Одним из самых загадочных праздников является Хэллоуин. С одной стороны это карнавал, во время которого можно веселиться до упаду, с другой – в большинстве случаев гости выбирают самые мрачные и страшные образы – монстров, оживших покойников.
Впрочем, персонажи праздника Хэллоуин настолько разнообразны, что сложно даже сказать, какой костюм не подойдет для этого праздника.
Сказочные персонажи
Совсем не обязательно уродовать себя страшным гримом и обливаться искусственной кровью. Вполне уместными могут быть романтичные образы. Например, белый ангел, фея, эльф.
Особенно рекомендуется выбирать приятные образы для детей. Малышей можно наряжать персонажами сказок. Из девочек получаются симпатичные принцессы, Белоснежки, Красные шапочки. Мальчикам можно предложить костюмы гномов, лесовиков или героев из «Волшебника Изумрудного города» – Страшилы, Железного дровосека.
Можно использовать образы животных, предлагая малышам образы котика, тигренка, медвежонка.
Сексуальные персонажи
Женщинам, в принципе, не свойственно себя уродовать, поэтому далеко не каждая девушка захочет предстать в образе злой старой ведьмы с бородавкой на носу. Но ведь существуют еще и сексуальные женские персонажи на Хэллоуин. Причем выбор персонажей этого плана для девушек практически не ограничен.
Та же ведьма может выглядеть не уродливой, а притягательной и соблазнительной. Существует еще множество сексуальных образов. Можно, к примеру, нарядиться чертовкой, предводительницей пиратов, маленькой разбойницей.
Ушедшие знаменитости
Довольно часто для вечеринки на Хэллоуин выбирается образ знаменитых актеров или певцов, уже ушедших в мир иной. Чтобы стать узнаваемым, потребуется работа профессионального визажиста. Часто выбираются такие образы, как Элвис Пресли, Майкл Джексон, Джон Леннон. Девушки предпочитают образы Мэрилин Монро или Элизабет Тейлор.
Традиционные персонажи
Традиционно на Хэллоуин принято наряжаться в костюмы скелетов и ведьм. Первый вариант образа связан с почитанием смерти. А ведьмам принято наряжаться, так как именно колдуньи умеют общаться с духами и миром мертвых.
Также, достаточно традиционным вариантом являются восставшие из могил мертвецы, оборотни и вурдалаки.
Киношные персонажи
Но самые популярные персонажи для Хэллоуина – это, безусловно, герои различных кинофильмов. Причем за основу не обязательно берутся фильмы ужасов. К примеру, весьма популярным образом на сегодня являются обитатели планеты Пандора, то есть, герои фильма Аватар.
Но, конечно, персонажи фильмов «ужастиков» вне конкуренции. Благодаря ним создаются самые страшные персонажи на Хэллоуин. Фото героев некоторых фильмов, действительно могут привести в ужас, поэтому, эти персонажи являются одними из самых востребованных.
Самые популярные персонажи на Хэллоуин, связанные с фильмами:
- Граф Дракула. Это, пожалуй, самый известный вампир всех времен и народов. Впрочем, после выхода цикла фильмов «Сумерки», графа-кровопийцу на пьедестале популярности здорово потеснил благородный вампир по имени Эдвард.
- Фредди Крюгер. Несмотря на то, что фильмы про похождения не отличающегося особой красотой Фредди, вышли более тридцати лет назад, персонаж этот по-прежнему популярен. Для создания этого образа можно купить эффектную латексную маску.
- Кожаное лицо. Фильм про похождения маньяка, который не только убивал людей, но и шил себе маски из человеческой кожи, вышел в далеком 1974 году, однако, он по-прежнему входит в перечень самых страшных и кровавых. Поэтому персонаж этого фильма довольно часто выбирается для создания образа на Хэллоуин.
- Билли из «Пилы». Жутковатая марионетка, которая используется маньяком-убицей для ведения переговоров с жертвами – довольно популярный персонаж для Хэллоуина. Тем более что создать этот образ относительно несложно: самые узнаваемые черты это белое лицо, черные глаза с красными зрачками и румянец на щеках, нарисованный в виде спиралек.
- Жуткая кукла Чаки, в которую вселилась душа серийного убийцы. Этот образ навевает ужас даже своим видом, так как лицо куклы-убийцы покрывают многочисленные шрамы.
- Малефисента. Эта красавица-колдунья часто встречается на вечеринках на Хэллоуин.
- Аннабэль. Жутковатая кукла с ангельской внешностью и дьявольской сущностью – подходящий персонаж для Хэллоуина.
- Самара Морган из фильма «Звонок». Эта весьма страшная девочка своим видом способна напугать кого угодно.
- Королева червей. Этот образ из последней постановки «Алисы в стране чудес» весьма полюбился девушкам.
- Беллатрисса Лейстрейж. Поклонницы истории о Гарри Потере ввели моду на этот персонаж. Для создания образа самой верной соратницы Воланд-де-Морта сильно уродовать себя не придется, но вот черты безумия в этой героине должны присутствовать.
Список персонажей фильмов, образ, которых можно попытаться воссоздать на Хэллоуин можно продолжать бесконечно. Можно использовать киноклассику, например, почему бы не нарядиться Панночкой из гоголевского «Вия». Или черпать идеи из новых фильмов, которые ежегодно выходят на экраны.
Как выбрать подходящий персонаж?
Перечислять персонажи Хэллоуина можно бесконечно, так как это карнавал, а на карнавале возможно все. Но такое многообразие образов затрудняет выбор. Как выбрать персонаж, в которого захочется перевоплотиться на время вечеринки?
Можно, например, выбирать образ, ориентируясь на свою дату рождения, а точнее, на знаки зодиака. Рекомендации астрологов распространяются уже и на область выбора костюма и грима для вечеринки.
Но лучше ориентироваться не на чужые рекомендации, а на собственные чувства. Тот персонаж, который планируется воплотить, должен если не нравиться (чем, к примеру, может понравиться маньяк-убийца?), то хотя бы задевать за живое. Только в этом случае получится создать по-настоящему интересный образ, а не просто «слепок» с экранного героя.
При выборе костюма нужно учитывать и собственную индивидуальность. Если человек в жизни скромный и не слишком любит быть в центре внимания, то ему не стоит надевать слишком вызывающий костюм. Нужно обязательно поносить выбранный костюм некоторое время дома, чтобы привыкнуть к нему, понять, как в нем нужно двигаться. К примеру, девушка, которая в обычной жизни носит исключительно джинсы и брюки, может чувствовать себя неловко, облачившись в обтягивающее мини-платье.
Нужно подумать и о финансовой стороне вопроса. Для воссоздания образа некоторых персонажей потребуются немалые расходы. Может потребоваться покупка или пошив костюма, сложный грим, который может сделать только профессиональный визажист, дорогие аксессуары. Поэтому если бюджет, выделенный на праздник, невелик, стоит выбрать персонаж, который не требует масштабных затрат.
Итак, персонажи на Хэллоуин могут быть самыми разнообразными. Совсем не обязательно повторять образы, которые уже созданы кем-то, можно придумать что-то свое, сделать костюм и грим собственноручно. Так будет намного интереснее, чем, если все гости придут на вечеринку, облачившись в покупные костюмы и маски.
Хэллоуин в наши дни превратился в настоящий международный праздник. И хотя сегодня он во многом отошёл от своих первоначальных традиций, это не мешает быть ему интересным и ярким осенним событием.
Сегодня этот праздник известен далеко за пределами Британских островов, где он возник. Его знают в США и Канаде (в Северную Америку традиция празднования оказалась принесённой мигрантами из Ирландии и Шотландии), Австралии и Новой Зеландии, Японии и Южной Корее.
Всё большую популярность Хэллоуин приобретает и в Европе, причём не только в Западной Европе, но и Восточной. Становится популярным он и в России, хотя отношение к нему здесь и неоднозначное.
Во многих странах мира, где известен Хэллоуин, он превращается в настоящее шоу, в котором принимают участие тысячи людей, надевающие различные костюмы и приводящие в изумление, а то и ужас зрителей шоу.
Всё это объясняется тем, что на празднике популярными являются образы различной нечисти. Это вампиры, зомби, скелеты, оборотни и тому подобное. Такие образы на Хэллоуин не случайны, так как считается, что именно в этот вечер возможно общение с умершими.
Однако не стоит сегодня воспринимать Хэллоуин достаточно серьёзно. Дело в том, что в настоящее время, особенно в тех странах, где праздник стал популярным относительно недавно, на первый план выходит не его ритуальное значение, а коммерческая составляющая.
Многие заведения предлагают необычно провести вечер. Для этого в кинотеатрах, ресторанах, клубах и тому подобных заведениях организуются различные мероприятия, участники которых могут отдохнуть, познакомиться друг с другом, продемонстрировать созданные образы.
Во многих городах устраиваются настоящие маскарады, которые стали важным атрибутом современного Хэллоуина. Впервые в качестве полноценного обычая облачение в карнавальные костюмы оказалось зафиксированным в начале XX века. Такая традиция берёт своё начало от американских костюмированных вечеринок.
Ношение маскарадных костюмов на Хэллоуин в первый раз было зарегистрировано в 1895 году. Произошло это в Шотландии. Именно здесь дети надевали маски, в которых ходили по домам и получали различные угощения. В дальнейшем такая традиция появилась и в некоторых других странах, в том числе и США.
Первоначально с помощью костюмов на Хэллоуин изображались уродливые исхудалые люди. Всё это выглядело не совсем празднично и даже вполне пугающе. Но со временем наряды эволюционировали и уже к началу 2000-х годов можно было увидеть более яркие образы, а сам праздник стал превращаться в шоу.
Сегодня превратиться на Хэллоуин можно в какого угодно героя. Всё ограничивается лишь желанием и фантазией участника этого праздничного вечера. Но есть образы, которые пользуются наибольшей популярностью.
К числу таких относится образ скелета. Его можно охарактеризовать в качестве пугающего персонажа. Для создания такого образа понадобится нанести на лицо грим, изображающий обнажённый череп. Также возможен вариант с изображением снятой кожи на части лица. Это произведёт ещё более пугающий эффект.
Очень популярным является образ вампира. Такой персонаж отлично подойдёт как для мужчин, так и девушек. Для его создания потребуется сделать мертвенную бледность, кровавые пятна и подтёки. Также как нельзя кстати окажутся клыки и различные линзы.
Классическим на Хэллоуин считается и образ зомби. Это мистический персонаж, для создания которого потребуется нанести на лицо неестественный тон сине-зелёного цвета. Особенностью персонажа также является затуманенный взгляд, рваные раны и оскал. Создание такого образа целиком зависит от фантазии участника мероприятия. О том, как нанести грим для создания зомби, можно узнать благодаря многочисленным пошаговым инструкциям, а также видеоурокам.
Вдохновиться на создание такого образа помогут и фильмы ужасов, в которых присутствуют данные персонажи. Кроме того, можно целиком довериться своим фантазиям и создать собственный оригинальный образ.
Для девушек подходящим станет и такой персонаж, как мёртвая невеста. Эта героиня мультипликационного фильма «Труп невесты». Для неё характерными являются бледность лица и выбеленные губы, впалые скулы и пустые глаза. Также можно добавить следы крови, что сделает образ более ужасающим. Помимо макияжа важную роль для мёртвой невесты играет одежда. Героиня одевает белое платье и фату, также могут быть добавлены цветы.
Все эти образы на Хэллоуин отлично подойдут для тех, кто желает напугать своим видом других участников мероприятия. Незаменимым здесь окажется наличие белого и чёрного цветов. Также может быть использована искусственная кровь. Подходящими окажутся и различные аксессуары в виде летучих мышей, чёрных кошек, светильников Джека и многого другого. При необходимости используются шляпы, венки, колпаки и многое другое. Не стоит забывать о деталях, так как именно они завершают образы, делают их гармоничными и целостными.
Несмотря на то, что на Хэллоуин очень популярными являются пугающие образы вампиров, зомби, оборотней и тому подобного, возможным является и создание совершенно других персонажей.
Популярным, например, является образ медсестры. Особенностью такого персонажа на Хэллоуин является наличие у девушек окровавленных бинтов, шприцов, а порой и вовсе пил и топоров. Для создания макияжа используется красная помада. Также популярными являются стрелки, создающие эффект «кошачьего» глаза. Могут быть использованы и цветные, например, красные линзы.
Можно создать также и образы не просто не пугающие, а и вовсе красивые. К числу таких персонажей можно отнести колдунью, злодейку, героиню фэнтези и многое другое. Все эти образы могут быть вполне привлекательными.
Интересным может стать образ гейши. Для его создания понадобится кимоно и характерная причёска: волосы потребуется собрать в высокий пучок. Лицо понадобится сделать белым, брови подчеркнуть чёрным, а на губы нанести красную помаду. Также можно добавить искусственную кровь, пятна которой могут быть на одежде и руках. Кстати окажется и что-нибудь наподобие самурайского меча.
Популярными на Хэллоуин являются и образы кукол. Это может быть фарфоровая кукла с безумным взглядом или вполне симпатичная кукла с большими глазами и губами «бантиком». Всё зависит от желания девушки, которая собирается на вечер. Дополнить образ куклы могут венки, серьги, кольца и тому подобное. При желании кукле также можно добавить следы крови.
Не менее интересным может оказаться образ русалки. Для его создания потребуется грим с использованием таких цветов, как голубой, бирюзовый или фиолетовый. Именно такого цвета должна стать кожа этого персонажа. Также потребуется изобразить чешую. Для этого можно использовать сетчатую ткань, которую следует приложить к коже и присыпать цветной пудрой или нанести сверху стойкую краску. Особенностью образа русалки является наличие ракушек, пайеток, глиттера и прочих декоративных элементов.
Популярным образом на Хэллоуин является монахиня, которая может быть изображена совершенно по-разному. Особенностью такого образа является наличие крестов, зашитых ран и кровавых пятен. При этом может быть использовано обычное для монахинь длинное платье либо для придания сексуальности короткая юбка. В последнем случае часто надевают сетчатые колготки и туфли на каблуках.
Также можно прибегнуть к созданию образа ангела. Однако даже такие образы на Хэллоуин дополняются шрамами, синяками и кровоподтёками, а используемые костюмы выполняются не в классическом белом, а чёрном цвете.
Все эти образы являются весьма популярными на Хэллоуин. Однако могут быть созданы и иные. Главное это не ограничивать себя и проявить свою фантазию. Вдохновить на создание того или иного образа помогут фильмы, многочисленные изображения в сети Интернет, журналах и тому подобное.
Важную роль при создании каждого образа играет костюм. Именно с него начинается работа. Такой костюм может быть изготовлен самостоятельно, заказан у мастера либо приобретён в магазине. Также имеется возможность взять подходящий костюм напрокат.
Если участник мероприятия уверен в своём умении, подходящим вариантом может стать создание костюма собственными руками. В таком случае можно продумать каждую деталь, что сделает образ по-настоящему оригинальным и неповторимым. Но можно приобрести и готовый вариант, дополнив его при необходимости нужными деталями.
Также важное значение играет макияж. На Хэллоуин обычным оказывается изображение бледных образов с синяками под глазами, следами крови и тому подобным. Однако можно создать и более приятный образ вплоть до фей и ангелов.
Также в этот вечер можно перевоплотиться в героя какого-либо фильма или деятеля поп-культуры. А можно и вовсе примерить на себя ролевой костюм сексуальной тематики.
Достаточно простым, но от того не менее интересным, может оказаться образ привидения. Его можно сделать из обычной марли или тонкой белой простыни. Дополнит образ светильник Джека, который символизирует собой душу, которая оказалась не принятой ни в рай, ни в ад.
Для создания более сложного образа можно обратиться за помощью к специалистам, которые смогут пошить нужный костюм, а также сделать профессиональный макияж.
Здесь представлены самые лучшие образы на Хэллоуин для девушек и мальчиков, детей и взрослых.
Будет около 135 лучших примеров с фотографиями.
Поэтому если вы не знаете, в чем пойти на праздник, то этот материл для вас.
Тут будут представлены как красивые, так и очень страшные образы, которые сделаны своими руками.
Последние реально могут напугать даже взрослых людей. А у пожилых вообще, инфаркт может случиться.
Сами посмотрите и убедитесь. Все фото можно увеличить.
Поскольку праздник Хэллоуин ассоциируется с темными силами и мистикой, люди предпочитают наряжаться в антигероев.
Но есть и довольно милые персонажи. Как правило, в них наряжают детей. Делается это все просто и в домашних условиях.
В общем, ниже предлагаю вам посмотреть интересные и креативные идеи перевоплощений. Будет очень интересно!
Содержание:
- Красивые образы для девушек
- Простые варианты
- Образы для мужчин
- Образы для ребенка
- Парные образы для влюбленных
- Женские образы из кино
- Самые жуткие идеи
- Образы знаменитостей
Красивые женские образы на Хэллоуин 2023 для девушек
Предлагаю рассмотреть несколько вариантов красивых женских образов на Хэллоуин 2023 года. С ними вы всегда будете выделяться в толпе. И хоть они не такие страшные, но зато очень красивые.
Подойдет как девочкам, так и девушкам. Можно носить не только на различные маскарады, но и на тематические вечеринки.
Образ мертвой невесты на Хэллоуин — фото
Образ невесты частенько фигурирует на празднике. Наиболее популярным является мертвая невеста из мультфильма Тима Бертона «Труп невесты».
Кстати, хороший мультик на Хэллоуин. Обязательно его посмотрите!
Характерными чертами главной героини является бледновато синяя кожа, пустые глаза и впалые скулы.
Из одежды — это белая фата и само платье. В качестве дополнения можно использовать букет с синими цветами.
Все изображения кликабельны для увеличения.
Помимо мертвой невесты, можно использовать и другие варианты. Очень эффектно смотрится окровавленное белое платье. Вместо крови можно использовать обычную краску.
Образ куклы на Хэллоуин для девочки своими руками
Следующим идет менее страшный образ куклы. Однако он хорош тем, что не требует слишком много затрат. Костюм можно использовать самый бюджетный.
Достаточно надеть короткое платье с воротником, туфли на ремешках и длинные белые гольфы. На лицо можно наносить различный макияж.
Также можно немного поиграться над трансформацией губ и накладных ресниц. На волосы дополнительно можно нацепить атласные ленточки.
Еще отличительной особенностью такого образа является белоснежная кожа с розовыми щеками. Кожа в таком случае получается очень чистая и выглядит, как фарфоровая.
Смотрится довольно интересно. Если человек застынет на месте, то от манекена его не отличишь.
А если на лице сделать черные трещины, то получится эффект треснутого фарфора. Смотрится тоже интересно.
Еще можно использовать образ куклы Вуду.
В таком случае подбирают короткое платье соломенного цвета. Можно использовать льняное платье.
Однако оно слишком дорогое. Поэтому лучше присмотреть другую одежду, но подходящего цвета.
Дополнительно пришивают форму сердечка на груди. На нем можно изобразить стрелочки или длинные иглы.
Поскольку это кукла, то на глаза некоторые люди нацепляют искусственные пуговицы.
Для этого делают специальные очки с пуговицами вместо стекол. Или же можно самому вырезать такой декоративный элемент из картона. Потом достаточно просто приклеить на лицо.
Образ кошки на Хэллоуин
Образ кошки тоже частенько фигурирует на празднике Хэллоуин. Во-первых, таких милых пушистиков любят практически все.
Котики являются слабостью некоторых людей. Особенно для женского пола.
Во-вторых, черная кошка является одним из многочисленных символов Хэллоуина.
Считалось, что это верные спутники ведьм и колдунов. Поэтому в старые века таких милых зверьков сжигали на костре вслед за их хозяевами.
В общем, этот нестрашный образ часто используют на празднике Halloween. Также он менее затратный по подготовке.
В качестве основной базы служит черное платье и легенсы с обтягивающей майкой.
На лице не нужно создавать сложный макияж. Достаточно просто нарисовать милую мордочку с усиками. А на голову надеть обруч с ушками.
Как вариант, вместо обруча можно использовать свои волосы для создания ушей.
Современный образ ведьмы на Хэллоуин для девушек
Образ ведьмы на Хэллоуин тоже пользуется большим спросом среди прекрасной половины человечества. Он может выглядеть как красиво и сексуально, так страшным и отпугивающим.
Молодые девушки предпочитают использовать образ красивой колдуньи. Женщины по старше иногда могут преображаться в образе страшной Бабы Яги.
В качестве основы используется черное или темно-фиолетовое платье. Для волшебниц лучше использовать одежду с кружевами.
Иногда используют корсетные сарафаны с короткими юбками. Смотрится привлекательно.
Еще на голову одевают большую конусную шляпу черного цвета. Это обязательный атрибут ведьмы. Дополнительно в руках берут метлу. Куда же без нее.
В качестве украшений можно использовать различные амулеты и кольца. Кстати, такой образ ведьмы хорошо подойдет и для девочки.
Главное, сделать подходящий костюм.
Простые и легкие образы на Хэллоуин — несложные варианты
Хочу предложить вам простые и легкие образы на Хэллоуин. Они подойдут для каждого. Потому что по времени и сил не требуют больших затрат.
Приведение
Наверное, самый простой образ, это обычное приведение. Тут достаточно белого покрывала с нарисованной рожицей. Затраты минимальны. Да и по времени много не занимает.
Летучая мышь
Тоже довольно-таки простой образ. Все, что вам понадобиться, это подходящий черный костюм и обруч с ушками. В принципе, тут главное сделать задние крылья из обычной черной ткани.
Мумия
Немного сложнее, чем предыдущие образы, но ненамного. Для создания мумии вам понадобится только несколько десятков бинтов.
При желании можете лицо полностью не заматывать. Вместо этого лучше его загримировать под мертвеца. Смотреться будет пострашнее.
Лучшие мужские образы на Хэллоуин 2023 — идеи для парней
А вот интересные мужские образы на праздник Хэллоуин 2023 года. Многим парням они хорошо подойду.
Будут как страшные варианты для запугивания, так и более красивые. Просто выбирайте то, что понравится.
Скелет
Довольно популярный образ для такого праздника. Основанием служит черная одежда с наклеенными имитированными костями.
А для более профессионального варианта на лице наносят устрашающий грим. Получается довольно классно!
Граф Дракула
А это уже, наверное, король всего праздника и один из самых главных персонажей. Образ очень красивый.
Особое внимание нужно уделять одежде. Она должна выделяться на общем фоне и хорошо подходить для маскарада. Основные ее цвета красный и черный.
Не забудьте и про клыки!
Без них образ вампира на Хэллоуин не будет смотреться так реалистично. И если есть возможность, то желательно использовать немного искусственной крови.
Джокер
Еще рекомендую присмотреться к образу Джокера. Это главный злодей Бэтмена. Тут конечно же, очень нужно сильно постараться над гримом.
Но если не хотите заморачиваться, то в магазине можно купить специальную маску с зелеными волосами.
Дополнительно еще придется подыскать подходящий костюм хотя бы фиолетового цвета. А если у вас будет красивая трость, то станет вообще, замечательно.
