди, |
Questions: 1. What is Kate Belova? 2. Where does she study 3. What subjects did 4. What did every teacher 5. Did Kate like all subjects? 6. What were her favourite 7. What did she get interested 8. How did she study 9. How did she develop |
VIII. Напишите о своих школьных годах, используйте опоры.
My School Years
1.
I
studied at school number ….. / in the village of ……………………………………………
2.
At
school we did many subjects: ……………………………………………………………
3.
My
favourite subject was/ subjects were ……………………………………………………
4.
Also
I liked …………………………………………………………………………………
5.
I
was indifferent to …………………………………………………………………………
6.
I
didn’t like …………………………………………………………………………………
7.
At
school I had many/few friends, they were ………………………………………………
8.
My
class teacher was ………………………………………………………………………
9.
She
/ He was a teacher of …………………………………………………………………
10.
My
school years were happy / unhappy.
IX.
Прочитайте текст, переведите его и
ответьте на вопросы.
My School
My school is a three-storeyed
building. It is quite big
with sport ground behind it, inside swimming pool. On the ground
floor there are the classrooms for the primary-school
pupils, workshops and
a
library. There are all kinds of tools and machines in
the workshops. There is a room for manual works for girls. Teachers teach them
how to cook, sew and design clothes. Our school library is nice and clean.
Two librarians help pupils to find books they need.
There are many bookcases and bookshelves with a lot of
books there. If you enter the school and turn right you see a big light
dining-room. It is always busy and noisy, but it is clean. Here pupils and
their teachers have their lunch. There are blue curtains on the windows and
beautiful pictures on the walls. There is a gymnasium on the ground floor as
well. Our physical training lessons are held there. Pupils
like to go there after the lessons, because it has a lot of sport equipment.
Our school has many classrooms. The classrooms are light and spacious. There
are three large windows in each classroom with flowers on the windows.
Each room has teacher’s table, pupils’
desks, blackboard, tables and
charts on the wall, maps and portraits. There are special classrooms for
Chemistry, Physics, Biology, History, Geography, English, and Russian. On the
third floor there is a big nice assemble hall. A
lot of meetings,
concerts, festivals are held there. Our
classroom is on the second floor. Its
windows face the school-yard.
Our form-mistress is a teacher of Russian language and
literature. We
respect her very much, she is a kind and knowledgeable teacher.
She teaches us Russian and is so fond of her subject, that each of us can not
help liking too. When I think about my school I don’t remember its walls and
desks; it is my teachers and schoolmates who will be always with me. I am so
thankful to our teachers for what they have done for us.
|
Vocabulary: sport ground — спортивная behind — позади primary—school workshop tool manual to sew — шить to turn — поворачивать noisy — шумный gymnasium — спортивный equipment — инвентарь spacious — просторный window sill — подоконник to face — выходить chart — карта table |
Questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. |
“Seasons
and Weather”
I.
Перепишите слова по теме и переведите их.
|
1. year 2. month 3. season 4. winter 5. spring 6. summer 7. autumn 8. to 9. to 10. to 11. to 12. to 13. cold 14. cool 15. warm 16. hot 17. sunny 18. cloudy |
19. windy 20. rainy 21. snowy 22. nasty 23. gloomy 24. fine 25. nice 26. wind 27. to 28. the 29. rain 30. snow 31. snowstorm 32. thunderstorm 33. weather 34. nature 35. climate |
II.
Расположите слова в алфавитном порядке.
III.
Восстановите слова и переведите их на русский язык.
|
sonesa tunare tahewre manutu logymo telimac thomn |
sowmonstr grinsp bowl mermus sowny nairy nywdi |
IV.
Вставьте пропущенные буквы и переведите слова на русский язык.
|
W_nter S_m_er Sprin_ A_t_mn Col_ Co_l W_rm |
Cl_ W_ndy Sno_y S_n_y R_iny Q_iet _ot |
V.
Напишите слова к транскрипции
|
1.[kǝuld] 2. 3. 3. 4. |
5. 6. 7. 8. |
VI.
Составьте кроссворд, чайнворд или файндворд. (работа
в парах)
VII.
Составьте словосочетания.
|
spring summer autumn winter bad good nice fine gloomy cloudy windy rainy snowy hot warm cool |
weather day climate season air morning wind |
VIII.
Составьте предложения.
|
It’s |
good bad |
time |
sunbathe ski skate play make play play drive ride walk read work study |
when |
nice fine gloomy cloudy windy rainy snowy hot warm cool cold |
IX.
Составьте микро-диалоги.
|
— — |
It’s |
nice fine gloomy cloudy windy rainy snowy hot warm cool cold |
today. |
X.
Составьте предложения.
1.
Seasons/
are/ four/ in/ there/ the year.
2.
In/
cold/ it/ winter/ is.
3.
Spring/
March/ are/ May/ months/ April.
4.
Hot/
summer/ sunny/ and/ is.
5.
Season/
three/ has/ months/ every.
6.
December/
winter/ January/ months/ February/ are.
7.
Spring/
warm/ sunny/ and/ is.
8.
The
trees/ autumn/ yellow/ in/ are/ orange/ red/ and.
XI.
Прочитайте и переведите диалог. Составьте свои собственные диалоги по аналогии.
—
What is your favourite season?
—
My favourite season is autumn.
—
Why do you like it?
—
I like it because the weather is warm and nice and autumn is the season of
fruit and vegetables.
—
Yes,
you are right!
XII.
Вспомните правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и заполните
таблицу.
|
cold |
||
|
warmer |
||
|
the |
||
|
hot |
||
|
nicer |
||
|
fine |
||
|
sunnier |
||
|
windy |
||
|
the |
||
|
nasty |
||
|
rainier |
||
|
pleasant |
||
|
more |
||
|
the |
XIII.
Переведите текст на русский язык и ответьте на вопросы.
There
are four seasons in the year: winter, spring, summer and autumn. Winter is cold
and snowy. Winter is the coldest season in the year. Spring is warm and nice.
Spring is warmer than winter. The warmest spring month is May. Summer is hot
and sunny. Summer is the hottest season in the year and the hottest summer
month is July. Autumn is cool and rainy. Autumn is cooler than summer, but it
is a very nice season.
1.
Which
season is colder: autumn or winter? ___________________________________________
2.
Which
season is warmer: winter or spring? ___________________________________________
3.
Which
season is hotter: spring or summer? ___________________________________________
4.
Which
season is cooler: summer or autumn? _________________________________________
5.
Which
season is the coldest? ______________________________________________________
6.
Which
season is the hottest? ______________________________________________________
XIV.
Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Январь – самый холодный
месяц. __________________________________________________
2. Лето – самое лучшее время
года для меня. __________________________________________
3. Весна приятнее, чем
осень. _______________________________________________________
4. Весна не такая же
дождливая, как осень. ____________________________________________
5. Погода сегодня лучше,
чем вчера.__________________________________________________
6. Лето – самое жаркое
время года. ___________________________________________________
7. Весна такая же
прохладная, как осень.______________________________________________
8. Осень красивее, чем
зима. ________________________________________________________
9. Июль – самый жаркий
месяц. _____________________________________________________
10. Октябрь прохладнее,
чем сентябрь. _______________________________________________
XV.
Прочитайте, переведите текст и ответьте на вопросы.
Seasons and Weather
There
are four seasons in a year: spring, summer, autumn
and
winter. Each of them lasts 3 months. Spring comes in March
and ends in May. It often rains in spring, especially in April. Summer
is the hottest season in the year. It begins in June and ends in August. In
summer the sky is clear and cloudless. The days are long and the
nights are short and warm. Summer brings fruits and vegetables. It is pleasant
to spend this season on the sea or in the country. The autumn months
are September, October and November. The days are becoming shorter; the sun
loses its force. It often rains. It is the season of harvesting.
Winter lasts three months: December, January and February. It is getting colder
day by day. The sun shines rarely and it snows often. But
everything looks so pretty covered by snow. So in every season
there are bright and dark sides. But we must be thankful together whatever the
weather.
|
Vocabulary: season — время spring — весна summer — лето autumn — осень winter — зима each last month rain clear cloudless |
pleasant spend in force harvesting rarely snow pretty covered bright dark thankful — благодарен |
Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. |
XVI.
Переведите текст на английский язык.
В
году 4 времени года: зима, весна, лето и осень. Каждое время года имеет 3
месяца. Декабрь, январь и февраль – зимние месяцы. Зима обычно холодная и
снежная. Март, апрель и май – весенние месяцы. Погода весной приятная и теплая.
Июнь, июль и август – летние месяцы. Лето жаркое и солнечное. Дети не ходят в
школу, у них каникулы. Сентябрь, октябрь и ноябрь – осенние месяцы. Осенью
деревья желтые, оранжевые и красные. Но погода не очень приятная: дождливая и
ветреная.
XVII.
Прочитайте, переведите текста А и ответьте по нему на вопросы. Письменно
переведите текст
В.
The
climate of Great Britain
А)
Great Britain is situated on the islands. It is
washed by seas from all the sides. That’s why the climate and the
nature of Great Britain are very specific. It is not very cold in winter and
never very hot in summer. There is no ice on the lakes and rivers in winter. It
seldom snows. It rains very often in all the seasons. The weather changes
very often. All this is due to the influence of the
Gulf Stream.
The
English also say that there are three variants of weather: when it rains in the
morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. The driest
period is from March to June and the wettest months are from October to
January. The average temperature is from 5 to 23 degrees above
zero. Sometimes the temperature rises to 30 degrees above zero in
summer and falls to 10 degrees below zero in winter.
So,
we may say that the British climate has three main features: it
is mild, humid and changeable. This humid and mild
climate is good for plants. Trees and flowers begin to blossom
very early in spring.
В)
The climate of Great Britain is mild, temperate and wet.
In the country it is not hot in summer and it is not very cold in winter.
Spring is very beautiful season because everything is covered
with flowers. Autumn is wet and cool. In January average
temperature is from 3 to 7 degrees below zero and in July it is from 16-17
degrees above zero. It often rains in Great Britain. It does not often snow in
Great Britain. The weather changes very quickly. In the morning
it may be shining brightly and in the afternoon it may rain. That is why radio
and television inform people about weather forecast very often.
The British joke is «In other countries it is climate, in
Britain we have weather.»
|
is islands is changes due the average rises falls main mild humid to dry wet covered forecast joke |
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. |
XVIII.
Переведите текст на английский язык.
В нашей местности зима – самое длинное
время года. Она начинается в ноябре и заканчивается в апреле. Зима холодная,
снежная и ветреная. Весна начинается в апреле и заканчивается в июне. Весна
прохладная и ветреная. Лето очень короткое. Оно начинается в июне и
заканчивается в августе. Лето обычно прохладное и дождливое. Но некоторые дни
жаркие и солнечные. Лето – лучшее время года. Погода в сентябре приятная:
теплая и солнечная. Но в октябре погода хуже: пасмурная, дождливая и ветреная.
XIX.
Прочитайте, переведите и выучите
стихотворение.
This
is the season
When
mornings are dark
And
birds do not sing
In
the woods and park.
This
is the season
When
children ski
And
Father Christmas
Bring
the New Year tree.
XX. Напишите
о своем любимом времени года.
Библиографический
список
1.
Агабекян И.П. Англ. язык для средних
специальных заведений. Ростов-на-Дону, 2003.
2.
Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика С-Петербург,
2003.
3.
Голубев А.П. Английский язык. Учебное
пособие для студентов СПО. М., 2008.
4.
Куриленко Ю. В. 400 тем по английскому
языку для школьников, абитуриентов, студентов и преподавателей. Учебное
пособие. БАО-ПРЕСС Рипол Классик, Москва 2005.
5.
Рогова Г.В. Англ. язык за два года. М.,
1997.
6.
Степанова Е.Н. Учебное пособие по англ.
языку для I курса пед. колледжа.
Ростов—на—
Дону,
1999.
