New years day праздник

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This article is about the first day of the Gregorian calendar year. For the first day in other calendars, see New Year. For other uses, see New Year’s Day (disambiguation).

New Year’s Day
Fireworks in Mexico City at the stroke of midnight on New Year’s Day in 2013
Observed by	Users of the Gregorian calendar
Type	International
Significance	The first day of the year in the Gregorian calendar
Celebrations	Making New Year’s resolutions, church services, parades, parties, sporting events, fireworks[1]
Date	1 January
Next time	1 January 2024
Frequency	Annual
Related to	New Year’s Eve Persian New Year Indian New Year Chinese New Year Islamic New Year Christmas and holiday season Epiphany

In the Gregorian calendar, New Year’s Day is the first day of the year; 1 January. Whilst most solar calendars (like the Gregorian and Julian) begin the year regularly at or near the northern winter solstice, cultures that observe a lunisolar or lunar calendar celebrate their Lunar New Year (such as the Chinese New Year and the Islamic New Year) at less fixed points relative to the solar year.

In pre-Christian Rome under the Julian calendar, the day was dedicated to Janus, god of gateways and beginnings, for whom January is also named. From Roman times until the middle of the 18th century, the new year was celebrated at various stages and in various parts of Christian Europe on 25 December, on 1 March, on 25 March and on the movable feast of Easter.^[2][3][4]

In the present day, with most countries now using the Gregorian calendar as their civil calendar, 1 January according to that calendar is among the most celebrated public holidays in the world, often observed with fireworks at the stroke of midnight following New Year’s Eve as the new year starts in each time zone. Other global New Year’s Day traditions include making New Year’s resolutions and calling one’s friends and family.^[1]

History[edit]

The ancient Babylonian calendar was lunisolar, and around the year 2000 BC^[5] began observing a spring festival and the new year during the month of Nisan, around the time of the March equinox. The early Roman calendar designated 1 March as the first day of the year.^[6] The calendar had just 10 months, beginning with March. That the new year once began with the month of March is still reflected in some of the names of the months. September through to December, the ninth through to the twelfth months of the Gregorian calendar, were originally positioned as the seventh through to the tenth months. (Septem is Latin for «seven»; octo, «eight»; novem, «nine»; and decem, «ten») Roman mythology usually credits their second king Numa with the establishment of the two new months of Ianuarius and Februarius. These were first placed at the end of the year, but at some point came to be considered the first two months instead.^[7]

The January kalend (Latin: Kalendae Ianuariae), the start of the month of January, came to be celebrated as the new year at some point after it became the day for the inaugurating new consuls in 153 BC. Romans had long dated their years by these consulships, rather than sequentially, and making the kalends of January start the new year aligned this dating. Still, private and religious celebrations around the March new year continued for some time and there is no consensus on the question of the timing for 1 January’s new status.^[8] Once it became the new year, however, it became a time for family gatherings and celebrations. A series of disasters, notably including the failed rebellion of M. Aemilius Lepidus in 78 BC, established a superstition against allowing Rome’s market days to fall on the kalends of January and the pontiffs employed intercalation to avoid its occurrence.^[9][10]

New Year’s Day in the older Julian calendar[edit]

The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict. The calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently, most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years. The Roman calendar began the year on 1 January, and this remained the start of the year after the Julian reform. However, even after local calendars were aligned to the Julian calendar, they started the new year on different dates. The Alexandrian calendar in Egypt started on 29 August (30 August after an Alexandrian leap year). Several local provincial calendars were aligned to start on the birthday of the Emperor Augustus, 23 September. The indiction caused the Byzantine year, which used the Julian calendar, to begin on 1 September; this date is still used in the Eastern Orthodox Church for the beginning of the liturgical year.

At various times and in various places throughout mediaeval Christian Europe, the new year was celebrated on 25 December in honour of the birth of Jesus; 1 March in the old Roman style; 25 March in honour of Lady Day (the Feast of the Annunciation, the date of the conception of Jesus); and on the movable feast of Easter.^[2][4]

Christian observance[edit]

As a date in the Christian calendar, New Year’s Day liturgically marked the Feast of the Naming and Circumcision of Jesus, which is still observed as such in the Anglican Church, the Lutheran Church,^[11][12] the Eastern Orthodox Church (Julian calendar, see below) and in Traditional Catholicism by those who retain the usage of the General Roman Calendar of 1960. The mainstream Roman Catholic Church celebrates on this day the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God.^[13]

Gift giving[edit]

Among the 7th-century pagans of Flanders and the Netherlands, it was the custom to exchange gifts at the winter solstice. This custom was deplored by Saint Eligius (died 659 or 660), who warned the Flemish and Dutch: «(Do not) make visuals, [little figures of the Old Woman], little deer or iotticos or set tables [for the house-elf, compare Puck] at night or exchange New Year gifts or supply superfluous drinks [another Yule custom].»^[14] However, on the date that European Christians celebrated the Feast of the Circumcision, they exchanged Christmas presents because the feast fell within the 12 days of the Christmas season in the Western Christian liturgical calendar;^[15] The custom of exchanging Christmas gifts in a Christian context is traced back to the Biblical Magi who gave gifts to the Christ Child.^[16][17] In Tudor England, 1 January (as the Feast of the Circumcision, not New Year’s Day), along with Christmas Day and Twelfth Night, was celebrated as one of three main festivities among the twelve days of Christmastide.^[18]

Acceptance of 1 January as New Year’s Day[edit]

Most nations of Europe and their colonies officially adopted 1 January as New Year’s Day somewhat before they adopted the Gregorian calendar. France changed to 1 January from 1564, most of Germany did so from 1544, the Netherlands from 1556 or 1573 according to sect, Italy (not being united) did so on a variety of dates, Spain and Portugal from 1556, Sweden, Norway and Denmark from 1599, Scotland from 1600, and Russia from 1725.^[2] England, Wales, Ireland, and Britain’s American colonies did so from 1752.^[2][4]

Great Britain and the British Empire[edit]

Until 1752 (except Scotland^[a]), the Kingdom of Great Britain and its Empire at the time had retained 25 March as the official start of the year (though informal use of 1 January had become common.^[b]) With the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, Britain and the Empire formally adopted 1 January as New Year’s Day and, with the same Act, also discarded the Julian calendar (though the actions are otherwise unrelated). The Act came into effect «following the last said day of December 1751».^[19][c]

By 1750, an eleven-day difference between the older Julian and the newer and more accurate Gregorian calendars also needed to be adjusted for. There was some religious dissent regarding feast days being moved, especially Christmas Day (see Old Christmas), and isolated communities continued the old reckoning to a greater or lesser extent. The years 1800 and 1900 were leap years in the Julian calendar but not in the Gregorian, so the difference increased to twelve then thirteen days. The year 2000 was a leap year in both calendars.

• In the Gwaun Valley in Wales, the new year is celebrated on 13 January, still based on the 19th century difference in the calendars.^[20]
• Foula, in the Shetland islands celebrates Yule (‘Old Christmas’ rather than the December solstice) on 6 January and Newerday on 13 January.^[21] Again, both dates reflect the nineteenth century reckoning and were not moved again in 1900.

Eastern Orthodoxy[edit]

At various stages during the first half of the twentieth century, all countries in Eastern Christendom adopted the Gregorian calendar as their civil calendar but continued, and have continued into modern times, to use the Julian Calendar for ecclesiastical purposes. As 1 January (Julian) equates to 14 January (Gregorian), a religious celebration of the New Year on this date may seem strange to Western eyes.

New Year’s Days in other calendars[edit]

In cultures that traditionally or currently use calendars other than the Gregorian, New Year’s Day is often also an important celebration. Some countries concurrently use Gregorian and another calendar. New Year’s Day in the alternative calendar attracts alternative celebrations of that new year:

African[edit]

• Nayrouz and Enkutatash are the New Year’s Days of the Coptic Egyptians and the Ethiopians, respectively. Between 1900 and 2100, both occur on 11 September in most years and on 12 September in the years before Gregorian leap years. They preserve the legacy of the ancient Egyptian new year Wept Renpet, which originally marked the onset of the Nile flood but which wandered through the seasons until the introduction of leap years to the traditional calendar by Augustus in 30-20 BC. In Ethiopia, the new year is held to mark the end of the summer rainy season.
• The Odunde Festival is also called the African New Year is celebrated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the United States on the second Sunday of June. While the name was based on the Yoruba African culture, its celebration marks the largest African celebration in the world, which more or less was started by a local tradition.^[22]
• The Sotho people of Lesotho and South Africa celebrate Selemo sa Basotho on 1 August during the end of the Southern Hemisphere’s winter. This is based on the Sotho calendar, and includes observances such as «Mokete wa lewa», a celebration that follows the harvest.