Милые детские образы на Хэллоуин для девочек и мальчиков
Многие родители также одевают своих детей в определенные образы на Хэллоуин. Ведь в этот праздник устраивают многочисленные детские утренники и другие мероприятия.
Поэтому давайте ниже рассмотрим несколько подходящих вариантов. Ваш ребенок явно будет очень доволен.
Эльф
Эльфы — маленькие милые сказочные создания. Они прекрасно подойдут для детского образа. Вам достаточно просто приобрести подходящий костюм.
Дополнительно еще можно сделать на спине крылья и длинные ушки.
Гермиона Грейнджер
Если вы смотрели Гарри Поттера, то наверняка знаете, кто такая Гермиона Грейнджер. Ниже идут ее образы, когда она была еще маленькой в первых частях фильма.
Для девочки такой вариант преображения тоже неплохо подойдет.
Единорог
Единороги, тоже милые сказочные создания. Ниже можно посмотреть интересные варианты этого образа на Хэллоуин для ребенка. Они подойдут как мальчикам, так и девочкам.
Есть много красивых костюмов в радужной расцветке. Все картинки кликабельны для увеличения.
Костюм тыквы
Тыква является одним из главных символов Хэллоуина. Как правило, из нее делают светильник Джека.
Однако помимо этого, некоторые родители могут наряжать своих детей и в этот образ. Вот посмотрите несколько милых вариантов.
Необычные образы на Хэллоуин для пары влюбленных
Ниже рассмотрим интересные парные образы на Хэллоуин. Они хорошо подойдут для мужчины и женщины или девушки и парня.
Если вы идете на праздник со своей второй половинкой, то рекомендую посмотреть примеры ниже.
Образы на Хэллоуин для девушек из фильмов и сериалов
А теперь предлагаю посмотреть интересные образы из различных фильмов. Как правило, здесь предпочтение дают негативным героям.
И это не удивительно!
Ведь праздник Хэллоуин ассоциируется с тьмой и различной нечистью. Поэтому добрых ангелочков тут не увидишь.
Образ Харли Квинн на Хэллоуин своими руками
Харли Квинн является суперзлодейкой и девушкой Джокера из мира Бэтмена. Также это главный герой в фильмах «Отряд самоубийц» и «Хищные птицы».
У этой героини довольно яркий и своеобразный образ, за что и любят его многие девушки. Хотя он не слишком страшный.
Но зато очень хорошо выделяется на общем фоне среди остальных злодеев. Также такой образ отлично подойдет для вечеринки.
Единственное, тут нужен подходящий костюм. Основные цвета — красный и синий.
Ну и конечно же, вам придется обзавестись битой. Это главное оружие злодейки, которое будет отлично дополнять сам образ.
Волосы обязательно должны быть белыми. Концы хвостиков должны быть разного цвета — розовый и голубой. Ну и на лицо можно нанести немного макияжа.
Образ Пиковой дамы на Хэллоуин — красивые фото
Пиковая дама — это дух из потустороннего мира, который может приходит в этот мир через зеркало. Об этом ходят немало страшилок и легенд. В детстве дети любят пугать этим друг друга.
Не обошел вниманием к этому персонажу и кинематограф. По этой теме был снят отдельный фильм ужасов.
Даже наш классик Александр Сергеевич Пушкин написал мистическую повесть «Пиковая дама». Можете почитать ее ради интереса.
Стоит сказать, что на празднике этот образ не совсем страшный. Скорее наоборот — очень красивый. Основной цвет — черный.
Главный элемент — пика. Ее рисуют на лице и используют узоры на одежде.
Образ вампирши на Хэллоуин
Наверное, уже и не сосчитать, сколько фильмов было снято про этих существ. Поэтому ниже представляю подборку красивых вампирш на Хэллоуин.
Уверен, некоторые вам могут подойти.
Как правило, тут используют темную одежду. Основным элементом образа являются длинные клыки. Желательно делать их с кровью.
Также придется немного поработать с гримом. Ведь кожа тут должна быть белого оттенка.
Некоторые еще и ногти специально отращивают.
Но самым запоминающимся элементом являются глаза. За счет специальных контактных линз, зрачки могут быть белого, черного или красного цвета.
Смотрится довольно эффектно.
Образ семейки Аддамс на Хэллоуин — косплей
Наверное, многие помнят семейку Аддамс по фильмам и сериалам. Эта странная семья, которая увлекается различным колдовством и мистикой.
Сами персонажи не страшные. Но именно из-за их странностей образ семейки Аддамс тоже фигурирует на празднике Хэллоуин.
Уэнзди Аддамс
Это идеальный образ для девочки на Хэллоуин. Если вы не знаете, во что одеть своего ребенка, то этот вариант станет самым оптимальным.
Он не слишком затратный.
Вам просто понадобиться черное платье и обувь. Также волосы должны быть черного цвета. А прическа в виде двух косичек.
В качестве дополнительной атрибутики на шею можно повесить цепочку с большим крестом.
Мартиша Аддамс
Это идеальный женский образ для праздника. Как и в предыдущем варианте, тут нет ничего сложного для преображения.
Достаточно подготовить длинное черное платье. Также должны присутствовать длинные черные волосы.
Макияж тоже довольно простой. Как видите по фото, сложного ничего нет. Поэтому если нет времени и средств на подготовку, то рекомендую присмотреться к этому персонажу.
Самые жуткие и страшные образы на Хэллоуин
А теперь приготовьтесь увидеть самые страшные образы на Хэллоуин. Некоторые из них реально жуткие. Они способны напугать даже взрослого мужика.
Сразу предупреждаю, что зрелище не для слабонервных.
Примеры ниже не только пугают, но и восхищают мастерством ужаса. У некоторых людей фантазия реально, зашкаливает.
В общем, приготовьтесь!
Образ зомби на Хэллоуин
Зомби в последнее время пользуются большим интересом среди людей. Не зря про них в последние годы выпустили немало фильмов и сериалов.
На Хэллоуин зомби выступает чуть ли не главным персонажем праздника. Ведь такой персонаж выглядит довольно жутко и устрашающе.
Им очень легко испугать людей.
Однако, чтобы этого добиться, нужно очень сильно постараться, как с одеждой, так и с гримом. Тут нужны высокие умения и огромная фантазия.
Основным элементов является разлагающаяся плоть.
Также должны присутствовать синяки на теле и различные раны. Поэтому чтобы все это сделать довольно реалистично, нужно действительно, хорошо постараться.
Но зато это того стоит!
А поскольку зомби едят все живое, то дополнительным атрибутов является кровь на одежде и теле. Без нее этот персонаж не будет таким реалистичным.
Одежда должна быть старой и потрепанной. На ней должны присутствовать дыры и порванные места. Под глазами обязательно должны быть темные круги. Они тоже придают устрашающий вид.
Оригинальные образы на Хэллоуин для беременной женщины
Казалось бы, беременные женщины не смогут влиться в атмосферу праздника. Ведь большой живот мешает принять подходящий образ.
Но не тут-то было!
Посмотрите, что вытворяют молодые мамы на празднике. Некоторые образы настолько креативны, что заслуживают отдельную медаль.
То, что эти женщины делают со своими животами, не поддается описанию. Я, сам в шоке!
Другие жуткие образы на Halloween
Вот еще несколько жутких образов на Хэллоуин. Что-то взято с фильмов, что-то с компьютерных игр, а что-то вообще, непонятно откуда. Поэтому тут даже без комментариев.
Знаменитые образы звезд на Хэллоуин — фото
И напоследок давайте посмотрим, какие принимали популярные звезды на Хэллоуин. Тут тоже есть много интересных примеров.
Одна только Хайди Клум со своим страшным образом чего стоит.
На этом все!
Мы рассмотрели лучшие образы на Хэллоуин для женщин, мужчин и детей. Как видите, тут можно взять довольно много интересных идей к празднику.
И не обязательно полностью копировать весь образ. Ведь вам никто не запрещает добавлять что-то свое.
В комментариях ниже напишите, какие образы вам большего всего понравились. Также можете предлагать свои идеи. Это тоже будет полезно!
Конец октября ассоциируется с тыквами, сладостями и страшными костюмами — а всё благодаря празднику Хеллоуин, пришедшему к нам из западных стран. Торжество, которое отмечают 31 октября, в 2022 году приходится на понедельник. «Известия» собрали в материале историю и традиции знаменитого праздника.
Хэллоуин-2022: история праздника
Буквально Хеллоуин означает «канун Дня всех святых», который отмечается 1 октября во многих странах мира. Название праздника произошло от английского All Hallows Eve, что впоследствии сократилось до Halloween.
Древние кельты в этот же день отмечали праздник Самайн и считали, что ночь служит переходным периодом от света к тьме и в мир выходят злые духи. Чтобы обезопасить себя от них, кельты облачались в шкуры животных, делали фонари из тыкв и несли домой огонь от священного костра. Этот народ населял обширные территории, поэтому традиции древнего праздника сохранились в нынешней Великобритании, Ирландии и Северной Франции, а затем и распространились по миру.
С приходом христианства в Европу праздник поменял свое название и стал гораздо менее мрачным. Особенно любят его дети в тех странах, где Хеллоуин отмечается масштабно. Они наряжаются в костюмы любимых героев и страшных существ и идут к соседям, выпрашивая сладости.
В России праздник не столь популярен, в основном из-за того что идет вразрез с православной религией. Однако молодежи зарубежный праздник пришелся по нраву, и теперь ежегодно заведения общепита и развлечений проводят для студентов и подростков тематические мероприятия, связанные с Хеллоуином.
Хэллоуин в России – 2022: как отмечают праздник
Во многих западных странах в день Хеллоуина нередко можно встретить как детей в костюмах, так и наряженных взрослых. В России же костюмированные вечеринки по случаю праздника возможны лишь в локальных масштабах.
Это не мешает их участникам хорошо проводить время — выбирать креативные костюмы и макияж, украшать помещения, устраивать конкурсы на лучший наряд и готовить особые угощения по случаю праздника.
Разгулу «нечистой силы» на Хеллоуин посвящено множество произведений массовой культуры — книги, сериалы, фильмы разных лет и стран. В честь праздника выходят премьеры новых хорроров и организуются кинопоказы. А многие предпочитают смотреть фильмы ужасов дома с заранее приготовленными угощениями.
Хеллоуин-2022: костюмы для праздника
По поверью, на Хеллоуин нужно нарядиться так, чтобы злые духи приняли человека за одного из них. Популярны образы мертвецов, скелетов, вампиров, привидений, маньяков и чудовищ из кинофильмов. Однако устрашающие костюмы давно перестали быть обязательным условием, и современные приверженцы празднования часто надевают костюмы любимых героев и мифических существ, даже если они не связаны со злыми силами.
Зачастую к образу добавляют яркий грим или макияж, придающий сходство с выбранным персонажем. На лицах рисуют паутину, кровоподтеки, швы и прочие атрибуты вымышленных героев.
Дома и помещения для проведения праздника тоже принято украшать — для этого используют искусственную паутину, пауков, летучих мышей и, конечно, тыквы с вырезанными на них лицами, неотъемлемый атрибут Хеллоуина.
Ранее «Известия» рассказывали еще об одном празднике, сохранившемся с древних времен и символизирующем переход от света к темноте. Речь идет о Дне осеннего равноденствия, который отмечался 23 сентября. А другие события и праздники осени 2022 года перечислены в специальном календаре.
В нашей стране День всех святых — повод весело страшно весело провести время. Жуткие костюмы на Хэллоуин 2023 являются одним из главных атрибутов этого дня. Лучшие идеи для их создания можете почерпнуть в материале КП
В России традиция отмечать Хэллоуин, набирает популярность год от года. Все потому, что это возможность на одну ночь облачиться в жуткий костюм и весело провести время с друзьями. Традиция пришла к нам с Запада.
Год у кельтов, населявших значительную часть Европы, делился на две части: светлую, добрую (с мая по октябрь) и темную, злую (с ноября по апрель). Разделял их праздник Самайн, приходившийся на 31 октября. Считалось, что с наступлением ночи открывалась невидимая дверь в мир духов. Через нее навестить потомков приходили усопшие предки, но вместе с ними могла проскользнуть и нечисть. Чтобы спугнуть ее, кельты жгли костры, приносили жертвы богам и надевали звериные шкуры.
В VIII веке, чтобы потеснить языческие традиции, католическая церковь объявила 1 ноября Днем всех святых. 31 октября получило название All Hallows’ Eve («канун Всех святых»), со временем сократившееся до Halloween и обросшее уже своими традициями. В частности, кельтские шкуры трансформировались в карнавальные костюмы. Сейчас в США, например, ежегодная прибыль от их продаж составляет несколько миллиардов долларов.
Купить костюм на Хэллоуин можно и в российских магазинах. Есть бюджетные варианты до 1000 рублей, можно найти и сложные модели с большим количеством атрибутики по 5000-7000 рублей. Костюм легко приобрести в магазине или же сделать своими руками.
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Костюмы на Хэллоуин для девушек
Полет для фантазии в плане выбора костюма на Хэллоуин действительно большой. В нашей стране для создания образов чаще всего выбирают темные оттенки или же сочетания ярких цветов. Подобрать наряд можно самостоятельно или обратиться за помощью к стилисту. Женские образы на Хэллоуин — это не только ведьмы или монашки. Вносим разнообразие и ищем все новые варианты для создания незабываемой атмосферы на празднике.
1. Костюм ведьмы
Платье можно выбрать любого фасона и не обязательно черное, например, с цветным подъюбником. Или на любой цветной (но лучше однотонный, а то костюм ведьмы легко перепутают с нарядом цыганки) наряд достаточно надеть черную жилетку, накидку или широкий пояс. Если платье короткое, подберите необычные гетры, чулки или колготки — яркие полосатые, в крупную сетку или с дырками, с любыми рисунками.
Ведьму обычно изображают верхом на метле, но носить ее с собой весь вечер не очень удобно. Замените ее на волшебную палочку, тыковку или череп. И обязательно купите остроконечную шляпу. Также хорошо дополнят образ длинные накладные ногти и большое количество крупных украшений.
Совет стилиста Вероники Околовой:
«Вы можете повторить образ такой известной ведьмы, как Малефисента. У этой героини главная фишка — острые скулы. Их можно сделать при помощи гуммоза — средства для театрального грима. Он напоминает пластилин, из него можно сформировать разные элементы и прилепить на кожу. Тон следует сделать максимально светлым, на глазах нарисовать широкие стрелки, приклеить объемные накладные ресницы. Губы делаем ярко-красными и максимально графичными. Тени под скулами можно усилить черным или темно-коричневым цветом.
Для того, чтобы сделать рога Малифисенты, понадобятся ободок и бигуди-липучки. Липкую основу нужно отрезать от каркаса бигудей, прикрепить несколько таких основ на ободок и сформировать из них рога. Потом просто надеть ободок на волосы и прядями обмотать рога по спирали. Волосы сами зафиксируются на липкой основе и будут хорошо держаться.
Кстати, в последнее время на Хэллоуин-вечеринках стал популярен еще один кинообраз — Харли Квинн. Хоть она и не относится к нечистой силе, но выглядит жутковато. Чтобы выглядеть, как подружка Джокера, сделайте плотный светлый тон. Для глаз используйте розовые и голубые тени. Наносите небрежно, под глазами оттягивайте тени вниз, имитируя размазанный от слез макияж. Губы накрасьте красной помадой и черной подводкой нарисуйте на щеке сердечко.
Для того, чтобы сделать такую же прическу, как у Харли, рекомендую купить блондинистый парик и покрасить его розовой и голубой краской. Ну либо, если не жалко свой красивый блонд, можно покрасить и свои, и чувствовать себе Харли Квин еще пару месяцев после Хэллоуина. Делаем два хвостика, подкручиваем их плойкой для пышности — и готово!
2. Костюм монахини
Девушки могут использовать любое черное платье из своего гардероба, дополнив его белым воротничком стойкой и/или белой манишкой и специальным головным убором. Его проще купить или сшить, чем пытаться соорудить из подручных средств.
Дополнительные аксессуары, которые понадобятся — крупный католический крест, четки или «молитвенник»: его роль выполнит любая небольшая однотонная книга или блокнот. Макияж должен быть бледным, с черным акцентом на глаза. Губы стоит замазать белым тональным кремом и нарисовать темно-коричневым остро заточенным карандашом продольные трещины на губах.
3. Костюм кошки
Классический вариант образа кошки на Хэллоуин полностью черного цвета. В дополнение к нему идет макияж в темных оттенках и аксессуары в цвет. В магазинах можно найти цельные костюмы кошек, состоящие чаще всего из обтягивающих лосин и облегающего верха: футболки или лонгслива. Разнообразьте такой наряд тюлем или фатином: из них получаются отличные хвост, браслеты на запястья и ушки.
А если вы готовы облачиться в латекс, то добавьте черную маска, массивную обувь или высокие сапоги. Идеальным вариантом мэйк-апа будет грим с акцентом на глаза, черный носик и нарисованные усики.
Если костюм черной кошки — слишком мрачный вариант, можно попробовать разбавить образ оранжевым цветом или использовать их в сочетании с белым.
4. Костюм куклы
Для создания образа понадобятся яркий парик и выразительный макияж. Не менее важен в этом случае и костюм. Можно выбрать вариант с фарфоровой куклой, мальвиной, Барби иди вуду.
Чтобы стать на Хэллоуин фарфоровой куклой, нужно найти пышное платье, желательно с оборками. Особое внимание придется уделить макияжу: выбеленная кожа и подведенные глаза придадут образу особый шарм. Не забудьте про аксессуары: добавьте бант для прически и сумочку ему в цвет.
Голубой парик Мальвины, макияж в похожих оттенках, и вы — любовь Пьеро. Платье лучше выбрать нейтрального цвета. Интересно будет смотреться «разбитый» макияж: он делается с помощью аквагрима.
Для образа Барби понадобится парик белого цвета и ярко-розовая помада в цвет платья. Лицо можно слегка выбелить и надеть цветные линзы: лучше всего будут смотреться ярко-голубые.
5. Костюм тыквы
Интересное решение — создать костюм в двух цветах: оранжевом и черном. Их можно чередовать между собой: например, отдать предпочтение полоске. Или верх сделать ярко-оранжевым, а низ — черным. Хорошо будет смотреться тыквенного оттенка пышное платье, у которого юбка сделана из тюля или фатина.
Если выбирать вариант с маской для лица в форме тыквы, то в таком случае основной костюм должен выглядеть более спокойно. Например, полностью черный с оранжевыми аксессуарами: бижутерией, сумочкой.
Совет стилиста Вероники Околовой:
«Этот образ хорошо дополнят смоки в желто-оранжевых тонах. Обязательно при этом нужно выделить верхний и нижний ресничный край черным карандашом, чтобы взгляд был ярким. Идеально к таким глазам подойдет матовая черная помада на губах. Нос и щечки можно украсить переводными блестящими веснушками. А в качестве прически к образу тыковки подойдут афро-кудряшки».
6. Костюм невесты
Выбор цвета платья не всегда очевиден: можно купить не просто белое, а персиковое или светло-голубого оттенка. Популярный прием в оформлении — оставить на ткани пятна крови. Сделать это можно с помощью специальных акриловых красок. Для качественного распыления обычно используют аэрозоль.
Куда же невеста без фаты? Она чаще всего небрежная, имеет не ровный срез и выглядит при этом довольно объемно. Дополните образ букетом: сделать его можно из сухих цветов и перевязать черной ленточкой.
7. Костюм медсестры
На белом фоне красные кровавые пятна смотрятся весьма устрашающе: их также можно сделать с помощью специальной краски. За основу пойдет костюм медицинского работника.
Аксессуары в этом образе не просто дополняют костюм, а создают для него основу. Это могут быть «окровавленные» шприцы или скальпели, фонендоскоп или бинты. Макияж можно сделать в красных тонах: яркая помада и акцент на глаза. А красные линзы придадут образу еще большую опасность.
8. Костюм русалки
Бирюзовый и голубой цвета помогут создать неповторимый образ русалки. Для украшения костюма отлично подойдут ракушки и пайетки, которые можно закрепить с помощью глиттера. Здесь не стоит бояться того, что одежда и макияж будут в одном оттенке: такого эффекта и нужно добиваться. Чтобы создать красивый и стойкий мейк-ап, используйте аквагрим. С помощью него цвет кожи можно сделать бирюзовым или фиолетовым. И на забывайте про парик: сочетание белого и синего цветов будет смотреться выигрышно.
9. Костюм ангела
Из приятного и белоснежного образа ангела можно сделать устрашающий и пугающий. Для этого нужно поработать над крыльями и костюмом. Ангельские крылышки можно и вовсе сделать черными, или же взять белые и разрисовать их в темные оттенки. На костюме сделать надрезы и, конечно, добавить немного акриловой краски красного цвета.
Макияж лучше сделать сияющий, в розовых тонах. И никуда без кровоподтеков и синяков, оформленных с помощью аквагрима.
10. Костюм аватара
Все тело можно раскрасить при помощи специальных красок в синий цвет и сделать интересные узоры. Прическа аватара довольно интересная: много-много маленьких косичек черного цвета. Найти такой парик не сложно в интернете, а акссесуары сделать самостоятельно. В ход пойдут ракушки, мелкие камни и медальоны.
Костюмы на Хэллоуин для мужчин
Запоминающийся образ можно самому или приобрести готовый костюм в магазине. Главное, не забывать фантазировать и воплощать в жизнь интересные идеи.
1. Костюм мертвеца
Для начала определитесь, как давно умер ваш мертвец. Исходя из этого, любой наряд нужно или залить «кровью» (специальной бутафорской или обычной красной краской), или максимально состарить (изрезать, испачкать серой краской для имитации пыли, залить отбеливателем, более плотные ткани можно потереть наждачной бумагой или обычной кухонной теркой).
Совет стилиста Вероники Околовой:
«Для образа мертвеца обязательно нужно сделать страшную рану на лице. В магазинах для грима можно купить готовые раны, которые достаточно лишь приклеить на любой участок кожи, или изготовить ее и самостоятельно. Для этого понадобится ресничный клей. Его нужно обильно нанести на кожу в несколько слоев. После высыхания он начнет лопаться, в этот момент его требуется покрыть красной гуашью, и все — жуткая рана готова.
Для макияжа скелета понадобятся белый и черный аквагрим. Сначала нужно сделать все лицо полностью белым, а потом черным выделить глазницы, нос, тени под скулами и нарисовать тем же черным цветом зубы. Можно также создать имитацию трещин, будет более эффектно».
2. Костюм скелета
Есть один эффектный способ сделать костюм скелета на Хэллоуин. Для этого придется пожертвовать футболкой. На ней вырезаются дырки, повторяющие контуры ребер и позвоночника. Шаблоны для передней и задней стороны также можно свободно скачать. Если футболка белая, под нее нужно надеть черную футболку или майку, если черная — то белую.
3. Костюм вампира
Если вам хочется, чтобы мертвец выглядел посимпатичнее, отдайте предпочтение образу вампира. Его плюс в том, что можно вообще обойтись без костюма, ведь визитная карточка данного персонажа — клыки. Сделайте легкий грим и наденьте белые или красные контактные линзы без диоптрий — и никто не осмелиться приблизиться к вам, чтобы не быть укушенным. Кстати, особенность карнавальных линз в том, что чаще всего они продаются поштучно, можно «перекрасить» каждый глаз в свой цвет.
