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All Saints’ Day
The Forerunners of Christ with Saints and Martyrs by Fra Angelico
Also called	All Hallows’ Day Hallowmas Feast of All Saints Feast of All Hallows Solemnity of All Saints
Observed by	Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Lutheran Churches[1] Anglican Communion Methodist Churches[2] Church of the Nazarene Reformed Churches Philippine Independent Church Other Christian denominations
Liturgical color	White (Western Christianity) Green (Eastern Christianity)
Type	Christian
Observances	Church services, praying for the dead, visiting cemeteries
Date	1 November (Western Christianity) Sunday after Pentecost (Eastern Christianity)
Frequency	annual
Related to	Saints Allhallowtide (Hallowe’en 31 October, All Souls’ Day 2 November) Day of the Dead Totensonntag

All Saints’ Day, also known as All Hallows’ Day,^[3] the Feast of All Saints,^[4][5] the Feast of All Hallows,^[6] the Solemnity of All Saints,^[6] and Hallowmas,^[6][7] is a Christian solemnity celebrated in honour of all the saints of the church, whether they are known or unknown.^[7][8][9]

From the 4th century, feasts commemorating all Christian martyrs were held in various places,^[3] on various dates near Easter and Pentecost. In the 9th century, some churches in the British Isles began holding the commemoration of all saints on 1 November, and in the 9th century this was extended to the whole Catholic Church by Pope Gregory IV.^[10]

In Western Christianity, it is still celebrated on 1 November by the Roman Catholic Church as well as many Protestant churches, as the Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist traditions.^[7] The Eastern Orthodox Church and associated Eastern Catholic and Eastern Lutheran churches celebrate it on the first Sunday after Pentecost.^[11] The Syro-Malabar Church and the Chaldean Catholic Church, both of whom are in communion with Rome, as well as the Church of the East celebrate All Saints’ Day on the first Friday after Easter Sunday.^[12] In the Coptic Orthodox tradition, All Saints’ Day is on Nayrouz, celebrated on 11 September. The day is both the start of the Coptic new year and its first month, Thout.^[13]

Liturgical celebrations[edit]

In the Western Christian practice, the liturgical celebration begins with its first Vespers on the evening of 31 October, All Hallows’ Eve (All Saints’ Eve), and ends at the compline of 1 November. It is thus the day before All Souls’ Day, which commemorates the faithful departed. In many traditions, All Saints’ Day is part of the season of Allhallowtide, which includes the three days from 31 October to 2 November inclusive, and in some denominations, such as Anglicanism, extends to Remembrance Sunday.^[14][15][3] In places where All Saints’ Day is observed as a public holiday but All Souls’ Day is not, cemetery and grave rituals such as offerings of flowers, candles and prayers or blessings for the graves of loved ones often take place on All Saints Day.^{[16][17][18][19]} In Austria and Germany, godparents gift their godchildren Allerheiligenstriezel (All Saint’s Braid) on All Saint’s Day,^[20] while the practice of souling remains popular in Portugal.^[21] It is a national holiday in many Christian countries.

The Christian celebration of All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day stems from a belief that there is a powerful spiritual bond between those in heaven (the «Church triumphant»), the living (the «Church militant»), and the «Church penitent» which includes the faithful departed. In Catholic theology, the day commemorates all those who have attained the beatific vision in Heaven. In Methodist theology, All Saints Day revolves around «giving God solemn thanks for the lives and deaths of his saints», including those who are «famous or obscure».^[22] As such, individuals throughout the Church Universal are honoured, such as Paul the Apostle, Augustine of Hippo and John Wesley, in addition to individuals who have personally led one to faith in Jesus, such as one’s grandmother or friend.^[22]

Western Christianity[edit]

The holiday of All Saints’ Day falls on 1 November, is followed by All Souls’ Day on 2 November. It is a Solemnity in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, a Festival in the Lutheran Churches, and a Principal Feast of the Anglican Communion.

History[edit]

From the 4th century, there existed in certain places and at sporadic intervals a feast day to commemorate all Christian martyrs.^[23] It was held on 13 May in Edessa, the Sunday after Pentecost in Antioch, and the Friday after Easter by the Syrians.^[24] During the 5th century, St. Maximus of Turin preached annually on the Sunday after Pentecost in honor of all martyrs in what is today northern Italy. The Comes of Würzburg, the earliest existing ecclesiastical reading list, dating to the late 6th or early 7th century in what is today Germany, lists this the Sunday after Pentecost as dominica in natale sanctorum («Sunday of the Nativity of the Saints»). By this time, the commemoration had expanded to include all saints, martyred or not.^[25]

On 13 May 609 or 610, Pope Boniface IV consecrated the Pantheon at Rome to the Blessed Virgin Mary and all the martyrs, ordering an anniversary;^[10] the feast of dedicatio Sanctae Mariae ad Martyres has been celebrated at Rome ever since. It is suggested 13 May was chosen by the Pope and earlier by Christians in Edessa because it was the date of the Roman pagan festival of Lemuria, in which malevolent and restless spirits of the dead were propitiated. Some liturgiologists base the idea that Lemuria was the origin of All Saints on their identical dates and their similar theme of «all the dead».^[a]

Pope Gregory III (731–741) dedicated an oratory in Old St. Peter’s Basilica to the relics «of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors, of all the just made perfect who are at rest throughout the world».^[26] Some sources say Gregory III dedicated the oratory on 1 November, and this is why the date became All Saints’ Day.^[27] Other sources say Gregory III held a synod to condemn iconoclasm on 1 November 731, but dedicated the All Saints oratory on Palm Sunday, 12 April 732.^{[28][29][30][31]}

By 800, there is evidence that churches in Ireland,^[32] Northumbria (England) and Bavaria (Germany) were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.^[33] Some manuscripts of the Irish Martyrology of Tallaght and Martyrology of Óengus, which date to this time, have a commemoration of all saints of the world on 1 November.^[34][25] In the late 790s, Alcuin of Northumbria recommended holding the feast on 1 November to his friend, Arno of Salzburg in Bavaria.^[35][36] Alcuin then used his influence with Charlemagne to introduce the Irish-Northumbrian Feast of All Saints to the Frankish Kingdom.^[37]