East Asian[edit]

• Chinese New Year is celebrated in some countries around East Asia, including China, and South-east Asia, including Singapore. It is the first day of the traditional Chinese calendar, a lunar calendar that is corrected for the solar changes every three years (i.e. a lunisolar calendar). The holiday normally falls between 20 January and 20 February.^[23] The holiday is celebrated with food, families, lucky money (usually in a red envelope), and many other red things for good luck. Lion and dragon dances, drums, fireworks, firecrackers, and other types of entertainment fill the streets on this day. 1 January is also a legal holiday in China, and people also celebrate the Gregorian New Year in this day, but it is not as grand as the traditional Chinese New Year.
• Japanese New Year is celebrated on 1 January because the Gregorian calendar is now used instead of the Chinese calendar in use until 1873.
• Korean New Year is celebrated on the first day of the traditional Korean calendar in South Korea. The first day of this lunisolar calendar, called Seollal (설날), is an important national holiday (along with Chuseok),^[24] with a minimum of three days off of work and school. Koreans celebrate New Year’s Day by preparing food for their ancestors’ spirits, visiting ancestors’ graves, and playing Korean games such as yunnori with families. Young children show respect to their parents, grandparents, relatives, and other elders by bowing down in a traditional way and are given good wishes and some money by the elders.
  • In addition, South Koreans celebrate the 1 January New Year’s Day of the Gregorian Calendar, and as a national holiday, people have the day off. The Gregorian calendar is now the official civil calendar in South Korea, so the populace now considers the 1 January New Year’s Day the first day of the year. South Koreans calculate their age using the East Asian age reckoning method, with all South Koreans adding a year to their age at midnight of the New Year (of the Gregorian, not the Korean calendar).^[25] Families enjoy the New Year by counting down to midnight on New Year’s Eve on 31 December.
• North Koreans celebrate the New Year’s Day holiday on the first day of the Gregorian calendar, 1 January. This New Year’s Day, confusingly also called Seollal, is a big holiday in North Korea, while they take a day off on the first day of the Korean calendar. The first day of the Korean calendar is regarded as a day for relaxation, but North Koreans consider the first day of the Gregorian calendar to be even more important.

Southeast Asian[edit]

• Cambodian New Year (Chaul Chnam Thmey) is celebrated on 13 April or 14 April. There are three days for the Khmer New Year: the first day is called «Moha Songkran», the second is called «Virak Wanabat» and the final day is called «Virak Loeurng Sak». During these periods, Cambodians often go to the pagoda or play traditional games. Phnom Penh is usually quiet during Khmer New Year as most Cambodians prefer spending it at their respective hometowns.
• Thai New Year is celebrated on 13 April or 14 April and is called Songkran in the local language. People usually come out to splash water on one another. The throwing of water originated as a blessing. By capturing the water after it had been poured over the Buddhas for cleansing, this «blessed» water is gently poured on the shoulder of elders and family for good fortune.
• Thingyan, Burmese new year’s celebrations, typically begin on 13 April but the actual New Year’s Day falls on 17 April in the 21st century. The day has slowly drifted over the centuries. In the 20th century, the day fell on 15 or 16 April while in the 17th century, it fell on 9 or 10 April.
• Vietnamese New Year (Tết Nguyên Đán or Tết), more commonly known by its shortened name Tết or «Vietnamese Lunar New Year», is the most important and popular holiday and festival in Vietnam, the holiday normally falls between 20 January and 20 February. It is the Vietnamese New Year marking the arrival of spring based on the Chinese calendar, a lunisolar calendar. The name Tết Nguyên Đán is Sino-Vietnamese for Feast of the First Morning, derived from the Hán nôm characters 節 元 旦.

South Asian[edit]

• Diwali related New Year’s celebrations include Marwari new year and Gujarati new year.
• Indian New Year’s days has several variations depending on the region and is based on the Hindu calendar.
• Hindu In Hinduism, different regional cultures celebrate the new year at different times of the year. In Assam, Bengal, Kerala, Nepal, Odisha, Punjab, Telangana, Andra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu households celebrate the new year when the Sun enters Aries on the Hindu calendar. This is normally on 14 April or 15 April, depending on the leap year. Elsewhere in northern/central India, the Vikram Samvat calendar is followed. According to that, the new year day is the first day of the Chaitra Month, also known as Chaitra Shukla Pratipada or Gudi Padwa. This is basically the first month of the Hindu calendar, the first Shukla paksha (fortnight) and the first day. This normally comes around 23–24 March, mostly around the Spring Equinox in Gregorian Calendar. The new year is celebrated by paying respect to elders in the family and by seeking their blessings. They also exchange tokens of good wishes for a healthy and prosperous year ahead.
• Malayalam New Year (Puthuvarsham) is celebrated either on the first day of the month of Medam in mid-April which is known as Vishu, or the first day of the month of Chingam, in the Malayalam Calendar in mid-August according to another reckoning. Unlike most other calendar systems in India, the New Year’s Day on the Malayalam Calendar is not based on any astronomical event. It is just the first day of the first of the 12 months on the Malayalam Calendar. The Malayalam Calendar (called Kollavarsham) originated in 825 AD, based on general agreement among scholars, with the re-opening of the city of Kollam (on Malabar Coast), which had been destroyed by a natural disaster.
• Nepal Sambat is the Nepalese New Year celebration.
• Pahela Baishakh or Bangla Nabobarsho is the first day of the Bengali Calendar. It is celebrated on 14 April as a national holiday in Bangladesh, and on 14 or 15 April in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, and part of Assam by people of Bengali heritage, irrespective of their religious faith.
• The Sikh New Year is celebrated as per the Nanakshahi calendar. The epoch of this calendar is the birth of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak in 1469. New Year’s Day falls annually on what is 14 March in the Gregorian Western calendar.^[26]
• Sinhalese New Year is celebrated in Sri Lankan culture predominantly by the Sri Lankan Sinhalese, while the Tamil New Year on the same day is celebrated by Sri Lankan Tamils. The Sinhalese New Year (aluth avurudda), marks the end of the harvest season, by the month of Bak (April) between 13 and 14 April. There is an astrologically generated time gap between the passing year and the New Year, which is based on the passing of the sun from the Meena Rashiya (House of Pisces) to the Mesha Rashiya (House of Aries) in the celestial sphere. The astrological time difference between the New Year and the passing year (nonagathe) is celebrated with several Buddhist rituals and customs that are to be concentrated on, which are exclusive of all types of ‘work’. After Buddhist rituals and traditions are attended to, Sinhala and Tamil New Year-based social gatherings and festive parties with the aid of firecrackers, and fireworks would be organized. The exchange of gifts, cleanliness, the lighting of the oil lamp, making kiribath (milk rice), and even the Asian Koel are significant aspects of the Sinhalese New Year.
• Tamil New Year (Puthandu) is celebrated on 13 April or 14 April. Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chiththirai Thirunaal in parts of Tamil Nadu to mark the event of the Sun entering Aries. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.
• Telugu New Year (Ugadi), Kannada New Year (Yugadi) is celebrated in March (generally), April (occasionally). Traditionally, it is celebrated as Chaitram Chaitra Shuddha Padyami in parts of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka to mark the event of New Year’s Day for the people of the Deccan region of India. It falls on a different day every year because the Hindu calendar is a lunisolar calendar. The Saka calendar begins with the month of Chaitra (March–April) and Ugadi/Yugadi marks the first day of the new year. Chaitra is the first month in Panchanga which is the Indian calendar. Panchangam (almanac), is read in temples to mark the start of the Year.

Middle Eastern[edit]

The major religions of the Middle East are Islam and Judaism: their adherents worldwide celebrate the first day of their respective new religious calendar years.

Islam[edit]

The two primary sects of Islam are Sunni Islam and Shia Islam. They have different calendars though for both the epoch of the calendar is the Hijrah.

• Islamic New Year (or «Hijri New Year», Arabic: رأس السنة الهجرية Ras as-Sanah al-Hijriyah)) is the day celebrated in Sunni Islamic culture that marks the beginning of a new year in the Lunar Hijri calendar. It disregards the solar year: its New Year’s Day is on a different Gregorian date each year because it is a lunar calendar, making it on average 11 to 12 days shorter than a solar year. The first day of the year is observed on the first day of Muharram, the first month in this calendar.
• Nowruz marks the first day of spring and the beginning of the year in the Solar Hijri calendar (one of the Iranian calendars). It is celebrated on the day of the astronomical Northern spring equinox, which usually occurs on or about 20 March (Gregorian calendar). Nowruz has been celebrated for over 3,000 years by the cultural continent of Iran, including Kurdistan and Afghanistan. The holiday is also celebrated and observed by many parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Northwestern China, Crimea and some groups in the Balkans. As well as being a Zoroastrian holiday and having significance amongst the Zoroastrian ancestors of modern Iranians, the same time is celebrated in the Indian sub-continent as the new year. The moment the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year and Iranian families gather together to observe the rituals.

Judaism[edit]

• Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year), is celebrated by Jews in Israel and throughout the world. The date is the new moon of Tishrei, which is the seventh month counting from Nisan, the first month of Spring. It always falls during September or October. The holiday is celebrated by blasting of shofar trumpets, to signify it as a day of judgment, by prayers of penitence, by readings from the law and prophets, and by special meals. The night of 31 December/1 January, the New Year according to the Gregorian calendar, is also celebrated widely in Israel and is referred to as Sylvester or the civil new year.^[27]

Martian[edit]

According to a convention established by NASA, the Martian year begins on its Northward equinox, the spring equinox of its northern hemisphere. Its most recent New Year’s Day (of MY 37) coincided with 26 December 2022 on Earth’s Gregorian calendar.^[28] New Year’s Day of MY 38 will coincide with 12 November 2024.