Совет стилиста Вероники Околовой:
«Для этого образа, конечно, нужны страшные клыки. Такие накладки легко купить в интернете или специализированном магазине. Там же можно приобрести и искусственную кровь, которая будет стекать с уголка губ, накрашенных ярко-алой помадой. Здесь можно не заморачиваться с четким контуром, наоборот, лучше сделать его слегка размазанным. В качестве макияжа глаз рекомендую черные длинные стрелки и густые накладные ресницы. Волосы лучше сделать прямыми и гладкими, идеально если это чистый черный или белый цвет. Можно также купить парик».
4. Костюм монаха
Рясу средневекового монаха лучше купить или сшить на заказ — обычный черный балахон с брюками будет смотреться неубедительно. В дополнение к ней нужны большой крест, четки и Библия.
Грим для тона лица подбирайте белого цвета, не телесного. Глаза можно подвести черным, а на губы добавить трещин с помощью подводки.
Совет стилиста Вероники Околовой:
«Здесь стоит сделать бледную-бледную кожу. Обычный тональный крем не подойдет — нужно поискать белила в магазинах профессиональной косметики или же купить аквагрим и нанести его тонким слоем. В качестве макияжа глаз можно выбрать небрежный черный смоки, пусть он даже будет растекшимся под глазами. Если хочется сделать макияж глаз интереснее, можно добавить на границе с черным цветом красный и тщательно растушевать его. Губы тоже замазываем белым тональным кремом и рисуем темно-коричневым остро подточенным карандашом продольные трещины на губах. Будет мрачно и эффектно».
5. Костюм привидения
В магазинах есть большой выбор такого рода костюмов: белая накидка с нарисованными черными глазами. Сделать наряд можно и самостоятельно. Но если есть желание разнообразить его, стоит задуматься над дополнительными деталями.
6. Костюм зомби
Зомби — один из самых популярных персонажей на Хэллоуин. Зеленый цвет кожи, рваная одежда и яркие линзы: все это поможет перевоплотиться в восставшего из земли трупа.
За основу достаточно взять обычную одежду: майку и джинсы. Но нужно будет постараться над их оформлением. С помощью разведенной в воде земли нанесите на ткань отпечатки. Если простой образ слишком банальный, выбирайте костюмы повара, врача, пилота. Любой из них мог стать зомби, в этом и прелесть. Окрашивать кожу можно не полностью, а отдельными участками. Грим лучше нанести заранее и проверить его в деле: как прочно и долго он может держаться.
7. Костюм монстра
Монстром может быть и динозавр, и Франкенштейн, и демон: выбор действительно большой. В магазинах есть и готовые варианты с масками, и отдельные детали костюмов. Например, объемные накидки или накладки на руки, сделанные из бинтов.
Чтобы самостоятельно создать из себя монстра, нужно решить, какой именно вариант подходит больше всего. Проще будет купить маску, а сам наряд сделать из различных материалов: тюли, плотной ткани.
Обувь лучше выбирать массивную, грим выполнять не нужно, если есть маска. И все же, если сделать аквагрим с использованием растушевки, образ монстра будет выглядеть устрашающе.
8. Костюм черта
Черный комбинезон и красные рожки сделают из вас милого черта. Но если захотите добавить пикантности в образ, можно сделать еще заостренный хвост, добавить крылья и трезубец.
Для грима используются черно-красные тона. Основу желательно выбрать красную и дополнить ее черным цветом. Акцент делается на глаза: идеально будут смотреться светло-голубые линзы. Интересной деталью станут тематические рисунки, как на теле, так и на лице. Это могут быть языки пламени или пентаграммы.
С костюмом хорошо будут смотреться перчатки до локтей. Их можно вручную расписать красками для тканей.
9. Костюм оборотня
Оборотень — это мифическое существо, которое способно превращаться из человека в волка. На его теле обилие шерсти, а в глазах разъяренный взгляд. Чтобы добиться такого эффекта, нужно найти подходящий костюм.
Хорошим и бюджетным вариантом будет выбор темной одежды в сочетании с деталями из шерсти. К такому образу можно добавить маску или сделать грим с помощью черной краски, дополнив его волчьими ушами. Уместно остановиться и на тотально шерстяном варианте. Но в нем будет жарковато.
10. Костюм Джокера
Придется вооружиться зеленой красной для волос в виде спрея или мелков и запастись терпением. Для лица понадобится белая краска, губы нужно накрасить красным, а глаза подвести черным лайнером. В образе Джокера все выверено и даже слегка элегантно: классический костюм с бабочкой или широкий тренч. И никак нельзя забыть про золотые массивные цепочки.
Парные костюмы на Хэллоуин
Идти на Хэллоуин вдвоем гораздо веселее, чем одному. А парные костюмы произведут на гостей неизгладимое впечатление: приготовьтесь получать комплименты.
Отличный вариант выбрать для Хэллоуина — костюмы жениха и невесты, которые только-только восстали из мертвых. Или двух врачей в халатах с «кровавыми пятнами». Если вам по душе больше супергеройская тематика, одевайтесь в Бэтмэна и его подругу или в Джокера и Харли Квин.
Костюмы на Хэллоуин для детей
Для девочек
Хэллоуин для детей — время, когда можно нарядиться в любимый костюм и отправиться на празднование вместе с друзьями. Не стоит ограничивать ребенка в выборе: важно прислушаться к его мнению и вместе подобрать подходящий образ.
Очень популярны костюмы ведем и кукол. Темные оттенки не всегда выигрывают: в последнее время отмечается тенденция использования ярких париков, драпировок на ткани. Образ кошечки можно сделать милым за счет объемного хвоста и небольших ушек. Если девочка решила побыть летучей мышкой, стоит запастись черной тканью и сделать из нее большие распахивающиеся крылья.
При создании костюма ангела или маленькой дьяволицы потребуется использовать дополнительные аксессуары: бантики, рожки, ободки. Что касается грима, при оформлении стоит обращать внимание на то, что он долго не продержится: у детей более активная мимика, они чаще всего больше двигаются.
Для мальчиков
Костюм скелета или волшебника нравятся мальчикам не меньше, чем образы Гарри Поттера или Железного человека. Для малыша можно подобрать что-то более простое. Например, наряд тыквы или приведения. А вот мальчики повзрослее хотят видеть в своем образе больше деталей и аксессуаров.
Не стоит отказываться от костюма ангела или героя любимого мультика. Например, миньона, смурфика. Как положительные, так и отрицательные персонажи могут смотреться довольно выигрышно.
Популярные вопросы и ответы
На популярные вопросы ответила Екатерина Самосюк, дизайнер одежды и стилист.
Какой костюм на Хэллоуин считается самым страшным?
В этом вопросе большую роль играет восприятие костюмов и страхи конкретных людей: у кого-то может вызвать большее чувство страха окровавленный наряд доктора, а у кого-то Фрэдди Крюгер или Ганнибал Лектер. Зачастую страшные костюмы переходят черту и начинают вызывать даже ужас. Люди создают настолько реалистичные образы зомби с червями в голове или внутренностями наружу, что даже не знаешь, чего ждать в следующем году. И это действительно так: из года в год образы становятся все продуманнее и сложнее.
Самый жуткий наряд для каждого свой, но, на мой взгляд, костюмы мертвецов, якобы обезглавленных людей, чудовищ и героев фильмов ужасов всегда в топе.
Можно ли сделать костюм на Хэллоуин самостоятельно?
Да, конечно. Если вы не хотите покупать костюм в магазине, можно сделать его дома. Для более простых вариантов достаточно использовать подручные средства: на помощь придут видео из Youtube, а идеи интересных и необычных луков можно найти в интернете. Самостоятельная работа над образом на Хэллоуин — это всегда полет фантазии. Сложные образы требуют больше времени, их делают при помощи швейной машинки, мелкие детали собирают руками. Грим, как отдельная тема, тоже настолько разнообразен и необычен: это и макияж Санта Муэрте, богини смерти, и макияж Джокера, и довольно страшные маски кукол.
Какие детские костюмы на Хэллоуин сделать проще всего?
Выбор чаще всего падает на костюмы принцесс, русалок, разбойников и пиратов, если речь идет о простом и эффектном наряде для ребенка. В гардеробе всегда найдется большая половина образа, а оставшуюся часть можно сделать своими руками или заказать в магазине.
Вот и прошел Хэллоуин. На Западе испытывают особую любовь ко Дню всех святых и всегда с нетерпением ждут торжества. Даже не так интересен сам праздник, как подготовка декораций и выбор костюмов. И если говорить о самых запоминающихся и продуманных образах, то знаменитостям в этом нет равных.
Источник:
1. Дуэйн Джонсон — Моряк Попай
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2. Нил Патрик Харрис с семьей
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3. Брюс Уиллис вместе со своим ассистентом Стивеном Идсом в образах девочек-близняшек из фильма «Сияние»
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4. Адель — «Маска»
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5. Кристен Белл — Эльза
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6. Пинк с семьей в образах персонажей «Инопланетянина»
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7. Мастер перевоплощений Харрисон Форд
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8. Терри Крюс — Моряк Попай
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9. Мелисса Маккарти и Сандра Буллок — рыбаки
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10. Райан Рейнольдс — Дэдпул
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11. Уилл Поултер — Сид из «Истории игрушек»
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12. Хайди Клум — Джессика Рэббит и Хайди в старости
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13. Крисси Тейген — Гай Фиери
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14. Сара Сампайо в образе жертвы пластики
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15. Ченнинг Татум — единорог
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16. Бейонсе — Барби
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17. Сэмюэл Л. Джексон — Кардинал
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18. Джемима Кхан — Мелания Трамп
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19. Эллен Дедженерес — Ники Минаж
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20. Джессика Альба — Джуно
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21. Кэти Перри — Хиллари Клинтон
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22. Элли Голдинг — Долли Партон
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23. Холли Берри — Скелет
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24. Зои Кравиц и ее возлюбленный в образах Марлы и Тайлера из фильма «Бойцовский клуб»
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25. Ферги и Джош Дюамель — пара из «Дня Мертвых»
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26. Кэти Перри — микрофон
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27. Ченнинг Татум — Винни Пух
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28. Эмили Ратаковски — Мардж Симпсон
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29. Мария Шарапова — Пеппи Длинныйчулок
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30. Марго Робби и София Керр — сестры-близняшки из фильма «Сияние»
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31. Рита Ора — Ядовитый плющ
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32. Нина Добрев с подругой — конь и Леонардо Ди Каприо, фильм «Выживший»
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33. Эшли Мадекве — Миа Уоллес, «Криминальное чтиво»
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34. Шакира — Фокусник
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35. Кортни и Ким Кардашян — Майкл Джексон и Мадонна
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36. Бейонсе — Шторм
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37. Карди Б. — Стервелла Де Виль
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38. Гвен Стефани с сыном — вампиры
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39. Джаред Лето — Папа Римский
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40. Команда Тейлор Свифт
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| Halloween | |
|---|---|
Carving a jack-o’-lantern is a common Halloween tradition |
|
| Also called |
|
| Observed by | Western Christians and many non-Christians around the world[1] |
| Type | Christian |
| Significance | First day of Allhallowtide |
| Celebrations | Trick-or-treating, costume parties, making jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions. |
| Observances | Church services,[2] prayer,[3] fasting,[1] and vigil[4] |
| Date | 31 October |
| Related to | Samhain, Hop-tu-Naa, Calan Gaeaf, Allantide, Day of the Dead, Reformation Day, All Saints’ Day, Mischief Night (cf. vigil) |
Halloween or Hallowe’en (less commonly known as Allhalloween,[5] All Hallows’ Eve,[6] or All Saints’ Eve)[7] is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Saints’ Day. It begins the observance of Allhallowtide,[8] the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed.[9][10][11][12]
One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to have pagan roots.[13][14][15][16] Some go further and suggest that Samhain may have been Christianized as All Hallow’s Day, along with its eve, by the early Church.[17] Other academics believe Halloween began solely as a Christian holiday, being the vigil of All Hallow’s Day.[18][19][20][21] Celebrated in Ireland and Scotland for centuries, Irish and Scottish immigrants took many Halloween customs to North America in the 19th century,[22][23] and then through American influence Halloween had spread to other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century.[24][25]
Popular Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising and souling), attending Halloween costume parties, carving pumpkins or turnips into jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories, and watching horror or Halloween-themed films.[26] Some people practice the Christian religious observances of All Hallows’ Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead,[27][28][29] although it is a secular celebration for others.[30][31][32] Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows’ Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain vegetarian foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes, and soul cakes.[33][34][35][36]
Etymology
The word Halloween or Hallowe’en («Saints’ evening»[37]) is of Christian origin;[38][39] a term equivalent to «All Hallows Eve» is attested in Old English.[40] The word hallowe[‘]en comes from the Scottish form of All Hallows’ Eve (the evening before All Hallows’ Day):[41] even is the Scots term for «eve» or «evening»,[42] and is contracted to e’en or een;[43] (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en became Hallowe’en.
History
Christian origins and historic customs
Halloween is thought to have influences from Christian beliefs and practices.[44][45] The English word ‘Halloween’ comes from «All Hallows’ Eve», being the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows’ Day (All Saints’ Day) on 1 November and All Souls’ Day on 2 November.[46] Since the time of the early Church,[47] major feasts in Christianity (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils that began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows’.[48][44] These three days are collectively called Allhallowtide and are a time when Western Christians honour all saints and pray for recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. Commemorations of all saints and martyrs were held by several churches on various dates, mostly in springtime.[49] In 4th-century Roman Edessa it was held on 13 May, and on 13 May 609, Pope Boniface IV re-dedicated the Pantheon in Rome to «St Mary and all martyrs».[50] This was the date of Lemuria, an ancient Roman festival of the dead.[51]
In the 8th century, Pope Gregory III (731–741) founded an oratory in St Peter’s for the relics «of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors».[44][52] Some sources say it was dedicated on 1 November,[53] while others say it was on Palm Sunday in April 732.[54][55] By 800, there is evidence that churches in Ireland[56] and Northumbria were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.[57] Alcuin of Northumbria, a member of Charlemagne’s court, may then have introduced this 1 November date in the Frankish Empire.[58] In 835, it became the official date in the Frankish Empire.[57] Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea,[57] although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter.[59] They may have seen it as the most fitting time to do so, as it is a time of ‘dying’ in nature.[57][59] It is also suggested the change was made on the «practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it», and perhaps because of public health concerns over Roman Fever, which claimed a number of lives during Rome’s sultry summers.[60][44]
On All Hallows’ Eve, Christians in some parts of the world visit cemeteries to pray and place flowers and candles on the graves of their loved ones.[61] Top: Christians in Bangladesh lighting candles on the headstone of a relative. Bottom: Lutheran Christians praying and lighting candles in front of the central crucifix of a graveyard.
By the end of the 12th century, the celebration had become known as the holy days of obligation in Western Christianity and involved such traditions as ringing church bells for souls in purgatory. It was also «customary for criers dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls».[62] The Allhallowtide custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for all christened souls,[63] has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating.[64] The custom dates back at least as far as the 15th century[65] and was found in parts of England, Wales, Flanders, Bavaria and Austria.[66] Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the dead, especially the souls of the givers’ friends and relatives. This was called «souling».[65][67][68] Soul cakes were also offered for the souls themselves to eat,[66] or the ‘soulers’ would act as their representatives.[69] As with the Lenten tradition of hot cross buns, soul cakes were often marked with a cross, indicating they were baked as alms.[70] Shakespeare mentions souling in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593).[71] While souling, Christians would carry «lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips», which could have originally represented souls of the dead;[72][73] jack-o’-lanterns were used to ward off evil spirits.[74][75] On All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day during the 19th century, candles were lit in homes in Ireland,[76] Flanders, Bavaria, and in Tyrol, where they were called «soul lights»,[77] that served «to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes».[78] In many of these places, candles were also lit at graves on All Souls’ Day.[77] In Brittany, libations of milk were poured on the graves of kinfolk,[66] or food would be left overnight on the dinner table for the returning souls;[77] a custom also found in Tyrol and parts of Italy.[79][77]
Christian minister Prince Sorie Conteh linked the wearing of costumes to the belief in vengeful ghosts: «It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints’ Day, and All Hallows’ Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognized by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes».[80] In the Middle Ages, churches in Europe that were too poor to display relics of martyred saints at Allhallowtide let parishioners dress up as saints instead.[81][82] Some Christians observe this custom at Halloween today.[83] Lesley Bannatyne believes this could have been a Christianization of an earlier pagan custom.[84] Many Christians in mainland Europe, especially in France, believed «that once a year, on Hallowe’en, the dead of the churchyards rose for one wild, hideous carnival» known as the danse macabre, which was often depicted in church decoration.[85] Christopher Allmand and Rosamond McKitterick write in The New Cambridge Medieval History that the danse macabre urged Christians «not to forget the end of all earthly things».[86] The danse macabre was sometimes enacted in European village pageants and court masques, with people «dressing up as corpses from various strata of society», and this may be the origin of Halloween costume parties.[87][88][89][72]
In Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation, as Protestants berated purgatory as a «popish» doctrine incompatible with the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. State-sanctioned ceremonies associated with the intercession of saints and prayer for souls in purgatory were abolished during the Elizabethan reform, though All Hallow’s Day remained in the English liturgical calendar to «commemorate saints as godly human beings».[90] For some Nonconformist Protestants, the theology of All Hallows’ Eve was redefined; «souls cannot be journeying from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, as Catholics frequently believe and assert. Instead, the so-called ghosts are thought to be in actuality evil spirits».[91] Other Protestants believed in an intermediate state known as Hades (Bosom of Abraham).[92] In some localities, Catholics and Protestants continued souling, candlelit processions, or ringing church bells for the dead;[46][93] the Anglican church eventually suppressed this bell-ringing.[94] Mark Donnelly, a professor of medieval archaeology, and historian Daniel Diehl write that «barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effect of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveled the earth».[95] After 1605, Hallowtide was eclipsed in England by Guy Fawkes Night (5 November), which appropriated some of its customs.[96] In England, the ending of official ceremonies related to the intercession of saints led to the development of new, unofficial Hallowtide customs. In 18th–19th century rural Lancashire, Catholic families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows’ Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen’lay.[97] There was a similar custom in Hertfordshire, and the lighting of ‘tindle’ fires in Derbyshire.[98] Some suggested these ‘tindles’ were originally lit to «guide the poor souls back to earth».[99] In Scotland and Ireland, old Allhallowtide customs that were at odds with Reformed teaching were not suppressed as they «were important to the life cycle and rites of passage of local communities» and curbing them would have been difficult.[22]
In parts of Italy until the 15th century, families left a meal out for the ghosts of relatives, before leaving for church services.[79] In 19th-century Italy, churches staged «theatrical re-enactments of scenes from the lives of the saints» on All Hallow’s Day, with «participants represented by realistic wax figures».[79] In 1823, the graveyard of Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome presented a scene in which bodies of those who recently died were arrayed around a wax statue of an angel who pointed upward towards heaven.[79] In the same country, «parish priests went house-to-house, asking for small gifts of food which they shared among themselves throughout that night».[79] In Spain, they continue to bake special pastries called «bones of the holy» (Spanish: Huesos de Santo) and set them on graves.[100] At cemeteries in Spain and France, as well as in Latin America, priests lead Christian processions and services during Allhallowtide, after which people keep an all night vigil.[101] In 19th-century San Sebastián, there was a procession to the city cemetery at Allhallowtide, an event that drew beggars who «appeal[ed] to the tender recollectons of one’s deceased relations and friends» for sympathy.[102]
Gaelic folk influence
Today’s Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which are believed to have pagan roots.[103] Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that «there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived».[104] The origins of Halloween customs are typically linked to the Gaelic festival Samhain.[105]
Samhain is one of the quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and has been celebrated on 31 October – 1 November[106] in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[107][108] A kindred festival has been held by the Brittonic Celts, called Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan Goañv in Brittany; a name meaning «first day of winter». For the Celts, the day ended and began at sunset; thus the festival begins the evening before 1 November by modern reckoning.[109] Samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,[110] and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween.