Some scholars propose that churches in the British Isles began celebrating All Saints on 1 November in the 8th century to coincide with or replace the Celtic festival known in Ireland and Scotland as Samhain. James Frazer represents this school of thought by arguing that 1 November was chosen because Samhain was the date of the Celtic festival of the dead.^[38][27][39] Ronald Hutton argues instead that the earliest documentary sources indicate Samhain was a harvest festival with no particular ritual connections to the dead. Hutton proposes that 1 November was a Germanic rather than a Celtic idea.^[33]

The 1 November All Saints Day was made a day of obligation throughout the Frankish Empire in 835, by a decree of Emperor Louis the Pious, issued «at the instance of Pope Gregory IV and with the assent of all the bishops»,^[26] which confirmed its celebration on 1 November. Under the rule of Charlemagne and his successors, the Frankish Empire developed into the Holy Roman Empire.

Sicard of Cremona, a scholar who lived in the 12th and 13th centuries, proposed that Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) suppressed the feast of 13 May in favour of 1 November. By the 12th century, 13 May had been deleted from liturgical books.^[25]

The All Saints octave was added by Pope Sixtus IV (1471–84).^[26] Both the All Saints vigil and the octave were suppressed by the Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII in 1955.^[25]

Protestant observances[edit]

The festival was retained after the Reformation in the liturgical calendars of the Lutheran Churches and the Anglican Church.^[26] In the Lutheran churches, such as the Church of Sweden, it assumes a role of general commemoration of the dead. In the Swedish calendar, the observance takes place on the Saturday between 31 October and 6 November. In many Lutheran Churches, it is moved to the first Sunday of November. In the Church of England, mother church of the Anglican Communion, it is a Principal Feast and may be celebrated either on 1 November or on the Sunday between 30 October and 5 November. It is also celebrated by other Protestants, such as the United Church of Canada and various Methodist connexions.^[40]

Protestants generally commemorate all Christians, living and deceased, on All Saints’ Day; if they observe All Saints Day at all, they use it to remember all Christians both past and present. In the United Methodist Church, All Saints’ Day is celebrated on the first Sunday in November. It is held, not only to remember Saints, but also to remember all those who have died who were members of the local church congregation. In some congregations, a candle is lit by the Acolyte as each person’s name is called out by the clergy. Prayers and responsive readings may accompany the event. Often, the names of those who have died in the past year are affixed to a memorial plaque.^{[citation needed]}

In many Lutheran churches, All Saints’ Day is celebrated the Sunday after Reformation is celebrated (the date for Reformation is 31 October, so Reformation Sunday is celebrated on or before 31 October). In most congregations, the festival is marked as an occasion to remember the dead. The names of those who have died from the congregation within the last year are read during worship and a bell is tolled, a chime is played or a candle is lit for each name read. While the dead are solemnly remembered during worship on All Saints’ Sunday, the festival is ultimately a celebration of Christ’s victory over death.^{[citation needed]}

In English-speaking countries, services often include the singing of the traditional hymn «For All the Saints» by Walsham How. The most familiar tune for this hymn is Sine Nomine by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Other hymns that are popularly sung during corporate worship on this day are «I Sing a Song of the Saints of God» and «Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones».^{[citation needed]}

Halloween celebrations[edit]

Being the vigil of All Saints’ Day (All Hallows’ Day), in many countries, such as Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, Halloween is celebrated on 31 October.^[41] During the 20th century the observance largely became a secular one, although some traditional Christian groups have continued to embrace the Christian origins of Halloween whereas others have rejected such celebrations.^[42][43]

Eastern Christianity[edit]

The Eastern Orthodox Church, following the Byzantine tradition, commemorates all saints collectively on the Sunday after Pentecost, All Saints’ Sunday (Greek: Ἁγίων Πάντων, Agiōn Pantōn).

By 411, the East Syrians kept the Chaldean Calendar with a «Commemoratio Confessorum» celebrated on the Friday after Easter.^[10] The 74th homily of St. John Chrysostom from the late 4th or early 5th century marks the observance of a feast of all the martyrs on the first Sunday after Pentecost.^[25] Some scholars place the location where this sermon was delivered as Constantinople.^[44]

The Feast of All Saints achieved greater prominence in the 9th century, in the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI «the Wise» (866–911). His wife, Empress Theophano lived a devout life and, after her death, miracles occurred. Her husband built a church for her relics and intended to name it to her. He was discouraged to do so by local bishops, and instead dedicated it to «All Saints».^[45] According to tradition, it was Leo who expanded the feast from a commemoration of All Martyrs to a general commemoration of All Saints, whether martyrs or not.^{[citation needed]}

This Sunday marks the close of the Paschal season. To the normal Sunday services are added special scriptural readings and hymns to all the saints (known and unknown) from the Pentecostarion.^{[citation needed]}

In the late spring, the Sunday following Pentecost Saturday (50 days after Easter) is set aside as a commemoration of all locally venerated saints, such as «All Saints of America», «All Saints of Mount Athos», etc. The third Sunday after Pentecost may be observed for even more localised saints, such as «All Saints of St. Petersburg», or for saints of a particular type, such as «New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke».^{[citation needed]}

In addition to the Mondays mentioned above, Saturdays throughout the year are days for general commemoration of all saints, and special hymns to all saints are chanted from the Octoechos.^{[citation needed]}

Lebanon[edit]

The celebration of 1 November in Lebanon as a holiday reflects the influence of Western Catholic orders present in Lebanon and is not Maronite in origin. The traditional Maronite feast equivalent to the honor of all saints in their liturgical calendar is one of three Sundays in preparation for Lent called the Sunday of the Righteous and the Just. The following Sunday is the Sunday of the Faithful Departed (similar to All Souls’ Day in Western calendar).^{[citation needed]}