Traditional and modern celebrations and customs[edit]

New Year’s Eve[edit]

The first of January represents the fresh start of a new year after a period of remembrance of the passing year, including on radio, television, and in newspapers, which starts in early December in countries around the world. Publications have year-end articles that review the changes during the previous year. In some cases, publications may set their entire year’s work alight in the hope that the smoke emitted from the flame brings new life to the company. There are also articles on planned or expected changes in the coming year.

This day is traditionally a religious feast, but since the 1900s has also become an occasion to celebrate the night of 31 December—New Year’s Eve—with parties, public celebrations (often involving fireworks shows) and other traditions focused on the impending arrival of midnight and the new year. Watchnight services are also still observed by many.^[29]

New Year’s Day[edit]

The celebrations and activities held worldwide on 1 January as part of New Year’s Day commonly include the following:

• Several major parades are held on New Year’s Day, including the London’s New Year’s Day Parade, Pasadena’s Tournament of Roses Parade (also known as the «Rose Parade»), and Philadelphia’s Mummers Parade. In the Bahamas, it is also associated with Junkanoos.
• Beginning in the 2010s, it is also the day that First Day Hikes takes place in the fifty state park systems of the United States.^[30]
• The Vienna Philharmonic orchestra traditionally performs a New Year’s concert on the morning of New Year’s Day.
• A «polar bear plunge» is a common tradition in some countries, where participants gather on beaches and run into the cold water. Polar Bear Clubs in many Northern Hemisphere cities have a tradition of holding organized plunges on New Year’s Day, and they are often held to raise money for charity.
• In Ireland, New Year’s Day was called Lá na gCeapairí, or the day of the buttered bread. A possible meaning to the consumption of buttered bread was to ward off hunger and famine in the coming year, by placing the buttered bread on the doorstep in the morning. Some traditions saw parties of young people calling from house to house to receive buttered bread and occasionally Poitín,^[31] or to give out buttered bread in exchange for pennies. This tradition has since died out, having been popular in the 19th century, and waning in the 1930s and 1940s.^[32]
• In Japan, Korea and areas inhabited by the Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, Chukchi and the Iñupiat, watching the first sunrise is a tradition.
• In the United Kingdom and United States, New Year’s Day is associated with several prominent sporting events:
  • In the United States, 1 January is the traditional date for several major post-season college football bowl games, including the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, the Outback Bowl in Tampa, the Rose Bowl Game in Pasadena, and the Sugar Bowl in New Orleans. Since 2015, the Rose and Sugar Bowl games host the semi-finals of the College Football Playoff every three seasons. Since 2008, the National Hockey League has hosted an annual outdoor game, the Winter Classic, which rotates between different host teams annually, and usually showcases a major regional rivalry. If New Year’s Day falls on a Sunday, sporting events and associated festivities (such as the Rose Parade) traditionally held on New Year’s Day are typically deferred to the following Monday in defense of the National Football League—which plays a Sunday gameday as normal.^[33]
  • The Premier League in English football traditionally holds a fixture of matches on New Year’s Day,^[34] stemming from the historic tradition of games being played over the Christmas holiday period (including, just as prominently, Boxing Day).^[35]
  • The final of the PDC World Darts Championship typically falls on New Year’s Day.^[36]
  • The Cheltenham Racecourse holds a New Year’s Day fixture, which includes the Fairlawne Handicap Chase, Dipper Novices’ Chase, and Relkeel Hurdle.^[37]
• New Year’s Day is a government and bank holiday in many countries.

Music[edit]

Music associated with New Year’s Day comes in both classical and popular genres, and there is also Christmas song focus on the arrival of a new year during the Christmas and holiday season.

• Paul Gerhardt wrote the text for a hymn for the turn of the year, «Nun lasst uns gehn und treten», first published in 1653.
• Johann Sebastian Bach, in the Orgelbüchlein, composed three chorale preludes for the new year: Helft mir Gotts Güte preisen [«Help me to praise God’s goodness»] (BWV 613); Das alte Jahr vergangen ist [«The old year has passed»] (BWV 614); and In dir ist freude [«In you is joy»] (BWV 615).^[38]
• The year is gone, beyond recall is a traditional Christian hymn to give thanks for the new year, dating back to 1713.^[39]
• In English-speaking countries, it is traditional to sing Auld Lang Syne at midnight on New Year’s.

New Year’s Day babies[edit]

A common image used, often as an editorial cartoon, is that of an incarnation of Father Time (or the «Old Year») wearing a sash across his chest with the previous year printed on it passing on his duties to the Baby New Year (or the «New Year»), an infant wearing a sash with the new year printed on it.^[40]

Babies born on New Year’s Day are commonly called New Year babies. Hospitals, such as the Dyersburg Regional Medical Center^[41] in the US, give out prizes to the first baby born in that hospital in the new year. These prizes are often donated by local businesses. Prizes may include various baby-related items such as baby formula, baby blankets, diapers, and gift certificates to stores which specialise in baby-related merchandise.

Antarctica[edit]

On New Year’s Day in Antarctica, the stake marking the geographic south pole is moved approximately 10 meters to compensate for the movement of the ice. A new marker stake is designed and made each year by staff at the site nearby.

Other celebrations on 1 January[edit]

The Eastern Orthodox Church, the Anglican Church and the Lutheran Church celebrate the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ on 1 January, based on the belief that if Jesus was born on 25 December, then according to Hebrew tradition, his circumcision would have taken place on the eighth day of his life (1 January). The Roman Catholic Church celebrates on this day the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God, which is also a Holy Day of Obligation.

Johann Sebastian Bach composed several church cantatas for the double occasion:

• Singet dem Herrn ein neues Lied, BWV 190, 1 January 1724
• Jesu, nun sei gepreiset, BWV 41, 1 January 1725
• Herr Gott, dich loben wir, BWV 16, 1 January 1726
• Gott, wie dein Name, so ist auch dein Ruhm, BWV 171, 1 January 1729(?)
• Fallt mit Danken, fallt mit Loben, 1 January 1735 (Christmas Oratorio Part IV)

See also[edit]

• First Night
• List of films set around New Year
• List of winter festivals
• Rosh Hashanah
• Saint Sylvester’s Day
• New Year’s Six

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Macrobius, Saturnaliorum Libri VII. (in Latin)
• Macrobius (2011), Kaster, Robert A. (ed.), Saturnalia, Vol. I, Loeb Classical Library, No. 510, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674996496. (in English) & (in Latin)

External links[edit]

• Media related to New Year’s Day at Wikimedia Commons
• New Year’s Around the World – slideshow by Life magazine
• «New Year’s Day» . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.

Рождество в Англии

Рождество в Англии – это переплетение устоявшихся вековых национальных традиций, примет и всего того, что в современном мире связывают с зимними празднествами. Несмотря на обилие своих древних ритуалов, англичане перенимают и новые из Европы. Например, с конца XIX века из Германии пришли Календари Пришествия. И теперь каждый год, начиная с первого декабря, английская детвора ведет «отсчет к Пришествию», причем сами календари могут быть совершенно невообразимых видов: мигающие, шоколадные, вафельные, в виде голов марсиан…

Дома начинают украшать за две недели до Рождества. Лужайки перед домами обычно полностью скрыты статуями, венками из падуба и плюща, а в окнах включают приветственные Скандинавские огни.

Рождество в Лондоне

Для лондонца, Christmas – это прежде всего shopping: на витрины выкладывают самый дорогой товар, а цены в период распродаж снижаются до 50%.

Тем временем, весь город начинает жить праздничной жизнью: в переходах и в церквах поют хоры всех мастей, рестораны предлагают специальные меню и особые увеселительные мероприятия, а улицы, площади и театры (открытые и закрытые) наводняют массовики-затейники, поп-группы и клоуны.

Сам праздник Рождества проходит в несколько этапов.

Advent (подготовка к Рождеству), 1-24 декабря
В это время духовные наставники просят задуматься всех христиан об истинном смысле Рождества. Одна из главных традиций этих недель — венки со свечами, которые делают в первое воскресенье месяца. Венки обычно состоят из 5 свечей: четырех красных и одной белой. Каждое воскресенье зажигается новая красная свеча, когда семья собирается вместе за молитвой или праздничным столом. Белую свечу зажигают в вечер перед Рождеством как символ того, что в мир придет Христос и осветит тьму.

Christmas, 24-25 декабря
В эти дни особенно счастливы дети. Ожидая получить подарки от Father Christmas (так в Великобритании еще называют Санта Клауса), дети пишут подробный список с описанием желаемого и бросают его в камин. Считается, что дым из трубы донесет послание точно адресату. В Сочельник малыши слушают рождественские истории и молитвы, а перед тем как лечь спать, оставляют пирог с фаршем, молоко и морковку для оленей Санты. Обычай вешать носки для подарков тоже пришел из Англии. Санта Клаус однажды уронил несколько золотых монет, когда спускался вниз по дымоходу. Монеты провалились бы в печку и пропали, если бы не попали в носок, который сушился. С тех пор дети вешают носки на камин в надежде найти их полными подарков.

В Великобритании принято дарить друг другу подарки примерно одинаковой стоимости. Причем в семейном кругу церемония вручения подарков проводится по старинной традиции – по жребию.

Дом украшают хвойными ветками и лесными ягодами. Эта традиция соблюдалась задолго до крещения Англии. Ветки и ягоды приносили в дом, чтобы разогнать зимнее уныние и напомнить, что весна уже не за горами. Омелу (mistletoe) развешивают по дому, веря, что она обладает мистическими силами, которые приносят удачу дому и отпугивают злых духов. Рождественскую ель стали украшать на Рождество только около тысячи лет назад.