Snap-Apple Night, painted by Daniel Maclise in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland.[111]
Samhain marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the ‘darker half’ of the year.[112][113] It was seen as a liminal time, when the boundary between this world and the Otherworld thinned. This meant the Aos Sí, the ‘spirits’ or ‘fairies’, could more easily come into this world and were particularly active.[114][115] Most scholars see them as «degraded versions of ancient gods […] whose power remained active in the people’s minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs».[116] They were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings.[117][118] At Samhain, the Aos Sí were appeased to ensure the people and livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left outside for them.[119][120][121] The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes seeking hospitality.[122] Places were set at the dinner table and by the fire to welcome them.[123] The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night of the year and must be appeased seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures.[66] In 19th century Ireland, «candles would be lit and prayers formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin».[124]
Throughout Ireland and Britain, especially in the Celtic-speaking regions, the household festivities included divination rituals and games intended to foretell one’s future, especially regarding death and marriage.[125] Apples and nuts were often used, and customs included apple bobbing, nut roasting, scrying or mirror-gazing, pouring molten lead or egg whites into water, dream interpretation, and others.[126] Special bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke, and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers.[112] In some places, torches lit from the bonfire were carried sunwise around homes and fields to protect them.[110] It is suggested the fires were a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic – they mimicked the Sun and held back the decay and darkness of winter.[123][127][128] They were also used for divination and to ward off evil spirits.[74] In Scotland, these bonfires and divination games were banned by the church elders in some parishes.[129] In Wales, bonfires were also lit to «prevent the souls of the dead from falling to earth».[130] Later, these bonfires «kept away the devil».[131]
A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland[132]
From at least the 16th century,[133] the festival included mumming and guising in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales.[134] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food. It may have originally been a tradition whereby people impersonated the Aos Sí, or the souls of the dead, and received offerings on their behalf, similar to ‘souling’. Impersonating these beings, or wearing a disguise, was also believed to protect oneself from them.[135] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses – some of which had pagan overtones – in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the ‘Muck Olla’; not doing so would bring misfortune.[136] In Scotland, youths went house-to-house with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[134] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked or blackened with ashes from the sacred bonfire.[133] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[134] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed.[134]
Elsewhere in Europe, mumming was part of other festivals, but in the Celtic-speaking regions, it was «particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers».[134] From at least the 18th century, «imitating malignant spirits» led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Wearing costumes and playing pranks at Halloween did not spread to England until the 20th century.[134] Pranksters used hollowed-out turnips or mangel wurzels as lanterns, often carved with grotesque faces.[134] By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits,[134] or used to ward off evil spirits.[137][138] They were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[134] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of Britain and became generally known as jack-o’-lanterns.[134]
Spread to North America
Lesley Bannatyne and Cindy Ott write that Anglican colonists in the southern United States and Catholic colonists in Maryland «recognized All Hallow’s Eve in their church calendars»,[140][141] although the Puritans of New England strongly opposed the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including Christmas.[142] Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America.[22]
It was not until after mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in America.[22] Most American Halloween traditions were inherited from the Irish and Scots,[23][143] though «In Cajun areas, a nocturnal Mass was said in cemeteries on Halloween night. Candles that had been blessed were placed on graves, and families sometimes spent the entire night at the graveside».[144] Originally confined to these immigrant communities, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and was celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial, and religious backgrounds by the early 20th century.[145] Then, through American influence, these Halloween traditions spread to many other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century, including to mainland Europe and some parts of the Far East.[24][25][146]
Symbols
Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. Jack-o’-lanterns are traditionally carried by guisers on All Hallows’ Eve in order to frighten evil spirits.[73][147] There is a popular Irish Christian folktale associated with the jack-o’-lantern,[148] which in folklore is said to represent a «soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell»:[149]
On route home after a night’s drinking, Jack encounters the Devil and tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking Jack etches the sign of the cross into the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain that Satan can never claim his soul. After a life of sin, drink, and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern have been roaming looking for a place to rest.[150]
In Ireland and Scotland, the turnip has traditionally been carved during Halloween,[151][152] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger, making it easier to carve than a turnip.[151] The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[153] and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.[154]
The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including Christian eschatology, national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus and Dracula) and classic horror films such as Frankenstein (1931) and The Mummy (1932).[155][156] Imagery of the skull, a reference to Golgotha in the Christian tradition, serves as «a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life» and is consequently found in memento mori and vanitas compositions;[157] skulls have therefore been commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.[158] Traditionally, the back walls of churches are «decorated with a depiction of the Last Judgment, complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils», a motif that has permeated the observance of this triduum.[159] One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; «What fearfu’ pranks ensue!», as well as the supernatural associated with the night, «bogles» (ghosts),[160] influencing Robert Burns’ «Halloween» (1785).[161] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks, and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, evil, and mythical monsters.[162] Black cats, which have been long associated with witches, are also a common symbol of Halloween. Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween’s traditional colors.[163]
Trick-or-treating and guising
Trick-or-treaters in Sweden
Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, «Trick or treat?» The word «trick» implies a «threat» to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.[64] The practice is said to have roots in the medieval practice of mumming, which is closely related to souling.[164] John Pymm wrote that «many of the feast days associated with the presentation of mumming plays were celebrated by the Christian Church.»[165] These feast days included All Hallows’ Eve, Christmas, Twelfth Night and Shrove Tuesday.[166][167] Mumming practiced in Germany, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe,[168] involved masked persons in fancy dress who «paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence».[169]
Girl in a Halloween costume in 1928, Ontario, Canada, the same province where the Scottish Halloween custom of guising was first recorded in North America
In England, from the medieval period,[170] up until the 1930s,[171] people practiced the Christian custom of souling on Halloween, which involved groups of soulers, both Protestant and Catholic,[93] going from parish to parish, begging the rich for soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the souls of the givers and their friends.[67] In the Philippines, the practice of souling is called Pangangaluluwa and is practiced on All Hallow’s Eve among children in rural areas.[26] People drape themselves in white cloths to represent souls and then visit houses, where they sing in return for prayers and sweets.[26]
In Scotland and Ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a traditional Halloween custom.[172] It is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit, and money.[152][173] In Ireland, the most popular phrase for kids to shout (until the 2000s) was «Help the Halloween Party».[172] The practice of guising at Halloween in North America was first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, reported children going «guising» around the neighborhood.[174]
American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book-length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe’en (1919), and references souling in the chapter «Hallowe’en in America».[175] In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; «Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries».[176]
While the first reference to «guising» in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.[177] The earliest known use in print of the term «trick or treat» appears in 1927, in the Blackie Herald, of Alberta, Canada.[178]
The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating.[179] Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice in North America until the 1930s, with the first US appearances of the term in 1934,[180] and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.[181]
A popular variant of trick-or-treating, known as trunk-or-treating (or Halloween tailgating), occurs when «children are offered treats from the trunks of cars parked in a church parking lot», or sometimes, a school parking lot.[100][182] In a trunk-or-treat event, the trunk (boot) of each automobile is decorated with a certain theme,[183] such as those of children’s literature, movies, scripture, and job roles.[184] Trunk-or-treating has grown in popularity due to its perception as being more safe than going door to door, a point that resonates well with parents, as well as the fact that it «solves the rural conundrum in which homes [are] built a half-mile apart».[185][186]
Costumes
Halloween costumes were traditionally modeled after figures such as vampires, ghosts, skeletons, scary looking witches, and devils.[64] Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.
Halloween shop in Derry, Northern Ireland, selling masks
Dressing up in costumes and going «guising» was prevalent in Scotland and Ireland at Halloween by the late 19th century.[152] A Scottish term, the tradition is called «guising» because of the disguises or costumes worn by the children.[173] In Ireland and Scotland, the masks are known as ‘false faces’,[38][187] a term recorded in Ayr, Scotland in 1890 by a Scot describing guisers: «I had mind it was Halloween . . . the wee callans were at it already, rinning aboot wi’ their fause-faces (false faces) on and their bits o’ turnip lanthrons (lanterns) in their haun (hand)».[38] Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children, and when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in Canada and the US in the 1920s and 1930s.[178][188]
Eddie J. Smith, in his book Halloween, Hallowed is Thy Name, offers a religious perspective to the wearing of costumes on All Hallows’ Eve, suggesting that by dressing up as creatures «who at one time caused us to fear and tremble», people are able to poke fun at Satan «whose kingdom has been plundered by our Saviour». Images of skeletons and the dead are traditional decorations used as memento mori.[189][190]
«Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF» is a fundraising program to support UNICEF,[64] a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.[191][192]
The yearly New York’s Village Halloween Parade was begun in 1974; it is the world’s largest Halloween parade and America’s only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, two million spectators, and a worldwide television audience.[193]
Since the late 2010s, ethnic stereotypes as costumes have increasingly come under scrutiny in the United States.[194] Such and other potentially offensive costumes have been met with increasing public disapproval.[195][196]
Pet costumes
According to a 2018 report from the National Retail Federation, 30 million Americans will spend an estimated $480 million on Halloween costumes for their pets in 2018. This is up from an estimated $200 million in 2010. The most popular costumes for pets are the pumpkin, followed by the hot dog, and the bumblebee in third place.[197]
Games and other activities
In this 1904 Halloween greeting card, divination is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of her future husband.
There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween. Some of these games originated as divination rituals or ways of foretelling one’s future, especially regarding death, marriage and children. During the Middle Ages, these rituals were done by a «rare few» in rural communities as they were considered to be «deadly serious» practices.[198] In recent centuries, these divination games have been «a common feature of the household festivities» in Ireland and Britain.[125] They often involve apples and hazelnuts. In Celtic mythology, apples were strongly associated with the Otherworld and immortality, while hazelnuts were associated with divine wisdom.[199] Some also suggest that they derive from Roman practices in celebration of Pomona.[64]
Children bobbing for apples at Hallowe’en
The following activities were a common feature of Halloween in Ireland and Britain during the 17th–20th centuries. Some have become more widespread and continue to be popular today.
One common game is apple bobbing or dunking (which may be called «dooking» in Scotland)[200] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use only their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a sticky face. Another once-popular game involves hanging a small wooden rod from the ceiling at head height, with a lit candle on one end and an apple hanging from the other. The rod is spun round and everyone takes turns to try to catch the apple with their teeth.[201]
Image from the Book of Hallowe’en (1919) showing several Halloween activities, such as nut roasting
Several of the traditional activities from Ireland and Britain involve foretelling one’s future partner or spouse. An apple would be peeled in one long strip, then the peel tossed over the shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse’s name.[202][203] Two hazelnuts would be roasted near a fire; one named for the person roasting them and the other for the person they desire. If the nuts jump away from the heat, it is a bad sign, but if the nuts roast quietly it foretells a good match.[204][205] A salty oatmeal bannock would be baked; the person would eat it in three bites and then go to bed in silence without anything to drink. This is said to result in a dream in which their future spouse offers them a drink to quench their thirst.[206] Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror.[207] The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards[208] from the late 19th century and early 20th century.
Another popular Irish game was known as púicíní («blindfolds»); a person would be blindfolded and then would choose between several saucers. The item in the saucer would provide a hint as to their future: a ring would mean that they would marry soon; clay, that they would die soon, perhaps within the year; water, that they would emigrate; rosary beads, that they would take Holy Orders (become a nun, priest, monk, etc.); a coin, that they would become rich; a bean, that they would be poor.[209][210][211][212] The game features prominently in the James Joyce short story «Clay» (1914).[213][214][215]
In Ireland and Scotland, items would be hidden in food – usually a cake, barmbrack, cranachan, champ or colcannon – and portions of it served out at random. A person’s future would be foretold by the item they happened to find; for example, a ring meant marriage and a coin meant wealth.[216]
Up until the 19th century, the Halloween bonfires were also used for divination in parts of Scotland, Wales and Brittany. When the fire died down, a ring of stones would be laid in the ashes, one for each person. In the morning, if any stone was mislaid it was said that the person it represented would not live out the year.[110]
Telling ghost stories, listening to Halloween-themed songs and watching horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released before Halloween to take advantage of the holiday.
Haunted attractions
Humorous tombstones in front of a house in California
Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses that may include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides,[217] and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown.
The first recorded purpose-built haunted attraction was the Orton and Spooner Ghost House, which opened in 1915 in Liphook, England. This attraction actually most closely resembles a carnival fun house, powered by steam.[218][219] The House still exists, in the Hollycombe Steam Collection.
It was during the 1930s, about the same time as trick-or-treating, that Halloween-themed haunted houses first began to appear in America. It was in the late 1950s that haunted houses as a major attraction began to appear, focusing first on California. Sponsored by the Children’s Health Home Junior Auxiliary, the San Mateo Haunted House opened in 1957. The San Bernardino Assistance League Haunted House opened in 1958. Home haunts began appearing across the country during 1962 and 1963. In 1964, the San Manteo Haunted House opened, as well as the Children’s Museum Haunted House in Indianapolis.[220]
The haunted house as an American cultural icon can be attributed to the opening of the Haunted Mansion in Disneyland on 12 August 1969.[221] Knott’s Berry Farm began hosting its own Halloween night attraction, Knott’s Scary Farm, which opened in 1973.[222] Evangelical Christians adopted a form of these attractions by opening one of the first «hell houses» in 1972.[223]
The first Halloween haunted house run by a nonprofit organization was produced in 1970 by the Sycamore-Deer Park Jaycees in Clifton, Ohio. It was cosponsored by WSAI, an AM radio station broadcasting out of Cincinnati, Ohio. It was last produced in 1982.[224] Other Jaycees followed suit with their own versions after the success of the Ohio house. The March of Dimes copyrighted a «Mini haunted house for the March of Dimes» in 1976 and began fundraising through their local chapters by conducting haunted houses soon after. Although they apparently quit supporting this type of event nationally sometime in the 1980s, some March of Dimes haunted houses have persisted until today.[225]
On the evening of 11 May 1984, in Jackson Township, New Jersey, the Haunted Castle (Six Flags Great Adventure) caught fire. As a result of the fire, eight teenagers perished.[226] The backlash to the tragedy was a tightening of regulations relating to safety, building codes and the frequency of inspections of attractions nationwide. The smaller venues, especially the nonprofit attractions, were unable to compete financially, and the better funded commercial enterprises filled the vacuum.[227][228] Facilities that were once able to avoid regulation because they were considered to be temporary installations now had to adhere to the stricter codes required of permanent attractions.[229][230][231]
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, theme parks entered the business seriously. Six Flags Fright Fest began in 1986 and Universal Studios Florida began Halloween Horror Nights in 1991. Knott’s Scary Farm experienced a surge in attendance in the 1990s as a result of America’s obsession with Halloween as a cultural event. Theme parks have played a major role in globalizing the holiday. Universal Studios Singapore and Universal Studios Japan both participate, while Disney now mounts Mickey’s Not-So-Scary Halloween Party events at its parks in Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo, as well as in the United States.[232] The theme park haunts are by far the largest, both in scale and attendance.[233]
Food
Pumpkins for sale during Halloween
On All Hallows’ Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage abstinence from meat, giving rise to a variety of vegetarian foods associated with this day.[234]
Because in the Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel apples or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to trick-or-treating children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States.[235] While there is evidence of such incidents,[236] relative to the degree of reporting of such cases, actual cases involving malicious acts are extremely rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children’s Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children’s candy.[237]
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin, and other charms are placed before baking.[238] It is considered fortunate to be the lucky one who finds it.[238] It has also been said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.
List of foods associated with Halloween:
- Barmbrack (Ireland)
- Bonfire toffee (Great Britain)
- Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain and Ireland)
- Candy apples, candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America)
- Chocolate
- Monkey nuts (peanuts in their shells) (Ireland and Scotland)
- Caramel apples
- Caramel corn
- Colcannon (Ireland; see below)
- Halloween cake
- Sweets/candy
- Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
- Roasted pumpkin seeds
- Roasted sweet corn
- Soul cakes
- Pumpkin Pie
Christian religious observances
The Vigil of All Hallows’ is being celebrated at an Episcopal Christian church on Hallowe’en
On Hallowe’en (All Hallows’ Eve), in Poland, believers were once taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests in tiny villages toll their church bells in order to remind their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows’ Eve.[239] In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom includes the Christian practice of abstinence, keeping All Hallows’ Eve as a meat-free day and serving pancakes or colcannon instead.[240] In Mexico children make an altar to invite the return of the spirits of dead children (angelitos).[241]
The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe’en through a vigil. Worshippers prepared themselves for feasting on the following All Saints’ Day with prayers and fasting.[242] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints;[243][244] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom.[245][246] After the service, «suitable festivities and entertainments» often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows’ Day.[247][248] In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows’ Eve to light votive candles there, they «are known as valomeri, or seas of light».[249]
Today, Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow’s Eve.[250][251] Some of these practices include praying, fasting and attending worship services.[1][2][3]
O LORD our God, increase, we pray thee, and multiply upon us the gifts of thy grace: that we, who do prevent the glorious festival of all thy Saints, may of thee be enabled joyfully to follow them in all virtuous and godly living. Through Jesus Christ, Our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, ever one God, world without end. Amen. —Collect of the Vigil of All Saints, The Anglican Breviary[252]
Votive candles in the Halloween section of Walmart
Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows’ Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow’s Eve or independently from it.[253] This is because Martin Luther is said to have nailed his Ninety-five Theses to All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg on All Hallows’ Eve.[254] Often, «Harvest Festivals» or «Reformation Festivals» are held on All Hallows’ Eve, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.[255] In addition to distributing candy to children who are trick-or-treating on Hallowe’en, many Christians also provide gospel tracts to them. One organization, the American Tract Society, stated that around 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from them alone for Hallowe’en celebrations.[256] Others order Halloween-themed Scripture Candy to pass out to children on this day.[257][258]
Belizean children dressed up as Biblical figures and Christian saints
Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.[259] Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, «if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that.»[260] In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a «Saint Fest» on Halloween.[261] Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners’ heritage.[262] Christian minister Sam Portaro wrote that Halloween is about using «humor and ridicule to confront the power of death».[263]
In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween’s Christian connection is acknowledged, and Halloween celebrations are common in many Catholic parochial schools in the United States.[264][265] Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use «Hell houses» and comic-style tracts in order to make use of Halloween’s popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[266] Others consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration.[267] Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows’ Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost, The Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows’ Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.[268]
Analogous celebrations and perspectives
Judaism
According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why, in Judaism, Halloween is not permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violates Leviticus 18:3, which forbids Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Many Jews observe Yizkor communally four times a year, which is vaguely similar to the observance of Allhallowtide in Christianity, in the sense that prayers are said for both «martyrs and for one’s own family».[269] Nevertheless, many American Jews celebrate Halloween, disconnected from its Christian origins.[270] Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser has said that «There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween» while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews’ observing the holiday.[271] Purim has sometimes been compared to Halloween, in part due to some observants wearing costumes, especially of Biblical figures described in the Purim narrative.[272]
Islam
Sheikh Idris Palmer, author of A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam, has ruled that Muslims should not participate in Halloween, stating that «participation in Halloween is worse than participation in Christmas, Easter, … it is more sinful than congratulating the Christians for their prostration to the crucifix».[273] It has also been ruled to be haram by the National Fatwa Council of Malaysia because of its alleged pagan roots stating «Halloween is celebrated using a humorous theme mixed with horror to entertain and resist the spirit of death that influence humans».[274][275] Dar Al-Ifta Al-Missriyyah disagrees provided the celebration is not referred to as an ‘eid’ and that behaviour remains in line with Islamic principles.[276]
Hinduism
Hindus remember the dead during the festival of Pitru Paksha, during which Hindus pay homage to and perform a ceremony «to keep the souls of their ancestors at rest». It is celebrated in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada, usually in mid-September.[277] The celebration of the Hindu festival Diwali sometimes conflicts with the date of Halloween; but some Hindus choose to participate in the popular customs of Halloween.[278] Other Hindus, such as Soumya Dasgupta, have opposed the celebration on the grounds that Western holidays like Halloween have «begun to adversely affect our indigenous festivals».[279]
Neopaganism
There is no consistent rule or view on Halloween amongst those who describe themselves as Neopagans or Wiccans. Some Neopagans do not observe Halloween, but instead observe Samhain on 1 November,[280] some neopagans do enjoy Halloween festivities, stating that one can observe both «the solemnity of Samhain in addition to the fun of Halloween». Some neopagans are opposed to the celebration of Hallowe’en, stating that it «trivializes Samhain»,[281] and «avoid Halloween, because of the interruptions from trick or treaters».[282] The Manitoban writes that «Wiccans don’t officially celebrate Halloween, despite the fact that 31 Oct. will still have a star beside it in any good Wiccan’s day planner. Starting at sundown, Wiccans celebrate a holiday known as Samhain. Samhain actually comes from old Celtic traditions and is not exclusive to Neopagan religions like Wicca. While the traditions of this holiday originate in Celtic countries, modern day Wiccans don’t try to historically replicate Samhain celebrations. Some traditional Samhain rituals are still practised, but at its core, the period is treated as a time to celebrate darkness and the dead – a possible reason why Samhain can be confused with Halloween celebrations.»[280]
Geography
Halloween display in Kobe, Japan
The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going «guising», holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.[172][283][284] In Brittany children would play practical jokes by setting candles inside skulls in graveyards to frighten visitors.[285] Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations.[172] This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as Brazil, Ecuador, Chile,[286] Australia,[287] New Zealand,[288] (most) continental Europe, Finland,[289] Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[25]
See also
- Campfire story
- Devil’s Night
- Dziady
- Ghost Festival
- Naraka Chaturdashi
- Kekri
- List of fiction works about Halloween
- List of films set around Halloween
- List of Halloween television specials
- Martinisingen
- Neewollah
- St. John’s Eve
- Walpurgis Night
- Will-o’-the-wisp
- English festivals
References
- ^ a b c «BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
It is widely believed that many Hallowe’en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church…. All Hallows’ Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows’ Day, also known as All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows’ Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English ‘hallowed’ meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe’en. …However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain …
- ^ a b «Service for All Hallows’ Eve». The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-89869-409-3.
This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows’ Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place.
- ^ a b Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8192-2565-8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
All Hallow’s Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints’ Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival.
- ^ The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8091-4414-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints’ Day.
- ^ Palmer, Abram Smythe (1882). Folk-etymology. Johnson Reprint. p. 6.
- ^ Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9.
Halloween (All Hallows Eve). The name given to October 31, the eve of the Christian festival of All Saints Day (November 1).
- ^ «NEDCO Producers’ Guide». 31–33. Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation. 1973.
Originally celebrated as the night before All Saints’ Day, Christians chose November first to honor their many saints. The night before was called All Saints’ Eve or hallowed eve meaning holy evening.
- ^ «Tudor Hallowtide». National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe’en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls).
- ^ Hughes, Rebekkah (29 October 2014). «Happy Hallowe’en Surrey!» (PDF). The Stag. University of Surrey. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
Halloween or Hallowe’en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.
- ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (29 December 2009). Don’t Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned. HarperCollins. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-06-192575-7.
- ^ «All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of».
- ^ «The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls’ Day) — November 02, 2021 — Liturgical Calendar». www.catholicculture.org.
- ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women’s History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-252-02931-8. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows’ Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints’ and All Souls’ Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.
- ^ Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516896-9. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.
- ^ Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
The feasts of Hallowe’en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.
- ^ Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Halloween, also called All Hallows’ Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints’ Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows’ Eve, celebrated on the same date.
- ^ Roberts, Brian K. (1987). The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30143-6. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Time out of time’, when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows’ Eve and All Hallows’ Day.
- ^ O’Donnell, Hugh; Foley, Malcolm (18 December 2008). Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-4438-0265-9.
Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: «thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year’s Night (Hog-unnaa) and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many «Hog-unnaa» customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year’s Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe’en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round.» … Hutton points out that Rhy’s unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. … Halloween’s preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa.
- ^ Barr, Beth Allison (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan». The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to «paganism» is rather more tenuous.
- ^
- Moser, Stefan (29 October 2010). «Kein ‘Trick or Treat’ bei Salzburgs Kelten» (in German). Salzburger Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun», entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.
- Döring, Alois; Bolinius, Erich (31 October 2006), Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen (in German), FDP Emden,
Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.
- Hörandner, Editha (2005). Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 8, 12, 30. ISBN 978-3-8258-8889-3.
Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. … Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition («seit 2000 Jahren») ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. … So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als …heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert.
- Döring, Dr. Volkskundler Alois (2011). «Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?» (in German). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk «Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr». Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von «All Hallows eve», Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als «amerikanischer» Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.
- Moser, Stefan (29 October 2010). «Kein ‘Trick or Treat’ bei Salzburgs Kelten» (in German). Salzburger Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.
- ^ a b c d Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ a b Brunvand, Jan (editor). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. p.749
- ^ a b Colavito, Jason. Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152
- ^ a b c Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8
- ^ a b c Paul Fieldhouse (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
- ^ Skog, Jason (2008). Teens in Finland. Capstone. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7565-3405-9.
Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow’s Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as valomeri, or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased.
- ^ «All Hallows Eve Service» (PDF). Duke University. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before.
- ^ «The Christian Observances of Halloween». National Republic. 15: 33. 5 May 2009.
Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the «All Hallow’s Eve» festival.
- ^ Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). Companion to the Calendar. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-56854-011-5.
In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church’s traditions are lost or confused.
- ^ Kernan, Joe (30 October 2013). «Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think». Cranston Herald. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed.
- ^ Braden, Donna R.; Village, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield (1988). Leisure and entertainment in America. Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. ISBN 978-0-933728-32-5. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children’s festivity.
- ^ Santino, p. 85
- ^ All Hallows’ Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal
- ^ Mahon, Bríd (1991). Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink. Poolbeg Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-85371-142-8.
The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare.
- ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint’s Day.
- ^ Luck, Steve (1998). «All Saints’ Day». The American Desk Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-521465-9.