Приложение
Неправильные
глаголы
|
Infinitive |
Past |
Past |
Перевод |
|
1. be |
was, were |
been |
быть, являться |
|
2. beat |
beat |
beaten |
бить, колотить |
|
3. become |
became |
become |
становиться |
|
4. begin |
began |
begun |
начинать |
|
5. bet |
bet |
bet |
держать пари |
|
6. bite |
bit |
bitten |
кусать |
|
7. blow |
blew |
blown |
дуть, |
|
8. break |
broke |
broken |
ломать, |
|
9. bring |
brought |
brought |
приносить, |
|
10. |
built |
built |
строить, |
|
11. buy |
bought |
bought |
покупать, |
|
12. |
caught |
caught |
ловить, |
|
13. |
chose |
chosen |
выбирать, |
|
14. come |
came |
come |
приходить, |
|
15. cost |
cost |
cost |
стоить, |
|
16. cut |
cut |
cut |
резать, |
|
17. dig |
dug |
dug |
копать, |
|
18. do |
did |
done |
делать, |
|
19. draw |
drew |
drawn |
рисовать, |
|
20. |
drank |
drunk |
пить |
|
21. drive |
drove |
driven |
ездить, |
|
22. eat |
ate |
eaten |
есть, |
|
23. fall |
fell |
fallen |
падать |
|
24. feed |
fed |
fed |
кормить |
|
25. feel |
felt |
felt |
чувствовать, |
|
26. |
fought |
fought |
драться, |
|
27. find |
found |
found |
находить, |
|
28. fly |
flew |
flown |
летать |
|
29. forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
забывать о (чём—либо) |
|
30. forgive |
forgave |
forgiven |
прощать |
|
31. freeze |
froze |
frozen |
замерзать, замирать |
|
32. get |
got |
got |
получать, добираться |
|
33. give |
gave |
given |
дать, подать, дарить |
|
34. go |
went |
gone |
идти, двигаться |
|
35. grow |
grew |
grown |
расти, |
|
36. hang |
hung |
hung |
вешать, развешивать, висеть |
|
37. have |
had |
had |
иметь, обладать |
|
38. hear |
heard |
heard |
слышать, услышать |
|
39. hide |
hid |
hidden |
прятать, |
|
40. hit |
hit |
hit |
ударять, поражать |
|
41. hold |
held |
held |
держать, удерживать, |
|
42. hurt |
hurt |
hurt |
ранить, причинять боль, ушибить |
|
43. keep |
kept |
kept |
хранить, |
|
44. know |
knew |
known |
знать, |
|
45. lay |
laid |
laid |
класть, положить, покрывать |
|
46. lead |
led |
led |
вести за |
|
47. |
left |
left |
покидать, |
|
48. lend |
lent |
lent |
одалживать, |
|
49. let |
let |
let |
позволять, |
|
50. lie |
lay |
lain |
лежать |
|
51. lose |
lost |
lost |
терять, |
|
52. make |
made |
made |
делать, |
|
53. mean |
meant |
meant |
значить, |
|
54. meet |
met |
met |
встречать, |
|
55. pay |
paid |
paid |
платить, |
|
56. put |
put |
put |
ставить, |
|
57. read |
read |
read |
читать, |
|
58. ride |
rode |
ridden |
ехать |
|
59. ring |
rang |
rung |
звенеть, |
|
60. rise |
rose |
rose |
восходить, |
|
61. run |
ran |
run |
бежать, |
|
62. say |
said |
said |
говорить, |
|
63. see |
saw |
seen |
видеть |
|
64. sell |
sold |
sold |
продавать, |
|
65. send |
sent |
sent |
посылать, |
|
66. set |
set |
set |
устанавливать, |
|
67. |
shook |
shaken |
трясти, |
|
68. |
shone |
shone |
светить, |
|
69. shoot |
shot |
shot |
стрелять |
|
70. show |
showed |
shown |
показывать |
|
71. shut |
shut |
shut |
закрывать, |
|
72. sing |
sang |
sung |
петь, |
|
73. sit |
sat |
sat |
сидеть, |
|
74. |
slept |
slept |
спать |
|
75. |
spoke |
spoken |
говорить, |
|
76. |
spent |
spent |
тратить, |
|
77. stand |
stood |
stood |
стоять |
|
78. steal |
stole |
stolen |
воровать, |
|
79. stick |
stuck |
stuck |
втыкать, приклеивать |
|
80. sweep |
swept |
swept |
мести, |
|
81. swim |
swam |
swum |
плавать, |
|
82. take |
took |
taken |
брать, |
|
83. teach |
taught |
taught |
учить, обучать |
|
84. tear |
tore |
torn |
рвать, отрывать |
|
85. tell |
told |
told |
рассказывать |
|
86. think |
thought |
thought |
думать, мыслить, размышлять |
|
87. throw |
threw |
thrown |
бросать, кидать, метать |
|
88. understand |
understood |
understood |
понимать, |
|
89. wake |
woke |
woken |
просыпаться, |
|
90. wear |
wore |
worn |
носить |
|
91. win |
won |
won |
победить, |
|
92. |
wrote |
written |
писать, |
This article is about the Christian feast day. For other uses, see Epiphany.
| Epiphany | |
|---|---|
The Adoration of the Magi by Edward Burne-Jones (1904) |
|
| Also called | Baptism of Jesus, Three Kings Day, Denha, Little Christmas, Theophany, Timkat, Reyes |
| Observed by | Christians |
| Type | Church service, winter swimming, chalking the door, house blessings, star singing |
| Significance |
|
| Date |
|
| Frequency | Annual |
| Related to |
|
Epiphany ( ə-PIF-ə-nee), (also known as Theophany in Eastern Christian tradition[1]) is a Christian feast day commemorating the visit of the Magi, the baptism of Christ, and the Miracle at Cana.[2]
In Western Christianity, the feast commemorates principally (but not solely) the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child, and thus Jesus Christ’s physical manifestation to the Gentiles.[3][4] It is sometimes called Three Kings’ Day, and in some traditions celebrated as Little Christmas.[5] Moreover, the feast of the Epiphany, in some denominations, also initiates the liturgical season of Epiphanytide.[6][7]
Eastern Christians, on the other hand, commemorate the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River, seen as his manifestation to the world as the Son of God.[2] The spot marked by Al-Maghtas in Jordan, adjacent to Qasr al-Yahud in the West Bank, is considered to be the original site of the baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist.[8][9]
The traditional date for the feast is January 6. However, since 1970, the celebration is held in some countries on the Sunday after January 1. Those Eastern Churches which are still following the Julian calendar observe the feast on what, according to the internationally used Gregorian calendar, is January 19,[10] because of the current 13-day difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars.[11]
In many Western Churches, the eve of the feast is celebrated as Twelfth Night (Epiphany Eve).[12][13] The Monday after Epiphany is known as Plough Monday.[14]
Popular Epiphany customs include Epiphany singing, chalking the door, having one’s house blessed, consuming Three Kings Cake, winter swimming, as well as attending church services.[15] It is customary for Christians in many localities to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve (Twelfth Night),[16] although those in other Christian countries historically remove them on Candlemas, the conclusion of Epiphanytide.[17][18] According to the first tradition, those who fail to remember to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve must leave them untouched until Candlemas, the second opportunity to remove them; failure to observe this custom is considered inauspicious.[19][20]
Etymology and original word usage[edit]
The word Epiphany is from Koine Greek ἐπιφάνεια, epipháneia, meaning manifestation or appearance. It is derived from the verb φαίνειν, phainein, meaning «to appear».[21] In classical Greek it was used for the appearance of dawn, of an enemy in war, but especially of a manifestation of a deity to a worshiper (a theophany). In the Septuagint the word is used of a manifestation of the God of Israel (2 Maccabees 15:27).[22] In the New Testament the word is used in 2 Timothy 1:10 to refer either to the birth of Christ or to his appearance after his resurrection, and five times to refer to his Second Coming.[22]
Alternative names for the feast in Greek include τα Θεοφάνεια, ta Theopháneia «Theophany» (a neuter plural rather than feminine singular), η Ημέρα των Φώτων, i Iméra ton Fóton (modern Greek pronunciation), «The Day of the Lights», and τα Φώτα, ta Fóta, «The Lights».[23]
History[edit]
Epiphany may have originated in the Greek-speaking eastern half of the Roman Empire as a feast to honor the baptism of Jesus. Around 200, Clement of Alexandria wrote that, «But the followers of [the early Christian Gnostic religious teacher] Basilides celebrate the day of His Baptism too, spending the previous night in readings. And they say that it was the 15th of the month Tybi of the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar. And some say that it was observed the 11th of the same month.» The Egyptian dates given correspond to January 6 and 10.[24] The Basilides were a Gnostic sect.
The reference to «readings» suggests that the Basilides were reading the Gospels. In ancient gospel manuscripts, the text is arranged to indicate passages for liturgical readings. If a congregation began reading Mark at the beginning of the year, it might arrive at the story of the Baptism on January 6, thus explaining the date of the feast.[25][26] If Christians read Mark in the same format the Basilides did, the two groups could have arrived at the January 6 date independently.[27]
The earliest reference to Epiphany as a Christian feast was in A.D. 361, by Ammianus Marcellinus.[28] The holiday is listed twice, which suggests a double feast of baptism and birth.[24] The baptism of Jesus was originally assigned to the same date as the birth because Luke 3:23 was misread to mean that Jesus was exactly 30 when he was baptized.
Epiphanius of Salamis says that January 6 is Christ’s «Birthday; that is, His Epiphany» (hemera genethlion toutestin epiphanion).[29] He also asserts that the Miracle at Cana occurred on the same calendar day.[30] Epiphanius assigns the Baptism to November 6.[24]
The scope to Epiphany expanded to include the commemoration of his birth; the visit of the magi, all of Jesus’ childhood events, up to and including the Baptism by John the Baptist; and even the miracle at the wedding at Cana in Galilee.[31]
In the Latin-speaking West, the holiday emphasized the visit of the magi. The magi represented the non-Jewish peoples of the world, so this was considered a «revelation to the gentiles.»[32] In this event, Christian writers also inferred a revelation to the Children of Israel. John Chrysostom identified the significance of the meeting between the magi and Herod’s court: «The star had been hidden from them so that, on finding themselves without their guide, they would have no alternative but to consult the Jews. In this way the birth of Jesus would be made known to all.»[33]
In 385, the pilgrim Egeria (also known as Silvia) described a celebration in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, which she called «Epiphany» that commemorated the Nativity.[34] Even at this early date, there was an octave associated with the feast.
In a sermon delivered on December 25, 380, St. Gregory of Nazianzus referred to the day as «the Theophany» (ta theophania, formerly the name of a pagan festival at Delphi),[35] saying expressly that it is a day commemorating «the holy nativity of Christ» and told his listeners that they would soon be celebrating the baptism of Christ.[36] Then, on January 6 and 7, he preached two more sermons,[37] in which he declared that the celebration of the birth of Christ and the visitation of the Magi had already taken place, and that they would now commemorate his Baptism.[38] At this time, celebration of the two events was beginning to be observed on separate occasions, at least in Cappadocia.
Saint John Cassian says that even in his time (beginning of the 5th century), Egyptian monasteries celebrated the Nativity and the Baptism together on January 6.[39] The Armenian Apostolic Church continues to celebrate January 6 as the only commemoration of the Nativity.
Music[edit]
Classical[edit]
Johann Sebastian Bach composed in Leipzig two cantatas for the feast which concluded Christmastide:
- Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen, BWV 65, (1724)[40]
- Liebster Immanuel, Herzog der Frommen, BWV 123, (1725)[41]
Part VI of his Christmas Oratorio, Herr, wenn die stolzen Feinde schnauben, was also designated to be performed during the service for Epiphany.[42]
In Ottorino Respighi’s symphonic tone poem Roman Festivals, the final movement is subtitled «Bofana» and takes place during Epiphany.
Carols and hymns[edit]
«Nun liebe Seel, nun ist es Zeit» is a German Epiphany hymn by Georg Weissel, first printed in 1642.
Two very familiar Christmas carols are associated with the Epiphany holiday: «As with gladness, men of old», written by William Chatterton Dix in 1860 as a response to the many legends which had grown up surrounding the Magi;[43][44] and «We Three Kings of Orient Are», written by the Reverend John Henry Hopkins Jr. – then an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church[45] – who was instrumental in organizing an elaborate holiday pageant (which featured this hymn) for the students of the General Theological Seminary in New York City in 1857 while serving as the seminary’s music director.
Another popular hymn, less known culturally as a carol, is «Songs of thankfulness and praise», with words written by Christopher Wordsworth and commonly sung to the tune «St. Edmund» by Charles Steggall.
A carol used as an anthem for the Epiphany holiday is «The Three Kings».
Date of the celebration[edit]
Holy (Epiphany) water vessel from 15th–16th centuries. It is found on Hisar near the town of Leskovac, Serbia. Photographed in National museum of Leskovac.