На ланч обычно начинают съезжаться родственники и друзья. По традиции к праздничному столу, кроме традиционных блюд, подают рождественские крекеры. Когда гости их разламывают, внутри может оказаться праздничный бумажный головной убор в форме короны, игрушка или подарок, или праздничная шутка.

Каждый год, в три часа дня, по телевизору транслируют речь королевы Елизаветы с поздравлениями, после чего вся семья играет в шарады или в требующие смекалки настольные игры.

Boxing Day, 26 декабря

Название этого дня происходит совсем не от популярного вида спорта, а от ‘box’ (коробка, ящик). По традиции, в этот день в церквях открывают коробки с пожертвованиями и их содержимое раздается бедным. Раньше в этот день слуг отпускали домой на праздничный обед с семьей. По своей сути, праздник является добавочным выходным днем к Рождеству.

Кульминацией, как Рождества, так и Нового года, является праздничный ужин. Считается: какой стол был на Рождество, такой будет и весь год. В Англии на Рождество подают запеченную свиную голову, и, как самое главное блюдо, — рождественский хлеб («хлеб Христа»), испеченный по специальным рецептам, украшенный ритуальными узорами и зеленью. Хлеб торжественно разрезают на части: обязательно одну из частей отдают бедным; выделяется часть и для домашнего скота, птицы. В праздничные пироги запекают зерно боба, кольцо, монету и пуговицу, с помощью которых гадают. Боб – к счастью, кольцо – к замужеству, монета – к богатству, пуговица – к бедности.

New Year’s Day, 31 декабря – 1 января

Традиционно шумный праздник встречи нового года. Британцы устраивают многолюдные вечеринки, много пьют, едят и веселятся. Как и везде, считается, что Новый год надо встретить как можно более радостно, чтобы весь следующий год был счастливым.

Hogmanay в Шотландии

Шотландцы отмечают Рождество довольно сдержанно, сохраняя весь свой праздничный пыл для новогоднего праздника, называемого Hogmanay (hogmanay — особого вида овсяная лепешка, которую традиционно давали детям в новогодний вечер). Заметьте, что если в Англии праздник встречи Нового года называется New Year’s Eve, то в Шотландии он называется Auld Year’s Nicht.

Считается, что первый человек, который зайдет в дом после наступления Нового года, значительно повлияет на благосостояние хозяев в наступающем году. Считается, что незнакомцы приносят удачу: в зависимости от региона — светловолосый или темноволосый чужак. Первый гость должен зайти не с пустыми руками, а прихватить с собой уголь, хлеб, или соль, которые считаются символами жизни. Шотландцы также верят в магическую силу начал: начало нового года влияет на его продолжение.

Важно тщательно подготовить свой дом к Новому году, убрать его и украсить. При этом исполняется ритуал сжигания можжевеловых ветвей, которые хозяева развешивают по всему дому, чтобы удалить любые болезни и прогнать злых духов.

К праздничному столу подают: печенье Haggis, другие песочные и овсяные печенья, лепешки, сыр, вино и виски, а также New Year black buns (новогодние черные булочки).

Чтобы избавиться от старого года, шотландцы зажигают костры, а иногда и соломенные фигурки, олицетворяющие старый год — «the Auld Wife«.
Как и в старину, чтобы избавить дом от злых духов, следует впустить в дом кошку или собаку.

В первый день Нового года дети просыпаются рано и обходят дома соседей с песнями. В ответ получают монеты, пирожки, яблоки и другие сладости. По сложившейся веселой традиции детям обязательно нужно успеть обойти всех к полудню, иначе их назовут «dunce».

Civilizations around the world have been celebrating the start of each new year for at least four millennia. Today, most New Year’s festivities begin on December 31 (New Year’s Eve), the last day of the Gregorian calendar, and continue into the early hours of January 1 (New Year’s Day). Common traditions include attending parties, eating special New Year’s foods, making resolutions for the new year and watching fireworks displays.

WATCH VIDEO: The New Year’s Eve Ball Drop

Ancient New Year’s Celebrations

The earliest recorded festivities in honor of a new year’s arrival date back some 4,000 years to ancient Babylon. For the Babylonians, the first new moon following the vernal equinox—the day in late March with an equal amount of sunlight and darkness—heralded the start of a new year. They marked the occasion with a massive religious festival called Akitu (derived from the Sumerian word for barley, which was cut in the spring) that involved a different ritual on each of its 11 days. In addition to the new year, Atiku celebrated the mythical victory of the Babylonian sky god Marduk over the evil sea goddess Tiamat and served an important political purpose: It was during this time that a new king was crowned or that the current ruler’s divine mandate was symbolically renewed.

Throughout antiquity, civilizations around the world developed increasingly sophisticated calendars, typically pinning the first day of the year to an agricultural or astronomical event. In Egypt, for instance, the year began with the annual flooding of the Nile, which coincided with the rising of the star Sirius. The first day of the Lunar New Year, meanwhile, occurred with the second new moon after the winter solstice.

READ MORE: 5 Ancient New Year’s Celebrations

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January 1 Becomes New Year’s Day

The early Roman calendar consisted of 10 months and 304 days, with each new year beginning at the vernal equinox; according to tradition, it was created by Romulus, the founder of Rome, in the eighth century B.C. A later king, Numa Pompilius, is credited with adding the months of Januarius and Februarius. Over the centuries, the calendar fell out of sync with the sun, and in 46 B.C. the emperor Julius Caesar decided to solve the problem by consulting with the most prominent astronomers and mathematicians of his time. He introduced the Julian calendar, which closely resembles the more modern Gregorian calendar that most countries around the world use today.

As part of his reform, Caesar instituted January 1 as the first day of the year, partly to honor the month’s namesake: Janus, the Roman god of beginnings, whose two faces allowed him to look back into the past and forward into the future. Romans celebrated by offering sacrifices to Janus, exchanging gifts with one another, decorating their homes with laurel branches and attending raucous parties. In medieval Europe, Christian leaders temporarily replaced January 1 as the first of the year with days carrying more religious significance, such as December 25 (the anniversary of Jesus’ birth) and March 25 (the Feast of the Annunciation); Pope Gregory XIII reestablished January 1 as New Year’s Day in 1582.

New Year’s Traditions and Celebrations Around the World

In many countries, New Year’s celebrations begin on the evening of December 31—New Year’s Eve—and continue into the early hours of January 1. Revelers often enjoy meals and snacks thought to bestow good luck for the coming year. In Spain and several other Spanish-speaking countries, people bolt down a dozen grapes-symbolizing their hopes for the months ahead-right before midnight. In many parts of the world, traditional New Year’s dishes feature legumes, which are thought to resemble coins and herald future financial success; examples include lentils in Italy and black-eyed peas in the southern United States. Because pigs represent progress and prosperity in some cultures, pork appears on the New Year’s Eve table in Cuba, Austria, Hungary, Portugal and other countries. Ring-shaped cakes and pastries, a sign that the year has come full circle, round out the feast in the Netherlands, Mexico, Greece and elsewhere. In Sweden and Norway, meanwhile, rice pudding with an almond hidden inside is served on New Year’s Eve; it is said that whoever finds the nut can expect 12 months of good fortune.

Other customs that are common worldwide include watching fireworks and singing songs to welcome the new year, including the ever-popular “Auld Lang Syne” in many English-speaking countries. The practice of making resolutions for the new year is thought to have first caught on among the ancient Babylonians, who made promises in order to earn the favor of the gods and start the year off on the right foot. (They would reportedly vow to pay off debts and return borrowed farm equipment.)

In the United States, the most iconic New Year’s tradition is the dropping of a giant ball in New York City’s Times Square at the stroke of midnight. Millions of people around the world watch the event, which has taken place almost every year since 1907. Over time, the ball itself has ballooned from a 700-pound iron-and-wood orb to a brightly patterned sphere 12 feet in diameter and weighing in at nearly 12,000 pounds. Various towns and cities across America have developed their own versions of the Times Square ritual, organizing public drops of items ranging from pickles (Dillsburg, Pennsylvania) to possums (Tallapoosa, Georgia) at midnight on New Year’s Eve.

Яркий и веселый праздник — Новый год — в большинстве стран отмечают по григорианскому календарю, в ночь с 31 декабря на 1 января. Узнайте, где и как его празднуют, какие традиции и особенности существуют, как поздравляют и чем радуют близких в Новый год жители разных стран и народов.

Новый год круглый год: когда празднуют начало года в других традициях и календарях

Дата наступления Нового года у различных народов:
• Старый новый год – только в России и некоторых странах постсоветского пространства возможно такое противоречивое название. День завершает череду новогодних праздников в стране.
• Новый год по лунному календарю приурочен ко второму новолунию после зимнего солнцестояния, и каждый год приходится на разные даты. Самыми пышными новогодними торжествами славится Китай.
• Мусульманский Новый год по Хиджре отмечается в первый день священного месяца Мухаррам. И так как мусульманский год насчитывает 354 лунных суток, то праздник постоянно смещается.
• Буддийский Новый год Сагаалган приходится в разные годы на период между концом января и серединой марта, и отмечается в первое весеннее новолуние.
• Тайский Новый год Сонгкран официально празднуют в Таиланде с 13 по 15 апреля, но по отдельным городам дата празднования изменяется от 11 до 18 апреля.
• 11 августа в Армении отмечают Навасард, День национальной идентичности, который раньше знаменовал начало нового годового цикла. Сегодня новогодние торжества здесь проходят, как и в большинстве стран постсоветского пространства, в ночь с 31 декабря на 1 января.
• Славянский Новый год отмечался 14 сентября (или 1 сентября по старому стилю).
• Еврейский Новый год Рош аШана празднуют 2 дня в сентябре в честь сотворения мира. На эти дни отменяется вся работа, кроме приготовления пищи, читаются молитвы и каются в грехах.