- ^ a b c «DOST: Hallow Evin». Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ The A to Z of Anglicanism (Colin Buchanan), Scarecrow Press, p. 8
- ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
ealra halgena mæsseæfen
(Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - ^ «Halloween». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Thomson, Thomas; Annandale, Charles (1896). A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe’en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity.
- ^ «E’EN, Een». Scottish National Dictionary (1700–). Vol. III =. 1952. snd8629.
- ^ a b c d Hopwood, James A. (2019). Keeping Christmas: Finding Joy in a Season of Excess and Strife. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-5326-9537-7.
The name «Halloween,» of course, is a contraction of «All Hallow’s Eve.» That’s the eve of All Saints Day, or All Hallows Day, as it was popularly known in Britain. As with Christmas Eve and the Easter vigil, the celebration of All Saints Day began with a service the night before, on All Hallow’s Eve. With All Souls Day on November 2, it formed the feast of Allhallowtide. All Saints Day began in fourth-century Rome as a festival honoring Christian martyrs. By the eighth century, it was expanded to all those remembered as saints, and the date of its observance was moved from May 13 to November 1. That move, of course, put it smack dab on top of Samhain in Britain. But the decision to move the date was not made in Britain; it was made in Rome, where there was no Samhain or anything like it. There is no evidence that any Samhain customs rubbed off on Halloween anywhere because there is no evidence of any Samhain customs at all.
- ^ Beth Allison Barr (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan – The Washington Post». The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday.
- ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 22, 27. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ New Proclamation Commentary on Feasts, Holy Days, and Other Celebrations (Bill Doggett, Gordon W. Lathrop), Fortress Press, p. 92
- ^ Benham, William (1887). The Dictionary of Religion: An Encyclopedia of Christian and Other Religious Doctrines, Denominations, Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Terms, History, Biography, Etc. Cassell. p. 1085.
Vigils were kept at least till midnight before the feasts of martyrs, and those of Easter Eve and Christmas Eve were prolonged till cock-crow.
- ^ Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. Church Publishing, Inc. 2010. p. 662. ISBN 978-0-89869-678-3.
- ^ Saunders, William. «All Saints and All Souls». Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
- ^ Melton, J Gordon (editor). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2011. p.22
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). «All Saints, Festival of» . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ «All Saints’ Day», The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press, 1997. pp.41–42
- ^ McClendon, Charles. «Old Saint Peter’s and the Iconoclastic Controversy», in Old Saint Peter’s, Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. 215–216. Quote: «Soon after his election in 731, Gregory III summoned a synod to gather on 1 November in the basilica of Saint Peter’s in order to respond to the policy of iconoclasm that he believed was being promoted by the Byzantine Emperor […] Six months later, in April of the following year, 732, the pope assembled another synod in the basilica to consecrate a new oratory dedicated to the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and all the saints».
- ^ Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. University of Toronto Press, 2005. p. 258. Quote: «Gregory III began his reign with a synod in St Peter’s (1 November 731) which formally condemned iconoclasm […] on the Sunday before Easter, 12 April 732, Gregory convoked yet another synod […] and at the synod inaugurated an oratory […] Dedicated to all saints, this oratory was designed to hold ‘relics of the holy apostles and all the holy martyrs and confessors'».
- ^ Farmer, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14
- ^ a b c d Hutton, p. 364
- ^ New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second ed.). 2003. pp. 242–243. ISBN 0-7876-4004-2.
- ^ a b MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Burns, Paul (editor). Butler’s Saint for the Day. Liturgical Press, 2007. p. 516
- ^ Ramdin, Ron. Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People. New York University Press, p. 241
- ^ The World Review – Volume 4, University of Minnesota, p. 255
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-19-514691-2.
- ^ a b c d e «Halloween». Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ a b Hutton, pp. 374–375
- ^ a b c d Miles, Clement A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition. Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Mary Mapes Dodge, ed. (1883). St. Nicholas Magazine. Scribner & Company. p. 93.
‘Soul-cakes,’ which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: ‘Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!’
- ^ DeMello, Margo (2012). A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-59884-617-1.
Trick-or-treating began as souling an English and Irish tradition in which the poor, wearing masks, would go door to door and beg for soul cakes in exchange for people’s dead relatives.
- ^ Cleene, Marcel. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe. Man & Culture, 2002. p. 108. Quote: «Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice».
- ^ Levene, Alysa (2016). Cake: A Slice of History. Pegasus Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-68177-108-3.
Like the perennial favourites, hot cross buns; they were often marked with a cross to indicate that they were baked as alms.
- ^ The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1.
- ^ a b Pulliam, June; Fonseca, Anthony J. (2016). Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend. ABC-CLIO. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4408-3491-2.
Since the 16th century, costumes have become a central part of Halloween traditions. Perhaps the most common traditional Halloween costume is that of the ghost. This is likely because … when Halloween customs began to be influenced by Catholicism, the incorporation of the themes of All Hallows’ and All Souls’ Day would have emphasized visitations from the spirit world over the motifs of spirits and fairies. … The baking and sharing of souls cakes was introduced around the 15th century: in some cultures, the poor would go door to door to collect them in exchange for praying for the dead (a practice called souling), often carrying lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips. Around the 16th century, the practice of going house to house in disguise (a practice called guising) to ask for food began and was often accompanied by recitation of traditional verses (a practice called mumming). Wearing costumes, another tradition, has many possible explanations, such as it was done to confuse the spirits or souls who visited the earth or who rose from local graveyards to engage in what was called a Danse Macabre, basically a large party among the dead.
- ^ a b Rogers, p. 57
- ^ a b Carter, Albert Howard; Petro, Jane Arbuckle (1998). Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8122-1517-5.
Halloween, incorporated into the Christian year as the eve of All Saints Day, marked the return of the souls of the departed and the release of devils who could move freely on that night. Fires lit on that night served to prevent the influence of such spirits and to provide omens for the future. Modern children go from house to house at Halloween with flashlights powered by electric batteries, while jack o’lanterns (perhaps with an actual candle, but often with a lightbulb) glow from windows and porches.
- ^ Guiley, Rosemary (2008). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Infobase Publishing. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4381-2684-5.
According to most legends, the jack-o’-lantern is a wandering soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell. … In Ireland, children who are caught outdoors after dark are told to wear their jackets inside-out in order not to be lured astray by a jack-o’-lantern. In Sweden, the spirit is believed to be the soul of an unbaptized child, who tries to lead travelers to water in hopes of receiving baptism. … In American lore, the jack-o’-lantern is associated with withces and the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. It is customary for trick-or-treaters to carry pumpkin jack-o’-lanterns to frighten away evil spirits.
- ^ Santino, The Hallowed Eve, p. 95
- ^ a b c d Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A new abridgement. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp.380–383
- ^ Ruth Hutchison and Ruth Constance Adams (1951). Every Day’s a Holiday. Harper, 1951. pp.236
- ^ a b c d e Morton, Lisa (15 September 2013). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween. Reaktion Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-78023-055-9.
- ^ Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-596-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ Bannatyne, Lesley (1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4556-0553-8.
Villagers were also encouraged to masquerade on this day, not to frighten unwelcome spirits, but to honor Christian saints. On All Saints’ Day, churches throughout Europe and the British Isles displayed relics of their patron saints. Poor churches could not afford genuine relics and instead had processions in which parishioners dressed as saints, angels and devils. It served the new church by giving an acceptable Christian basis to the custom of dressing up on Halloween.
- ^ Morrow, Ed (2001). The Halloween Handbook. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8065-2227-2.
Another contributor to the custom of dressing up at Halloween was the old Irish practice of marking All Hallows’ Day with religious pageants that recounted biblical events. These were common during the Middle Ages all across Europe. The featured players dressed as saints and angels, but there were also plenty of roles for demons who had more fun, capering, acting devilish, and playing to the crows. The pageant began inside the church, then moved by procession to the churchyard, where it continued long into the night.
- ^ «Eve of All Saints», Using Common Worship: Times and Seasons – All Saints to Candlemas (David Kennedy), Church House Publishing, p. 42
- ^ Bannatyne, Lesley. Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing, 1998. p. 9
- ^ Perry, Edward Baxter. Descriptive Analyses of Piano Works; For the Use of Teachers, Players, and Music Clubs. Theodore Presser Company, 1902. p. 276
- ^ Allmand, Christopher (1998). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, c. 1415–c. 1500. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-38296-0. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ Reimer, Margaret Loewen (2018). Approaching the Divine: Signs and Symbols of the Christian Faith. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-5326-5675-0.
Christians in Europe envisioned a danse macabre, a hideous dance by the spirits of the dead who arose from the churchyards for a wild carnival each year. This dance, commonly depicted on the walls of cathedrals, monasteries and cemeteries, may well be the origin of the macabre costumes we don on Halloween.
- ^ DeSpelder, Lynne Ann; Strickland, Albert Lee (2009). The Last Dance: Encountering Death and Dying. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-07-340546-9.
More subtly, images associated with the danse macabre persist in the form of skeletons and other scary regalia found on children’s Halloween costumes.
- ^ Books & Culture: A Christian Review. Christianity Today. 1999. p. 12. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016.
Sometimes enacted as at village pageants, the danse macabre was also performed as court masques, the courtiers dressing up as corpses from various strata of society…both the name and the observance began liturgically as All Hallows’ Eve.
- ^ Hutton, p. 372
- ^ Santino, Jack (21 October 2021). The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival in Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-8458-6.
- ^ The Episcopal Church, its teaching and worship (Latta Griswold), E.S. Gorham, p. 110
- ^ a b Mosteller, Angie (2 July 2014). Christian Origins of Halloween. Rose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59636-535-3.
In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months.
- ^ Aston, Margaret. Broken Idols of the English Reformation. Cambridge University Press, 2015. pp.475–477
- ^ Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs (Daniel Diehl, Mark Donnelly), Stackpole Books, p. 17
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ Hutton, Ronald (2001). Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. pp. 369, 373. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
Fires were indeed lit in England on All Saints’ Day, notably in Lancashire, and may well ultimately have descended from the same rites, but were essentially party of a Christian ceremony … families still assembled at the midnight before All Saints’ Day in the early nineteenth century. Each did so on a hill near its homestead, one person holding a large bunch of burning straw on the end of a fork. The rest in a circle around and prayed for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames burned out. The author who recorded this custom added that it gradually died out in the latter part of the century, but that before it had been very common and at nearby Whittingham such fires could be seen all around the horizon at Hallowe’en. He went on to say that the name ‘Purgatory Field’, found across northern Lancashire, testified to an even wider distribution and that the rite itself was called ‘Teen’lay’.
- ^ O’Donnell, Hugh and Foley, Malcolm. «Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World» Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008. p.35
- ^ The Catholic World, Vol. 138: A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science. Vol. 138. Paulist Press. 1934.
There is proof that this shifting of customs from one day to another really took place. For until the end of the eighteenth century, children in some Derbyshire parishes, instead of lighting bonfires with the rest of England on November 5th, lit their furze fires called ‘tindles’ on All Souls night. And even then, the educated folk of the districts concerned, declared that these fires were a relic of papistical days when they were lit at night to guide the poor souls back to earth.
- ^ a b Morton, Lisa. The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland, 2003. p. 9
- ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
- ^ Richard Ford (1855). A Handbook for Travellers in Spain. John Murray. p. 208.
- ^ Boenig, Robert. Anglo-Saxon Spirituality: Selected Writings. Paulist Press, 2000. p. 7
- ^ Santino, Jack. The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival of Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky, 1998. p. 95
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. «Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ «How Halloween Traditions Are Rooted in the Ancient Pagan Festival of Samhain». Time. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ^ A Pocket Guide To Superstitions of the British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) ISBN 0-14-051549-6
- ^ All Hallows’ Eve Archived 3 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 402
- ^ a b c Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press, 1996. pp. 365–369
- ^ «Snap Apple Night, or All-Hallow Eve. January 1, 1845». Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
In October 1832 Daniel Maclise attended a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland and, the next summer, exhibited a painting at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, titled «Snap Apple Night, or All Hallow Eve.»
- ^ a b Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p. 407
- ^ Hutton, p. 361
- ^ Monaghan, p. 41
- ^ O’Halpin, Andy. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press, 2006. p. 236
- ^ Monaghan, Patricia (2014). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase publishing. p. 167.
- ^ Monaghan, Patricia (1 January 2009). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4381-1037-0. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
They were both respected and feared. «Their backs towards us, their faces away from us, and may God and Mary save us from harm,» was a prayer spoken whenever one ventured near their dwellings.
- ^ Santino, p. 105
- ^ Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. p. 200
- ^ Evans-Wentz, Walter (1911). The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries. p. 44.
- ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961). The Silver Bough, Volume 3. p. 34.
- ^ «Halloween». Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012.
- ^ a b McNeill, The Silver Bough, Volume 3, pp. 11–46
- ^ Hutton, p. 379
- ^ a b Hutton, p. 380
- ^ Danaher, Kevin. «Irish Folk Tradition and the Celtic Calendar», in The Celtic Consciousness, ed. Robert O’Driscoll. Braziller, 1981. pp. 218–227
- ^ Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Chapter 63, Part 1: On the Fire-festivals in general Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 18: Festivals Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Hutton, pp. 366, 380
- ^ «Halloween traditions». Welsh Government. 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ Rosinsky, Natalie M. (2002). Halloween. Capstone Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7565-0392-5.
Christian leaders made old Celtic and Roman customs into new Christian ones. Bonfires were once lighted against evil spirits. Now, they kept away the devil.
- ^ MacDonald, Sarah; Service, Catholic News (19 October 2017). «From turnips to potatoes to pumpkins: Irish folklife expert says Jack-O-Lanterns began in Ireland».
- ^ a b McNeill, F. Marian. Hallowe’en: its origin, rites and ceremonies in the Scottish tradition. Albyn Press, 1970. pp. 29–31
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hutton, pp. 379–383
- ^ Hole, Christina. British Folk Customs. Hutchinson, 1976. p. 91
- ^ Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 2. 1855. pp. 308–309
- ^ Palmer, Kingsley. Oral folk-tales of Wessex. David & Charles, 1973. pp. 87–88
- ^ Wilson, David Scofield. Rooted in America: Foodlore of Popular Fruits and Vegetables. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1999. p. 154
- ^ Bryan van Gorder (22 October 2018). «THE QUEER HISTORY (AND PRESENT) OF NYC’S VILLAGE HALLOWEEN PARADE». Logo TV. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ Ott, Cindy. Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon. University of Washington Press, 2012. p. 42
- ^ Bannatyne, p. 45
- ^ Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, Volume 21 (John Wilkes), R. G. Gunnell and Co., p. 544
- ^ Santino, Jack. All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life. University of Illinois Press, 1995. p.153
- ^ Morton, Lisa (2003). The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1524-3.
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 74. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ «Is Halloween celebrated in Asia?». Asia Media Centre | New Zealand. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca, Infobase Publishing, p. 183
- ^ Dante’s «Commedia» and the Poetics of Christian Catabasis (Lee Foust), ProQuest, p. 15
- ^ The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits (Rosemary Guiley), Guinness World Records Limited, p. 178
- ^ Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (Glennys Howarth, Oliver Leaman), Taylor & Francis, p. 320
- ^ a b The Oxford companion to American food and drink p. 269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011
- ^ a b c Leslie, Frank (5 February 2009). Frank Leslie’s popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, pp. 540–543. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ^ Nathaniel Hawthorne, «The Great Carbuncle», in Twice-Told Tales, 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say’st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o’-lantern!
- ^ As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o’-lantern as part of the festivities. «The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially» Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. «Odd Ornaments for Table» Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12.
- ^ The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams (Charles Adolph Huttar, Peter J. Schakel), Bucknell University Press, p. 155
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). «Halloween Goes to Hollywood». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ A Handbook of Symbols in Christian Art (Gertrude Grace Sill), Simon & Schuster, p. 64
- ^ In flagrante collecto (Marilynn Gelfman Karp), Abrams, p. 299
- ^ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 115
- ^ Mayne, John. «Halloween». PoetryExplorer. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Crawford, Thomas (1960). Burns: A Study of the Poems and Songs. ISBN 978-0-8047-0055-9. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Stanford University Press, 1960 - ^ Simpson, Jacqueline «All Saints’ Day» in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001) London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p. 14 «Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural».
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The practice of dressing up and going door to door for treats dates back to the middle ages and the practice of souling.
- ^ Hood, Karen Jean Matsko (1 January 2014). Halloween Delights. Whispering Pine Press International. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-59434-181-6.
The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door «souling» for cakes or money by singing a song.
- ^ a b c d «Ten trick-or-treating facts for impressive bonfire chats». The Irish Times. 31 October 2014.
Scotland and Ireland started tricking: A few decades later a practice called ‘guising’ was in full swing in Scotland and Ireland. Short for ‘disguising’, children would go out from door to door dressed in costume and rather than pledging to pray, they would tell a joke, sing a song or perform another sort of «trick» in exchange for food or money. The expression trick or treat has only been used at front doors for the last 10 to 15 years. Before that «Help the Halloween Party» seems to have been the most popular phrase to holler.
- ^ a b «Definition of «guising»«. Collins English Dictionary.
(in Scotland and N England) the practice or custom of disguising oneself in fancy dress, often with a mask, and visiting people’s houses, esp at Halloween
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) «Coming Over:Halloween in North America». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p. 76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3
- ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. The Book of Hallowe’en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p. 127. «Hallowe’en in America» Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. «Hallowe’en in America». Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
- ^ Theo. E. Wright, «A Halloween Story», St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, «What Shall We Do Halloween?» Ladies Home Journal, October 1920, p. 135.
- ^ a b «‘Trick or Treat’ Is Demand», Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), 4 November 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, 3 November
- ^ For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Antique Hallowe’en Postcards Archived 19 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Vintage Halloween Postcards Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ «Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop», Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 November 1934; and «The Gangsters of Tomorrow», The Helena Independent (Helena, Montana), 2 November 1934, p. 4. The Chicago Tribune also mentioned door-to-door begging in Aurora, Illinois on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term ‘trick-or-treating’. «Front Views and Profiles» (column), Chicago Tribune, 3 November 1934, p. 17.
- ^ Moss, Doris Hudson. «A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?» The American Home, November 1939, p. 48.
- ^ Bluff Park (Heather Jones Skaggs), Arcadia Publishing, p. 117
- ^ «Trunk-or-Treat», The Chicago Tribune
- ^ Suggested Themes for «Trunks» for Trunk or Treat (Dail R. Faircloth), First Baptist Church of Royal Palm Beach
- ^ «Trunk or Treat focuses on fun, children’s safety», Desert Valley Times
- ^ «Trunk or Treat! Halloween Tailgating Grows» (Fernanda Santos), The New York Times
- ^ Bradley, Michael (24 October 2018). «A very Derry Halloween: a carnival of frights, fireworks and parade». The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ Miller, Marian (31 October 1932). «Halloween Jollity Within Reason Need». The Morning Oregonian. p. 8. Quote: «Trick or treat?» the youthful mischief-maker will say this evening, probably, as he rings the doorbell of a neighbor.»
- ^ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 114
- ^ Memento Mori, Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri
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- ^ Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (13 April 2011). Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs. Stackpole Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8117-4430-0.
All Hallows’ Eve. A time of spiritual unrest, when the souls of the dead, along with ghosts and evil spirits, were believed to walk the land. Church bells were run and fires lit to guide these souls on their way and deflect them from haunting honest Christian folk. Barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effects of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveld the earth. Although a rare few continued to divine the future, cast spells, and tell ghost stories in rural communities, woe to anyone who was denounced to the church for engaging in such activities. These may seem like innocent fun today, but it was deadly serious stuff during the Middle Ages.
- ^ MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp. 61, 107
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- ^ Lum, Kathryn Gin (30 October 2014). «These evangelical haunted houses are designed to show sinners that they’re going to hell». The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^ «Classic Haunts From Cincinnati’s Past». House of Doom. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
- ^ «A757914». Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series. 30: xliii. July–December 1976. ISSN 0041-7815. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^ Gruson, Lindsey (19 May 1984). «Blaze Fatal to 8 Linked to Lighter». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
- ^ «Fires in History: The Haunted Castle». Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ «8 Killed by Smoky Fire in Park’s ‘Haunted Castle’«. The Washington Post. 12 May 1984. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017.
- ^ «The Haunted Castle, Revisited – NFPA Journal». nfpa.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ «Spooky and Safe». nfpa.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ «Horror in a Haunted Castle» (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
- ^ Barnes, Brooks (25 October 2011). «The Real Scare Is Not Being Scary». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
- ^ Munarriz, Rick Aristotle (23 October 2014). «Halloween Is Raking in Scary Profits for Theme Parks». AOL.com/Finance. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
- ^ Mader, Isabel (30 September 2014). «Halloween Colcannon». Simmer Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
All Hallow’s Eve was a Western (Anglo) Christian holiday that revolved around commemorating the dead using humor to intimidate death itself. Like all holidays, All Hallow’s Eve involved traditional treats. The church encouraged an abstinence from meat, which created many vegetarian dishes.
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). «Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990″, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ «Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy». Snopes.com. 2 November 2000. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
- ^ Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). «Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth? – LiveScience». LiveScience.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
- ^ a b «Top ten Irish Halloween traditions and memories you may share». Ireland Central. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
- ^ Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-56554-346-1. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve.
- ^ Feasting and Fasting: Canada’s Heritage Celebrations (Dorothy Duncan), Dundurn, p. 249
- ^ Latina and Latino Voices in Literature (Frances Ann Day), Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 72
- ^ «BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
All Hallows’ Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows’ Day, also known as All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows’ Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself.
- ^ Dr. Andrew James Harvey (31 October 2012). «‘All Hallows’ Eve’«. The Patriot Post. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
«The vigil of the hallows» refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or «Halloween» for short – a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century.
- ^ «Vigil of All Saints». Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end.
- ^ «Night of Light Beginnings». Cor et Lumen Christi Community. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
In its first year – 2000 AD – over 1000 people participated from several countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second year 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the US and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up by other Christians who while keeping its essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions.
- ^ «Here’s to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery». The Telegraph. 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
One that has grown over the past decade is the so-called Night of Light, on All Hallows’ Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, in leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a worldwide movement, popular in Africa and the United States.
The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children’s fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit.
- ^ Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-89869-211-2. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
The BOS notes that «suitable festivities and entertainments» may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place.
- ^ Infeld, Joanna (1 December 2008). In-Formation. D & J Holdings LLC. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9760512-4-4. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
My folks are Polish and they celebrate Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the cemetery and graves of your loved ones.
- ^ Teens in Finland (Jason Skog), Capstone, p. 61
- ^ «Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween». The Church of England. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It’s high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween,» says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter.
- ^ «Halloween and All Saints Day». newadvent.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ The Anglican Breviary. Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1955. pp. 1514 (E494). Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^ «Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship». The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ Halloween, Hallowed Is Thy Name (Smith), p. 29
- ^ Allen, Travis (2011). «Christians and Halloween». Church Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called ‘Harvest Festivals’, ‘Hallelujah Night’ or ‘Reformation Festivals’ – the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes.
- ^ Halloween tracts serve as tool to spread gospel to children (Curry), Baptist Press
- ^ Woods, Robert (2013). Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-313-38654-1.