Until 1955, when Pope Pius XII abolished all but three liturgical octaves, the Latin Church celebrated Epiphany as an eight-day feast, known as the Octave of Epiphany, beginning on January 6 and ending on January 13. The Sunday within that octave had been since 1893 the feast of the Holy Family, and Christmastide was reckoned as the twelve days ending on January 5, followed by the January 6–13 octave. The 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar made the date variable to some extent, stating: «The Epiphany of the Lord is celebrated on 6 January, unless, where it is not observed as a holy day of obligation, it has been assigned to the Sunday occurring between 2 and 8 January.»[46] It also made the Feast of the Epiphany part of Christmas Time, which it defined as extending from the First Vespers of Christmas (the evening of December 24) up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany (the Sunday after January 6).[47]
Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist and United Protestant congregations, along with those of other denominations, may celebrate Epiphany on January 6, on the following Sunday within the Epiphany week (octave), or at another time (Epiphany Eve January 5, the nearest Sunday, etc.) as local custom dictates.[48][49] Prior to 1976, Anglican churches observed an eight-day octave, beginning on January 6. Today, The Epiphany of our Lord,[50] classified as a Principal Feast, is observed in some Anglican provinces on January 6 exclusively (e.g., the Anglican Church of Canada)[50] but in the Church of England the celebration is «on 6 January or transferred to the Sunday falling between 2 and 8 January».[51]
Eastern churches celebrate Epiphany (Theophany) on January 6. Some, as in Greece, employ the modern Revised Julian calendar, which until 2800 coincides with the Gregorian calendar, the one in use for civil purposes in most countries. Other Eastern churches, as in Russia, hold to the older Julian calendar for reckoning church dates. In these old-calendar churches Epiphany falls at present on Gregorian January 19 – which is January 6 in the Julian calendar.
The Indian Orthodox Church celebrates the feast of Epiphany, Denaha [Syriac term which means rising] on January 6, and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church celebrates on January 19 as the Timkath festival, which was included in the UNESCO heritage list of festivals.
Epiphany season[edit]
In some Churches, the feast of the Epiphany initiates the Epiphany season, also known as Epiphanytide.
In Advent 2000, the Church of England, Mother Church of the Anglican Communion, introduced into its liturgy an optional Epiphany season by approving the Common Worship series of services as an alternative to those in the Book of Common Prayer, which remains the Church’s normative liturgy and in which no such liturgical season appears. An official publication of the Church of England states: «The Christmas season is often celebrated for twelve days, ending with the Epiphany. Contemporary use has sought to express an alternative tradition, in which Christmas lasts for a full forty days, ending with the Feast of the Presentation on 2 February.»[52] It presents the latter part of this period as the Epiphany season, comprising the Sundays of Epiphany and ending «only with the Feast of the Presentation (Candlemas)».[53]
Another interpretation of «Epiphany season» applies the term to the period from Epiphany to the day before Ash Wednesday. Some Methodists in the United States and Singapore follow these liturgies.[6][54] Lutherans celebrate the last Sunday before Ash Wednesday as the Transfiguration of our Lord, and it has been said that they call the whole period from Epiphany to then as Epiphany season.[55] The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America used the terms «Time after Epiphany» to refer to this period.[56] The expression with «after» has been interpreted as making the period in question correspond to that of Ordinary Time.[57][58]
The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) does not celebrate Epiphany or Pentecost as seasons; for this Church, expressions such as «Fifth Sunday after Epiphany» indicate the passing of time, rather than a liturgical season. It instead uses the term «Ordinary Time».[59]
In the Catholic Church, «Christmas Time runs from First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of the Nativity of the Lord up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after 6 January»;[47] and «Ordinary Time begins on the Monday which follows the Sunday occurring after 6 January».[60] Before the 1969 revision of its liturgy, the Sundays following the Octave of Epiphany or, when this was abolished, following the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord, which was instituted to take the place of the Octave Day of Epiphany were named as the «Second (etc., up to Sixth) Sunday after Epiphany», as the at least 24 Sundays following Pentecost Sunday and Trinity Sunday were known as the «Second (etc.) Sunday after Pentecost». (If a year had more than 24 Sundays after Pentecost, up to four unused post-Epiphany Sundays were inserted between the 23rd and the 24th Sunday after Pentecost.) The Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices, which has received the imprimatur of John Michael D’Arcy, with reference to Epiphanytide, thus states that «The Epiphany season extends from January 6 to Septuagesima Sunday, and has from one to six Sundays, according to the date of Easter. White is the color for the octave; green is the liturgical color for the season.»[61]
Epiphany in different Christian traditions[edit]
Epiphany is celebrated by both the Eastern and Western Churches, but a major difference between them is precisely which events the feast commemorates. For Western Christians, the feast primarily commemorates the coming of the Magi, with only a minor reference to the baptism of Jesus and the miracle at the Wedding at Cana. Eastern churches celebrate the Baptism of Christ in the Jordan. In both traditions, the essence of the feast is the same: the manifestation of Christ to the world (whether as an infant or in the Jordan), and the Mystery of the Incarnation. The miracle at the Wedding at Cana is also celebrated during Epiphany as a first manifestation of Christ’s public life.[62]
Western churches[edit]
K † M † B † 2009 written on a door of a rectory in a Czech village, to bless the house by Christ
Even before 354,[63] the Western Church had separated the celebration of the Nativity of Christ as the feast of Christmas and set its date as December 25; it reserved January 6 as a commemoration of the manifestation of Christ, especially to the Magi, but also at his baptism and at the wedding feast of Cana.[64] In 1955 a separate feast of the Baptism of the Lord was instituted, thus weakening further the connection in the West between the feast of the Epiphany and the commemoration of the baptism of Christ. However, Hungarians, in an apparent reference to baptism, refer to the January 6 celebration as Vízkereszt, a term that recalls the words «víz» (water) and «kereszt, kereszt-ség» (baptism).
Liturgical practice in Western churches[edit]
Many in the West, such as adherents of the Anglican Communion, Lutheran Churches and Methodist Churches, observe a twelve-day festival, starting on December 25, and ending on January 5, known as Christmastide or The Twelve Days of Christmas.
The Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year and the General Roman Calendar of the Roman Catholic Church determine since 1969 that «Christmas Time runs from First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of the Nativity of the Lord up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after January 6».[47] Some regions and especially some communities celebrating the Tridentine Mass extend the season to as many as forty days, ending Christmastide traditionally on Candlemas (February 2).
On the Feast of the Epiphany in some parts of central Europe the priest, wearing white vestments, blesses Epiphany water, frankincense, gold, and chalk. The chalk is used to write the initials of the three magi (traditionally, Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar), over the doors of churches and homes. The initials may also be interpreted as the Latin phrase, Christus mansionem benedicat (may Christ bless the house).
According to ancient custom, the priest announced the date of Easter on the feast of Epiphany. This tradition dated from a time when calendars were not readily available, and the church needed to publicize the date of Easter, since many celebrations of the liturgical year depend on it.[65] The proclamation may be sung or proclaimed at the ambo by a deacon, cantor, or reader either after the reading of the Gospel or after the postcommunion prayer.[65]
The Roman Missal thus provides a formula with appropriate chant (in the tone of the Exsultet) for proclaiming on Epiphany, wherever it is customary to do so, the dates in the calendar for the celebration of Ash Wednesday, Easter Sunday, Ascension of Jesus Christ, Pentecost, the Body and Blood of Christ, and the First Sunday of Advent that will mark the following liturgical year.[66]
Some western rite churches, such as the Anglican and Lutheran churches, will follow practises similar to the Catholic Church. Church cantatas for the Feast of Epiphany were written by Protestant composers such as Georg Philipp Telemann, Christoph Graupner, Johann Sebastian Bach and Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel.[67][68][69][70]
Eastern Orthodox churches[edit]
The name of the feast as celebrated in the Orthodox churches may be rendered in English as the Theophany, as closer in form to the Greek Θεοφάνεια («God shining forth» or «divine manifestation»). Here it is one of the Great Feasts of the liturgical year, being third in rank, behind only Paskha (Easter) and Pentecost in importance. It is celebrated on January 6 of the calendar that a particular Church uses. On the Julian calendar, which some of the Orthodox churches follow, that date corresponds, during the present century, to January 19 on the Gregorian or Revised Julian calendar. The earliest reference to the feast in the Eastern Church is a remark by St. Clement of Alexandria in Stromateis, I, xxi, 45:
And there are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord’s birth, but also the day… And the followers of Basilides hold the day of his baptism as a festival, spending the night before in readings. And they say that it was the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, the fifteenth day of the month of Tubi; and some that it was the eleventh of the same month.
(11 and 15 of Tubi are January 6 and 10, respectively.)
If this is a reference to a celebration of Christ’s birth, as well as of his baptism, on January 6, it corresponds to what continues to be the custom of the Armenian Apostolic Church, which celebrates the birth of Jesus on January 6 of the calendar used, calling the feast that of the Nativity and Theophany of Our Lord.[71][72]
Origen’s list of festivals (in Contra Celsum, VIII, xxii) omits any reference to Epiphany. The first reference to an ecclesiastical feast of the Epiphany, in Ammianus Marcellinus (XXI:ii), is in 361.
In parts of the Eastern Church, January 6 continued for some time as a composite feast that included the Nativity of Jesus: though Constantinople adopted December 25 to commemorate Jesus’ birth in the fourth century, in other parts the Nativity of Jesus continued to be celebrated on January 6, a date later devoted exclusively to commemorating his Baptism.[63]
Today in Eastern Orthodox churches, the emphasis at this feast is on the shining forth and revelation of Jesus Christ as the Messiah and Second Person of the Trinity at the time of his baptism. It is also celebrated because, according to tradition, the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River by St. John the Baptist marked one of only two occasions when all three Persons of the Trinity manifested themselves simultaneously to humanity: God the Father by speaking through the clouds, God the Son being baptized in the river, and God the Holy Spirit in the shape of a dove descending from heaven (the other occasion was the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor). Thus the holy day is considered to be a Trinitarian feast.
The Orthodox consider Jesus’ Baptism to be the first step towards the Crucifixion, and there are some parallels in the hymnography used on this day and the hymns chanted on Good Friday.
Liturgical practice in Eastern churches[edit]
Forefeast: The liturgical Forefeast of Theophany begins on January 2[73] and concludes with the Paramony on January 5.
Paramony: The Eve of the Feast is called Paramony (Greek: παραμονή, Slavonic: navechérie). Paramony is observed as a strict fast day, on which those faithful who are physically able, refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening, when a meal with wine and oil may be taken. On this day the Royal Hours are celebrated, thus tying together this feast with Nativity and Good Friday. The Royal Hours are followed by the Divine Liturgy of St. Basil which combines Vespers with the Divine Liturgy. During the Vespers, fifteen Old Testament lections which foreshadow the Baptism of Christ are read, and special antiphons are chanted. If the Feast of the Theophany falls on a Sunday or Monday, the Royal Hours are chanted on the previous Friday, and on the Paramony the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated in the morning. The fasting is lessened to some degree in this case.
Theophany Crucession in Bulgaria. The priests are going to throw a wooden cross in the Yantra river. Believers will then jump into the icy waters to recover the cross.
Blessing of Waters: The Orthodox Churches perform the Great Blessing of Waters on Theophany.[74] The blessing is normally done twice: once on the Eve of the Feast—usually at a Baptismal font inside the church—and then again on the day of the feast, outdoors at a body of water. Following the Divine Liturgy, the clergy and people go in a Crucession (procession with the cross) to the nearest body of water, be it a beach, harbor, quay, river, lake, swimming pool, water depot, etc. (ideally, it should be a body of «living water»). At the end of the ceremony the priest will bless the waters. In the Greek practice, he does this by casting a cross into the water. If swimming is feasible on the spot, any number of volunteers may try to recover the cross. The person who gets the cross first swims back and returns it to the priest, who then delivers a special blessing to the swimmer and their household. Certain such ceremonies have achieved particular prominence, such as the one held annually at Tarpon Springs, Florida. In Russia, where the winters are severe, a hole will be cut into the ice so that the waters may be blessed. In such conditions, the cross is not cast into the water, but is held securely by the priest and dipped three times into the water.
The water that is blessed on this day is sometimes known as «Theophany Water», though usually just «holy water», and is taken home by the faithful, and used with prayer as a blessing. People will not only bless themselves and their homes by sprinkling with holy water, but will also drink it. The Orthodox Church teaches that holy water differs from ordinary water by virtue of the incorruptibility bestowed upon it by a blessing that transforms its very nature.[75] a miracle attested to as early as St. John Chrysostom.[76]
Theophany is a traditional day for performing Baptisms, and this is reflected in the Divine Liturgy by singing the baptismal hymn, «As many as have been baptized into Christ, have put on Christ. Alleluia,» in place of the Trisagion.
House Blessings: On Theophany the priest will begin making the round of the parishioner’s homes to bless them. He will perform a short prayer service in each home, and then go through the entire house, gardens and outside-buildings, blessing them with the newly blessed Theophany Water, while all sing the Troparion and Kontakion of the feast. This is normally done on Theophany, or at least during the Afterfeast, but if the parishioners are numerous, and especially if many live far away from the church, it may take some time to bless each house. Traditionally, these blessings should all be finished before the beginning of Great Lent.
Afterfeast: The Feast of Theophany is followed by an eight-day Afterfeast on which the normal fasting laws are suspended. The Saturday and Sunday after Theophany have special readings assigned to them, which relate to the Temptation of Christ and to penance and perseverance in the Christian struggle. There is thus a liturgical continuum between the Feast of Theophany and the beginning of Great Lent.