East Syriac tradition[edit]

In East Syriac tradition the All Saints Day celebration falls on the first Friday after resurrection Sunday.^[12] This is because all departed faithful are saved by the blood of Jesus and they resurrected with the Christ. Normally in east Syriac liturgy the departed souls are remembered on Friday. Church celebrates All souls’ day on Friday before the beginning of Great lent or Great Fast.^[46]

Customs[edit]

Europe[edit]

Austria and Bavaria[edit]

In Austria and Bavaria it is customary on All Saints’ Day for godfathers to give their godchildren Allerheiligenstriezel, a braided yeast pastry.^[47]

Belgium[edit]

In Belgium, Toussaint or Allerheiligen is a public holiday. Belgians visit the cemeteries to place chrysanthemums on the graves of deceased relatives on All Saints Day, since All Souls’ Day is not a holiday.^[17]

France[edit]

In France, and throughout the Francophone world, the day is known as La Toussaint. Flowers (especially chrysanthemums), or wreaths called couronnes de toussaints, are placed at each tomb or grave. The following day, 2 November (All Souls’ Day) is called Le jour des morts, the Day of the Dead.^[18] November 1st is a public holiday.

Germany[edit]

In Germany, Allerheiligen is a public holiday in five federal states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Saarland. They categorize it as a silent day (stiller Tag) when public entertainment events are only permitted if the serious character of the day is preserved.^[48][49]

Hungary[edit]

In Hungary, Mindenszentek napja (literally All Saints Day) is a national holiday which is followed by Halottak napja (Day of the Dead). On Day of the Dead people take candles and flowers (especially chrysanthemums) on the tombs or graves of all their loved ones and relatives thus many people travell around the country to distant cemeteries. People who cannot travell may lay their flowers or candles at the main calvary cross of a nearby cemetery. Since only All Saints Day is a national holiday, most people use this day to visit cemeteries and pay tribute to their passed relatives. As in the case with every national holiday in Hungary if All Saints Day happens to be a Tuesday or a Thursday then that week’s Monday or Friday is observed as a Saturday making that weekend 4 days long and one of the previous or following Saturdays is changed to a workday. Traffic in and around cemeteries are much higher than usual on these days with actual police presence.

Poland[edit]

In Poland, Dzień Wszystkich Świętych is a public holiday. Families try to gather together for both All Saints’ Day and the All Souls’ Day (Zaduszki), the official day to commemorate the departed faithful. The celebrations begin with tending to family graves and the surrounding graveyards, lighting candles and leaving flowers. 1 November is a bank holiday in Poland, while the following All Souls’ Day is not. The Zaduszki custom of honouring the dead thus corresponds with All Souls’ Day celebrations, and is much more observed in Poland than in most other places in the West.^[50]

Portugal[edit]

In Portugal, Dia de Todos os Santos is a national holiday. Families remember their dead with religious observances and visits to the cemetery. Portuguese children celebrate the Pão-por-Deus tradition (also called santorinho, bolinho or fiéis de Deus) going door-to-door, where they receive cakes, nuts, pomegranates, sweets and candies.^[19]

Spain[edit]

In Spain, el Día de Todos los Santos is a national holiday. People take flowers to the graves of dead relatives. The play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed.^[51]

Americas[edit]

Guatemala[edit]

In Guatemala, All Saints’ Day is a national holiday. On that day Guatemalans make a special meal called fiambre which is made of cold meats and vegetables; it is customary to visit cemeteries and to leave some of the fiambre for their dead. It is also customary to fly kites to help unite the dead with the living. There are festivals in towns like Santiago Sacatepéquez and Sumpango, where giant colorful kites are flown.^[52]

Mexico[edit]

All Saints’ Day in Mexico coincides with the first day of the Day of the Dead (Día de Muertos) celebration. It commemorates children who have died (Dia de los Inocentes) and the second day celebrates all deceased adults.^[53]

Philippines[edit]

Allhowtide in the Philippines is variously called «Undás» (from the Spanish Honras, meaning honours, as in «with honours»), «Todos los Santos» (Spanish, «All Saints»), and sometimes «Araw ng mga Patay / Yumao» (Tagalog, «Day of the Dead/Passed Away»), which incorporates All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day. Filipinos traditionally observe this day by visiting their family’s graves to clean and repair the tombs. Prayers for the dead are recited, while offerings are made, the most common being flowers, candles, food,^[54] and for Chinese Filipinos, incense and kim. Many also spend the day and ensuing night holding reunions at the graves with feasting and merriment.^{[citation needed]}

Pangangaluluwa and Trick-or-treat[edit]

Though Halloween is usually seen as an American influence, the country’s trick-or-treat traditions during Undas are actually much older. This tradition was derived from the pre-colonial tradition of pangangaluwa. From «káluluwâ» («spirit double»), it was a practice of early Filipinos, swathed in blankets, going from house to house, and singing as they pretended to be the spirits of ancestors. If the owner of the house failed to give biko or rice cakes to the «nangángalúluwâ», the «spirits» would play tricks (such as stealing slippers or other objects left outside the house, or run off with the family’s chickens). Pangángaluluwâ practices are still seen in some rural areas.^{[citation needed]}

Cemetery and reunion practices[edit]

During Undas, families visit the graves of loved ones. It is believed that by going to the cemetery and offering food, candles, flowers, and sometimes incense, the spirits are remembered and appeased. Contrary to common belief, this visitation practice is not an imported tradition. Prior to the use of coffins, pre-colonial Filipinos were already visiting burial caves throughout the archipelago as confirmed by research conducted by the University of the Philippines. The tradition of atang or hain is also practiced, where food and other offerings are placed at the gravesite. If the family cannot visit, a specific area in the house is set aside for ritual offerings.^{[citation needed]}