Evangelicals have found opportunities with both Christmas and Easter to use Christian candy to re-inject religion into these traditionally Christian holidays and boldly reclaim them as their own. They have increasingly begun to use Halloween, the most candy-centric holiday, as an opportunity for evangelism. Contained in small packages featuring Bible verses, Scripture Candy’s «Harvest Seeds» – candy corn in everything but name – are among many candies created for this purpose.
- ^ D’Augostine, Lori (20 September 2013). «Suffer Not the Trick-or-Treaters». CBN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
- ^ Halloween: What’s a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo.
- ^ Gyles Brandreth, «The Devil is gaining ground» The Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 March 2000.
- ^ «Salem ‘Saint Fest’ restores Christian message to Halloween». rcab.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ «Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November». All Saints Parish. n.d. Archived from the original on 20 November 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
- ^ Portaro, Sam (25 January 1998). A Companion to the Lesser Feasts and Fasts. Cowley Publications. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4616-6051-4.
All Saints’ Day is the centerpiece of an autumn triduum. In the carnival celebrations of All Hallows’ Eve our ancestors used the most powerful weapon in the human arsenal, the power of humor and ridicule to confront the power of death. The following day, in the commemoration of All Saints, we gave witness to the victory of incarnate goodness embodied in remarkable deeds and doers triumphing over the misanthropy of darkness and devils. And in the commemoration of All Souls we proclaimed the hope of common mortality expressed in our aspirations and expectations of a shared eternity.
- ^ «Halloween’s Christian Roots» AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
- ^ Bucci, Rich (2016). «Catholic Elementary Schools to Celebrate Halloween with Costume Parades on Friday, October 28 & Monday, October 31». The Catholic Schools of Broome County. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
- ^ Suarez, Essdras (29 October 2007). «Some Christians use ‘Hell Houses’ to reach out on Halloween». USA Today. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
While some Christians aren’t certain what to make of Halloween – unsure whether to embrace or ignore all the goblins and ghoulishness – some evangelical churches use Oct. 31 as a day to evangelize. …Some use trick-or-treating as an evangelistic opportunity, giving out Bible tracts with candy.
- ^ «‘Trick?’ or ‘Treat?’ – Unmasking Halloween». The Restored Church of God. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
- ^ Do Orthodox Christians Observe Halloween? by Saint Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church
- ^ The Jewish Life Cycle: rites of passage from biblical to modern times (Ivan G. Marcus), University of Washington Press, p. 232
- ^ «Jews and Halloween». Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
- ^ A Jewish exploration of halloween Archived 31 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Jewish Journal
- ^ Pitofsky, Marina (15 March 2022). «What day is Purim? Here’s what you need to know about the Jewish holiday». USA Today. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ A. Idris Palmer, Halloween: Through Muslim Eyes (PDF), Al Huda Institute Canada, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2009, retrieved 11 November 2015
- ^ «Halloween is ‘haram,’ declares Malaysia fatwa council». Al Arabiya English. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Tuesday, 28 October 2014 11:41 AM MYT (28 October 2014). «Trick or treat? Fatwa Council bars Muslims from celebrating Halloween | Malay Mail». www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ «Fatawa – Is it forbidden for Muslims to celebrate days such as valentine’s day and halloween?». Dar al-Ifta al Misriyyah. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
- ^ Lauren Stengele (25 October 2012), Halloween in India?, Vision Nationals, archived from the original on 8 December 2015, retrieved 11 November 2015
- ^ Vineet Chander (30 October 2009), Trick or Treat? Not quite sure., Beliefnet, archived from the original on 8 December 2015, retrieved 11 November 2015
- ^ Soumya Dasgupta (5 November 2009), «Should Indians Celebrate Foreign Festivals Like Halloween?», The Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 20 June 2015
- ^ a b George, Stephanie (25 October 2010). «Real-life witches that don’t celebrate Halloween». The Manitoban. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
- ^ Should Pagans Celebrate Halloween? (Wicasta Lovelace), Pagan Centric
- ^ Halloween, From a Wiccan/Neopagan perspective (B.A. Robinson), Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
- ^ Halloween fire calls ‘every 90 seconds’ Archived 2 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine UTV News Retrieved 22 November 2010
- ^ McCann, Chris (28 October 2010). «Halloween firework injuries are on the increase». The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
- ^ «Kalan -Goañv ha Marv». Tartanplace.com. 12 July 2001. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- ^ «¿Cómo se introduce la fiesta de Halloween en Chile?». noticias.universia.cl. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
- ^ Paul Kent (27 October 2010). «Calls for Halloween holiday in Australia». Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
- ^ Denton, Hannah (30 October 2010). «Safe treats for kids on year’s scariest night». The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
- ^ «Usein kysyttyä (FAQ)» (in Finnish). Helsingin yliopiston almanakkatoimisto. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
Further reading
- Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
- Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
- Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7
- Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8
- Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1
- Editha Hörandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Münster (2005). 308 pages. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4
- Lisa Morton, Trick or Treat A history of Halloween, Reaktion Books (2012). 229 pages. ISBN 978-1-78023-187-7
- Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X
- Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press, US (2002). ISBN 0-19-514691-3
- Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
- David J. Skal, Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween, Bloomsbury US (2003). 224 pages. ISBN 1-58234-305-5
- James Tipper, Gods of The Nowhere: A Novel of Halloween, Waxlight Press (2013). 294 pages. ISBN 978-0-9882433-1-6
External links
- Halloween at Curlie
- «A brief history of Halloween» by the BBC
- «All Hallows Eve (Halloween) in the Traditional, Pre-1955 Liturgical Books» by the Liturgical Arts Journal
- «The History of Halloween» by the History Channel
| Halloween | |
|---|---|
|
Carving a jack-o’-lantern is a common Halloween tradition |
|
| Also called |
|
| Observed by | Western Christians and many non-Christians around the world[1] |
| Type | Christian |
| Significance | First day of Allhallowtide |
| Celebrations | Trick-or-treating, costume parties, making jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions. |
| Observances | Church services,[2] prayer,[3] fasting,[1] and vigil[4] |
| Date | 31 October |
| Related to | Samhain, Hop-tu-Naa, Calan Gaeaf, Allantide, Day of the Dead, Reformation Day, All Saints’ Day, Mischief Night (cf. vigil) |
Halloween or Hallowe’en (less commonly known as Allhalloween,[5] All Hallows’ Eve,[6] or All Saints’ Eve)[7] is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Saints’ Day. It begins the observance of Allhallowtide,[8] the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed.[9][10][11][12]
One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to have pagan roots.[13][14][15][16] Some go further and suggest that Samhain may have been Christianized as All Hallow’s Day, along with its eve, by the early Church.[17] Other academics believe Halloween began solely as a Christian holiday, being the vigil of All Hallow’s Day.[18][19][20][21] Celebrated in Ireland and Scotland for centuries, Irish and Scottish immigrants took many Halloween customs to North America in the 19th century,[22][23] and then through American influence Halloween had spread to other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century.[24][25]
Popular Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising and souling), attending Halloween costume parties, carving pumpkins or turnips into jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories, and watching horror or Halloween-themed films.[26] Some people practice the Christian religious observances of All Hallows’ Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead,[27][28][29] although it is a secular celebration for others.[30][31][32] Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows’ Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain vegetarian foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes, and soul cakes.[33][34][35][36]
Etymology
The word Halloween or Hallowe’en («Saints’ evening»[37]) is of Christian origin;[38][39] a term equivalent to «All Hallows Eve» is attested in Old English.[40] The word hallowe[‘]en comes from the Scottish form of All Hallows’ Eve (the evening before All Hallows’ Day):[41] even is the Scots term for «eve» or «evening»,[42] and is contracted to e’en or een;[43] (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en became Hallowe’en.
History
Christian origins and historic customs
Halloween is thought to have influences from Christian beliefs and practices.[44][45] The English word ‘Halloween’ comes from «All Hallows’ Eve», being the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows’ Day (All Saints’ Day) on 1 November and All Souls’ Day on 2 November.[46] Since the time of the early Church,[47] major feasts in Christianity (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils that began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows’.[48][44] These three days are collectively called Allhallowtide and are a time when Western Christians honour all saints and pray for recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. Commemorations of all saints and martyrs were held by several churches on various dates, mostly in springtime.[49] In 4th-century Roman Edessa it was held on 13 May, and on 13 May 609, Pope Boniface IV re-dedicated the Pantheon in Rome to «St Mary and all martyrs».[50] This was the date of Lemuria, an ancient Roman festival of the dead.[51]
In the 8th century, Pope Gregory III (731–741) founded an oratory in St Peter’s for the relics «of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors».[44][52] Some sources say it was dedicated on 1 November,[53] while others say it was on Palm Sunday in April 732.[54][55] By 800, there is evidence that churches in Ireland[56] and Northumbria were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.[57] Alcuin of Northumbria, a member of Charlemagne’s court, may then have introduced this 1 November date in the Frankish Empire.[58] In 835, it became the official date in the Frankish Empire.[57] Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea,[57] although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter.[59] They may have seen it as the most fitting time to do so, as it is a time of ‘dying’ in nature.[57][59] It is also suggested the change was made on the «practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it», and perhaps because of public health concerns over Roman Fever, which claimed a number of lives during Rome’s sultry summers.[60][44]
On All Hallows’ Eve, Christians in some parts of the world visit cemeteries to pray and place flowers and candles on the graves of their loved ones.[61] Top: Christians in Bangladesh lighting candles on the headstone of a relative. Bottom: Lutheran Christians praying and lighting candles in front of the central crucifix of a graveyard.
By the end of the 12th century, the celebration had become known as the holy days of obligation in Western Christianity and involved such traditions as ringing church bells for souls in purgatory. It was also «customary for criers dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls».[62] The Allhallowtide custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for all christened souls,[63] has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating.[64] The custom dates back at least as far as the 15th century[65] and was found in parts of England, Wales, Flanders, Bavaria and Austria.[66] Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the dead, especially the souls of the givers’ friends and relatives. This was called «souling».[65][67][68] Soul cakes were also offered for the souls themselves to eat,[66] or the ‘soulers’ would act as their representatives.[69] As with the Lenten tradition of hot cross buns, soul cakes were often marked with a cross, indicating they were baked as alms.[70] Shakespeare mentions souling in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593).[71] While souling, Christians would carry «lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips», which could have originally represented souls of the dead;[72][73] jack-o’-lanterns were used to ward off evil spirits.[74][75] On All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day during the 19th century, candles were lit in homes in Ireland,[76] Flanders, Bavaria, and in Tyrol, where they were called «soul lights»,[77] that served «to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes».[78] In many of these places, candles were also lit at graves on All Souls’ Day.[77] In Brittany, libations of milk were poured on the graves of kinfolk,[66] or food would be left overnight on the dinner table for the returning souls;[77] a custom also found in Tyrol and parts of Italy.[79][77]
Christian minister Prince Sorie Conteh linked the wearing of costumes to the belief in vengeful ghosts: «It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints’ Day, and All Hallows’ Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognized by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes».[80] In the Middle Ages, churches in Europe that were too poor to display relics of martyred saints at Allhallowtide let parishioners dress up as saints instead.[81][82] Some Christians observe this custom at Halloween today.[83] Lesley Bannatyne believes this could have been a Christianization of an earlier pagan custom.[84] Many Christians in mainland Europe, especially in France, believed «that once a year, on Hallowe’en, the dead of the churchyards rose for one wild, hideous carnival» known as the danse macabre, which was often depicted in church decoration.[85] Christopher Allmand and Rosamond McKitterick write in The New Cambridge Medieval History that the danse macabre urged Christians «not to forget the end of all earthly things».[86] The danse macabre was sometimes enacted in European village pageants and court masques, with people «dressing up as corpses from various strata of society», and this may be the origin of Halloween costume parties.[87][88][89][72]
In Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation, as Protestants berated purgatory as a «popish» doctrine incompatible with the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. State-sanctioned ceremonies associated with the intercession of saints and prayer for souls in purgatory were abolished during the Elizabethan reform, though All Hallow’s Day remained in the English liturgical calendar to «commemorate saints as godly human beings».[90] For some Nonconformist Protestants, the theology of All Hallows’ Eve was redefined; «souls cannot be journeying from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, as Catholics frequently believe and assert. Instead, the so-called ghosts are thought to be in actuality evil spirits».[91] Other Protestants believed in an intermediate state known as Hades (Bosom of Abraham).[92] In some localities, Catholics and Protestants continued souling, candlelit processions, or ringing church bells for the dead;[46][93] the Anglican church eventually suppressed this bell-ringing.[94] Mark Donnelly, a professor of medieval archaeology, and historian Daniel Diehl write that «barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effect of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveled the earth».[95] After 1605, Hallowtide was eclipsed in England by Guy Fawkes Night (5 November), which appropriated some of its customs.[96] In England, the ending of official ceremonies related to the intercession of saints led to the development of new, unofficial Hallowtide customs. In 18th–19th century rural Lancashire, Catholic families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows’ Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen’lay.[97] There was a similar custom in Hertfordshire, and the lighting of ‘tindle’ fires in Derbyshire.[98] Some suggested these ‘tindles’ were originally lit to «guide the poor souls back to earth».[99] In Scotland and Ireland, old Allhallowtide customs that were at odds with Reformed teaching were not suppressed as they «were important to the life cycle and rites of passage of local communities» and curbing them would have been difficult.[22]
In parts of Italy until the 15th century, families left a meal out for the ghosts of relatives, before leaving for church services.[79] In 19th-century Italy, churches staged «theatrical re-enactments of scenes from the lives of the saints» on All Hallow’s Day, with «participants represented by realistic wax figures».[79] In 1823, the graveyard of Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome presented a scene in which bodies of those who recently died were arrayed around a wax statue of an angel who pointed upward towards heaven.[79] In the same country, «parish priests went house-to-house, asking for small gifts of food which they shared among themselves throughout that night».[79] In Spain, they continue to bake special pastries called «bones of the holy» (Spanish: Huesos de Santo) and set them on graves.[100] At cemeteries in Spain and France, as well as in Latin America, priests lead Christian processions and services during Allhallowtide, after which people keep an all night vigil.[101] In 19th-century San Sebastián, there was a procession to the city cemetery at Allhallowtide, an event that drew beggars who «appeal[ed] to the tender recollectons of one’s deceased relations and friends» for sympathy.[102]
Gaelic folk influence
Today’s Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which are believed to have pagan roots.[103] Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that «there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived».[104] The origins of Halloween customs are typically linked to the Gaelic festival Samhain.[105]
Samhain is one of the quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and has been celebrated on 31 October – 1 November[106] in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[107][108] A kindred festival has been held by the Brittonic Celts, called Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan Goañv in Brittany; a name meaning «first day of winter». For the Celts, the day ended and began at sunset; thus the festival begins the evening before 1 November by modern reckoning.[109] Samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,[110] and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween.
Snap-Apple Night, painted by Daniel Maclise in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland.[111]
Samhain marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the ‘darker half’ of the year.[112][113] It was seen as a liminal time, when the boundary between this world and the Otherworld thinned. This meant the Aos Sí, the ‘spirits’ or ‘fairies’, could more easily come into this world and were particularly active.[114][115] Most scholars see them as «degraded versions of ancient gods […] whose power remained active in the people’s minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs».[116] They were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings.[117][118] At Samhain, the Aos Sí were appeased to ensure the people and livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left outside for them.[119][120][121] The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes seeking hospitality.[122] Places were set at the dinner table and by the fire to welcome them.[123] The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night of the year and must be appeased seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures.[66] In 19th century Ireland, «candles would be lit and prayers formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin».[124]
Throughout Ireland and Britain, especially in the Celtic-speaking regions, the household festivities included divination rituals and games intended to foretell one’s future, especially regarding death and marriage.[125] Apples and nuts were often used, and customs included apple bobbing, nut roasting, scrying or mirror-gazing, pouring molten lead or egg whites into water, dream interpretation, and others.[126] Special bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke, and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers.[112] In some places, torches lit from the bonfire were carried sunwise around homes and fields to protect them.[110] It is suggested the fires were a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic – they mimicked the Sun and held back the decay and darkness of winter.[123][127][128] They were also used for divination and to ward off evil spirits.[74] In Scotland, these bonfires and divination games were banned by the church elders in some parishes.[129] In Wales, bonfires were also lit to «prevent the souls of the dead from falling to earth».[130] Later, these bonfires «kept away the devil».[131]
A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland[132]
From at least the 16th century,[133] the festival included mumming and guising in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales.[134] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food. It may have originally been a tradition whereby people impersonated the Aos Sí, or the souls of the dead, and received offerings on their behalf, similar to ‘souling’. Impersonating these beings, or wearing a disguise, was also believed to protect oneself from them.[135] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses – some of which had pagan overtones – in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the ‘Muck Olla’; not doing so would bring misfortune.[136] In Scotland, youths went house-to-house with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[134] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked or blackened with ashes from the sacred bonfire.[133] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[134] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed.[134]
Elsewhere in Europe, mumming was part of other festivals, but in the Celtic-speaking regions, it was «particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers».[134] From at least the 18th century, «imitating malignant spirits» led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Wearing costumes and playing pranks at Halloween did not spread to England until the 20th century.[134] Pranksters used hollowed-out turnips or mangel wurzels as lanterns, often carved with grotesque faces.[134] By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits,[134] or used to ward off evil spirits.[137][138] They were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[134] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of Britain and became generally known as jack-o’-lanterns.[134]
Spread to North America
Lesley Bannatyne and Cindy Ott write that Anglican colonists in the southern United States and Catholic colonists in Maryland «recognized All Hallow’s Eve in their church calendars»,[140][141] although the Puritans of New England strongly opposed the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including Christmas.[142] Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America.[22]
It was not until after mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in America.[22] Most American Halloween traditions were inherited from the Irish and Scots,[23][143] though «In Cajun areas, a nocturnal Mass was said in cemeteries on Halloween night. Candles that had been blessed were placed on graves, and families sometimes spent the entire night at the graveside».[144] Originally confined to these immigrant communities, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and was celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial, and religious backgrounds by the early 20th century.[145] Then, through American influence, these Halloween traditions spread to many other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century, including to mainland Europe and some parts of the Far East.[24][25][146]
Symbols
Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. Jack-o’-lanterns are traditionally carried by guisers on All Hallows’ Eve in order to frighten evil spirits.[73][147] There is a popular Irish Christian folktale associated with the jack-o’-lantern,[148] which in folklore is said to represent a «soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell»:[149]
On route home after a night’s drinking, Jack encounters the Devil and tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking Jack etches the sign of the cross into the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain that Satan can never claim his soul. After a life of sin, drink, and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern have been roaming looking for a place to rest.[150]
In Ireland and Scotland, the turnip has traditionally been carved during Halloween,[151][152] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger, making it easier to carve than a turnip.[151] The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[153] and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.[154]
The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including Christian eschatology, national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus and Dracula) and classic horror films such as Frankenstein (1931) and The Mummy (1932).[155][156] Imagery of the skull, a reference to Golgotha in the Christian tradition, serves as «a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life» and is consequently found in memento mori and vanitas compositions;[157] skulls have therefore been commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.[158] Traditionally, the back walls of churches are «decorated with a depiction of the Last Judgment, complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils», a motif that has permeated the observance of this triduum.[159] One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; «What fearfu’ pranks ensue!», as well as the supernatural associated with the night, «bogles» (ghosts),[160] influencing Robert Burns’ «Halloween» (1785).[161] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks, and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, evil, and mythical monsters.[162] Black cats, which have been long associated with witches, are also a common symbol of Halloween. Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween’s traditional colors.[163]
Trick-or-treating and guising
Trick-or-treaters in Sweden
Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, «Trick or treat?» The word «trick» implies a «threat» to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.[64] The practice is said to have roots in the medieval practice of mumming, which is closely related to souling.[164] John Pymm wrote that «many of the feast days associated with the presentation of mumming plays were celebrated by the Christian Church.»[165] These feast days included All Hallows’ Eve, Christmas, Twelfth Night and Shrove Tuesday.[166][167] Mumming practiced in Germany, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe,[168] involved masked persons in fancy dress who «paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence».[169]
Girl in a Halloween costume in 1928, Ontario, Canada, the same province where the Scottish Halloween custom of guising was first recorded in North America
In England, from the medieval period,[170] up until the 1930s,[171] people practiced the Christian custom of souling on Halloween, which involved groups of soulers, both Protestant and Catholic,[93] going from parish to parish, begging the rich for soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the souls of the givers and their friends.[67] In the Philippines, the practice of souling is called Pangangaluluwa and is practiced on All Hallow’s Eve among children in rural areas.[26] People drape themselves in white cloths to represent souls and then visit houses, where they sing in return for prayers and sweets.[26]
In Scotland and Ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a traditional Halloween custom.[172] It is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit, and money.[152][173] In Ireland, the most popular phrase for kids to shout (until the 2000s) was «Help the Halloween Party».[172] The practice of guising at Halloween in North America was first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, reported children going «guising» around the neighborhood.[174]
American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book-length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe’en (1919), and references souling in the chapter «Hallowe’en in America».[175] In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; «Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries».[176]
While the first reference to «guising» in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.[177] The earliest known use in print of the term «trick or treat» appears in 1927, in the Blackie Herald, of Alberta, Canada.[178]
The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating.[179] Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice in North America until the 1930s, with the first US appearances of the term in 1934,[180] and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.[181]
A popular variant of trick-or-treating, known as trunk-or-treating (or Halloween tailgating), occurs when «children are offered treats from the trunks of cars parked in a church parking lot», or sometimes, a school parking lot.[100][182] In a trunk-or-treat event, the trunk (boot) of each automobile is decorated with a certain theme,[183] such as those of children’s literature, movies, scripture, and job roles.[184] Trunk-or-treating has grown in popularity due to its perception as being more safe than going door to door, a point that resonates well with parents, as well as the fact that it «solves the rural conundrum in which homes [are] built a half-mile apart».[185][186]
Costumes
Halloween costumes were traditionally modeled after figures such as vampires, ghosts, skeletons, scary looking witches, and devils.[64] Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.
Halloween shop in Derry, Northern Ireland, selling masks
Dressing up in costumes and going «guising» was prevalent in Scotland and Ireland at Halloween by the late 19th century.[152] A Scottish term, the tradition is called «guising» because of the disguises or costumes worn by the children.[173] In Ireland and Scotland, the masks are known as ‘false faces’,[38][187] a term recorded in Ayr, Scotland in 1890 by a Scot describing guisers: «I had mind it was Halloween . . . the wee callans were at it already, rinning aboot wi’ their fause-faces (false faces) on and their bits o’ turnip lanthrons (lanterns) in their haun (hand)».[38] Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children, and when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in Canada and the US in the 1920s and 1930s.[178][188]
Eddie J. Smith, in his book Halloween, Hallowed is Thy Name, offers a religious perspective to the wearing of costumes on All Hallows’ Eve, suggesting that by dressing up as creatures «who at one time caused us to fear and tremble», people are able to poke fun at Satan «whose kingdom has been plundered by our Saviour». Images of skeletons and the dead are traditional decorations used as memento mori.[189][190]
«Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF» is a fundraising program to support UNICEF,[64] a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.[191][192]
The yearly New York’s Village Halloween Parade was begun in 1974; it is the world’s largest Halloween parade and America’s only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, two million spectators, and a worldwide television audience.[193]
Since the late 2010s, ethnic stereotypes as costumes have increasingly come under scrutiny in the United States.[194] Such and other potentially offensive costumes have been met with increasing public disapproval.[195][196]
Pet costumes
According to a 2018 report from the National Retail Federation, 30 million Americans will spend an estimated $480 million on Halloween costumes for their pets in 2018. This is up from an estimated $200 million in 2010. The most popular costumes for pets are the pumpkin, followed by the hot dog, and the bumblebee in third place.[197]
Games and other activities
In this 1904 Halloween greeting card, divination is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of her future husband.