^{Фото: asharkyu, по лицензии Shutterstock.com}

• Эфиопский Новый год Энкутаташ отмечается 11 или 12 сентября, и называется Праздником подношения драгоценностей. Кстати, в настоящее время Эфиопия является едва ли не единственным государством в мире, где до сих пор пользуются юлианским календарем не только в церковной, но и в светской жизни, а эфиопский календарь отстает от привычного нам на семь лет и восемь месяцев.
• Вайсаки, Новый год сикхов, отмечается в середине апреля в индийском штате Пенджаб.
• Индийский Угади – скользящий праздник – его празднуют в первый день лунного месяца чайтра (март-апрель по григорианскому календарю). Кроме Угади индусы отмечают наступление нового года еще 3 раза: фестиваль весны Холи, начало сельскохозяйственного цикла Гуди Падва и день победы добра над злом Дивали.
• Навруз – Новый год по персидскому календарю приходится на день весеннего равноденствия и отмечается в ночь с 21 на 22 марта.
• Еще один плавающий Новый год отмечают на Бали. Местное название праздника Ниепи символизирует начало новой эры и проходит в полной тишине. Жизнь на острове в этот день замирает: не работает аэропорт, запрещена громкая музыка, жители разговаривают между собой только шепотом.
• Позже всех наступает Новый год в Океании. Там этот праздник приходится на середину ноября.

Новый год от А до Я: как отмечают 1 января в разных странах

Только народы, встречающие Новый год по Григорианскому календарю, отмечают праздник 1 января. Первыми за праздничный стол садятся жители островов в Тихом океане. Для католической Европы главным праздником является Рождество, а Новый год завершает рождественский период.

^{Фото: Ricardo Reitmeyer, по лицензии Shutterstock.com}

Один из старейших праздников на земле берет свое начало еще в древние века. Точная дата его появления неизвестна, но сохранились записи, что традиция празднования, бог-покровитель и ритуалы встречи Нового года существовали при Юлии Цезаре. Многовековые обряды легли в основу современного праздника и отражают национальную особенность каждого государства.

Новый год в Японии, называемый О-сёгацу, раньше отмечали по лунному календарю, но с конца 19 века японцы перешли на празднование по общепринятому григорианскому. Сегодня это самый любимый и красочный праздник, а новогодние каникулы с 28 декабря по 4 января являются днями отдыха для всех. В это время замирает почти вся деловая жизнь в стране.

Согласно старым итальянским традициям новогодняя ночь – лучшее время для очищения дома от старых и ненужных вещей. Итальянцы выбрасывают в окна ненужный хлам, освобождая место для новых приобретений. А чтобы в доме весь год царило счастье, необходимо утром нового года принести воды из источника. Еще одна итальянская новогодняя традиция – поедание изюма, засохшего прямо на гроздьях. Ягоды винограда напоминают монеты, и считается, что съевший большее их количество в наступающем году заработает больше денег.

В Бирме Новый год приходится на самое жаркое время, поэтому в традиции его празднования – фестиваль воды.

^{Фото: Vera Petruk, по лицензии Shutterstock.com}

А что в других странах? Проверьте себя!

• Кто ходит в гости в Новый год с камнем за пазухой?
• В какой стране на новогодний стол не ставят блюда из птицы и рыбы, чтобы счастье не улетело и не уплыло?
• Где на Новый год принято бросать белые цветы в воду океана, отчего берега становятся белоснежными?
• В какой стране у коренного населения Новый год наступает в конце мая — начале июня, когда все звезды созвездия Плеяды становятся видны на небе?
• В какой стране в новогоднюю ночь 108 раз звонит колокол?
• Где в новогоднюю полночь на улицу выливаются заранее приготовленные ведра воды?
• Кто больше всех в мире любит наряжаться в красное на Новый год и почему?

Если хотите получить от праздника массу новых впечатлений, отправляйтесь в путешествие по новогодним статьям Calend.ru!

Куда поехать на новогодние каникулы

В Австралии, Бразилии, на Багамах, в Новой Зеландии и других жарких странах в зимние новогодние каникулы вас ждет горячий летний праздник. Вместо елей – пальмы и цветы, вместо стужи – теплое море.

В большинстве стран Западной Европы гораздо ярче и масштабнее празднуется Рождество. Новый год завершает рождественские торжества, поэтому праздничных мероприятий в новогоднюю ночь почти не встретить – за исключением великолепных фейерверков, знаменующих наступление года.

Если и ехать туда, например, в Германию, то лучше выбрать даты накануне Рождества (до 24 декабря), или после Нового года (3-4 января). 25-26 декабря все закрыто, праздник отмечается в семьях, общественной активности почти никакой. Зато прекрасен новогодний Таллин.

^{Фото: xload, по лицензии depositphotos.com}

В России можно отправиться куда угодно – везде новогодние праздники отмечают пышно, торжественно и ярко. Семьи с детьми ждет в гости Великий Устюг, дом Деда Мороза. А если вы хотите сбежать от надоевшего оливье и «Иронии судьбы», стоит обратить внимание на загородные дома отдыха, теплые приморские регионы и горнолыжные курорты.

История праздника в России

До христианства началом нового года считали день весеннего равноденствия. После крещения Руси и принятия Юлианского календаря летоисчисление стали вести с марта, или со дня святой Пасхи. В 1492 году Иван III своим указом перенес празднование с 1 марта на 1 сентября. В этот день каждый мог прийти в Кремль и подать жалобу царю. Традиция празднования и принятое летоисчисление «От сотворения мира» просуществовали более 2 веков вплоть до 1700 года.

В 1699 году Петр I установил дату празднования на 1 января, и с 1700 года Россия стала отмечать Новый год «от Рождества Христова». По высочайшему повелению в этот день пускали салюты и ставили в домах ели, украшенные конфетами и пряниками. После смерти Петра традиция наряжать пушистую красавицу постепенно забылась. И лишь в 1852 году по вновь возрожденной традиции в Санкт-Петербурге была впервые наряжена общественная рождественская елка.

После революции 1917 года празднование Рождества и Нового года в России было отменено. Эта традиция возродилась только в 1935 году в качестве детского праздника. В начале января 1937 года в Колонном зале Дома Союзов была торжественно поставлена первая советская ёлка. Репортаж из зала показали в киножурнале «Советский Союз». На следующий год по всей стране засияли сотни праздничных ёлок. Но только в 1947 году официально 1 января стало выходным днем в СССР.

^{Фото: Ievgenii Meyer, по лицензии Shutterstock.com}

Новогодние символы, фигуры, атрибуты, Дед Мороз, Снегурочка, Новогодняя елка…

Что еще ассоциируется у вас с новогодними праздниками? Мы подобрали даты и события, которые являются настоящими новогодними атрибутами:
• Дед Мороз. В привычном образе появился в тридцатые годы прошлого века. Прообразом дедушки-добряка был Мороз-Трескун или Студенец – богатырь с суровым характером. Узнайте, когда отмечается его День рождения, и когда лучше всего писать письма Деду Морозу и заказывать подарки, чтобы чудо совершилось!
• Снегурочка – милая внучка главного символа праздника.
• Свеча. Обычай зажигать свечи имеет языческие корни, так как огонь служил главным оберегом в старину. В ночь зимнего солнцестояния зажигалось полено, которое по преданию горело 12 дней и ночей. Головешка от этого полена потом хранилась в течение всего года.
• Шампанское. Хотя Днем рождения шампанского считается 4 августа, в мире больше всего его выпивается в новогоднюю ночь.
• Майонез тоже можно отнести к новогодним символам – традиционный российский салат «Оливье» трудно приготовить без вездесущего соуса.
• Мандарины. Подавать к столу оранжевый ароматный фрукт – исключительно российская традиция. Она зародилась во времена советского дефицита, когда мандарины были единственно доступными из всех экзотических продуктов.
• Новогодняя поздравительная открытка впервые была напечатана в Англии в середине 19 века и содержала поздравление с Рождеством и Новым годом. Сегодня наряду с типографскими открытками, поздравления рассылаются онлайн.

^{Фото: Milles Studio, по лицензии Shutterstock.com}

Как поздравить близких с Новым годом

Новый год всегда дарит ощущение волшебства и сказки, все мечтают о том, как достичь желанных целей, сделать шаг навстречу счастью, подарить радость близким.

Начните с малого: поздравьте близких, друзей, коллег, родителей с этим днем прямо сейчас!

Мы даже тексты для вас придумали, веселые и разные, в зависимости от того, кому поздравление адресовано. Бесплатные, кстати. Пусть это будет первым приятным шагом в череде новогодних сюрпризов.