Oriental Orthodox[edit]
In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the feast is known as Timkat and is celebrated on the day that the Gregorian calendar calls January 19, but on January 20 in years when Enkutatash in the Ethiopian calendar falls on Gregorian September 12 (i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days). The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacred tabot. A priest carries this to a body of water where it stays overnight, with the Metsehafe Qeddassie celebrated in the early morning. Later in the morning, the water is blessed to the accompaniment of the reading of the four Gospel accounts of the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan and the people are sprinkled with or go into the water. The tabot returns in procession to the church.
Among the Syriac Christians the feast is called denho (up-going), a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed in Luke 1:78. In the East Syriac rite, the season of Epiphany (Epiphanytide) is known as Denha.
In the Armenian Apostolic Church, January 6 is celebrated as the Nativity (Soorp Tsnund) and Theophany of Christ. The feast is preceded by a seven-day fast. On the eve of the feast, the Divine Liturgy is celebrated. This liturgy is referred to as the Chragaluytsi Patarag (the Eucharist of the lighting of the lamps) in honor of the manifestation of Jesus as the Son of God. Both the Armenian Apostolic Church’s and Assyrian Church of the East’s liturgy is followed by a blessing of water, during which the cross is immersed in the water, symbolizing Jesus’ descent into the Jordan, and holy myron (chrism) is poured in, symbolic of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon Jesus. The next morning, after the Liturgy, the cross is removed from the vessel of holy water and all come forward to kiss the cross and partake of the blessed water.
National and local customs[edit]
A traditional Bulgarian all-male horo dance in ice-cold water on Theophany
Epiphany is celebrated with a wide array of customs around the world. In some cultures, the greenery and nativity scenes put up at Christmas are taken down at Epiphany. In other cultures these remain up until Candlemas on February 2. In countries historically shaped by Western Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism) these customs often involve gift giving, «king cakes» and a celebratory close to the Christmas season. In traditionally Orthodox nations, water, baptismal rites and house blessings are typically central to these celebrations.
Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay[edit]
In Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, as in other Latin American countries, the day is called «Día de Reyes» (The Day of Kings, a reference to the Biblical Magi), commemorating the arrival of the Magi to revere Jesus as son of God. The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as «Noche de Reyes» (The Night of Kings) and children leave their shoes by the door, along with grass and water for the camels. On the morning of January 6, they get up early and rush to see their shoes, where they are expecting to find gifts left by the «Reyes» who, according to tradition, bypass the houses of children who are awake. On January 6, a «Rosca de Reyes» (a ring-shaped Epiphany cake) is eaten and all Christmas decorations are traditionally put away.
Bulgaria[edit]
In Bulgaria, Epiphany is celebrated on January 6 and is known as Bogoyavlenie («Manifestation of God»), Кръщение Господне (Krashtenie Gospodne or «Baptism of the Lord») or Yordanovden («Day of Jordan», referring to the river). On this day, a wooden cross is thrown by a priest into the sea, river or lake and young men race to retrieve it. As the date is in early January and the waters are close to freezing, this is considered an honorable act and it is said that good health will be bestowed upon the home of the swimmer who is the first to reach the cross.[77]
In the town of Kalofer, a traditional horo with drums and bagpipes is played in the icy waters of the Tundzha river before the throwing of the cross.[78][79]
Benelux[edit]
Children in Flanders celebrating Driekoningen
The Dutch and Flemish call this day Driekoningen, while German speakers call it Dreikönigstag (Three Kings’ Day). In the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and neighboring Germany, children in groups of three (symbolizing the Biblical Magi) proceed in costume from house to house while singing songs typical for the occasion, and receiving a coin or some sweets at each door. They may each carry a paper lantern symbolizing the star.[80] In some places, especially Holland, these troupes gather for competitions and present their skits/songs for an audience. As in Belgium, Koningentaart (Kings’ tart), puff pastry with almond filling, is prepared with a black bean hidden inside. Whoever finds the bean in his or her piece is king or queen for the day. A more typically Dutch version is Koningenbrood, or Kings’ bread. In the Netherlands, the traditions have died out, except for very few places.[81] Another Low Countries tradition on Epiphany is to open up doors and windows to let good luck in for the coming year.
Brazil[edit]
In Brazil, the day is called «Dia dos Reis» (The Day of Kings) and in the rest of Latin America «Día de Reyes» commemorating the arrival of the Magi to confirm Jesus as son of God. The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as «Night of Kings» (also called the Twelfth Night) and is feasted with music, sweets and regional dishes as the last night of Nativity, when Christmas decorations are traditionally put away.[82]
Chile[edit]
This day is sometimes known as the Día de los Tres Reyes Magos (The day of the Three Royal Magi) or La Pascua de los Negros (Holy Day of the Black men)[83] in Chile, although the latter is rarely heard, because it was the day when slaves were allowed not to work.
Dominican Republic[edit]
In the Dominican Republic, the Día de los Tres Reyes Magos (The day of the Three Royal Magi) and in this day children receive gifts on the christmas tree in a similar fashion to Christmas day. On this day public areas are very active with children accompanied by their parents trying out their new toys.
A common practice is to leave toys under the children’s beds on January 5, so when they wake up on January 6, they are made to believe the gifts and toys were left from Santa Claus or the Three Kings. however, and particularly in the larger cities and in the North, local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition, as well as with other holidays such as Halloween, due to Americanization via film and television, creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6.
Egypt[edit]
The feast of the Epiphany is celebrated by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, which falls on 11 Tobe of the Coptic calendar, as the moment when in the baptism of Jesus the skies opened and God himself revealed to all as father of Jesus and all mankind. It is then a moment of revelation of epiphany. This celebration started to include all the processes of incarnation of Jesus, from his birth on Christmas until his baptism in the river Jordan. For the Coptic Orthodox Church it is also a moment in which the path of Jesus to the Cross begins. Therefore, in many celebrations there are certain similarities with the celebrations of Holy Friday during the time of Easter. Since the Epiphany is one of the seven great feasts of the Coptic Orthodox Church, it is a day of strict fasting, and several religious celebrations are held on this day. The day is related to the blessing of waters that are used all throughout the year in the church celebrations, and it is a privileged day to celebrate baptisms. It is also a day in which many houses are blessed with water. It may take several days for the local priest to bless all the houses of the parishioners that ask for it, and so the blessing of the houses may go into the after-feasts of the Epiphany celebrations. However, it must be done before the beginning of Lent.[84]
England[edit]
In England, the celebration of the night before Epiphany, Epiphany Eve, is known as Twelfth Night (the first night of Christmas is December 25–26, and Twelfth Night is January 5–6), and was a traditional time for mumming and the wassail. The Yule log was left burning until this day, and the charcoal left was kept until the next Christmas to kindle next year’s Yule log, as well as to protect the house from fire and lightning.[85] In the past, Epiphany was also a day for playing practical jokes, similar to April Fool’s Day. Today in England, Twelfth Night is still as popular a day for plays as when Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night was first performed in 1601, and annual celebrations involving the Holly Man are held in London.[86] A traditional dish for Epiphany was Twelfth Cake, a rich, dense, typically English fruitcake. As in Europe, whoever found the baked-in bean was king for a day, but uniquely to English tradition other items were sometimes included in the cake. Whoever found the clove was the villain, the twig, the fool, and the rag, the tart.[clarification needed] Anything spicy or hot, like ginger snaps and spiced ale, was considered proper Twelfth Night fare, recalling the costly spices brought by the Wise Men. Another English Epiphany sweetmeat was the traditional jam tart, made appropriate to the occasion by being fashioned in the form of a six-pointed star symbolising the Star of Bethlehem, and thus called Epiphany tart. The discerning English cook sometimes tried to use thirteen different colored jams on the tart on this day for luck, creating a pastry resembling stained glass.[87]
Ethiopia and Eritrea[edit]
Orthodox priests dancing during the celebration of Timkat
In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Church, the feast is known as Timkat and is celebrated on the day that the Gregorian calendar calls January 19, but on January 20 in years when New Year in the Ethiopian calendar falls on Gregorian September 12 (i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days). The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacred Tabot.[88]
Finland[edit]
In Finland, Epiphany is called loppiainen, a name which goes back to the 1600s. In the 1500s the Swedish-Finnish Lutheran church called Epiphany «Day of the Holy Three Kings», while before this, the older term Epiphania was used. In the Karelian language Epiphany is called vieristä, meaning cross, from the Orthodox custom of submerging a cross three times to bless water on this day.[89] Today, in the Lutheran church, Epiphany is a day dedicated to a focus on missionary work in addition to the Wise Men narrative. Between 1973 and 1991 Epiphany was observed in Finland on a Saturday each year no earlier than January 6, and no later than January 12. After that time however, the traditional date of January 6 was restored and has since been observed once again as a national public holiday.
The Christmas tree is traditionally taken out of the house on Epiphany. While the term loppiainen means «ending [of Christmas time],» in reality, Christmas celebrations in Finland are extended to Nuutti’s or St. Canute’s Day on January 13, completing the Scandinavian Twenty Days of Christmas.
Francophone Europe[edit]
In France people share one of two types of king cake. In the northern half of France and Belgium the cake is called a galette des Rois, and is a round, flat, and golden cake made with flake pastry and often filled with frangipane, fruit, or chocolate. In the south, in Provence, and in the south-west, a crown-shaped cake or brioche filled with fruit called a gâteau des Rois is eaten. In Romandie, both types can be found though the latter is more common. Both types of cake contain a charm, usually a porcelain or plastic figurine, called a fève (broad bean in French).[90]
The cake is cut by the youngest (and therefore most innocent) person at the table to assure that the recipient of the bean is random. The person who gets the piece of cake with the trinket becomes «king» or «queen» and wears a paper crown provided with the cake. In some regions this person has a choice between offering a beverage to everyone around the table (usually a sparkling wine or champagne), or volunteering to host the next king cake at their home. This can extend the festivities through all of January.[91]
German-speaking Europe[edit]
Traditional house blessing in chalk, written by Sternsinger on the door beam of the home
January 6 is a public holiday in Austria, three federal states of Germany, and three cantons of Switzerland, as well as in parts of Graubünden.
In the German-speaking lands, groups of young people called Sternsinger (star singers) travel from door to door. They are dressed as the Biblical Magi, and their leader carries a star, usually of painted wood attached to a broom handle. Often these groups are four girls, or two boys and two girls in order to sing in four-part harmony. They sing traditional songs and newer ones such as «Stern über Bethlehem». They are not necessarily three wise men. German Lutherans often note in a lighthearted fashion that the Bible never specifies that the Weisen (Magi) were men, or that there were three. The star singers solicit donations for worthy causes, such as efforts to end hunger in Africa, organized jointly by the Catholic and Protestant churches, and they will also be offered treats at the homes they visit.[92] The young people then perform the traditional house blessing, by marking the year over the doorway with chalk. In Roman Catholic communities this may even today be a serious spiritual event with the priest present, but among Protestants it is more a tradition, and a part of the German notion of Gemütlichkeit. Usually on the Sunday following Epiphany, these donations are brought into churches. Here all of the children who have gone out as star singers, once again in their costumes, form a procession of sometimes dozens of wise men and stars. The German Chancellor and Parliament also receive a visit from the star singers at Epiphany.[93]
Some Germans eat a Three Kings cake, which may be a golden pastry ring filled with orange and spice representing gold, frankincense and myrrh. Most often found in Switzerland, these cakes take the form of Buchteln but for Epiphany, studded with citron, and baked as seven large buns in a round rather than square pan, forming a crown. Or they may be made of typical rich Christmas bread dough with cardamom and pearl sugar in the same seven bun crown shape. These varieties are most typically purchased in supermarkets, with the trinket and gold paper crown included.[94] As in other countries, the person who receives the piece or bun containing the trinket or whole almond becomes the king or queen for a day. Epiphany is also an especially joyful occasion for the young and young at heart, as this is the day dedicated to plündern – that is, when Christmas trees are «plundered» of their cookies and sweets by eager children (and adults) and when gingerbread houses, and any other good things left in the house from Christmas, are devoured.[95] Lastly, there is a German rhyme saying, or Bauernregel, that goes Ist’s bis Dreikönigs kein Winter, kommt keiner dahinter meaning «If there hasn’t been any winter (weather) until Epiphany, none is coming afterward.» Another of these Bauernregel, (German farmer’s rules) for Epiphany states: Dreikönigsabend hell und klar, verspricht ein gutes Weinjahr or «If the eve of Epiphany is bright and clear, it foretells a good wine year.»