The present date of Undas, 1 November, is not a pre-colonial observance but an import from Mexico, where it is known as the Day of the Dead. Pre-colonial Filipinos preferred going to the burial caves of the departed occasionally as they believed that aswáng (monster, half-vampire, half-werewolf beings) would take the corpse of the dead if it was not properly guarded. Watching over the body of the dead is called «paglalamay». However, in some communities, this paglalamay tradition is non-existent and is replaced by other pre-colonial traditions unique to each community.^{[citation needed]}

Undas is also seen as a family holiday, where members living elsewhere to their hometowns to visit ancestral graves. Family members are expected to remain beside the grave for the entire day and socialize with each other to strengthen ties. In some cases, family members going to graves may exceed one hundred people. Fighting in any form is taboo during Undas.^{[citation needed]}

Role of children[edit]

Children are allowed to play with melted candles left at tombs, which they form into wax balls. The round balls symbolize the affirmation that everything goes back to where it began, as the living will return to dust from whence it came. In some cases, families also light candles by the front door, their number equivalent to the number of departed loved ones. It is believed that the lights aid the spirits and guide them to the afterlife.^[55][56][57]

Holidays[edit]

1 November is a fixed date public holiday in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, East Timor, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Martinique, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Togo, the Vatican and Venezuela.

In Belgium, all Sundays are public holidays; should All Saints fall on a Sunday, then a replacement day on a weekday of choice is given. In Monaco, if it falls on a Sunday, the next day is a statutory holiday.

In Sweden, an All Saints public holiday falls on the Saturday during the period between 31 October and 6 November, with a half-holiday the day before. Both in Finland and Estonia, the All Saints public holiday was moved from a fixed date of 1 November to a public holiday on the Saturday during the period between 31 October and 6 November. In the Åland Islands the first Saturday of November is an All Saints public holiday.

In Montenegro, All Saints’ Day is considered a Roman Catholic holiday and is a non-working day for that religious community. In Bosnia and Herzegovina it’s a public holiday in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only.

In Germany All Saints’ is a designated quiet day in states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland. Similarly in Switzerland the following 15 out of 26 cantons have All Saints as a public holiday: Aargau, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Fribourg, Glarus, Jura, Luzern, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Saint Gallen, Solothurn, Schwyz, Ticino, Uri, Valais, and Zug.

Although the European Commission does not set public holidays for its member states, 1 November is a public holiday for the employees of the institutions of the European Union.

In the Philippines, where there are two types of public holidays, All Saints’ Day is a fixed date, special holiday.

In India, All Saints Day is considered a public holiday in the state of Karnataka and a Christian religious holiday throughout the country, which means it is often a common addition to the list of paid holidays at the discretion of the employer, for those that wish to observe. It also happens to coincide with several state foundation days that fall on 1 November in several states: Karnataka Rajyotsava in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh Day in Andhra Pradesh, Haryana Foundation Day in Haryana,
Madhya Pradesh Foundation Day in Madhya Pradesh, Kerala Foundation Day in Kerala and the Chhattisgarh Foundation Day in Chhattisgarh.

In Bolivia All Saints is a public holiday on 2 November, unlike most other countries which celebrate All Souls’ Day on that date.

In Antigua and Barbuda, 1 November falls on Independence Day, in Algeria on Revolution Day and in the US Virgin Islands on Liberty Day.

See also[edit]

• 1755 Lisbon earthquake which occurred on this day and had a great effect on society and philosophy
• Dziady
• Irish calendar
• Litany of the Saints
• Veneration of the dead

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

Attribution

Further reading[edit]

• Langgärtner, Georg. «All Saints’ Day». In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 41. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0802824137.

External links[edit]

All Saints’ Day
The Forerunners of Christ with Saints and Martyrs by Fra Angelico
Also called	All Hallows’ Day Hallowmas Feast of All Saints Feast of All Hallows Solemnity of All Saints
Observed by	Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Lutheran Churches[1] Anglican Communion Methodist Churches[2] Church of the Nazarene Reformed Churches Philippine Independent Church Other Christian denominations
Liturgical color	White (Western Christianity) Green (Eastern Christianity)
Type	Christian
Observances	Church services, praying for the dead, visiting cemeteries
Date	1 November (Western Christianity) Sunday after Pentecost (Eastern Christianity)
Frequency	annual
Related to	Saints Allhallowtide (Hallowe’en 31 October, All Souls’ Day 2 November) Day of the Dead Totensonntag

All Saints’ Day, also known as All Hallows’ Day,^[3] the Feast of All Saints,^[4][5] the Feast of All Hallows,^[6] the Solemnity of All Saints,^[6] and Hallowmas,^[6][7] is a Christian solemnity celebrated in honour of all the saints of the church, whether they are known or unknown.^[7][8][9]

From the 4th century, feasts commemorating all Christian martyrs were held in various places,^[3] on various dates near Easter and Pentecost. In the 9th century, some churches in the British Isles began holding the commemoration of all saints on 1 November, and in the 9th century this was extended to the whole Catholic Church by Pope Gregory IV.^[10]

In Western Christianity, it is still celebrated on 1 November by the Roman Catholic Church as well as many Protestant churches, as the Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist traditions.^[7] The Eastern Orthodox Church and associated Eastern Catholic and Eastern Lutheran churches celebrate it on the first Sunday after Pentecost.^[11] The Syro-Malabar Church and the Chaldean Catholic Church, both of whom are in communion with Rome, as well as the Church of the East celebrate All Saints’ Day on the first Friday after Easter Sunday.^[12] In the Coptic Orthodox tradition, All Saints’ Day is on Nayrouz, celebrated on 11 September. The day is both the start of the Coptic new year and its first month, Thout.^[13]

Liturgical celebrations[edit]

In the Western Christian practice, the liturgical celebration begins with its first Vespers on the evening of 31 October, All Hallows’ Eve (All Saints’ Eve), and ends at the compline of 1 November. It is thus the day before All Souls’ Day, which commemorates the faithful departed. In many traditions, All Saints’ Day is part of the season of Allhallowtide, which includes the three days from 31 October to 2 November inclusive, and in some denominations, such as Anglicanism, extends to Remembrance Sunday.^[14][15][3] In places where All Saints’ Day is observed as a public holiday but All Souls’ Day is not, cemetery and grave rituals such as offerings of flowers, candles and prayers or blessings for the graves of loved ones often take place on All Saints Day.^{[16][17][18][19]} In Austria and Germany, godparents gift their godchildren Allerheiligenstriezel (All Saint’s Braid) on All Saint’s Day,^[20] while the practice of souling remains popular in Portugal.^[21] It is a national holiday in many Christian countries.