Новогодние каникулы, выходные и праздничные дни в 2023 году

Зимние новогодние каникулы-2023 в России продлятся 9 дней – с 31 декабря 2022 года по 8 января 2023 года включительно.

Другие праздничные дни в 2023 году:
• На День защитника Отечества отдыхаем с 23 по 26 февраля;
• Женский день — 8 марта;
• Майские праздники — с 29 апреля по 1 мая, в честь Праздника Весны и труда, и с 6 по 9 мая в связи с празднованием Дня Победы;
• Празднование Дня России продлится три дня — с 10 по 12 июня;
• В ноябре День народного единства будем отмечать с 4 по 6 ноября 2023 года.

Полную информацию о днях отдыха в 2023 году смотрите в разделе «Производственные календари».

^{Фото: Kzenon, по лицензии Shutterstock.com}

Счастливого вам Нового года!

Материалы по теме в Журнале Calend.ru:

Статьи «Чего нельзя брать с собой в Новый год. Советы для тех, кто хочет с Новым годом — нового счастья!»
«Как загадать желание в новогоднюю ночь, чтобы оно непременно исполнилось»

January 1 is New Year’s Day — a time of optimism, planning, and resoluteness. There’s a feeling that maybe this year we’ll make the changes we’ve been meaning to: more rest, better eating habits, more exercise, or a new job. New Year’s Day is about taking a moment to get ready for everything that is about to unfold. Happy New Year!

New Year’s Day (also known as New Year) is the day that New Year is celebrated on. New Year’s Day is celebrated on 1st January, the first day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. This day is known as a bank holiday, meaning that businesses and schools are closed. Many people planning to travel by public transportation need to check with their local transportation authority about New Year’s Day schedules. It is one of the most widely celebrated holidays in the world. New Year’s festivities begin the day before New Year’s Day, New Year’s Eve, celebrated on 31st December. New Year’s Day is celebrated by public firework displays, where thousands of people gather to watch them. The majority of people celebrate New Year’s Day, and many view it as a time of a fresh start and a new year. Not all people celebrate New Year’s Day on 1st January. The Hindu, Chinese, Coptic, Jewish, and Islamic calendars, for example, have a different New Year date than the Gregorian calendar.

Celebration[]

In certain nations, children collect presents on New Year’s Day. This is a traditional Japanese holiday in which everybody celebrates their birthday. The holiday is known as Hogmanay in Scotland, and it is marked by the tradition of visiting friends and family after New Year’s Eve at midnight.

Many people who stayed up late on New Year’s Eve to ring in the New Year and have a day off work on New Year’s Day will now sleep in and spend the rest of the day attending church services, meeting friends and families, going to the cinema, or watching or playing sports. Traditional New Year’s food is still common, but the dishes differ depending on the community.

Many people consider New Year’s Day to be the first day of the year to begin a New Year’s resolution. Some cities hold parades on New Year’s Day, and some of these parades are televised. When the clock hits midnight between New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day, the start of New Year’s Day is normally accompanied by fireworks and music.

Symbolism[]

Around the world, New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day are represented in different ways. Fireworks and firecrackers are commonly used to mark the halfway point between New Year’s Eve and New Year’s Day. Champagne or other sparkling wine is popular for toasting.

v · t · e	Christmas

Main	Christmas · Christmas Day · Christmas Eve · Boxing Day · New Year · New Year’s Eve · New Year’s Day · History of Christmas · Christmastide · Candlemas · Twelfth Night · Nativity · Saint Nicholas Day · Epiphany · White Christmas
Traditions	Christmas Card · Christmas Dinner · Tinsel · Christmas Lights · Bauble · Snow Globe · Christmas Cracker · Christmas Pudding · Advent Calendar · Christmas Tree · Mince Pie · Christmas Wreath · Mistletoe · Candy Cane · Gingerbread Man · Christmas Food · Candy Cane · Gingerbread House · Christmas Stocking · Sleigh · Christmas Present · Gift giving
Characters	Santa Claus · Elf · Mrs. Claus · Reindeer · Blitzen · Comet · Cupid · Dancer · Dasher · Donner · Prancer · Rudolph · Heat Miser · Snow Miser · Ebenezer Scrooge · Marley’s Ghost · Ghost of Christmas Present · Ghost of Christmas Past · Ghost of Christmas Yet To Come · Tiny Tim · Bob Cratchit · Mrs Cratchit · The Grinch · Krampus · Sinterklaas
Songs and Carols	O Holy Night · Away in a Manger · O Come All Ye Faithful · Once in Royal David’s City · Silent Night · Joy To The World · God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen · It Came Upon the Midnight Clear · O Little Town of Bethlehem · One More Sleep · Last Christmas · Wonderful Dream (Holidays Are Coming) · Merry Christmas Everybody · Merry Christmas Everyone · I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday · Twelve Days Of Christmas · White Christmas · All I Want For Christmas Is You · Santa Tell Me · Deck The Halls · So This Is Christmas · A Holly Jolly Christmas · Fairytale of New York · Santa Baby · My Only Wish (This Year) · Jingle Bell Rock · Jingle Bells · Christmas in Hollis · Christmas Wrapping · We Wish You A Merry Christmas · Sleigh Ride · Merry Christmas Baby · Let It Snow · Oh Santa! · Blue Christmas · Just Like Christmas · Happy Xmas (War is Over · Stay Another Day · Santa Claus Is Comin’ to Town · Little Saint Nick · Do They Know It’s Christmas? · Let It Be Christmas · Do You Hear What I Hear · Christmas In Out Here · Gotta Have Faith · Winter Wonderland · It’s The Most Wonderful Time Of The Year · Carol of the Bells · We Need A Little Christmas · Feliz Navidad · Celtic New Year · Home for the Night · Christmas Children · He Came Here for Me · Walking in the Air
Films	Elf · A Christmas Carol · Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie · Father Christmas · Last Christmas · White Christmas · The Snowman · The Snowman and the Snowdog  · Scrooge, Or Marley’s Ghost · How The Grinch Stole Christmas · White Reindeer · The Year Without A Santa Claus · Santa Claus: The Movie · Better Watch Out · The Christmas Cronicles · Almost Christmas  · Office Christmas Party · A Dennis the Menace Christmas · The Knight Before Christmas  · Home Alone · Home Alone 2: Lost in New York · Home Alone 3 · Home Alone 4  · Mickey’s Christmas Carol · Mickey’s Once Upon a Christmas · Mickey’s Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse · Mickey’s Twice Upon a Christmas · A California Christmas · Holiday in the Wild · Holidate · One Magic Christmas · Jack Frost (1998 film) · Four Christmases · Happy Christmas · Love Actually · Happiest Season · The Family Stone · It Happened On Fifth Avenue · The Santa Clause · The Santa Clause 2 · The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause · The Polar Express (2004 film) · A Christmas Tale  · Black Christmas · The Best Man Holiday · A Charlie Brown Christmas · The Nightmare Before Christmas · The Muppet Christmas Carol · Bad Santa · A Christmas Story · A Christmas Story 2 · National Lampoon’s Christmas Holiday · It’s a Wonderful Life

TASS-FACTBOX. The year 2019 has begun. TASS-FACTBOX offers a look at the history of New Year celebrations in Russia.

Holiday’s origins

From the adoption of Christianity until 1700, Russia used the Byzantine calendar, which dated back to the world’s creation, that is, the year 5508 BC. Russians initially celebrated New Year in March but the holiday moved to September 1 in the 15th century. On that occasion, a festive ceremony usually took place on the Moscow Kremlin’s Cathedral Square, as well as a church service, attended by the tsar, the patriarch, bishops and members of the nobility.

In December 1699, Tsar Peter I issued two decrees, which introduced a new chronology system, which counted years from the birth of Jesus Christ, and ordered that the coming of a new year be celebrated on January 1. However, the tsar refrained from introducing the Gregorian Calendar that many European countries had switched to, so Russia continued to use the Julian Calendar, celebrating New Year 11 days later than other Europeans. With time, the gap between the two calendars grew, reaching 13 days in the 20th century.

Fir tree as a symbol

Peter I also ordered to decorate Moscow’s thoroughfares and nobility’s homes with fir trees and pine branches. The tsar had borrowed the tradition from Europeans living in Moscow’s German Quarter (presently known as the Lefortovo District).

The townsfolk were told to congratulate each other, burn fires on the streets, shoot rifles and launch firecrackers. A firework display took place on Red Square. New Year celebrations lasted seven days back then.

In 1982, the first fir tree was set up for public view in an entertainment pavilion in St. Petersburg’s Yekaterinhof Park. Members of the nobility, merchants and manufacturers organized charitable celebrations for kids.

Sweets, fruit, ribbons and candles were initially used to adorn Christmas trees, but later special decorations came along, which were usually Christmas-related. People started to decorate their trees with small bells, figurines of angels and shepherds. As time passed, glass Christmas decorations started coming from Germany, and at the end of the 19th century, the production of glass balls began at a factory near the Russian town of Klin.

October revolution’s consequences

In January 1918, the Council of People’s Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic passed a decree introducing the Western European Gregorian Calendar. The Russian Orthodox Church rejected the change and continued to stick to the Julian Calendar. This is why Russian Orthodox Christians celebrate Christmas on January 7, which corresponds to December 25 according to the Julian Calendar. At the same time, a new unofficial holiday emerged — the Old New Year — which is celebrated on January 14.