Greece, Cyprus[edit]
In Greece, Cyprus and the Greek diaspora throughout the world, the feast is called the Theophany,[96] or colloquially Phōta (Greek: Φώτα, «Lights»).[97] It is the «Great Celebration» or Theotromi. In some regions of Macedonia (West) it is the biggest festival of the year. The Baptism of Christ symbolizes the rebirth of man, its importance is such that until the fourth century Christians celebrated New Year on this day. Customs revolve around the Great Blessing of the Waters.[98] It marks the end of the traditional ban on sailing, as the tumultuous winter seas are cleansed of the mischief-prone kalikántzaroi, the goblins that try to torment God-fearing Christians through the festive season. During this ceremony, a cross is thrown into the water, and the men compete to retrieve it for good luck. The Phota form the middle of another festive triduum, together with Epiphany Eve, when children sing the Epiphany carols, and the great feast of St. John the Baptist (January 7 and eve),[99] when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name-day.
It is a time for sanctification, which in Greece means expiation, purification of the people and protection against the influence of demons. This concept is certainly not strictly Christian, but has roots in ancient worship. In most parts of Greece a ritual called «small sanctification», Protagiasi or «Enlightment» is practiced on the eve of Epiphany. The priest goes door to door with the cross and a branch of basil to «sanctify» or «brighten» the rooms by sprinkling them with holy water. The protagiasi casts away the goblins ; bonfires are also lit in some places for that purpose. The «Great Blessing» happens in church on the day of the Epiphany. In the Churches in a special rig embellished upon which brought large pot full of water[clarify]. Then the «Dive of the Cross» is performed: a cross is throwned by the priest in the sea, a nearby river, a lake or an ancient Roman cistern (as in Athens). According to popular belief, this ritual gives the water the power to cleanse and sanitize. In many places, after the dive of the cross, the locals run to the beaches or the shores of rivers or lakes to wash their agricultural tools and even icons. Indeed, according common folk belief, icons lose their original strength and power with the passage of time, but they can be restored by dipping the icons in the water cleansed by the cross. This may be a survival of ancient beliefs. Athenians held a ceremony called «washing»: the statue of Athena was carried in procession to the coast of Faliro where it was washed with salt water to cleanse it and renew its sacred powers.
Today, women in many parts repeating this ancient custom of washing the images but combined with other instruments of medieval and ancient magic. As the plate of Mytilene while the divers dive to catch the Cross women at the same time «getting a detaining (= pumpkin) water from 40 waves and then with cotton dipped it clean icons without talking to throughout this process («dumb water») and then the water is thrown out of the not pressed (in the crucible of the church).[clarify][citation needed]
Guadeloupe Islands[edit]
Celebrations in Guadeloupe have a different feel from elsewhere in the world. Epiphany here does not mean the last day of Christmas celebrations, but rather the first day of Kannaval (Carnival), which lasts until the evening before Ash Wednesday. Carnival, in turn, ends with the grand brilé Vaval, the burning of Vaval, the king of the Kannaval, amidst the cries and wails of the crowd.[100]
India[edit]
Diyas (lights) are used to celebrate Epiphany in some Kerala Christian households.
In parts of southern India, Epiphany is called the Three Kings Festival and is celebrated in front of the local church like a fair. This day marks the close of the Advent and Christmas season and people remove the cribs and nativity sets at home. In Goa Epiphany may be locally known by its Portuguese name Festa dos Reis. In the village of Reis Magos, in Goa, there is a fort called Reis Magos (Wise Men) or Três Reis Magos for Biblical Magi. Celebrations include a widely attended procession, with boys arrayed as the Magi, leading to the Franciscan Chapel of the Magi near the Goan capital of Panjim.[101] Other popular Epiphany processions are held in Chandor. Here three young boys in regal robes and splendid crowns descend the nearby hill of Our Lady of Mercy on horseback towards the main church where a three-hour festival Mass is celebrated. The route before them is decorated with streamers, palm leaves and balloons with the smallest children present lining the way, shouting greetings to the Kings. The Kings are traditionally chosen, one each, from Chandor’s three hamlets of Kott, Cavorim and Gurdolim, whose residents helped build the Chandor church in 1645.
In the past the kings were chosen only from among high-caste families, but since 1946 the celebration has been open to all. Participation is still expensive as it involves getting a horse, costumes, and providing a lavish buffet to the community afterwards, in all totaling some 100,000 rupees (about US$2,250) per king. This is undertaken gladly since having son serve as a king is considered a great honor and a blessing on the family.[102]
Cansaulim in South Goa is similarly famous for its Three Kings festival, which draws tourists from around the state and India. Three boys are selected from the three neighboring villages of Quelim, Cansaulim and Arrosim to present the gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh in a procession. Only a native of these villages may serve as king; outsiders are barred from the role. Throughout the year, excitement runs high in the villages to see who will be chosen. The boys selected are meticulously groomed, and must grow their hair long in time for the festival. The procession involves the three kings wearing jeweled red velvet robes and crowns, riding white horses decked with flowers and fine cloth, and they are shaded by colorful parasols, with a retinue of hundreds.[103][104]
The procession ends at the local church built in 1581, and in its central window a large white star hangs, and colored banners stream out across the square from those around it. Inside, the church will have been decorated with garlands. After presenting their gifts and reverencing the altar and Nativity scene, the kings take special seats of honor and assist at the High Mass.[105]
The Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala State, Epiphany is known by its Syriac name Denha. Saint Thomas Christians, like other Eastern Christians, celebrate Denha as a great feast to commemorate the Baptism of Jesus in the river Jordan. The liturgical season Denhakalam («Weeks of Epiphany») commemorates the second revelation at the Baptism and the subsequent public life of Jesus. Denha is celebrated on January 6 by the Syro-Malabar Church in two ways – Pindiperunnal («Plantain trunk feast») and Rakkuliperunal («Feast with a night bath»).[106]
Ireland[edit]
The Irish call the day the Feast of the Epiphany or traditionally Little Christmas or «Women’s Christmas» (Irish: Nollaig na mBan). On Nollaig na mBan, women traditionally rested and celebrated for themselves after the cooking and work of the Christmas holidays. The custom was for women to gather on this day for a special meal, but on the occasion of Epiphany accompanied by wine, to honor the Miracle at the Wedding at Cana.[citation needed]
Today, women may dine at a restaurant or gather in a pub in the evening. They may also receive gifts from children, grandchildren or other family members on this day. Other Epiphany customs, which symbolize the end of the Christmas season, are popular in Ireland, such as the burning the sprigs of Christmas holly in the fireplace which have been used as decorations during the past twelve days.[107]
The Epiphany celebration serves as the initial setting for – and anchors the action, theme, and climax of – James Joyce’s short story «The Dead» from his 1914 collection, Dubliners.
Italy[edit]
In Italy, Epiphany is a national holiday and is associated with the figure of the Befana (the name being a corruption of the word Epifania), a broomstick-riding old woman who, on the night between January 5 and 6, brings gifts to children or a lump of «coal» (really black candy) for the times they have not been good during the year. The legend told of her is that, having missed her opportunity to bring a gift to the child Jesus together with the Biblical Magi, she now brings gifts to other children on that night.[108][109][24]
However, in some parts of today’s Italian state, different traditions exist, and instead of the Befana it is the three Magi who bring gifts. in Sardinia, for example, where local traditions and customs of the Hispanic period coexist, the tradition of the Biblical Magi (in Sardinian language, Sa Pasca de is Tres Reis) bringing gifts to children is very present.
Jordan[edit]
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
|---|---|
Al-Maghtas ruins on the Jordanian side of the Jordan River, believed to be the location where Jesus of Nazareth was baptised by John the Baptist |
|
| Location | Balqa Governorate, Jordan |
| Reference | 1446 |
| Inscription | 2015 (39th Session) |
| Website | www.baptismsite.com |
Thousands of Jordanian Christians, tourists and pilgrims flock to Al-Maghtas site on the east bank of the Jordan River in January every year to mark Epiphany, where large masses and celebrations are held.[110] «Al-Maghtas» meaning «baptism» or «immersion» in Arabic, is an archaeological World Heritage site in Jordan, officially known as «Baptism Site «Bethany Beyond the Jordan» (Al-Maghtas)». It is considered to be the original location of the Baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist and has been venerated as such since at least the Byzantine period.[8]
- John 1:28: These things took place in Bethany beyond the Jordan, where John was baptising.
The site has then seen several archaeological digs, four papal visits and state visits and attracts tourists and pilgrimage activity.[110] Approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016, mostly European, American and Arab tourists.[111]
Latvia[edit]
Epiphany is known in Latvia as Trijkungu diena (Three Kings Day) by Catholics or Zvaigznes diena (Star Day) by Lutherans after the custom of star singing, and the Star of Bethlehem which led the Magi to the Christ Child.[112] In the past bright stars of fabric were sewn onto the background of dark colored quilts, representing the night sky. Epiphany was a day of enjoyment, spent in horse-drawn open sleighs, and these quilts would then be taken along to cover the laps of the merry riders.[113] If Epiphany Day was bright and mild and the sun «warmed the horses’ backs» it was said that the coming year would bring only peace. If the night before Epiphany saw clear starry skies, it meant Latvia could expect a fine harvest in the coming Summer. Weaving and wood-cutting were «bad luck», giving both men and women a proper holiday, and if a dog was heard barking on Epiphany one ought to look for his or her future spouse in that same direction. Special three-corner apple cakes are eaten on this day, and as in other countries, star singing, visiting and house blessings have long been popular.[114]
Lebanon[edit]
Epiphany, celebrated on January 6, is the feast for the Roman Church that commemorates the visit of the Wise Men, the magi. However, in the Maronite Church, in accordance with the ancient tradition, it represents the public announcement of Jesus’ mission when he was baptized in the Jordan by John the Forerunner, also known as «John the Baptist». On the occasion, Lebanese Christians pray for their deceased.[115]
It is celebrated by attending church most often to the midnight mass by the maronites. The reason why it is at midnight is because the Christ will be passing to bless homes, also Lebanese Christians who gathered for the mass congratulate each other on that day by saying: «El Deyim Deyim» (Arabic: دايم دايم) which translates as «The permanent is permanent». They also mix dough made out of water and flour only and it rises outdoors with no yeast by being blessed.[115]
North Macedonia[edit]
Epiphany procession in the capital of North Macedonia Skopje near Stone Bridge on the Vardar river in the early 1920s
Epiphany in North Macedonia is known as Vodici (Водици).[116] On this day the priest throws a wooden cross into the water, to symbolize the baptism of Christ.[citation needed] Men jump into the cold water to retrieve the cross, and whoever retrieves it is believed to be blessed during the whole year.[citation needed] These are very festive gatherings with many spectacles attending the sites. Special food jelly from pork and beef meat and bones called «pacha» (пача) or «pivtii» (пивтии) is prepared the day before, but served on the day after Epiphany, together with warm local brandy, rakija (ракија).[117] Epiphany is a non-working day for the Orthodox believers in North Macedonia.[118]
Malta[edit]
In Malta, Epiphany is commonly known as It-Tre Re (The Three Kings). Until the 1980s, January 6 was a public holiday, but today the Maltese celebrate Epiphany on the first Sunday of the year. Children and students still take January 6 as a school holiday and Christmas decorations are lit up through this day on most public streets. The Maltese also have a long-standing custom of presenting concerts in honor of Epiphany, including the prestigious annual Epiphany Concert organized by the Malta Council for Culture and Arts, performed by the National Orchestra. In 2010, the Epiphany Concert which used to be held before a select audience, was opened to the general public following a decision by the President. The Ministry of Education and Culture therefore moved from the venue from the Palace to the historic Sacra Infermeria, also known as the Mediterranean Conference Centre.[119] Qagħaq tal-Għasel or tal-Qastanija (Maltese honey rings) are typically served at Epiphany in Malta.
Mexico[edit]
The evening of January 5 marks the Twelfth Night of Christmas and is when the figurines of the three Biblical Magi are added to the nativity scene. Traditionally in Mexico, as with many other Latin American countries, Santa Claus doesn’t hold the cachet that he does in the United States. Rather, it is the Magi who are the bearers of gifts, who leave presents in or near the shoes of small children.[120] Mexican families also commemorate the date by eating Rosca de reyes. In modern Mexico however, and particularly in the larger cities and in the North, local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition, as well as with other holidays such as Halloween, due to Americanization via film and television, creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6.