There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween. Some of these games originated as divination rituals or ways of foretelling one’s future, especially regarding death, marriage and children. During the Middle Ages, these rituals were done by a «rare few» in rural communities as they were considered to be «deadly serious» practices.[198] In recent centuries, these divination games have been «a common feature of the household festivities» in Ireland and Britain.[125] They often involve apples and hazelnuts. In Celtic mythology, apples were strongly associated with the Otherworld and immortality, while hazelnuts were associated with divine wisdom.[199] Some also suggest that they derive from Roman practices in celebration of Pomona.[64]
Children bobbing for apples at Hallowe’en
The following activities were a common feature of Halloween in Ireland and Britain during the 17th–20th centuries. Some have become more widespread and continue to be popular today.
One common game is apple bobbing or dunking (which may be called «dooking» in Scotland)[200] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use only their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a sticky face. Another once-popular game involves hanging a small wooden rod from the ceiling at head height, with a lit candle on one end and an apple hanging from the other. The rod is spun round and everyone takes turns to try to catch the apple with their teeth.[201]
Image from the Book of Hallowe’en (1919) showing several Halloween activities, such as nut roasting
Several of the traditional activities from Ireland and Britain involve foretelling one’s future partner or spouse. An apple would be peeled in one long strip, then the peel tossed over the shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse’s name.[202][203] Two hazelnuts would be roasted near a fire; one named for the person roasting them and the other for the person they desire. If the nuts jump away from the heat, it is a bad sign, but if the nuts roast quietly it foretells a good match.[204][205] A salty oatmeal bannock would be baked; the person would eat it in three bites and then go to bed in silence without anything to drink. This is said to result in a dream in which their future spouse offers them a drink to quench their thirst.[206] Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror.[207] The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards[208] from the late 19th century and early 20th century.
Another popular Irish game was known as púicíní («blindfolds»); a person would be blindfolded and then would choose between several saucers. The item in the saucer would provide a hint as to their future: a ring would mean that they would marry soon; clay, that they would die soon, perhaps within the year; water, that they would emigrate; rosary beads, that they would take Holy Orders (become a nun, priest, monk, etc.); a coin, that they would become rich; a bean, that they would be poor.[209][210][211][212] The game features prominently in the James Joyce short story «Clay» (1914).[213][214][215]
In Ireland and Scotland, items would be hidden in food – usually a cake, barmbrack, cranachan, champ or colcannon – and portions of it served out at random. A person’s future would be foretold by the item they happened to find; for example, a ring meant marriage and a coin meant wealth.[216]
Up until the 19th century, the Halloween bonfires were also used for divination in parts of Scotland, Wales and Brittany. When the fire died down, a ring of stones would be laid in the ashes, one for each person. In the morning, if any stone was mislaid it was said that the person it represented would not live out the year.[110]
Telling ghost stories, listening to Halloween-themed songs and watching horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released before Halloween to take advantage of the holiday.
Haunted attractions
Humorous tombstones in front of a house in California
Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses that may include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides,[217] and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown.
The first recorded purpose-built haunted attraction was the Orton and Spooner Ghost House, which opened in 1915 in Liphook, England. This attraction actually most closely resembles a carnival fun house, powered by steam.[218][219] The House still exists, in the Hollycombe Steam Collection.
It was during the 1930s, about the same time as trick-or-treating, that Halloween-themed haunted houses first began to appear in America. It was in the late 1950s that haunted houses as a major attraction began to appear, focusing first on California. Sponsored by the Children’s Health Home Junior Auxiliary, the San Mateo Haunted House opened in 1957. The San Bernardino Assistance League Haunted House opened in 1958. Home haunts began appearing across the country during 1962 and 1963. In 1964, the San Manteo Haunted House opened, as well as the Children’s Museum Haunted House in Indianapolis.[220]
The haunted house as an American cultural icon can be attributed to the opening of the Haunted Mansion in Disneyland on 12 August 1969.[221] Knott’s Berry Farm began hosting its own Halloween night attraction, Knott’s Scary Farm, which opened in 1973.[222] Evangelical Christians adopted a form of these attractions by opening one of the first «hell houses» in 1972.[223]
The first Halloween haunted house run by a nonprofit organization was produced in 1970 by the Sycamore-Deer Park Jaycees in Clifton, Ohio. It was cosponsored by WSAI, an AM radio station broadcasting out of Cincinnati, Ohio. It was last produced in 1982.[224] Other Jaycees followed suit with their own versions after the success of the Ohio house. The March of Dimes copyrighted a «Mini haunted house for the March of Dimes» in 1976 and began fundraising through their local chapters by conducting haunted houses soon after. Although they apparently quit supporting this type of event nationally sometime in the 1980s, some March of Dimes haunted houses have persisted until today.[225]
On the evening of 11 May 1984, in Jackson Township, New Jersey, the Haunted Castle (Six Flags Great Adventure) caught fire. As a result of the fire, eight teenagers perished.[226] The backlash to the tragedy was a tightening of regulations relating to safety, building codes and the frequency of inspections of attractions nationwide. The smaller venues, especially the nonprofit attractions, were unable to compete financially, and the better funded commercial enterprises filled the vacuum.[227][228] Facilities that were once able to avoid regulation because they were considered to be temporary installations now had to adhere to the stricter codes required of permanent attractions.[229][230][231]
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, theme parks entered the business seriously. Six Flags Fright Fest began in 1986 and Universal Studios Florida began Halloween Horror Nights in 1991. Knott’s Scary Farm experienced a surge in attendance in the 1990s as a result of America’s obsession with Halloween as a cultural event. Theme parks have played a major role in globalizing the holiday. Universal Studios Singapore and Universal Studios Japan both participate, while Disney now mounts Mickey’s Not-So-Scary Halloween Party events at its parks in Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo, as well as in the United States.[232] The theme park haunts are by far the largest, both in scale and attendance.[233]
Food
Pumpkins for sale during Halloween
On All Hallows’ Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage abstinence from meat, giving rise to a variety of vegetarian foods associated with this day.[234]
Because in the Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel apples or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.
At one time, candy apples were commonly given to trick-or-treating children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States.[235] While there is evidence of such incidents,[236] relative to the degree of reporting of such cases, actual cases involving malicious acts are extremely rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children’s Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children’s candy.[237]
One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin, and other charms are placed before baking.[238] It is considered fortunate to be the lucky one who finds it.[238] It has also been said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.
List of foods associated with Halloween:
- Barmbrack (Ireland)
- Bonfire toffee (Great Britain)
- Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain and Ireland)
- Candy apples, candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America)
- Chocolate
- Monkey nuts (peanuts in their shells) (Ireland and Scotland)
- Caramel apples
- Caramel corn
- Colcannon (Ireland; see below)
- Halloween cake
- Sweets/candy
- Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
- Roasted pumpkin seeds
- Roasted sweet corn
- Soul cakes
- Pumpkin Pie
Christian religious observances
The Vigil of All Hallows’ is being celebrated at an Episcopal Christian church on Hallowe’en
On Hallowe’en (All Hallows’ Eve), in Poland, believers were once taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests in tiny villages toll their church bells in order to remind their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows’ Eve.[239] In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom includes the Christian practice of abstinence, keeping All Hallows’ Eve as a meat-free day and serving pancakes or colcannon instead.[240] In Mexico children make an altar to invite the return of the spirits of dead children (angelitos).[241]
The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe’en through a vigil. Worshippers prepared themselves for feasting on the following All Saints’ Day with prayers and fasting.[242] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints;[243][244] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom.[245][246] After the service, «suitable festivities and entertainments» often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows’ Day.[247][248] In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows’ Eve to light votive candles there, they «are known as valomeri, or seas of light».[249]
Today, Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow’s Eve.[250][251] Some of these practices include praying, fasting and attending worship services.[1][2][3]
O LORD our God, increase, we pray thee, and multiply upon us the gifts of thy grace: that we, who do prevent the glorious festival of all thy Saints, may of thee be enabled joyfully to follow them in all virtuous and godly living. Through Jesus Christ, Our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, ever one God, world without end. Amen. —Collect of the Vigil of All Saints, The Anglican Breviary[252]
Votive candles in the Halloween section of Walmart
Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows’ Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow’s Eve or independently from it.[253] This is because Martin Luther is said to have nailed his Ninety-five Theses to All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg on All Hallows’ Eve.[254] Often, «Harvest Festivals» or «Reformation Festivals» are held on All Hallows’ Eve, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.[255] In addition to distributing candy to children who are trick-or-treating on Hallowe’en, many Christians also provide gospel tracts to them. One organization, the American Tract Society, stated that around 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from them alone for Hallowe’en celebrations.[256] Others order Halloween-themed Scripture Candy to pass out to children on this day.[257][258]
Belizean children dressed up as Biblical figures and Christian saints
Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.[259] Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, «if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that.»[260] In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a «Saint Fest» on Halloween.[261] Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners’ heritage.[262] Christian minister Sam Portaro wrote that Halloween is about using «humor and ridicule to confront the power of death».[263]
In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween’s Christian connection is acknowledged, and Halloween celebrations are common in many Catholic parochial schools in the United States.[264][265] Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use «Hell houses» and comic-style tracts in order to make use of Halloween’s popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[266] Others consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration.[267] Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows’ Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost, The Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows’ Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.[268]
Analogous celebrations and perspectives
Judaism
According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why, in Judaism, Halloween is not permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violates Leviticus 18:3, which forbids Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Many Jews observe Yizkor communally four times a year, which is vaguely similar to the observance of Allhallowtide in Christianity, in the sense that prayers are said for both «martyrs and for one’s own family».[269] Nevertheless, many American Jews celebrate Halloween, disconnected from its Christian origins.[270] Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser has said that «There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween» while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews’ observing the holiday.[271] Purim has sometimes been compared to Halloween, in part due to some observants wearing costumes, especially of Biblical figures described in the Purim narrative.[272]
Islam
Sheikh Idris Palmer, author of A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam, has ruled that Muslims should not participate in Halloween, stating that «participation in Halloween is worse than participation in Christmas, Easter, … it is more sinful than congratulating the Christians for their prostration to the crucifix».[273] It has also been ruled to be haram by the National Fatwa Council of Malaysia because of its alleged pagan roots stating «Halloween is celebrated using a humorous theme mixed with horror to entertain and resist the spirit of death that influence humans».[274][275] Dar Al-Ifta Al-Missriyyah disagrees provided the celebration is not referred to as an ‘eid’ and that behaviour remains in line with Islamic principles.[276]
Hinduism
Hindus remember the dead during the festival of Pitru Paksha, during which Hindus pay homage to and perform a ceremony «to keep the souls of their ancestors at rest». It is celebrated in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada, usually in mid-September.[277] The celebration of the Hindu festival Diwali sometimes conflicts with the date of Halloween; but some Hindus choose to participate in the popular customs of Halloween.[278] Other Hindus, such as Soumya Dasgupta, have opposed the celebration on the grounds that Western holidays like Halloween have «begun to adversely affect our indigenous festivals».[279]
Neopaganism
There is no consistent rule or view on Halloween amongst those who describe themselves as Neopagans or Wiccans. Some Neopagans do not observe Halloween, but instead observe Samhain on 1 November,[280] some neopagans do enjoy Halloween festivities, stating that one can observe both «the solemnity of Samhain in addition to the fun of Halloween». Some neopagans are opposed to the celebration of Hallowe’en, stating that it «trivializes Samhain»,[281] and «avoid Halloween, because of the interruptions from trick or treaters».[282] The Manitoban writes that «Wiccans don’t officially celebrate Halloween, despite the fact that 31 Oct. will still have a star beside it in any good Wiccan’s day planner. Starting at sundown, Wiccans celebrate a holiday known as Samhain. Samhain actually comes from old Celtic traditions and is not exclusive to Neopagan religions like Wicca. While the traditions of this holiday originate in Celtic countries, modern day Wiccans don’t try to historically replicate Samhain celebrations. Some traditional Samhain rituals are still practised, but at its core, the period is treated as a time to celebrate darkness and the dead – a possible reason why Samhain can be confused with Halloween celebrations.»[280]
Geography
Halloween display in Kobe, Japan
The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going «guising», holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.[172][283][284] In Brittany children would play practical jokes by setting candles inside skulls in graveyards to frighten visitors.[285] Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations.[172] This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as Brazil, Ecuador, Chile,[286] Australia,[287] New Zealand,[288] (most) continental Europe, Finland,[289] Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[25]
See also
- Campfire story
- Devil’s Night
- Dziady
- Ghost Festival
- Naraka Chaturdashi
- Kekri
- List of fiction works about Halloween
- List of films set around Halloween
- List of Halloween television specials
- Martinisingen
- Neewollah
- St. John’s Eve
- Walpurgis Night
- Will-o’-the-wisp
- English festivals
References
- ^ a b c «BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
It is widely believed that many Hallowe’en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church…. All Hallows’ Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows’ Day, also known as All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows’ Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English ‘hallowed’ meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe’en. …However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain …
- ^ a b «Service for All Hallows’ Eve». The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-89869-409-3.
This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows’ Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place.
- ^ a b Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8192-2565-8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
All Hallow’s Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints’ Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival.
- ^ The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8091-4414-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints’ Day.
- ^ Palmer, Abram Smythe (1882). Folk-etymology. Johnson Reprint. p. 6.
- ^ Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9.
Halloween (All Hallows Eve). The name given to October 31, the eve of the Christian festival of All Saints Day (November 1).
- ^ «NEDCO Producers’ Guide». 31–33. Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation. 1973.
Originally celebrated as the night before All Saints’ Day, Christians chose November first to honor their many saints. The night before was called All Saints’ Eve or hallowed eve meaning holy evening.
- ^ «Tudor Hallowtide». National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe’en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls).
- ^ Hughes, Rebekkah (29 October 2014). «Happy Hallowe’en Surrey!» (PDF). The Stag. University of Surrey. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
Halloween or Hallowe’en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.
- ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (29 December 2009). Don’t Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned. HarperCollins. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-06-192575-7.
- ^ «All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of».
- ^ «The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls’ Day) — November 02, 2021 — Liturgical Calendar». www.catholicculture.org.
- ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women’s History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-252-02931-8. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows’ Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints’ and All Souls’ Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.
- ^ Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516896-9. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.
- ^ Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
The feasts of Hallowe’en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.
- ^ Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Halloween, also called All Hallows’ Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints’ Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows’ Eve, celebrated on the same date.
- ^ Roberts, Brian K. (1987). The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30143-6. Retrieved 14 December 2015.
Time out of time’, when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows’ Eve and All Hallows’ Day.
- ^ O’Donnell, Hugh; Foley, Malcolm (18 December 2008). Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-4438-0265-9.
Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: «thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year’s Night (Hog-unnaa) and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many «Hog-unnaa» customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year’s Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe’en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round.» … Hutton points out that Rhy’s unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. … Halloween’s preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa.
- ^ Barr, Beth Allison (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan». The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to «paganism» is rather more tenuous.
- ^
- Moser, Stefan (29 October 2010). «Kein ‘Trick or Treat’ bei Salzburgs Kelten» (in German). Salzburger Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun», entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.
- Döring, Alois; Bolinius, Erich (31 October 2006), Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen (in German), FDP Emden,
Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.
- Hörandner, Editha (2005). Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 8, 12, 30. ISBN 978-3-8258-8889-3.
Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. … Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition («seit 2000 Jahren») ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. … So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als …heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert.
- Döring, Dr. Volkskundler Alois (2011). «Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?» (in German). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk «Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr». Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von «All Hallows eve», Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als «amerikanischer» Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.
- Moser, Stefan (29 October 2010). «Kein ‘Trick or Treat’ bei Salzburgs Kelten» (in German). Salzburger Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
- ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.
- ^ a b c d Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ a b Brunvand, Jan (editor). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. p.749
- ^ a b Colavito, Jason. Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152
- ^ a b c Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8
- ^ a b c Paul Fieldhouse (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
- ^ Skog, Jason (2008). Teens in Finland. Capstone. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7565-3405-9.
Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow’s Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as valomeri, or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased.
- ^ «All Hallows Eve Service» (PDF). Duke University. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before.
- ^ «The Christian Observances of Halloween». National Republic. 15: 33. 5 May 2009.
Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the «All Hallow’s Eve» festival.
- ^ Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). Companion to the Calendar. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-56854-011-5.
In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church’s traditions are lost or confused.
- ^ Kernan, Joe (30 October 2013). «Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think». Cranston Herald. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed.
- ^ Braden, Donna R.; Village, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield (1988). Leisure and entertainment in America. Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. ISBN 978-0-933728-32-5. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children’s festivity.
- ^ Santino, p. 85
- ^ All Hallows’ Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal
- ^ Mahon, Bríd (1991). Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink. Poolbeg Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-85371-142-8.
The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare.
- ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint’s Day.
- ^ Luck, Steve (1998). «All Saints’ Day». The American Desk Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-521465-9.
- ^ a b c «DOST: Hallow Evin». Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
- ^ The A to Z of Anglicanism (Colin Buchanan), Scarecrow Press, p. 8
- ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press.
ealra halgena mæsseæfen
(Subscription or participating institution membership required.) - ^ «Halloween». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Thomson, Thomas; Annandale, Charles (1896). A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe’en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity.
- ^ «E’EN, Een». Scottish National Dictionary (1700–). Vol. III =. 1952. snd8629.
- ^ a b c d Hopwood, James A. (2019). Keeping Christmas: Finding Joy in a Season of Excess and Strife. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-5326-9537-7.
The name «Halloween,» of course, is a contraction of «All Hallow’s Eve.» That’s the eve of All Saints Day, or All Hallows Day, as it was popularly known in Britain. As with Christmas Eve and the Easter vigil, the celebration of All Saints Day began with a service the night before, on All Hallow’s Eve. With All Souls Day on November 2, it formed the feast of Allhallowtide. All Saints Day began in fourth-century Rome as a festival honoring Christian martyrs. By the eighth century, it was expanded to all those remembered as saints, and the date of its observance was moved from May 13 to November 1. That move, of course, put it smack dab on top of Samhain in Britain. But the decision to move the date was not made in Britain; it was made in Rome, where there was no Samhain or anything like it. There is no evidence that any Samhain customs rubbed off on Halloween anywhere because there is no evidence of any Samhain customs at all.
- ^ Beth Allison Barr (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan – The Washington Post». The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday.
- ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 22, 27. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ New Proclamation Commentary on Feasts, Holy Days, and Other Celebrations (Bill Doggett, Gordon W. Lathrop), Fortress Press, p. 92
- ^ Benham, William (1887). The Dictionary of Religion: An Encyclopedia of Christian and Other Religious Doctrines, Denominations, Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Terms, History, Biography, Etc. Cassell. p. 1085.
Vigils were kept at least till midnight before the feasts of martyrs, and those of Easter Eve and Christmas Eve were prolonged till cock-crow.
- ^ Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. Church Publishing, Inc. 2010. p. 662. ISBN 978-0-89869-678-3.
- ^ Saunders, William. «All Saints and All Souls». Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
- ^ Melton, J Gordon (editor). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2011. p.22
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). «All Saints, Festival of» . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- ^ «All Saints’ Day», The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press, 1997. pp.41–42
- ^ McClendon, Charles. «Old Saint Peter’s and the Iconoclastic Controversy», in Old Saint Peter’s, Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. 215–216. Quote: «Soon after his election in 731, Gregory III summoned a synod to gather on 1 November in the basilica of Saint Peter’s in order to respond to the policy of iconoclasm that he believed was being promoted by the Byzantine Emperor […] Six months later, in April of the following year, 732, the pope assembled another synod in the basilica to consecrate a new oratory dedicated to the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and all the saints».
- ^ Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. University of Toronto Press, 2005. p. 258. Quote: «Gregory III began his reign with a synod in St Peter’s (1 November 731) which formally condemned iconoclasm […] on the Sunday before Easter, 12 April 732, Gregory convoked yet another synod […] and at the synod inaugurated an oratory […] Dedicated to all saints, this oratory was designed to hold ‘relics of the holy apostles and all the holy martyrs and confessors'».
- ^ Farmer, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14
- ^ a b c d Hutton, p. 364
- ^ New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second ed.). 2003. pp. 242–243. ISBN 0-7876-4004-2.
- ^ a b MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Burns, Paul (editor). Butler’s Saint for the Day. Liturgical Press, 2007. p. 516
- ^ Ramdin, Ron. Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People. New York University Press, p. 241
- ^ The World Review – Volume 4, University of Minnesota, p. 255
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-19-514691-2.
- ^ a b c d e «Halloween». Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ a b Hutton, pp. 374–375
- ^ a b c d Miles, Clement A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition. Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ a b Mary Mapes Dodge, ed. (1883). St. Nicholas Magazine. Scribner & Company. p. 93.
‘Soul-cakes,’ which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: ‘Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!’
- ^ DeMello, Margo (2012). A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-59884-617-1.
Trick-or-treating began as souling an English and Irish tradition in which the poor, wearing masks, would go door to door and beg for soul cakes in exchange for people’s dead relatives.
- ^ Cleene, Marcel. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe. Man & Culture, 2002. p. 108. Quote: «Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice».
- ^ Levene, Alysa (2016). Cake: A Slice of History. Pegasus Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-68177-108-3.
Like the perennial favourites, hot cross buns; they were often marked with a cross to indicate that they were baked as alms.
- ^ The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1.
- ^ a b Pulliam, June; Fonseca, Anthony J. (2016). Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend. ABC-CLIO. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4408-3491-2.
Since the 16th century, costumes have become a central part of Halloween traditions. Perhaps the most common traditional Halloween costume is that of the ghost. This is likely because … when Halloween customs began to be influenced by Catholicism, the incorporation of the themes of All Hallows’ and All Souls’ Day would have emphasized visitations from the spirit world over the motifs of spirits and fairies. … The baking and sharing of souls cakes was introduced around the 15th century: in some cultures, the poor would go door to door to collect them in exchange for praying for the dead (a practice called souling), often carrying lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips. Around the 16th century, the practice of going house to house in disguise (a practice called guising) to ask for food began and was often accompanied by recitation of traditional verses (a practice called mumming). Wearing costumes, another tradition, has many possible explanations, such as it was done to confuse the spirits or souls who visited the earth or who rose from local graveyards to engage in what was called a Danse Macabre, basically a large party among the dead.
- ^ a b Rogers, p. 57
- ^ a b Carter, Albert Howard; Petro, Jane Arbuckle (1998). Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8122-1517-5.