The Christian celebration of All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day stems from a belief that there is a powerful spiritual bond between those in heaven (the «Church triumphant»), the living (the «Church militant»), and the «Church penitent» which includes the faithful departed. In Catholic theology, the day commemorates all those who have attained the beatific vision in Heaven. In Methodist theology, All Saints Day revolves around «giving God solemn thanks for the lives and deaths of his saints», including those who are «famous or obscure».^[22] As such, individuals throughout the Church Universal are honoured, such as Paul the Apostle, Augustine of Hippo and John Wesley, in addition to individuals who have personally led one to faith in Jesus, such as one’s grandmother or friend.^[22]

Western Christianity[edit]

The holiday of All Saints’ Day falls on 1 November, is followed by All Souls’ Day on 2 November. It is a Solemnity in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, a Festival in the Lutheran Churches, and a Principal Feast of the Anglican Communion.

History[edit]

From the 4th century, there existed in certain places and at sporadic intervals a feast day to commemorate all Christian martyrs.^[23] It was held on 13 May in Edessa, the Sunday after Pentecost in Antioch, and the Friday after Easter by the Syrians.^[24] During the 5th century, St. Maximus of Turin preached annually on the Sunday after Pentecost in honor of all martyrs in what is today northern Italy. The Comes of Würzburg, the earliest existing ecclesiastical reading list, dating to the late 6th or early 7th century in what is today Germany, lists this the Sunday after Pentecost as dominica in natale sanctorum («Sunday of the Nativity of the Saints»). By this time, the commemoration had expanded to include all saints, martyred or not.^[25]

On 13 May 609 or 610, Pope Boniface IV consecrated the Pantheon at Rome to the Blessed Virgin Mary and all the martyrs, ordering an anniversary;^[10] the feast of dedicatio Sanctae Mariae ad Martyres has been celebrated at Rome ever since. It is suggested 13 May was chosen by the Pope and earlier by Christians in Edessa because it was the date of the Roman pagan festival of Lemuria, in which malevolent and restless spirits of the dead were propitiated. Some liturgiologists base the idea that Lemuria was the origin of All Saints on their identical dates and their similar theme of «all the dead».^[a]

Pope Gregory III (731–741) dedicated an oratory in Old St. Peter’s Basilica to the relics «of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors, of all the just made perfect who are at rest throughout the world».^[26] Some sources say Gregory III dedicated the oratory on 1 November, and this is why the date became All Saints’ Day.^[27] Other sources say Gregory III held a synod to condemn iconoclasm on 1 November 731, but dedicated the All Saints oratory on Palm Sunday, 12 April 732.^{[28][29][30][31]}

By 800, there is evidence that churches in Ireland,^[32] Northumbria (England) and Bavaria (Germany) were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.^[33] Some manuscripts of the Irish Martyrology of Tallaght and Martyrology of Óengus, which date to this time, have a commemoration of all saints of the world on 1 November.^[34][25] In the late 790s, Alcuin of Northumbria recommended holding the feast on 1 November to his friend, Arno of Salzburg in Bavaria.^[35][36] Alcuin then used his influence with Charlemagne to introduce the Irish-Northumbrian Feast of All Saints to the Frankish Kingdom.^[37]

Some scholars propose that churches in the British Isles began celebrating All Saints on 1 November in the 8th century to coincide with or replace the Celtic festival known in Ireland and Scotland as Samhain. James Frazer represents this school of thought by arguing that 1 November was chosen because Samhain was the date of the Celtic festival of the dead.^[38][27][39] Ronald Hutton argues instead that the earliest documentary sources indicate Samhain was a harvest festival with no particular ritual connections to the dead. Hutton proposes that 1 November was a Germanic rather than a Celtic idea.^[33]

The 1 November All Saints Day was made a day of obligation throughout the Frankish Empire in 835, by a decree of Emperor Louis the Pious, issued «at the instance of Pope Gregory IV and with the assent of all the bishops»,^[26] which confirmed its celebration on 1 November. Under the rule of Charlemagne and his successors, the Frankish Empire developed into the Holy Roman Empire.

Sicard of Cremona, a scholar who lived in the 12th and 13th centuries, proposed that Pope Gregory VII (1073–85) suppressed the feast of 13 May in favour of 1 November. By the 12th century, 13 May had been deleted from liturgical books.^[25]

The All Saints octave was added by Pope Sixtus IV (1471–84).^[26] Both the All Saints vigil and the octave were suppressed by the Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII in 1955.^[25]

Protestant observances[edit]

The festival was retained after the Reformation in the liturgical calendars of the Lutheran Churches and the Anglican Church.^[26] In the Lutheran churches, such as the Church of Sweden, it assumes a role of general commemoration of the dead. In the Swedish calendar, the observance takes place on the Saturday between 31 October and 6 November. In many Lutheran Churches, it is moved to the first Sunday of November. In the Church of England, mother church of the Anglican Communion, it is a Principal Feast and may be celebrated either on 1 November or on the Sunday between 30 October and 5 November. It is also celebrated by other Protestants, such as the United Church of Canada and various Methodist connexions.^[40]