Peru[edit]
Feast of Día de Reyes in Peru
Peru shares Epiphany customs with Spain and the rest of Latin America. Peruvian national lore holds that Francisco Pizarro was the first to call Lima «Ciudad de los Reyes» (City of the Kings) because the date of the Epiphany coincided with the day he and his two companions searched for, and found, an ideal location for a new capital. Even more popular in Peru than gift giving is the custom of the Bajada de Reyes when parties are held in honor of the taking down of family and public nativity scenes, and carefully putting them away until the next Christmas.[121]
Philippines[edit]
In the Philippines, Epiphany is known as «Three Kings’ Day» and Pasko ng Matatanda («Feast of the Elderly»), and marks the official close of the country’s Christmas season. As a day of feasting, some Filipinos celebrate with gift-giving and greet each other «Happy Three Kings!».[122]
Poland[edit]
In Poland, Epiphany, or «Trzech Króli» (Three Kings) is celebrated in grand fashion, with huge parades held welcoming the Wise Men, often riding on camels or other animals from the zoo, in Warsaw, Poznań[123] and over 2,000 other cities. The Wise Men pass out sweets, children process in renaissance wear, carols are sung, and living nativity scenes are enacted, all similar to celebrations in Italy or Spain, pointing to the country’s Catholic heritage. Children may also dress in colors signifying Europe, Asia, and Africa (the supposed homes of the Wise Men) and at the end of the parade route, church leaders often preach on the spiritual significance of the Epiphany. In 2011, by an act of Parliament, Epiphany was restored as an official non-working national public holiday in Poland for the first time since it was canceled under communism fifty years earlier.[124]
Poles though take small boxes containing chalk, a gold ring, incense and a piece of amber, in memory of the gifts of the Magi, to church to be blessed. Once at home, they inscribe «K+M+B+» and the year with the blessed chalk above every door in the house, according to tradition, to provide protection against illness and misfortune for those within. The letters, with a cross after each one, are said to stand either for the traditionally applied names of the Three Kings in Polish – Kacper, Melchior and Baltazar – or for a Latin inscription meaning «Christ bless this house.» They remain above the doors all year until they are inadvertently dusted off or replaced by new markings the next year.[125] On January 6, as in much of Europe, a Polish style Three Kings cake is served with a coin or almond baked inside. The one who gets it is king or queen for the day, signified by wearing the paper crown that decorates the cake. According to Polish tradition this person will be lucky in the coming year. Recipes vary by region. Some serve a French-type puff pastry cake with almond paste filling, others favor a sponge cake with almond cream filling, and yet others enjoy a light fruitcake.[126]
Epiphany in Poland also signals the beginning of zapusty or carnival time, when pączki (doughnuts) and chrust (Angel wings) are served.[127]
Portugal[edit]
In Portugal, Epiphany, January 6, is called dia dos Reis (Day of the Kings), during which the traditional Bolo Rei (King cake) is baked and eaten. Plays and pageants are popular on this day, and parents often hold parties for their children. Epiphany is also a time when the traditional Portuguese dances known as Mouriscadas and Paulitos are performed. The latter is an elaborate stick dance. The dancers, who are usually men but may be dressed as women, manipulate sticks or staves (in imitation swords) in two opposing lines.[128] It is a tradition too in Portugal for people to gather in small groups and to go from house to house to sing the Reis (meaning «Kings») which are traditional songs about the life of Jesus. The singers also bring greetings to the owners of the house. After singing for a while outside, they are invited in, and the owners of the house offer them sweets, liqueurs, and other Epiphany delicacies. These Reis usually begin on Epiphany eve and last until January 20.[129]
Portuguese village of Vale de Salgueiro encourages children, some as young as five, to smoke in a tradition that does not have clear roots.[130][131]
Puerto Rico[edit]
In Puerto Rico, Epiphany is an important festive holiday, and is commonly referred as Dia de Los Tres Reyes Magos, or Three Kings’ Day. It is traditional for children to fill a box with fresh grass or hay and put it underneath their bed, for the Wise Men’s horses. In Puerto Rico many artisans make commemorative historical figures of the Magi on horseback. The Three Wise Men of Puerto Rico, according to local tradition, arrive on horseback instead of camels as in other countries where the custom is also ingrained. The three kings will then take the grass to feed the horses and will leave gifts under the bed as a reward. These traditions are analogous to the customs of children leaving mince pies and sherry out for Father Christmas in Western Europe or leaving milk and cookies for Santa Claus in the United States. On the day before the feast (January 5), the «Rosario de Reyes» or «Promesa de Reyes» is celebrated with songs (aguinaldos) promised to be sung to the Kings, usually before a little table with figures of the Nativity and the Kings or with the Kings alone and their camels. This celebration is accompanied with a chicken soup, snacks, and drinks.
Romania and Moldova[edit]
Star boys. Postage stamp depicting traditional Christmas & Epiphany star singing in Moldova.
In Romania and Moldova, Epiphany is called Boboteaza. In south-eastern Romania, following religious services, men participate in winter horse races. Before the race, the men line up with their horses before the priest, who will bless them by sprinkling them with green branches that have been dipped into Epiphany holy water. Sometimes people desire to have this blessing for themselves as well. Winning the Epiphany race is a great honor for both horse and rider, while the post-race celebrations, win or not, are highly festive. As in other Eastern Orthodox heritage countries, water rites play a special role on this day.[132] A unique piece of Romanian folk wisdom holds that if a girl slips on ice–or, better yet, falls into water–on Epiphany, she will surely marry before the year is out.[133]
In Transylvania (Erdély/Siebenbürgen), Lutheran and Reformed Christians of Hungarian and Saxon descent celebrate Epiphany with star singing and house blessing, as in Central Europe. The star singing custom had long ago spread throughout Romania and the Republic of Moldova. Here the star, called Steaua, today resembles a stained-glass lantern and features an Orthodox icon at its center, a tradition pointing to the blending of both East and West which characterizes the two nations on the river Prut.[134]
Russia[edit]
An ice hole is cut in the form of a cross in Russia to celebrate the Epiphany.
The Epiphany, celebrated in Russia on January 19, marks the baptism of Jesus in the Eastern Orthodox Church. As elsewhere in the Orthodox world, the Russian Church conducts the rite of the Great Blessing of the Waters, also known as «the Great Sanctification of the Water» on that day (or the eve before).[135] The priest-led procession could simply proceed to the font,[135] but traditionally the worshipers would go to a nearby lake or river.
Historical records indicate that the blessing of the waters events took place at the courts of Moscow Czars since no later than 1525. According to historians, the blessing of the waters procession was the most magnificent of the annual Czar’s court’s ceremonies, comparable only to such special events as royal coronations and weddings. After a divine liturgy in the Kremlin’s Dormition Cathedral, the procession, led by the Czar and the Patriarch of Moscow would proceed to the frozen Moskva River. An ice-hole would have been made in the ice, called Iordan’ (in memory of the Jordan River), over which a small gazebo would have been erected and decorated with holy icons, one of which would depict the Baptism of Christ. The Patriarch would immerse his cross into the river’s water; and sprinkle the Czar, his boyars, and the banners of Czar’s army’s regiments with the holy water. A load of holy water would then be brought back to the Kremlin, to be used in blessing the Czar’s palace.[136] On a smaller scale, similar events would take place in the parishes throughout the nation.
Believing that on this day water becomes holy and is imbued with special powers, Russians cut holes called Iordan’ in the ice of lakes and rivers, often in the shape of the cross, to bathe in the freezing water.[137] This practice is said to be popularized comparatively recently; it was fairly uncommon in the czarist days, but has flourished since the 1990s.[138]
Participants in the ritual may dip themselves under the water three times, honoring the Holy Trinity, to symbolically wash away their sins from the past year, and to experience a sense of spiritual rebirth. Orthodox priests are on hand to bless the water, and rescuers are on hand to monitor the safety of the swimmers in the ice-cold water. Others limit their participation in the Epiphany rites to those conducted inside churches, where priests perform the Great Blessing of Waters, both on Epiphany Eve and Epiphany (Theophany) proper. The water is then distributed to attendees who may store it to use in times of illness, to bless themselves, family members, and their homes, or to drink. Some Russians think any water – even from the taps on the kitchen sink – poured or bottled on Epiphany becomes holy water, since all the water in the world is blessed this day. In the more mild climate of the southern city of Sochi meanwhile, where air and water temperatures both hover in the low to mid 10-degree Celsius range (50 degrees Fahrenheit) in January, thousands of people jump into the Black Sea at midnight each year on Epiphany and begin to swim in celebration of the feast.[139]
Slovenia[edit]
In Slovenia, especially in the Western part of the country, during the first day of the year and on Epiphany, children go from house to house because villagers will give them almonds, dried figs, nuts, cookies or other good things that they have at home.[140]
Spain[edit]
In Spain and some Latin American countries, Epiphany day is called El Día de Reyes[141] i.e., the day when a group of Kings or Magi, as related in the second chapter of the Gospel of Matthew, arrived to worship and bring three gifts to the baby Jesus after following a star in the heavens. In Spanish tradition on January 6, three of the Kings: Melchior, Gaspar, and Balthazar, representing Arabia, the Orient, and Africa, arrived on horse, camel and elephant, bringing respectively gold, frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus. Before going to bed on the eve of January 6, children polish their shoes and leave them ready for the Kings’ presents to be put in them. The next morning presents will appear under their shoes, or if the children are deemed to have misbehaved during the year, coal (usually a lump of hard sugar candy dyed black, called Carbón Dulce).[142] Most towns in Spain arrange colorful parades representing the arrival of the Reyes Magos to town so children can see them on their camels or carriages before they go to bed. The oldest of these parades is held in Alcoy, Alicante (Valencian Community) which has hosted an annual parade since 1885.[143] Sweet wine, nibbles, fruit and milk are left for the Kings and their camels. In Spain, children typically receive presents on this day, rather than on Christmas, though this tradition has changed lately, and children now receive presents on both days. The Epiphany bread/cake is known as Roscón,[144] Tortell de Reis in Catalan, and in Mexico as Rosca de reyes.[145]
Sweden[edit]
Epiphany is a public holiday in Sweden, where it is known as «trettondedag jul» («Thirteenth Day Yule»), as January 6 is the thirteenth day after Christmas Eve, the main day on which Christmas is celebrated in Sweden. However, the end of the Christmas celebration is on January 13, St. Knut’s Day, more commonly known as «Twentieth Day Yule» (or «Twentieth Day Knut»).
United States[edit]
King cakes of the type locally called «French style» on display at the chain bakery/restaurant «La Madeline» branch in Carrollton, New Orleans. They come with cardboard «crowns» to be worn by whoever gets the slice with the token and becomes monarch of the event.
In Louisiana, Epiphany is the beginning of the Carnival season, during which it is customary to bake King Cakes, similar to the Rosca mentioned above. It is round in shape, filled with cinnamon, glazed white, and coated in traditional carnival color sanding sugar. The person who finds the doll (or bean) must provide the next king cake. The interval between Epiphany and Mardi Gras is sometimes known as «king cake season», and many may be consumed during this period. The Carnival season begins on King’s Day (Epiphany), and there are many traditions associated with that day in Louisiana and along the Catholic coasts of Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. King cakes are first sold then, Carnival krewes begin having their balls on that date, and the first New Orleans krewe parades in street cars that night.
In Colonial Virginia, Epiphany, or 12th Night, was an occasion of great merriment, and was considered especially appropriate as a date for balls and dancing, as well as for weddings. On 12th Night, Great Cake was prepared, consisting in two giant layers of fruitcake, coated and filled with royal icing. Custom dictated that the youngest child present cut and serve the cake and whoever found the bean or prize in the Twelfth Night cake was crowned «King of the Bean» similar to the European king cake custom.[citation needed]
In Erie, Pennsylvania, as part of an Epiphany party a king is hidden in a cake, and whichever child finds the king in the cake is crowned king for the day.[146]
Tarpon Springs, Florida, is known for elaborate religious ceremonies related to the Greek Orthodox Church, the most notable being the Epiphany celebration. The Metropolitan of Atlanta usually presides over the blessings, sometimes joined by the Archbishop of America. The blessings conclude with the ceremonial throwing of a wooden cross into the city’s Spring Bayou, and boys ages 16 to 18 diving in to retrieve it. Whoever recovers the cross is said to be blessed for a full year. Following the blessings, the celebration moves to the Sponge Docks where food and music are made part of the festivities.[147] Tarpon Springs has given itself the nickname Epiphany City.[148] The celebration attracts Greek Americans from across the country,[147] and the city’s population is known to triple in size for that day.[149]
In Manitou Springs, Colorado, Epiphany is marked by the Great Fruitcake Toss. Fruitcakes are thrown, participants dress as kings, fools, etc., and competitions are held for the farthest throw, the most creative projectile device, etc. As with customs in other countries, the fruitcake toss is a sort of festive symbolic leave-taking of the Christmas holidays until next year, but with humorous twist, since fruitcake is considered with a certain degree of derision in most of the United States, and is the source of many jokes.[150][151]
Wales[edit]
On January 6, the Feast of the Epiphany has long been an important celebration in Wales, known there as Ystwyll. In Glamorganshire, a huge loaf or cake was prepared, which was then divided up into three parts to represent Christ, the Virgin Mary and the Biblical Magi. A large company of neighbours was invited to be present at the dividing of the cake in which rings were concealed. Whoever discovered a ring in his piece of cake (or bread) was elected as King or Queen and presided over the day’s festivities. January 6 was the old-calendar Christmas Day and many of the festivities connected with it lasted well over a century after the new calendar was introduced in 1752.[citation needed]
Wales shares other Twelfth Night customs with its neighbor, England, including the Yule log, and the wassail to wish farmers a good harvest in the coming year, but here the Yule log’s ashes were saved then buried along with the seeds planted in the ensuing spring to ensure a good harvest, while the wassail bowl was taken to the house of newlyweds or to a family which had recently come to live in the district and songs sung outside the house door. Those inside the house would recite or sing special verses, to be answered by the revelers outside.