Halloween, incorporated into the Christian year as the eve of All Saints Day, marked the return of the souls of the departed and the release of devils who could move freely on that night. Fires lit on that night served to prevent the influence of such spirits and to provide omens for the future. Modern children go from house to house at Halloween with flashlights powered by electric batteries, while jack o’lanterns (perhaps with an actual candle, but often with a lightbulb) glow from windows and porches.
- ^ Guiley, Rosemary (2008). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Infobase Publishing. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4381-2684-5.
According to most legends, the jack-o’-lantern is a wandering soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell. … In Ireland, children who are caught outdoors after dark are told to wear their jackets inside-out in order not to be lured astray by a jack-o’-lantern. In Sweden, the spirit is believed to be the soul of an unbaptized child, who tries to lead travelers to water in hopes of receiving baptism. … In American lore, the jack-o’-lantern is associated with withces and the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. It is customary for trick-or-treaters to carry pumpkin jack-o’-lanterns to frighten away evil spirits.
- ^ Santino, The Hallowed Eve, p. 95
- ^ a b c d Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A new abridgement. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp.380–383
- ^ Ruth Hutchison and Ruth Constance Adams (1951). Every Day’s a Holiday. Harper, 1951. pp.236
- ^ a b c d e Morton, Lisa (15 September 2013). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween. Reaktion Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-78023-055-9.
- ^ Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-596-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ Bannatyne, Lesley (1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4556-0553-8.
Villagers were also encouraged to masquerade on this day, not to frighten unwelcome spirits, but to honor Christian saints. On All Saints’ Day, churches throughout Europe and the British Isles displayed relics of their patron saints. Poor churches could not afford genuine relics and instead had processions in which parishioners dressed as saints, angels and devils. It served the new church by giving an acceptable Christian basis to the custom of dressing up on Halloween.
- ^ Morrow, Ed (2001). The Halloween Handbook. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8065-2227-2.
Another contributor to the custom of dressing up at Halloween was the old Irish practice of marking All Hallows’ Day with religious pageants that recounted biblical events. These were common during the Middle Ages all across Europe. The featured players dressed as saints and angels, but there were also plenty of roles for demons who had more fun, capering, acting devilish, and playing to the crows. The pageant began inside the church, then moved by procession to the churchyard, where it continued long into the night.
- ^ «Eve of All Saints», Using Common Worship: Times and Seasons – All Saints to Candlemas (David Kennedy), Church House Publishing, p. 42
- ^ Bannatyne, Lesley. Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing, 1998. p. 9
- ^ Perry, Edward Baxter. Descriptive Analyses of Piano Works; For the Use of Teachers, Players, and Music Clubs. Theodore Presser Company, 1902. p. 276
- ^ Allmand, Christopher (1998). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, c. 1415–c. 1500. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-38296-0. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
- ^ Reimer, Margaret Loewen (2018). Approaching the Divine: Signs and Symbols of the Christian Faith. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-5326-5675-0.
Christians in Europe envisioned a danse macabre, a hideous dance by the spirits of the dead who arose from the churchyards for a wild carnival each year. This dance, commonly depicted on the walls of cathedrals, monasteries and cemeteries, may well be the origin of the macabre costumes we don on Halloween.
- ^ DeSpelder, Lynne Ann; Strickland, Albert Lee (2009). The Last Dance: Encountering Death and Dying. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-07-340546-9.
More subtly, images associated with the danse macabre persist in the form of skeletons and other scary regalia found on children’s Halloween costumes.
- ^ Books & Culture: A Christian Review. Christianity Today. 1999. p. 12. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016.
Sometimes enacted as at village pageants, the danse macabre was also performed as court masques, the courtiers dressing up as corpses from various strata of society…both the name and the observance began liturgically as All Hallows’ Eve.
- ^ Hutton, p. 372
- ^ Santino, Jack (21 October 2021). The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival in Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-8458-6.
- ^ The Episcopal Church, its teaching and worship (Latta Griswold), E.S. Gorham, p. 110
- ^ a b Mosteller, Angie (2 July 2014). Christian Origins of Halloween. Rose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59636-535-3.
In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months.
- ^ Aston, Margaret. Broken Idols of the English Reformation. Cambridge University Press, 2015. pp.475–477
- ^ Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs (Daniel Diehl, Mark Donnelly), Stackpole Books, p. 17
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ Hutton, Ronald (2001). Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. pp. 369, 373. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7.
Fires were indeed lit in England on All Saints’ Day, notably in Lancashire, and may well ultimately have descended from the same rites, but were essentially party of a Christian ceremony … families still assembled at the midnight before All Saints’ Day in the early nineteenth century. Each did so on a hill near its homestead, one person holding a large bunch of burning straw on the end of a fork. The rest in a circle around and prayed for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames burned out. The author who recorded this custom added that it gradually died out in the latter part of the century, but that before it had been very common and at nearby Whittingham such fires could be seen all around the horizon at Hallowe’en. He went on to say that the name ‘Purgatory Field’, found across northern Lancashire, testified to an even wider distribution and that the rite itself was called ‘Teen’lay’.
- ^ O’Donnell, Hugh and Foley, Malcolm. «Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World» Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008. p.35
- ^ The Catholic World, Vol. 138: A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science. Vol. 138. Paulist Press. 1934.
There is proof that this shifting of customs from one day to another really took place. For until the end of the eighteenth century, children in some Derbyshire parishes, instead of lighting bonfires with the rest of England on November 5th, lit their furze fires called ‘tindles’ on All Souls night. And even then, the educated folk of the districts concerned, declared that these fires were a relic of papistical days when they were lit at night to guide the poor souls back to earth.
- ^ a b Morton, Lisa. The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland, 2003. p. 9
- ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
- ^ Richard Ford (1855). A Handbook for Travellers in Spain. John Murray. p. 208.
- ^ Boenig, Robert. Anglo-Saxon Spirituality: Selected Writings. Paulist Press, 2000. p. 7
- ^ Santino, Jack. The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival of Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky, 1998. p. 95
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. «Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ «How Halloween Traditions Are Rooted in the Ancient Pagan Festival of Samhain». Time. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
- ^ A Pocket Guide To Superstitions of the British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) ISBN 0-14-051549-6
- ^ All Hallows’ Eve Archived 3 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 402
- ^ a b c Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press, 1996. pp. 365–369
- ^ «Snap Apple Night, or All-Hallow Eve. January 1, 1845». Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 October 2021.
In October 1832 Daniel Maclise attended a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland and, the next summer, exhibited a painting at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, titled «Snap Apple Night, or All Hallow Eve.»
- ^ a b Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p. 407
- ^ Hutton, p. 361
- ^ Monaghan, p. 41
- ^ O’Halpin, Andy. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press, 2006. p. 236
- ^ Monaghan, Patricia (2014). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase publishing. p. 167.
- ^ Monaghan, Patricia (1 January 2009). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4381-1037-0. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
They were both respected and feared. «Their backs towards us, their faces away from us, and may God and Mary save us from harm,» was a prayer spoken whenever one ventured near their dwellings.
- ^ Santino, p. 105
- ^ Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. p. 200
- ^ Evans-Wentz, Walter (1911). The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries. p. 44.
- ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961). The Silver Bough, Volume 3. p. 34.
- ^ «Halloween». Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012.
- ^ a b McNeill, The Silver Bough, Volume 3, pp. 11–46
- ^ Hutton, p. 379
- ^ a b Hutton, p. 380
- ^ Danaher, Kevin. «Irish Folk Tradition and the Celtic Calendar», in The Celtic Consciousness, ed. Robert O’Driscoll. Braziller, 1981. pp. 218–227
- ^ Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Chapter 63, Part 1: On the Fire-festivals in general Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 18: Festivals Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Hutton, pp. 366, 380
- ^ «Halloween traditions». Welsh Government. 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
- ^ Rosinsky, Natalie M. (2002). Halloween. Capstone Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7565-0392-5.
Christian leaders made old Celtic and Roman customs into new Christian ones. Bonfires were once lighted against evil spirits. Now, they kept away the devil.
- ^ MacDonald, Sarah; Service, Catholic News (19 October 2017). «From turnips to potatoes to pumpkins: Irish folklife expert says Jack-O-Lanterns began in Ireland».
- ^ a b McNeill, F. Marian. Hallowe’en: its origin, rites and ceremonies in the Scottish tradition. Albyn Press, 1970. pp. 29–31
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hutton, pp. 379–383
- ^ Hole, Christina. British Folk Customs. Hutchinson, 1976. p. 91
- ^ Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 2. 1855. pp. 308–309
- ^ Palmer, Kingsley. Oral folk-tales of Wessex. David & Charles, 1973. pp. 87–88
- ^ Wilson, David Scofield. Rooted in America: Foodlore of Popular Fruits and Vegetables. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1999. p. 154
- ^ Bryan van Gorder (22 October 2018). «THE QUEER HISTORY (AND PRESENT) OF NYC’S VILLAGE HALLOWEEN PARADE». Logo TV. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
- ^ Ott, Cindy. Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon. University of Washington Press, 2012. p. 42
- ^ Bannatyne, p. 45
- ^ Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, Volume 21 (John Wilkes), R. G. Gunnell and Co., p. 544
- ^ Santino, Jack. All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life. University of Illinois Press, 1995. p.153
- ^ Morton, Lisa (2003). The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1524-3.
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 74. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ «Is Halloween celebrated in Asia?». Asia Media Centre | New Zealand. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
- ^ The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca, Infobase Publishing, p. 183
- ^ Dante’s «Commedia» and the Poetics of Christian Catabasis (Lee Foust), ProQuest, p. 15
- ^ The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits (Rosemary Guiley), Guinness World Records Limited, p. 178
- ^ Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (Glennys Howarth, Oliver Leaman), Taylor & Francis, p. 320
- ^ a b The Oxford companion to American food and drink p. 269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011
- ^ a b c Leslie, Frank (5 February 2009). Frank Leslie’s popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, pp. 540–543. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
- ^ Nathaniel Hawthorne, «The Great Carbuncle», in Twice-Told Tales, 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say’st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o’-lantern!
- ^ As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o’-lantern as part of the festivities. «The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially» Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. «Odd Ornaments for Table» Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12.
- ^ The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams (Charles Adolph Huttar, Peter J. Schakel), Bucknell University Press, p. 155
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). «Halloween Goes to Hollywood». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ A Handbook of Symbols in Christian Art (Gertrude Grace Sill), Simon & Schuster, p. 64
- ^ In flagrante collecto (Marilynn Gelfman Karp), Abrams, p. 299
- ^ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 115
- ^ Mayne, John. «Halloween». PoetryExplorer. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
- ^ Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Crawford, Thomas (1960). Burns: A Study of the Poems and Songs. ISBN 978-0-8047-0055-9. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2018.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Stanford University Press, 1960 - ^ Simpson, Jacqueline «All Saints’ Day» in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001) London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p. 14 «Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural».
- ^ Herberholz, Donald; Herberholz, Barbara (1990). Artworks for Elementary Teachers: Developing Artistic and Perceptual Awareness. W.C. Brown. p. 16.
- ^ Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face (Margo DeMello), ABC-CLIO, p. 225
- ^ A Student’s Guide to A2 Performance Studies for the OCR Specification (John Pymm), Rhinegold Publishing Ltd, p. 28
- ^ Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art, Volume 1 (Thomas Green), ABC-CLIO p. 566
- ^ Interacting communities: studies on some aspects of migration and urban ethnology (Zsuzsa Szarvas), Hungarian Ethnographic Society, p. 314
- ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature (David Scott Kastan), Oxford University Press, p. 47
- ^ «Mumming Play», Encyclopædia Britannica
- ^ Carmichael, Sherman (2012). Legends and Lore of South Carolina. The History Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-60949-748-4.
The practice of dressing up and going door to door for treats dates back to the middle ages and the practice of souling.
- ^ Hood, Karen Jean Matsko (1 January 2014). Halloween Delights. Whispering Pine Press International. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-59434-181-6.
The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door «souling» for cakes or money by singing a song.
- ^ a b c d «Ten trick-or-treating facts for impressive bonfire chats». The Irish Times. 31 October 2014.
Scotland and Ireland started tricking: A few decades later a practice called ‘guising’ was in full swing in Scotland and Ireland. Short for ‘disguising’, children would go out from door to door dressed in costume and rather than pledging to pray, they would tell a joke, sing a song or perform another sort of «trick» in exchange for food or money. The expression trick or treat has only been used at front doors for the last 10 to 15 years. Before that «Help the Halloween Party» seems to have been the most popular phrase to holler.
- ^ a b «Definition of «guising»«. Collins English Dictionary.
(in Scotland and N England) the practice or custom of disguising oneself in fancy dress, often with a mask, and visiting people’s houses, esp at Halloween
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) «Coming Over:Halloween in North America». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p. 76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3
- ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. The Book of Hallowe’en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p. 127. «Hallowe’en in America» Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. «Hallowe’en in America». Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
- ^ Theo. E. Wright, «A Halloween Story», St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, «What Shall We Do Halloween?» Ladies Home Journal, October 1920, p. 135.
- ^ a b «‘Trick or Treat’ Is Demand», Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), 4 November 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, 3 November
- ^ For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Antique Hallowe’en Postcards Archived 19 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Vintage Halloween Postcards Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ «Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop», Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 November 1934; and «The Gangsters of Tomorrow», The Helena Independent (Helena, Montana), 2 November 1934, p. 4. The Chicago Tribune also mentioned door-to-door begging in Aurora, Illinois on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term ‘trick-or-treating’. «Front Views and Profiles» (column), Chicago Tribune, 3 November 1934, p. 17.
- ^ Moss, Doris Hudson. «A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?» The American Home, November 1939, p. 48.
- ^ Bluff Park (Heather Jones Skaggs), Arcadia Publishing, p. 117
- ^ «Trunk-or-Treat», The Chicago Tribune
- ^ Suggested Themes for «Trunks» for Trunk or Treat (Dail R. Faircloth), First Baptist Church of Royal Palm Beach
- ^ «Trunk or Treat focuses on fun, children’s safety», Desert Valley Times
- ^ «Trunk or Treat! Halloween Tailgating Grows» (Fernanda Santos), The New York Times
- ^ Bradley, Michael (24 October 2018). «A very Derry Halloween: a carnival of frights, fireworks and parade». The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ^ Miller, Marian (31 October 1932). «Halloween Jollity Within Reason Need». The Morning Oregonian. p. 8. Quote: «Trick or treat?» the youthful mischief-maker will say this evening, probably, as he rings the doorbell of a neighbor.»
- ^ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 114
- ^ Memento Mori, Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri
- ^ Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (31 May 2006). «UNICEF to end Halloween ‘orange box’ program». CTV. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
- ^ «History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign». UNICEF Canada. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
- ^ Village Halloween Parade. «History of the Parade». Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
- ^ Fadel, Leila (29 October 2019). «Cultural Appropriation, A Perennial Issue On Halloween». NPR. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
- ^ Escobar, Sam; Robin, Marci (5 October 2020). «15 Offensive Halloween Costumes That Shouldn’t Exist». Good Housekeeping. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ Park, Sumner (2 October 2020). «Pinterest is prohibiting culturally inappropriate Halloween costumes». Fox News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ Keshner, Andrew (17 October 2018). «Instagram-loving pets owners will spend nearly $500M on animal costumes this Halloween». MarketWatch. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
- ^ Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (13 April 2011). Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs. Stackpole Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8117-4430-0.
All Hallows’ Eve. A time of spiritual unrest, when the souls of the dead, along with ghosts and evil spirits, were believed to walk the land. Church bells were run and fires lit to guide these souls on their way and deflect them from haunting honest Christian folk. Barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effects of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveld the earth. Although a rare few continued to divine the future, cast spells, and tell ghost stories in rural communities, woe to anyone who was denounced to the church for engaging in such activities. These may seem like innocent fun today, but it was deadly serious stuff during the Middle Ages.
- ^ MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp. 61, 107
- ^ «Apple dookers make record attempt» Archived 28 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 2 October 2008
- ^ Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. pp. 202–205
- ^ Danaher (1972), p. 223
- ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Volume III. William MacLellan, Glasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp. 11–46
- ^ Danaher (1972), p. 219
- ^ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, pp. 33–34
- ^ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, p. 34
- ^ Hollister, Helen (1917). «Halloween Frolics». Parlor Games for the Wise and Otherwise. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Company. p. 98. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
- ^ «Vintage Halloween Cards». Vintage Holiday Crafts. 21 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
- ^ «Preschool Halloween Fast Facts». www.everythingpreschool.com.
- ^ «Traditional Irish Halloween games try to marry off young girls». IrishCentral.com. 15 October 2018.
- ^ «Halloween in Irish Folklore | Irish Archaeology». irisharchaeology.ie. 30 October 2015.
- ^ «Tricks and treats». Irish Examiner. 30 October 2010.
- ^ «Clay». www.cliffsnotes.com.
- ^ Madden, Ed (31 October 2008). «Teaching Joyce». James Joyce Quarterly. 46 (1): 133. doi:10.1353/jjq.0.0133. S2CID 201751292 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Attridge, Derek; Attridge, Professor of English Derek (16 March 2000). Joyce Effects: On Language, Theory, and History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77788-9 – via Google Books.
- ^ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough Volume III, p. 34
- ^ Greg Ryan (17 September 2008). «A Model of Mayhem». Hudson Valley Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
- ^ Warner, Adam (27 October 2014). «The History of Haunted Houses: A Fight for Frights as Tastes Change». NBC Bay Area. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
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- ^ Morton, Lisa (28 September 2012). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween (paperback). United Kingdom: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-047-4.
- ^ Surrell, Jason (11 August 2009). Haunted Mansion: From The Magic Kingdom To The Movies (paperback). Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4231-1895-4.
- ^ Celestino, Mike (28 September 2016). «Knott’s Scary Farm remains the ideal Southern California Halloween theme park event for the 2016 season». Inside The Magic. Distant Creations Group, LLC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^ Lum, Kathryn Gin (30 October 2014). «These evangelical haunted houses are designed to show sinners that they’re going to hell». The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
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All Hallow’s Eve was a Western (Anglo) Christian holiday that revolved around commemorating the dead using humor to intimidate death itself. Like all holidays, All Hallow’s Eve involved traditional treats. The church encouraged an abstinence from meat, which created many vegetarian dishes.
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). «Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990″, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
- ^ «Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy». Snopes.com. 2 November 2000. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
- ^ Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). «Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth? – LiveScience». LiveScience.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
- ^ a b «Top ten Irish Halloween traditions and memories you may share». Ireland Central. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
- ^ Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-56554-346-1. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve.
- ^ Feasting and Fasting: Canada’s Heritage Celebrations (Dorothy Duncan), Dundurn, p. 249
- ^ Latina and Latino Voices in Literature (Frances Ann Day), Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 72
- ^ «BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
All Hallows’ Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows’ Day, also known as All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows’ Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself.
- ^ Dr. Andrew James Harvey (31 October 2012). «‘All Hallows’ Eve’«. The Patriot Post. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
«The vigil of the hallows» refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or «Halloween» for short – a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century.
- ^ «Vigil of All Saints». Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end.
- ^ «Night of Light Beginnings». Cor et Lumen Christi Community. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012.
In its first year – 2000 AD – over 1000 people participated from several countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second year 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the US and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up by other Christians who while keeping its essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions.
- ^ «Here’s to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery». The Telegraph. 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
One that has grown over the past decade is the so-called Night of Light, on All Hallows’ Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, in leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a worldwide movement, popular in Africa and the United States.
The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children’s fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit.
- ^ Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-89869-211-2. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
The BOS notes that «suitable festivities and entertainments» may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place.
- ^ Infeld, Joanna (1 December 2008). In-Formation. D & J Holdings LLC. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9760512-4-4. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
My folks are Polish and they celebrate Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the cemetery and graves of your loved ones.
- ^ Teens in Finland (Jason Skog), Capstone, p. 61
- ^ «Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween». The Church of England. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It’s high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween,» says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter.
- ^ «Halloween and All Saints Day». newadvent.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ The Anglican Breviary. Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1955. pp. 1514 (E494). Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^ «Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship». The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
- ^ Halloween, Hallowed Is Thy Name (Smith), p. 29
- ^ Allen, Travis (2011). «Christians and Halloween». Church Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called ‘Harvest Festivals’, ‘Hallelujah Night’ or ‘Reformation Festivals’ – the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes.
- ^ Halloween tracts serve as tool to spread gospel to children (Curry), Baptist Press
- ^ Woods, Robert (2013). Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-313-38654-1.
Evangelicals have found opportunities with both Christmas and Easter to use Christian candy to re-inject religion into these traditionally Christian holidays and boldly reclaim them as their own. They have increasingly begun to use Halloween, the most candy-centric holiday, as an opportunity for evangelism. Contained in small packages featuring Bible verses, Scripture Candy’s «Harvest Seeds» – candy corn in everything but name – are among many candies created for this purpose.
- ^ D’Augostine, Lori (20 September 2013). «Suffer Not the Trick-or-Treaters». CBN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
- ^ Halloween: What’s a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo.
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- ^ «Salem ‘Saint Fest’ restores Christian message to Halloween». rcab.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
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- ^ Portaro, Sam (25 January 1998). A Companion to the Lesser Feasts and Fasts. Cowley Publications. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4616-6051-4.
All Saints’ Day is the centerpiece of an autumn triduum. In the carnival celebrations of All Hallows’ Eve our ancestors used the most powerful weapon in the human arsenal, the power of humor and ridicule to confront the power of death. The following day, in the commemoration of All Saints, we gave witness to the victory of incarnate goodness embodied in remarkable deeds and doers triumphing over the misanthropy of darkness and devils. And in the commemoration of All Souls we proclaimed the hope of common mortality expressed in our aspirations and expectations of a shared eternity.
- ^ «Halloween’s Christian Roots» AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
- ^ Bucci, Rich (2016). «Catholic Elementary Schools to Celebrate Halloween with Costume Parades on Friday, October 28 & Monday, October 31». The Catholic Schools of Broome County. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
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While some Christians aren’t certain what to make of Halloween – unsure whether to embrace or ignore all the goblins and ghoulishness – some evangelical churches use Oct. 31 as a day to evangelize. …Some use trick-or-treating as an evangelistic opportunity, giving out Bible tracts with candy.
- ^ «‘Trick?’ or ‘Treat?’ – Unmasking Halloween». The Restored Church of God. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
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Further reading
- Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
- Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
- Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7
- Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8
- Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1
- Editha Hörandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Münster (2005). 308 pages. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4
- Lisa Morton, Trick or Treat A history of Halloween, Reaktion Books (2012). 229 pages. ISBN 978-1-78023-187-7
- Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X
- Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press, US (2002). ISBN 0-19-514691-3
- Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
- David J. Skal, Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween, Bloomsbury US (2003). 224 pages. ISBN 1-58234-305-5
- James Tipper, Gods of The Nowhere: A Novel of Halloween, Waxlight Press (2013). 294 pages. ISBN 978-0-9882433-1-6
External links
- Halloween at Curlie
- «A brief history of Halloween» by the BBC
- «All Hallows Eve (Halloween) in the Traditional, Pre-1955 Liturgical Books» by the Liturgical Arts Journal
- «The History of Halloween» by the History Channel