Protestants generally commemorate all Christians, living and deceased, on All Saints’ Day; if they observe All Saints Day at all, they use it to remember all Christians both past and present. In the United Methodist Church, All Saints’ Day is celebrated on the first Sunday in November. It is held, not only to remember Saints, but also to remember all those who have died who were members of the local church congregation. In some congregations, a candle is lit by the Acolyte as each person’s name is called out by the clergy. Prayers and responsive readings may accompany the event. Often, the names of those who have died in the past year are affixed to a memorial plaque.^{[citation needed]}

In many Lutheran churches, All Saints’ Day is celebrated the Sunday after Reformation is celebrated (the date for Reformation is 31 October, so Reformation Sunday is celebrated on or before 31 October). In most congregations, the festival is marked as an occasion to remember the dead. The names of those who have died from the congregation within the last year are read during worship and a bell is tolled, a chime is played or a candle is lit for each name read. While the dead are solemnly remembered during worship on All Saints’ Sunday, the festival is ultimately a celebration of Christ’s victory over death.^{[citation needed]}

In English-speaking countries, services often include the singing of the traditional hymn «For All the Saints» by Walsham How. The most familiar tune for this hymn is Sine Nomine by Ralph Vaughan Williams. Other hymns that are popularly sung during corporate worship on this day are «I Sing a Song of the Saints of God» and «Ye Watchers and Ye Holy Ones».^{[citation needed]}

Halloween celebrations[edit]

Being the vigil of All Saints’ Day (All Hallows’ Day), in many countries, such as Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, Halloween is celebrated on 31 October.^[41] During the 20th century the observance largely became a secular one, although some traditional Christian groups have continued to embrace the Christian origins of Halloween whereas others have rejected such celebrations.^[42][43]

Eastern Christianity[edit]

The Eastern Orthodox Church, following the Byzantine tradition, commemorates all saints collectively on the Sunday after Pentecost, All Saints’ Sunday (Greek: Ἁγίων Πάντων, Agiōn Pantōn).

By 411, the East Syrians kept the Chaldean Calendar with a «Commemoratio Confessorum» celebrated on the Friday after Easter.^[10] The 74th homily of St. John Chrysostom from the late 4th or early 5th century marks the observance of a feast of all the martyrs on the first Sunday after Pentecost.^[25] Some scholars place the location where this sermon was delivered as Constantinople.^[44]

The Feast of All Saints achieved greater prominence in the 9th century, in the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI «the Wise» (866–911). His wife, Empress Theophano lived a devout life and, after her death, miracles occurred. Her husband built a church for her relics and intended to name it to her. He was discouraged to do so by local bishops, and instead dedicated it to «All Saints».^[45] According to tradition, it was Leo who expanded the feast from a commemoration of All Martyrs to a general commemoration of All Saints, whether martyrs or not.^{[citation needed]}

This Sunday marks the close of the Paschal season. To the normal Sunday services are added special scriptural readings and hymns to all the saints (known and unknown) from the Pentecostarion.^{[citation needed]}

In the late spring, the Sunday following Pentecost Saturday (50 days after Easter) is set aside as a commemoration of all locally venerated saints, such as «All Saints of America», «All Saints of Mount Athos», etc. The third Sunday after Pentecost may be observed for even more localised saints, such as «All Saints of St. Petersburg», or for saints of a particular type, such as «New Martyrs of the Turkish Yoke».^{[citation needed]}

In addition to the Mondays mentioned above, Saturdays throughout the year are days for general commemoration of all saints, and special hymns to all saints are chanted from the Octoechos.^{[citation needed]}

Lebanon[edit]

The celebration of 1 November in Lebanon as a holiday reflects the influence of Western Catholic orders present in Lebanon and is not Maronite in origin. The traditional Maronite feast equivalent to the honor of all saints in their liturgical calendar is one of three Sundays in preparation for Lent called the Sunday of the Righteous and the Just. The following Sunday is the Sunday of the Faithful Departed (similar to All Souls’ Day in Western calendar).^{[citation needed]}

East Syriac tradition[edit]

In East Syriac tradition the All Saints Day celebration falls on the first Friday after resurrection Sunday.^[12] This is because all departed faithful are saved by the blood of Jesus and they resurrected with the Christ. Normally in east Syriac liturgy the departed souls are remembered on Friday. Church celebrates All souls’ day on Friday before the beginning of Great lent or Great Fast.^[46]

Customs[edit]

Europe[edit]

Austria and Bavaria[edit]

In Austria and Bavaria it is customary on All Saints’ Day for godfathers to give their godchildren Allerheiligenstriezel, a braided yeast pastry.^[47]

Belgium[edit]

In Belgium, Toussaint or Allerheiligen is a public holiday. Belgians visit the cemeteries to place chrysanthemums on the graves of deceased relatives on All Saints Day, since All Souls’ Day is not a holiday.^[17]

France[edit]

In France, and throughout the Francophone world, the day is known as La Toussaint. Flowers (especially chrysanthemums), or wreaths called couronnes de toussaints, are placed at each tomb or grave. The following day, 2 November (All Souls’ Day) is called Le jour des morts, the Day of the Dead.^[18] November 1st is a public holiday.

Germany[edit]

In Germany, Allerheiligen is a public holiday in five federal states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bayern, Rheinland-Pfalz, Nordrhein-Westfalen and Saarland. They categorize it as a silent day (stiller Tag) when public entertainment events are only permitted if the serious character of the day is preserved.^[48][49]

Hungary[edit]

In Hungary, Mindenszentek napja (literally All Saints Day) is a national holiday which is followed by Halottak napja (Day of the Dead). On Day of the Dead people take candles and flowers (especially chrysanthemums) on the tombs or graves of all their loved ones and relatives thus many people travell around the country to distant cemeteries. People who cannot travell may lay their flowers or candles at the main calvary cross of a nearby cemetery. Since only All Saints Day is a national holiday, most people use this day to visit cemeteries and pay tribute to their passed relatives. As in the case with every national holiday in Hungary if All Saints Day happens to be a Tuesday or a Thursday then that week’s Monday or Friday is observed as a Saturday making that weekend 4 days long and one of the previous or following Saturdays is changed to a workday. Traffic in and around cemeteries are much higher than usual on these days with actual police presence.