Another Welsh custom associated with Epiphany was the Hunting of the Wren. A group of young men would go out into the countryside to capture a wren (the smallest bird in the British Isles after the goldcrest/firecrest). The bird would then be placed in a small, decorated cage and carried around from house to house and shown in exchange for money or gifts of food and drink. (If a wren could not be found then a sparrow would have to undergo the ritual.)[152]
References[edit]
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- ^ Packer, George Nichols (1893). Our Calendar. Union and Advertiser Co. p. 110.
The length of Christmastide or season is twelve days, lasting from the 25th of December to Epiphany. Epiphany (Greek Epiphania, Theophania or Christophania), is a festival in commemoration of the manifestation of Jesus Christ to the world as the Son of God, and referring to the appearance of the star which announced our Saviour’s birth to the Gentiles, and the visit of the Magi, or Wise Men of the East to the infant Jesus. This festival is held on the 6th of January invariably, consequently is not a moveable feast, though the length of Epiphany-tide depends upon the date of Easter.
- ^ «Epiphany and Epiphanytide». The Parish of St Clement and St James. The Church of England. December 23, 2013. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2014.
The current pattern in the Anglican Church is to have an extended Epiphany season (called Epiphanytide). This is why Nativity scenes are sometimes kept in churches throughout January. Epiphanytide: Rather confusingly, however, the other two main ‘manifestations’ marked in Epiphanytide concern Jesus as an adult: his baptism in the River Jordan, when the Holy Spirit descends on him in the form of a dove (on the Sunday after Epiphany), and his first sign: the turning of water into wine at the marriage feast in Cana in Galilee. This latter event – the third ‘epiphany’ of the season – is only to be found in John’s gospel.
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At the end of the Twelve Days of Christmas comes a special day called the Epiphany, or Three Kings Day. This holiday, which falls on January 6th, is celebrated as the day when the three wise men, also called the three kings, first saw baby Jesus and gave him gifts.
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…in Methodist usage the Epiphany Season includes all the Sundays between that date and Ash Wednesday, which for 1964 will be February 12, the beginning of Lent.
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The Provincial Synod established in 1883 the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the Church of England in Canada, framed largely upon the Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society of the American Church. No concerted action had been taken by the Church in Canada till the formation of this society but by the regular issuing of appeals from the Board of Management each year, at Ascensiontide for Domestic, and at Epiphanytide for Foreign Missions, a certain amount of interest in the great question of missions has been created.
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We prefer, like good Anglicans, to go with the logic of the liturgy and regard January 5th as the Twelfth Day of Christmas and the night that ends that day as Twelfth Night. That does make Twelfth Night the Eve of the Epiphany, which means that, liturgically, a new feast has already begun.
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Christmas was a day to go to church – the simpler the service, the better, Todd says – and maybe have a quiet dinner with family. It was a slower time in the agricultural year, so there was an opportunity for some leisure. As long as you didn’t overdo it. But even Scots-Irish Presbyterians had to have a little fun sometimes. The occasion to let go was Twelfth Night on Jan. 5 or 6. For Christians, it marks the arrival in Bethlehem of the Magi, or Three Wise Men.
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Twelfth Night saw people feasting and taking down Christmas decorations. The king cake is traditionally served in France and England on the Twelfth Night to commemorate the journey of the Magi to visit the Christ child.
- ^ Edworthy, Niall (2008). The Curious World of Christmas. Penguin Group. p. 83. ISBN 9780399534577.
The time-honoured epoch for taking down Christmas decorations from Church and house in Candlemas Day, February 2nd. Terribly withered they are by that time. Candlemas in old times represented the end of the Christmas holidays, which, when «fine old leisure» reigned, were far longer than they are now.
- ^ Roud, Steve (2008). The English Year. Penguin Books Limited. p. 690. ISBN 9780141919270.
As indicated in Herrick’s poem, quoted above, in the mid seventeenth century Christmas decorations were expected to stay in place until Candlemas (2 February), and this remained the norm until the nineteenth century.
- ^ Groome, Imogen (December 31, 2016). «When is Twelfth Night and what does it mean?». Metro. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
Twelfth Night 2017 is on Thursday 5 January, which is when we’re meant to put away our Christmas decorations or there’ll be bad luck in the year ahead. If you miss the date, some believe it’s necessary to keep decorations up until Candlemas on 2 February – or you’ll definitely have a rubbish year.
- ^ «Candlemas». BBC. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night (January 5th) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down.
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- ^ Carrington, «The ‘heretical’ festival of ‘Epiphany’ became a universal festival throughout the whole Christian world, commemorating both the Baptism and the Nativity of Jesus. It is hard to explain this as a world-wide imitation of the Basilides; it is quite easy to explain if the 48 (49)-lection arrangement of Mark was used as a Calendar fairly widely at one time.» (p. 54).
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- ^ «Today the Church has been joined to her heavenly bridegroom, since Christ has purified her of her sins in the river Jordan: the Magi hasten to the royal wedding and offer gifts: the wedding guests rejoice since Christ has changed water into wine, alleluia» (Benedictus antiphon, Liturgy of the Hours, Roman Rite). «Three wonders mark this day we celebrate: today the star led the Magi to the manger; today water was changed into wine at the marriage feast; today Christ desired to be baptized by John in the river Jordan to bring us salvation, alleluia» (Magnificat antiphon at Second Vespers, Liturgy of the Hours, Roman Rite).
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- ^ «Twelfth Night Celebrations – London». Woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk. Archived from the original on October 11, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «The Twelfth Day of Christmas». The Old Foodie. January 6, 2007. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
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- ^ Finnguide.fi. «Finnguide: Finland Finnish Calendar Events : Epiphany (Loppiainen) Finland calendar events information». Finnguide.fi. Archived from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
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- ^ «L’Epiphanie: des galettes a partager!». Retrieved January 5, 2014.
- ^ «Die Sternsinger bei Life Radio!». December 30, 2008. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2011 – via YouTube.
- ^ «108 Könige zu Gast bei der Kanzlerin». Abendblatt.de. January 4, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ The Anonymous Mama (November 10, 2006). «How to Make Three Kings Cake > German Three Kings Cake (Dreikönigskuchen)». Christmasspirit.wordpress.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Epiphany – Three Kings». Mrshea.com. December 14, 2005. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Theophany». OrthodoxWiki. January 15, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ «National Holidays in Greece». justlanded.com. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ «The Winter Pascha, Chapter 34: The Great Blessing of Water». Antiochan Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ «John_the_Forerunner». Orthowiki. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ «La Fête des Rois». Fetedesrois.blogspot.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Abram, David; Edwards, Nick (2003), The Rough Guide to South India, ISBN 978-1-84353-103-6, retrieved January 5, 2015
- ^ «INDIA Magi’s journey in Chandor includes every caste». Asianews.it. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Cansaulim village in Goa, Three Kings Feast in Cansaulim». Goaholidayhomes.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Feast of the Three Kings today». The Times of India. January 6, 2011.
- ^ «Feast of Three Kings – Three Kings Feast Goa – Holy Epiphany Goa India». Bharatonline.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Christmas and Epiphany». Nasranifoundation.org. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «New Year’s Day to Epiphany – World Cultures European». Irishcultureandcustoms.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals. ABC-CLIO. p. 144. ISBN 9781576070895. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
- ^ Brand, John (1777). Popular Antiquities. pp. 180, 183
- ^ a b «Catholics celebrate Epiphany, coexistence of faiths at Baptism Site». January 9, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
- ^ «الفرجات: 81 ألفا زاروا المغطس العام الماضي». Al Ghad (in Arabic). January 2, 2017. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved January 7, 2017.
- ^ Baister, Stephen; Patrick, Chris (2007), Latvia, ISBN 978-1-84162-201-9
- ^ «Zvaigznes diena». Liis.lv. Archived from the original on January 8, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Zvaigznes Diena – Definition». WordIQ.com. Archived from the original on November 24, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ a b «Maronite Eparchy of Australia – The Maronite Liturgical Year». Maronite.org.au. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
- ^ «водици – резултати од пребарување – Дигитален речник на македонскиот јазик».
- ^ Wong, Curtis (January 6, 2011). «Epiphany, Or Three Kings Day Celebrations Around The World (photos)». HuffPost. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Vodici e neraboten den za pravoslavnite Archived June 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Alfa.mk. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- ^ «Epiphany Concert opened to the public». The Times. Malta. December 22, 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Ricardo Botto. «Dia de Reyes, the story of Los Tres Reyes Magos». Mexonline.com. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
- ^ Ricardo Botto (January 3, 2008). «No Hay Navidad Sin Jesús: La Bajada de Reyes». Celebrandonavidad.blogspot.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Limpin, Rogelio (January 8, 2018). «Prelate urges Catholics to celebrate ‘Epiphany’«. Philippine News Agency. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2022.
- ^ «Ephiphany Day Procession attended by thousands in Poznan». demotix.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ «Poland Restores Epiphany Public Holiday». Qppstudio.net. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Feast of the Three Kings – How Poles Celebrate the Feast of the Three Kings – Trzech Króli». Easteuropeanfood.about.com. April 17, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Three Kings». inyourpocket.com/poland. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ Barbara Rolek; About.com Guide (January 31, 2011). «Three Kings Cake Recipe – Recipe for Polish Ciasto Trzech Króli or Three Kings Cake». Easteuropeanfood.about.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Epiphany (Portugal) (Día de Reis): Information from». Answers.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Figueiredo, Jose M. (January 5, 2011). «Portuguese Club party will be fit for a king». Wickedlocal.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Alves, Helena (January 7, 2018). «Portuguese Town Encourages Children to Smoke at Epiphany». U.S.News. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ^ Staton, Bethan (January 7, 2018). «Portuguese village encourages children to smoke one day a year for Epiphany festival». Sky News. Retrieved January 1, 2020.
- ^ carmen (January 7, 2010). «Boboteaza (Epiphany in Romania)». PocketCultures. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Tradiţii şi obiceiuri de Bobotează». Crestinortodox.ro. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Star Carol *Steaua». Roembus.org. Archived from the original on December 8, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ a b Bute (Marquess of), John Patrick Crichton-Stuart; Budge, Sir Ernest Alfred Wallis (1901), The blessing of the waters on the eve of the Epiphany: the Greek, Latin, Syriac, Coptic, and Russian versions, edited or translated from the original texts, Oxford University Press, pp. 47 sq.
- ^ Bushkovitch, Paul (1992), Religion and Society in Russia: The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Oxford University Press, p. 42, ISBN 9780195069464
- ^ «Epiphany in Russia – Baptism of Jesus». Goeasteurope.about.com. December 9, 2011. Archived from the original on January 12, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ Katia Moskvitch, Russia’s trend for dipping children in frozen rivers. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
- ^ «Tens of thousands bathe in icy water on Epiphany in Russia». RIA Novosti. January 19, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Slovenska Istra- En». Slovenska-istra.si. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Why Spain loves the Three Kings more than Santa». thelocal.es. January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019.
- ^ «Carbón Dulce (Sweet Coal)». diamondsfordessert.com. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ «ALcoy Three Kings Parade». Instituto de Turismo de España (TURESPAÑA). Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ Lisa & Tony Sierra (December 19, 2013). «Twelfth Night Bread Recipe – Roscon de Reyes Recipe». Spanishfood.about.com. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ Chelsie Kenyon (December 18, 2013). «Rosca de Reyes». Mexicanfood.about.com. Retrieved December 25, 2013.
- ^ Mizner, Elspeth (January 5, 2020). «Epiphany Party Held at Saint Paul’s Lutheran Church». Erie News Now.
- ^ a b Staff (January 2, 2012). «Epiphany festival draws travelers to Tarpon Springs, Florida». masslive.com. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
- ^ «Feast Day of Epiphany 2012» (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 10, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
- ^ Schantz, Mark. «Tarpon Springs to again become Epiphany City USA». The Suncoast News. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved January 5, 2012.
- ^ «Great Fruitcake Toss». Colorado-for-free.com. Archived from the original on December 23, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Fruitcake Toss Day!». Gone-ta-pott.com. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
- ^ «Wales on Britannia: Welsh Culture & Traditions». Britannia.com. Archived from the original on August 16, 1997. Retrieved December 22, 2011.