In the first years of the Soviet Union, the tradition of Christmas and New Year celebrations continued. Special New Year parties for the children of state and party officials were held at the Grand Kremlin Palace. However, in the mid-1920s, a campaign against religious prejudice was launched across the country. As a result, Christmas was banned in 1929.

Revived holiday

On December 28, 1935, the Pravda newspaper published an article by Second Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine Pavel Postyshev, entitled «Let’s arrange a fine New Year party for children!» He suggested «the wrongful condemnation of the New Year tree» be stopped.

On January 1, 1936, the Pravda’s front page featured a photo of Joseph Stalin and his New Year greetings. At the same time, a New Year party for children and youngsters took place at the House of the Unions’ Column Hall. The party involved the key New Year character, Ded Moroz (of Father Frost), who was joined by Snegurochka (or Snow Maiden) a year later.

Starting from 1954, New Year parties for kids were held in the St. George Hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace.

In the 1970s, Soviet leaders started the tradition of addressing the country’s people on New Year’s eve. General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev was the first to make such an address, which was broadcast on the national TV on December 31, 1970.

In the Soviet era, the holiday’s features changed. The Star of Bethlehem was replaced by a five-pointed red star. Figurines representing the Kremlin towers, cosmonauts, satellites, wheat sheaves and the like were now used instead of nuts, fruit and figurines of Christmas characters.

A real fir tree was for the first time installed on Cathedral Square within the Kremlin’s walls in December 1996 at then Russian President Boris Yeltsin’s initiative. The main celebration — the All-Russia New Year party, which is also called the «presidential» party — takes place at the Grand Kremlin Palace. More than 5,000 children from all Russian regions attend the party every year.

On the New Year’s eve, the Russian president address the country with greetings. After that, at the stroke of midnight, TV channels and radio stations broadcast the chime of the Kremlin’s Spasskaya Tower’s clock, which is followed by the national anthem.

Holiday vacation

The official dates of the New Year holidays in Russia changed many times. January 1 was declared a non-working day in 1948, while the January 7 Christams holiday became a non-working day in 1990. In 1992, January 2 was also declared a day off.

From 2013, official New Year holidays last on January 1-8.

New Year’s Day is a holiday that is observed on the first day of January on the Gregorian calendar – which is January 1st.  For many people, it is seen as the end of the holiday season and it is also a day in which many people start their New Year resolutions. The arrival of the New Year is usually met with much fanfare – which usually includes fireworks, parties and people kissing their significant others.

History of New Year’s Day

For the past 4,000 years, human civilizations all over the globe have recognized the arrival of a new year. Babylonians had the earliest record of ancient New Year Day’s festivities, although theirs wasn’t held on January 1st. Their New Year’s Day was held after the vernal equinox – what is considered by many to be the arrival of spring that occurs between March 20th and March 23rd. Babylonians would mark this day with a festival called Akitu – a religious festival that commemorated the Spring harvest. The name for this holiday, Akitu, actually means “barley” in Sumerian. This ritual would take place over the course of eleven days and would start with prayers being recited to the public.  That’ because this day actually served three functions at once. It not only celebrated the beginning of the New Year and the victory of the mythical god Marduk over the primordial goddess of the sea, Tiamat but is also the day in which a new king was crowned.

Over the years, different civilization observed New Year’s Day in different ways and on different days. The Egyptians would begin their new year when the annual flooding of the Nile occurred. In Persia, the New Year was observed for a period of 13 days after the beginning of the vernal equinox. In China, it was observed on the second new moon that occurred after the arrival of the winter solstice. It wasn’t until 46 BC that Julius Caesar decided that New Year’s Day should fall on January 1st. It is believed it was set up this way because January is named after the god Janus – which is the god of new beginnings. Over the many centuries following the murder of Caesar, January 1st alternated being a holiday and not being one. In 567 AD, the Council of Tours decided that January 1st shouldn’t be New Year’s Day. It was decided that it should be celebrated on December 25th. During the 7th century, it was reinstated briefly before it was discontinued again. It wouldn’t be until the adoption of the Gregorian calendar during the 16th century that it would be reinstated on a permanent basis.

New Year’s Day Customs & Traditions

While New Year’s Day celebrations differ from one country to the next, there are some similarities between many countries. For instance, in a lot of different countries, the festivities begin on New Year’s Eve and continue into midnight of New Year’s Day. In many countries, this coincides with a countdown to midnight. In the U.S., the traditional dropping of a giant ball takes place in New York City’s Times Square. Originally, the ball was 12-foot sphere that weighed around 700 pounds and was made of wood & metal. However, it has grown over the years. It is now a sphere that’s 12 feet in diameter and weighs almost 12,000 pounds.

In many English speaking countries, the U.S included, the song “Auld Lang Syne” is after the clock strikes midnight. It is also during this time that many people make New Year’s Day Resolutions or promises to themselves. These resolutions are usually related to some form of self-improvement like quitting smoking or losing weight. It is believed that this practice of making resolutions goes all the way back to the Babylonians who would make promises in order to curry favor with the gods.

It is also common for many countries to have firework displays after the stroke of midnight. Many people choose to celebrate the New Year with a feast and the foods used to celebrate this day can be as diverse as the countries involved, and in many instances, the foods eaten are thought to bring good luck. In the Southern United States, it is common to celebrate with black eyed peas. In Spain, 12 grapes are eaten at the stroke of midnight. It Italy, legumes are consumed and are considered lucky. In some cultures, pork is considered to herald prosperity and the New Year’s Day meal is centered around it. This is especially true in the United States, Austria, Cuba and Portugal. Oftentimes sauerkraut is served with the pork. In Nordic countries, oftentimes a rice pudding with an almond hidden in it is served. It is believed that the person who finds it will have an entire year of good fortune.

However, one of the most time-honored New Year’s Day traditions is to stay home and recover from the overindulges in food and alcohol the night before. Usually, there are parades held all over the world and these are often televised, so it gives those who are nursing a hangover or an upset stomach something to do while they recover.

When is New Year’s Day?
This year (2023)	January 1 (Sunday) January 2 (Monday)
Next year (2024)	January 1 (Monday)
Last year (2022)	January 1 (Saturday) January 3 (Monday)

На этой странице вы найдете текст на английском языке про Новый год (New Year’s) с переводом и аудио. Это пример сочинения про Новый год в России. Новый год (New Year’s) в России отмечают не так, как во многих англоязычных странах, таких, как Великобритания и США. Многие традиции, на Западе считающиеся рождественскими, у нас, по историческим причинам, стали новогодними. В этом топике рассказывается об этих отличиях, а также о том, как в России встречают Новый год.

Как по-английски «Новый год»?

В англоязычных странах Новый год — это не такой важный праздник, как Рождество. Говоря о Новом годе, носители английского языка обычно используют такие варианты:

• New Year’s Day — буквально День Нового года, то есть 1 января, когда наступает Новый год.
• New Year’s Eve — канун Нового года, то есть 31 декабря.
• New Year’s — подразумевается либо New Year’s Day, либо New Year’s Eve, либо и то, и другое.

Поздравляют с Новым годом фразой «Happy New Year!» Поздравлять с наступающим и прошедшим в англоязычных культурах не принято.

Это сочинение на английском про Новый год плюс аудио. Вариант “текст + перевод” вы найдете ниже.

Скачать аудио.

New Year’s in Russia

New Year’s Day is one of the biggest and most popular holidays in Russia. Like in most other countries, New Year’s Day falls on the 1st of January here, but the celebration begins on New Year’s Eve, on the 31st of December. Most people start celebrating it in the evening and finish early in the morning. The most important part is the moment when the New Year begins – at midnight.

In Russia, New Year’s is a bigger holiday than Christmas, and it is very similar to Christmas in Western cultures. The Russian Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas on the 7th of January, but, unlike Christmas in Western countries, it is a strictly religious holiday. In other words, usually, people do not have parties and family dinners on Christmas. We also do not have traditions of giving presents, putting up a Christmas tree and decorating in the Christmas period. We do all that for New Year’s.

In December, people shop for presents and Christmas trees (we call them “New Year trees”). It is customary to give presents on New Year’s Eve. Most families make a lot of dishes and invite guests over. The guests might bring gifts, especially if there are little children there, but it is not necessary. Usually, people in Russia give presents to their family and friends. As for gifts for children, these are brought by Grandfather Frost – the Russian version of Santa Claus.

On the 1st of January, at night, Grandfather Frost magically visits every family and leaves presents for children. There are no traditions with stockings here; he leaves the gifts under the New Year tree. Kids wake up in the morning and rush to see what is under the tree. This is the most exciting morning for them!

But let’s get back to New Year’s Eve. Usually, people start celebrating at about 9 p.m. or even later, it depends on the family’s own traditions. The celebration is basically a dinner party with a lot of dishes and drinks. People drink, eat, chat, sing, and have fun. Probably, the most traditional New Year dish is Olivier salad, made of sausages, diced boiled potatoes, vegetables and mayonnaise. In some countries, it is known as Russian salad.

Children usually eat something tasty, drink some fruit juice or soda and go to play in another room or outdoors. If there are little kids, their parents might invite Grandfather Frost to put on a little show for them, and give the children some presents. By the way, Russian Santa Claus does not work alone; he has a young assistant called Snegurochka. She is his granddaughter, and her name means something like «Snow Girl».