Poland[edit]

In Poland, Dzień Wszystkich Świętych is a public holiday. Families try to gather together for both All Saints’ Day and the All Souls’ Day (Zaduszki), the official day to commemorate the departed faithful. The celebrations begin with tending to family graves and the surrounding graveyards, lighting candles and leaving flowers. 1 November is a bank holiday in Poland, while the following All Souls’ Day is not. The Zaduszki custom of honouring the dead thus corresponds with All Souls’ Day celebrations, and is much more observed in Poland than in most other places in the West.^[50]

Portugal[edit]

In Portugal, Dia de Todos os Santos is a national holiday. Families remember their dead with religious observances and visits to the cemetery. Portuguese children celebrate the Pão-por-Deus tradition (also called santorinho, bolinho or fiéis de Deus) going door-to-door, where they receive cakes, nuts, pomegranates, sweets and candies.^[19]

Spain[edit]

In Spain, el Día de Todos los Santos is a national holiday. People take flowers to the graves of dead relatives. The play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed.^[51]

Americas[edit]

Guatemala[edit]

In Guatemala, All Saints’ Day is a national holiday. On that day Guatemalans make a special meal called fiambre which is made of cold meats and vegetables; it is customary to visit cemeteries and to leave some of the fiambre for their dead. It is also customary to fly kites to help unite the dead with the living. There are festivals in towns like Santiago Sacatepéquez and Sumpango, where giant colorful kites are flown.^[52]

Mexico[edit]

All Saints’ Day in Mexico coincides with the first day of the Day of the Dead (Día de Muertos) celebration. It commemorates children who have died (Dia de los Inocentes) and the second day celebrates all deceased adults.^[53]

Philippines[edit]

Allhowtide in the Philippines is variously called «Undás» (from the Spanish Honras, meaning honours, as in «with honours»), «Todos los Santos» (Spanish, «All Saints»), and sometimes «Araw ng mga Patay / Yumao» (Tagalog, «Day of the Dead/Passed Away»), which incorporates All Saints’ Day and All Souls’ Day. Filipinos traditionally observe this day by visiting their family’s graves to clean and repair the tombs. Prayers for the dead are recited, while offerings are made, the most common being flowers, candles, food,^[54] and for Chinese Filipinos, incense and kim. Many also spend the day and ensuing night holding reunions at the graves with feasting and merriment.^{[citation needed]}

Pangangaluluwa and Trick-or-treat[edit]

Though Halloween is usually seen as an American influence, the country’s trick-or-treat traditions during Undas are actually much older. This tradition was derived from the pre-colonial tradition of pangangaluwa. From «káluluwâ» («spirit double»), it was a practice of early Filipinos, swathed in blankets, going from house to house, and singing as they pretended to be the spirits of ancestors. If the owner of the house failed to give biko or rice cakes to the «nangángalúluwâ», the «spirits» would play tricks (such as stealing slippers or other objects left outside the house, or run off with the family’s chickens). Pangángaluluwâ practices are still seen in some rural areas.^{[citation needed]}

Cemetery and reunion practices[edit]

During Undas, families visit the graves of loved ones. It is believed that by going to the cemetery and offering food, candles, flowers, and sometimes incense, the spirits are remembered and appeased. Contrary to common belief, this visitation practice is not an imported tradition. Prior to the use of coffins, pre-colonial Filipinos were already visiting burial caves throughout the archipelago as confirmed by research conducted by the University of the Philippines. The tradition of atang or hain is also practiced, where food and other offerings are placed at the gravesite. If the family cannot visit, a specific area in the house is set aside for ritual offerings.^{[citation needed]}

The present date of Undas, 1 November, is not a pre-colonial observance but an import from Mexico, where it is known as the Day of the Dead. Pre-colonial Filipinos preferred going to the burial caves of the departed occasionally as they believed that aswáng (monster, half-vampire, half-werewolf beings) would take the corpse of the dead if it was not properly guarded. Watching over the body of the dead is called «paglalamay». However, in some communities, this paglalamay tradition is non-existent and is replaced by other pre-colonial traditions unique to each community.^{[citation needed]}

Undas is also seen as a family holiday, where members living elsewhere to their hometowns to visit ancestral graves. Family members are expected to remain beside the grave for the entire day and socialize with each other to strengthen ties. In some cases, family members going to graves may exceed one hundred people. Fighting in any form is taboo during Undas.^{[citation needed]}

Role of children[edit]

Children are allowed to play with melted candles left at tombs, which they form into wax balls. The round balls symbolize the affirmation that everything goes back to where it began, as the living will return to dust from whence it came. In some cases, families also light candles by the front door, their number equivalent to the number of departed loved ones. It is believed that the lights aid the spirits and guide them to the afterlife.^[55][56][57]

Holidays[edit]

1 November is a fixed date public holiday in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Congo, Croatia, East Timor, France, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gabon, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Ivory Coast, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Martinique, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Togo, the Vatican and Venezuela.

In Belgium, all Sundays are public holidays; should All Saints fall on a Sunday, then a replacement day on a weekday of choice is given. In Monaco, if it falls on a Sunday, the next day is a statutory holiday.

In Sweden, an All Saints public holiday falls on the Saturday during the period between 31 October and 6 November, with a half-holiday the day before. Both in Finland and Estonia, the All Saints public holiday was moved from a fixed date of 1 November to a public holiday on the Saturday during the period between 31 October and 6 November. In the Åland Islands the first Saturday of November is an All Saints public holiday.

In Montenegro, All Saints’ Day is considered a Roman Catholic holiday and is a non-working day for that religious community. In Bosnia and Herzegovina it’s a public holiday in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only.