Sources[edit]
- Epiphanius, Panarion, li, 27, in Migne, Patrologia Graecae (P.G.), XLI, 936 (where it is called by its Latin name: Adversus Haereses)
- Martindale, Cyril (1909). «Epiphany» . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Migne, Jacques-Paul (1858). Patrologiae cursus completus, series graeca. Vol. 2.
Further reading[edit]
- Baxter, Roger (1823). «Christ to be Adored with Offerings» . Meditations For Every Day In The Year. New York: Benziger Brothers.
- Massillon, Jean-Baptiste (1879). «Sermon XXVII: For the day of the Epiphany» . Sermons by John-Baptist Massillon. Thomas Tegg and Son.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Epiphany.
Look up Epiphany in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- The Epiphany Season at the Christian Resource Institute
- Rev. Fr. Leonard Goffine’s The Church’s Year: «On the vigil and feast of the Epiphany»
- Home
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January 19
Epiphany in Russia is observed on January 19 in remembrance of the baptism of Jesus by John the Baptist, which according to the Orthodox calendar occurred on this day. One of the oldest holidays on the Christian calendar, it is a major celebration in Russia, a predominantly Orthodox country.
Although a distinctly religious holiday observed by Russian believers, those who are nonreligious or adhere to other faiths can still appreciate the scale of the celebration and the interesting water-based rituals associated with it.
Holiday History
Understanding the spiritual meaning of epiphany helps to shed light on the rituals which are observed for the holiday. John the Baptist was known for preaching sermons on the need for repentance and for baptizing many people who came to listen to him preach. At the age of 30, Jesus himself asked John to baptize him in the Jordan River, which John reluctantly did. After the ceremony, the voice of God was heard from heaven declaring Jesus to be His Son, after which the heavens opened and the Holy Spirit descended on Jesus in the form of a dove. This event made it clear to all who were present that Jesus was of divine origin and also provided a picture of the Holy Trinity: God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit.
Epiphany Celebrations in Russia
On the day before Russian Epiphany, called Epiphany Eve, Orthodox Christians usually adhere to a strict fast. They are only permitted to eat sochivo, a porridge which can be made from a variety of cereals but is most often prepared from wheat, lentils or occasionally rice. Sochivo may also be eaten after the liturgy on Epiphany itself, but only after the candle has been extinguished and the communion with special epiphany water has been taken.
As the day of Epiphany dawns, the melodious clang of church bells can be heard across the country as large crowds gather to attend a special prayer liturgy. This Epiphany service is held at every Orthodox church in the nation, with attendance mandatory for Orthodox Christians. After listening to a sermon, parishioners pray, light a candle, confess their sins, participate in communion and drink special Epiphany water. Before departing, each family can bottle up some of the holy drink to take home with them, which they can then save for the coming year for either drinking or cleansing.
Yet the most unusual tradition for Epiphany in Russia is a ritual bathing in frigid waters. In preparation for this event, large ice holes are cut in the shape of a cross into frozen rivers, lakes and artificial reservoirs. Alternatively, special fountains or dunking booths may also be placed in city centers and town plazas. Participants are expected to submerge themselves 3 consecutive times in the water, which is often referred to as the “Jordan”. Although bathing in the frigid waters is voluntary, many believers choose to take part in this rite, as it is widely believed that it has the power to revitalize the whole person through cleansing of both the body and the soul.
Epiphany This is a Christian holiday in honor of the baptism of Jesus Christ in the Jordan River. Perhaps the most interesting tradition associated with this holiday in Russia is the baptismal bathing.
Epiphany, or Three Kings’ Day, marks the end of the 12 days of Christmas for most people in the United Kingdom (UK).
Epiphany is a Christian observance that remembers the three wise men’s (or Magi’s) visit to Jesus. ©iStockphoto.com/Liliboas
Is Epiphany a Bank Holiday?
Epiphany is not a public holiday in the United Kingdom.
What Do People Do on Epiphany?
January 6 is officially the last day of Christmas and the last day to remove your Christmas decorations. However, decorations in town centers and shopping malls may stay on display for longer, as it can take many days or weeks to remove them all.
Some people attend church services on Epiphany.
Ancient Celebrations
Midwinter festivals and parties have been held on the islands that now form the United Kingdom for thousands of years. When people began to convert to Christianity, aspects of the original festivals were incorporated into Christian celebrations. The Midwinter festival lasting for many days became the Twelve Days of Christmas. This period begins on Boxing Day on December 26 and lasts until Epiphany on January 6.
Is Epiphany the same as Twelfth Night?
No, Twelfth Night is the evening before Epiphany, also known as Epiphany Eve, on January 5.
About Epiphany in Other Countries
Read more about Epiphany.
Epiphany Observances
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While we diligently research and update our holiday dates, some of the information in the table above may be preliminary. If you find an error, please let us know.
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Английский язык для 7-го класса |
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| Предмет: | Английский язык |
| Класс: | 7 класс |
| Автор учебника: | Афанасьева О.В. Михеева И.В. |
| Год издания: | 2016 |
| Издательство: | |
| Кол-во заданий: | |
| Кол-во упражнений: | 541 |
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Мы в социальных сетях |
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Телеграм • ВКонтакте |
Описание и ответ на задание[править | править код]
A. Make sure that you know the Russian national holidays and festivals and match the names of the holidays, the dates and their descriptions. (снизу дан правильный ответ)
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- New Year Holiday — This is the day when gifts are given by Ded Moroz (Father Frost), decorating New Year trees and joyful parties.
- Orthodox Christmas — This day is celebrated with all-night services in church.
- Maslenitsa — This festival marks the end of winter and the beginning of spring and Lent. During this festival people make pancakes, sing traditional songs and dance traditional dances or go visiting each other.
- The Motherland Defender’s Day — This holiday is devoted to soldiers and officers and everyone else who ever defended the country or is in the Army. These people are sent special cards and given presents. Concerts are also given in their honour.
- International Women’s Day — This is a day off. Probably the busiest people on this day are flower sellers. Men and young boys try to please their mothers, sisters and friends by giving them presents, flowers and chocolates.
- Easter (Paskha) — It is the main Orthodox festival. People colour eggs and enjoy traditional Russian dishes. Churches hold special services on this day.
- Day of Spring and Labour — We celebrate the day when Russia became an independent country, the Russian Federation, after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. This is an official holiday.
- Victory Day — It celebrates the end of the Soviet Union’s participation in World War II in Europe. Parades and processions of veterans are held in big cities. People lay flowers in Moscow’s Park Pobedy and at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
- Russia Day — On this spring day people prefer to go out into the streets and take part in all kinds of outdoor activities.
- Day of People’s Unity — This is a new holiday in Russia to celebrate the unity of the nation. Now this day is marked by marches and demonstrations in central parts of Russian cities and towns. For many people it’s just another day off. This day was chosen as four centuries ago at the beginning of November the Polish invadors were driven out of Moscow by Russian troops under Citizen Minin and Prince Pozharsky.
B. Speak about one of the holidays in greater detail. Ask your parents for more information, if necessary. To make your story more logical write its outline first.
Maslenitsa is one of the most popular and cheerful religious holidays in Russia. It originated from pagan times before Russia was converted to Christianity. At first, this holiday was a symbol of the spring solstice, but nowadays it is considered a Christian holiday which goes right before the Great Lent. During Maslenitsa people enjoy almost any food, except meat. Usually Maslenitsa lasts for seven days and on the last day of this holiday people burn a doll which is made of branches and straw and dressed in bright clothes. This doll is called “Maslenitsa” and it symbolizes the cold and severe winter. By burning “Maslenitsa” people say goodbye to winter and greet a warm spring.[1]
Перевод задания[править | править код]
A. Убедитесь, что вы знаете русские национальные праздники и фестивали, сопоставьте их названия, описание и с их датами.
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- Новый год — это день, когда Дед Мороз дарит подарки, когда украшают новогодние ёлки и делают весёлые вечеринки.
- Православное Рождество — этот день отмечается ночными службами в церквях.
- Масленица — этот праздник знаменует конец зимы и начало весны и Великого поста. Во время этого праздника люди делают блины, поют народные песни и танцуют национальные танцы или ходят друг к другу в гости.
- День защитника Отечества — Этот праздник посвящен солдатам и офицерам, а также всем, кто когда-либо защищал страну или служил в армии. Мужчинам отправляют специальные открытки и дарят подарки. Проводятся многочисленные концерты в их честь.
- Международный женский день — это выходной день. Вероятно, самые занятые люди в этот день — продавцы цветов. Мужчины и юноши стараются угодить мамам, сестрам и подругам, даря им подарки, цветы и шоколад.
- Пасха — это главный православный праздник. Люди красят яйца и наслаждаются традиционными русскими блюдами. Церкви проводят специальные службы в этот день.
- День весны и труда. — Мы отмечаем день, когда Россия стала независимой страной (Россия всегда была независимой страной и до распада Советского Союза), Российской Федерацией, после распада Советского Союза в 1991 году. Это официальный праздник.
- День Победы — Празднование окончания участия Советского Союза во Второй мировой войне в Европе. Проводятся парады и шествия ветеранов в крупных городах. Люди возлагают цветы в московском парке Победы и у Могилы Неизвестного солдата.
- День России — в этот весенний день люди предпочитают выходить на улицы и принимать участие во всех видах активного отдыха.
- День народного единства — это новый праздник в России, чтобы отпраздновать единство нации. Теперь этот день отмечен гуляниями и демонстрациями в центральных частях городов России. Для многих это просто еще один выходной. Этот день был выбран так, как четыре века назад в начале ноября польские захватчики были изгнаны из Москвы русскими войсками под командованием Минина и князя Пожарского.
Б. Расскажите об одном из праздников подробнее. Спросите своих родителей для получения дополнительной информации, если это необходимо. Чтобы сделать вашу историю более логичной, сначала напишите ее схему.
Масленица — один из самых популярных и веселых религиозных праздников в России. Он возник с языческих времен до обращения Руси в христианство. Сначала этот праздник был символом весеннего солнцестояния, но сейчас он считается христианским праздником, который отмечается прямо перед Великим постом. Во время масленицы люди готовят много разной еды, кроме мяса. Обычно Масленица длится семь дней, и в последний день этого праздника люди сжигают куклу, которая сделана из веток и соломы и одета в яркие одежды. Эта кукла называется «Масленица» и символизирует холодную и суровую зиму. Сжигая «Масленицу», люди прощаются с зимой и встречают теплую весну.
Другие задачи учебника[править | править код]
- ↑ О масленнице на сайте Википедии
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Church holidays are days set aside by the church for celebrating various events from the life of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the saints. The most important holiday in Russian churches is Easter (Resurrection of Christ). Next is Christmas, followed by Epiphany, Christ’s presentation at the Temple, Annunciation, Christ’s entrance into Jerusalem (Palm Sunday), Ascension (40 days after Easter), Pentecost or Sunday of the Trinity, Transfiguration, Dormition of the Virgin Mary, Nativity of the Virgin Mary, Elvation of the Cross, and Presentation of the Virgin Mary at the Temple. Easter Sunday does not have a set date, it changes every year to fall on the first Sunday after the full moon that occurs on or right after the spring equinox. The dates of the other movable feasts depend on the date of Easter. The Catholic church has a special movable feast, the Feast of the Holy Eucharist (second Sunday after Pentecost). Individual parishes celebrate feasts in honor of the saint or event to which the local church is dedicated. Christian holidays and saints’ days are grouped in four cycles according to the seasons: in the spring cycle there are the celebrations of the Annunciation, Easter, and St. George; in the summer cycle, Pentecost, and St. Elijah; in the fall cycle, the first and second Blessed Virgin, the Holy Protectress, and in the winter cycle, Christmas, New Year, and Epiphany. Перевод топика: Церковные праздникиЦерковные праздники — дни, которые установлены церковью для празднования разных событий из жизни Христа, Девы Марии и святых. Самый главный праздник — Пасха (Воскресенье Христово). Потом Богоявление и Рождество, Введение Христа во храм, Благовещение, Вход Христа в Иерусалим (Вербное воскресенье), Вознесение (через 40 дней после Пасхи), Троица, Преображение, Успение Девы Марии, Рождество Богородицы, Воздвижение и Введение Богородицы во храм. У Пасхи нет фиксированной даты, она изменяется ежегодно и приходится на первое воскресенье после весеннего равноденствия. Даты других праздников зависят от даты Пасхи. У католической церкви есть особый переходной праздник, Святой Евхаристии (второе воскресенье после Троицы). Отдельные приходы отмечают праздники в честь святого или события, которому посвящена местная церковь. Христианские праздники объединены в четыре цикла, в соответствии с временами года: в весеннем цикле празднуют Благовещение, Пасху и Георгия Победоносца; в летнем — Троицу, Ивана Купала и Илью; в осеннем — первое и второе Благовещение Богородицы, Покрова; в зимнем цикле — Рождество, Новый год и Богоявление. Vocabulary:Questions: |