A few minutes before midnight, people pour some champagne, turn on their TVs and watch the New Year Presidential Message. After that, the TV shows the Kremlin Clock. The Kremlin Clock is the most well-known and important clock in the country, similar to Big Ben in England. At 12 o’clock sharp it chimes, and that marks the beginning of the New Year. Millions of people say, “Happy New Year!”, cheer, drink champagne and pull crackers.

Most of the celebration takes place during the night. On the 1st of January, most people wake up late and clean up after the celebration. Usually, there is still a lot of food left over. Every year, there is a long holiday period from the 1st to the 9th or 10th of January. Most people do not work on those days; they just rest and watch New Year TV shows and movies. After that period, everything goes back to normal. Grown-ups go to work and children go to school.

Текст на английском языке с переводом. Новый год в России / New Year’s Day in Russia

Это тот же текст про New Year’s, но с переводом. Перевод сделан для каждого предложения в отдельной строке.

New Year’s Day is one of the biggest and most popular holidays in Russia.	Новый год — один из самых больших и популярных праздников в России.
Like in most other countries, New Year’s Day falls on the 1st of January here, but the celebration begins on New Year’s Eve, on the 31st of December.	Как и в большинстве других стран, здесь Новый год приходится на 1 января, но празднование начинается в канун Нового года, 31 декабря.
Most people start celebrating it in the evening and finish early in the morning.	Большинство людей начинают праздновать его вечером и заканчивают ранним утром.
The most important part is the moment when the New Year begins – at midnight.	Самая важная часть – это момент, когда начинается Новый год — в полночь.
In Russia, New Year’s is a bigger holiday than Christmas, and it is very similar to Christmas in Western cultures.	В России Новый год — более важный праздник, чем Рождество, и он очень похож на Рождество в западных культурах.
The Russian Orthodox Church celebrates Christmas on the 7th of January, but, unlike Christmas in Western countries, it is a strictly religious holiday.	Русская Православная Церковь празднует Рождество 7 января, но, в отличие от Рождества в западных странах, это строго религиозный праздник.
In other words, usually, people do not have parties and family dinners on Christmas.	Другими словами, обычно люди не устраивают вечеринок и семейных ужинов на Рождество.
We also do not have traditions of giving presents, putting up a Christmas tree and decorating in the Christmas period.	У нас также нет традиций дарить подарки, ставить рождественскую елку и украшать ее в рождественский период.
We do all that for New Year’s.	Мы делаем все это на Новый год.
In December, people shop for presents and Christmas trees (we call them “New Year trees”).	В декабре люди покупают подарки и рождественские елки (мы называем их “новогодними елками”).
It is customary to give presents on New Year’s Eve.	В канун Нового года принято дарить подарки.
Most families make a lot of dishes and invite guests over.	Большинство семей готовят много блюд и приглашают гостей.
The guests might bring gifts, especially if there are little children there, but it is not necessary.	Гости могут принести подарки, особенно если там есть маленькие дети, но в этом нет необходимости.
Usually, people in Russia give presents to their family and friends.	Обычно люди в России дарят подарки своим родным и друзьям.
As for gifts for children, these are brought by Grandfather Frost – the Russian version of Santa Claus.	Что касается подарков для детей, то их приносит Дед Мороз – русская версия Санта-Клауса.
On the 1st of January, at night, Grandfather Frost magically visits every family and leaves presents for children.	1 января, ночью, Дед Мороз волшебным образом посещает каждую семью и оставляет подарки детям.
There are no traditions with stockings here; he leaves the gifts under the New Year tree.	Здесь нет традиций с чулками, он оставляет подарки под новогодней елкой.
Kids wake up in the morning and rush to see what is under the tree.	Дети просыпаются утром и спешат посмотреть, что находится под деревом.
This is the most exciting morning for them!	Это самое восхитительное утро для них!
But let’s get back to New Year’s Eve.	Но давайте вернемся к кануну Нового года.
Usually, people start celebrating at about 9 p.m. or even later, it depends on the family’s own traditions.	Обычно люди начинают праздновать около 9 часов вечера или даже позже, это зависит от семейных традиций.
The celebration is basically a dinner party with a lot of dishes and drinks.	Празднование — это, по сути, застолье с большим количеством блюд и напитков.
People drink, eat, chat, sing, and have fun.	Люди пьют, едят, болтают, поют и веселятся.
Probably, the most traditional New Year dish is Olivier salad, made of sausages, diced boiled potatoes, vegetables and mayonnaise.	Наверное, самое традиционное новогоднее блюдо — салат Оливье, приготовленный из колбасы, нарезанного кубиками отварного картофеля, овощей и майонеза.
In some countries, it is known as Russian salad.	В некоторых странах он известен как русский салат.
Children usually eat something tasty, drink some fruit juice or soda and go to play in another room or outdoors.	Дети обычно едят что-нибудь вкусное, пьют фруктовый сок или газировку и идут играть в другую комнату или на улицу.
If there are little kids, their parents might invite Grandfather Frost to put on a little show for them, and give the children some presents.	Если там есть маленькие дети, их родители могут пригласить Деда Мороза устроить для них небольшое представление и подарить детям какие-нибудь подарки.
By the way, Russian Santa Claus does not work alone; he has a young assistant called Snegurochka.	Кстати, русский Дед Мороз работает не один, у него есть юная помощница по имени Снегурочка.
She is his granddaughter, and her name means something like «Snow Girl».	Она его внучка, и ее имя означает что-то вроде «Снежная девочка».
A few minutes before midnight, people pour some champagne, turn on their TVs and watch the New Year Presidential Message. After that, the TV shows the Kremlin Clock.	За несколько минут до полуночи люди разливают шампанское, включают телевизоры и смотрят Новогоднее президентское послание. После этого по телевизору показывают Кремлевские куранты.
The Kremlin Clock is the most well-known and important clock in the country, similar to Big Ben in England. At 12 o’clock sharp it chimes, and that marks the beginning of the New Year.	Кремлевские куранты- самые известные и важные часы в стране, как Биг Бен в Англии. Ровно в 12 часов бьют куранты, и это знаменует начало Нового года.
Millions of people say, “Happy New Year!”, cheer, drink champagne and pull crackers.	Миллионы людей говорят: “С Новым годом!”, радуются, пьют шампанское и взрывают хлопушки.
Most of the celebration takes place during the night.	Большая часть празднования проходит ночью.
On the 1st of January, most people wake up late and clean up after the celebration.	1 января большинство людей просыпаются поздно и убираются после празднования.
Usually, there is still a lot of food left over.	Обычно остается еще много еды.
Every year, there is a long holiday period from the 1st to the 9th or 10th of January.	Каждый год есть длительный праздничный период с 1 по 9 или 10 января.
Most people do not work on those days; they just rest and watch New Year TV shows and movies.	Большинство людей в эти дни не работают, они просто отдыхают и смотрят новогодние телепередачи и фильмы.
After that period, everything goes back to normal.	После этого периода все становится как обычно.
Grown-ups go to work and children go to school.	Взрослые идут на работу, а дети идут в школу.

Полезные слова из текста:

• to fall on – выпадать на (такую-то дату, о празднике).
• New Year’s Day – День Нового года (1 января).
• New Year’s Eve – канун Нового года (31 декабря).
• to celebrate – праздновать.
• celebration – празднование.
• early in the morning – рано утром.
• at midnight – в полночь.
• Christmas – Рождество.
• The Russian Orthodox Church – Русская Православная Церковь.
• unlike – в отличие от.
• religious holiday – религиозный праздник.
• to have parties – устраивать вечеринки, гулять.
• to put up a Christmas tree – поставить Рождественскую елку.
• to decorate – украшать.
• to shop (for smt) – ходить за покупками (за чем-то).
• to be customary – быть в обычае (о традициях, привычках).
• dishes – блюда (как еда, так и тарелки, в данном случае еда).
• to invite smb over – пригласить кого-то к себе.
• gifts, presents – подарки.
• Grandfather Frost (Father Frost) – Дед Мороз.
• stockings – чулки.
• to rush to do smt – мчаться, торопиться делать что-то.
• exciting – волнующий, радостный, восхитительный.
• dinner party – застолье, званый ужин.
• to chat – болтать.
• to have fun – веселиться.
• Olivier salad – салат Оливье.
• sausage – колбаса, сосиска.
• diced boiled potato – вареная картошка, нарезанная кубиками.
• to dice – нарезать кубиками (о продуктах).
• soda – газированный напиток.
• outdoors – на улице.
• to put up a show – устроить представление.
• assistant – помощница, помощник.
• to pour smt – наливать что-то.
• The New Year Presidential Message – Новогоднее обращение Президента.
• The Kremlin Clock – Кремлевские куранты.
• at 12 o’clock sharp – ровно в 12 часов.
• to chime – звонить (о курантах, колоколах).
• to mark the beginning of the New Year – обозначать, знаменовать начало Нового года.
• to cheer – радоваться, кричать.
• crackers – хлопушки.
• to pull a cracker – взорвать (букв. «потянуть») хлопушку.
• to take place – происходить.
• to clean up – делать уборку.
• left over – оставшееся (обычно о еде).
• holiday period – праздничный период.
• to rest – отдыхать.
• to go back to normal – возвращаться к норме, становиться, как было.
• grown-ups (adults) – взрослые.

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