In Germany All Saints’ is a designated quiet day in states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland. Similarly in Switzerland the following 15 out of 26 cantons have All Saints as a public holiday: Aargau, Appenzell Innerrhoden, Fribourg, Glarus, Jura, Luzern, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Saint Gallen, Solothurn, Schwyz, Ticino, Uri, Valais, and Zug.

Although the European Commission does not set public holidays for its member states, 1 November is a public holiday for the employees of the institutions of the European Union.

In the Philippines, where there are two types of public holidays, All Saints’ Day is a fixed date, special holiday.

In India, All Saints Day is considered a public holiday in the state of Karnataka and a Christian religious holiday throughout the country, which means it is often a common addition to the list of paid holidays at the discretion of the employer, for those that wish to observe. It also happens to coincide with several state foundation days that fall on 1 November in several states: Karnataka Rajyotsava in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh Day in Andhra Pradesh, Haryana Foundation Day in Haryana,
Madhya Pradesh Foundation Day in Madhya Pradesh, Kerala Foundation Day in Kerala and the Chhattisgarh Foundation Day in Chhattisgarh.

In Bolivia All Saints is a public holiday on 2 November, unlike most other countries which celebrate All Souls’ Day on that date.

In Antigua and Barbuda, 1 November falls on Independence Day, in Algeria on Revolution Day and in the US Virgin Islands on Liberty Day.

See also[edit]

• 1755 Lisbon earthquake which occurred on this day and had a great effect on society and philosophy
• Dziady
• Irish calendar
• Litany of the Saints
• Veneration of the dead

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Citations[edit]

Sources[edit]

Attribution

Further reading[edit]

• Langgärtner, Georg. «All Saints’ Day». In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 41. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. ISBN 0802824137.

External links[edit]

Приблизительное время чтения: 7 мин.

Воскресенье – выходной день, который каждый христианин посвящает Богу и Его делам, в первую очередь – посещению храма. В этот день мы откладываем прочие дела, чтобы участвовать в литургии.

В проекте «Готовимся к воскресенью» мы стараемся помочь вам осознанно прийти в Церковь, заранее изучить традиции и особенности богослужения, познакомиться с отрывком из священного Писания и его толкованиями, а также с краткими житиями святых, поминаемых Церковью в воскресенье, 1 ноября.

Воскресенье, 1 ноября 2020 года

В первый день и первое воскресенье ноября Церковь особенно выделяет древнего святого — мученика Уара, память которого также совершаем сегодня, за его молитву об умерших некрещеными. Самым новым праздником 1 ноября является собор Архангельских святых, установленный в 2018 году.

Мы вспоминаем не только нескольких мучеников за веру, но и обращаемся в молитве к нашим почитаемым заступникам, родившимся 1 ноября в разные годы: благоверный царевич Димитрий (1582), праведный Иоанн Кронштадтский (1829), преподобномученица Елисавета Федоровна (Романова) (1844).

Подробнее о молитве за некрещеных читайте здесь:

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Перенесение мощей преподобного Иоанна Рыльского

Доступный для детей рассказ о святом покровителе Болгарии и России слушайте в проекте «Вопросы Веры и Фомы».

Краткое житие святого слушайте на радио «Вера».

Пророк Иоиль (несколько веков до Рождества Христова)

Основные сведения о жизни и предсказаниях «пророка разрушения» читайте в нашем материале «Иоиль, очевидец нашествия».

Краткие перечень основных пророчеств Иоиля слушайте на радио «Вера».

Мученик Уар Египетский и с ним семи учителей христианских (около 307), блаженная Клеопатра (327) и сын ее святой Иоанн (320)

Современный пересказ жития покровителя умерших некрещеными, а также блаженной Клеопатры и ее сына читайте в нашем материале «Мученик Уар».

Пояснения о молитве мученику Уару и ответы священников о том, как молиться о близких, умерших некрещеными, вы найдете в нашем материале «Некрещеные умершие».

Краткое житие блаженной Клеопатры и сына ее Иоанна слушайте на радио «Вера».

Священномученик Садок, епископ Персидский, и с ним 128 мучеников (342)

Однажды епископ Персидский Садок увидел сон, в котором его предшественник святой Симеон стоял в великой славе на вершине лестницы, касавшейся небес: «Взойди ко мне, Садок, и не бойся — я вчера взошел, а ты взойди сегодня». Вскоре гонитель христиан царь Сапор приказал арестовать пастыря и вместе с ним 128 верующих христиан (среди них 9 дев). Несколько месяцев их пытали, принуждая отречься от Христа, но, не добившись этого, казнили.

Собор святых Архангельской митрополии

В этом году Церковь в третий раз отмечает Собор святых Архангельской митрополии — вспоминает 91 угодника Божия: 29 святых XIV-XVIII веков и 62 новомученика XX века. Святейший Патриарх Московский и всея Руси Кирилл утвердил празднование в 2018 году. Несколько лет епархиальная комиссия по канонизации святых готовила материалы к утверждению нового праздника. Дата выбрана не случайно: 1 ноября — день рождения праведного Иоанна Кронштадтского и канун дня памяти святого отрока Артемия Веркольского. Именно эти святые считаются самыми знаменитыми небесными покровителями Архангельской земли.

Новомученики и исповедники Российские

Священномученик Сергий Покровский (5 сентября 1880 — 1 ноября 1937)

«– Вы состояли тайным агентом и потому не были отданы под суд за свою революционную в то время работу. Признаете ли вы это? – спросил отца Сергия следователь на допросе в августе 1937.

– Это я отрицаю. Нигде и никогда я не состоял тайным агентом. Не был я отдан под суд благодаря защите своего школьного товарища, сына пристава.»

Жизненный путь будущего священномученика был нетипичным — несколько лет он был в партии эсеров. Но после принятия сана и начала служения вышел из партии и посвятил Церкви 30 лет, вплоть до мученичества за веру.

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Нестроения в Калужской семинарии, в которой обучался Сергей Николаевич, сын псаломщика, продолжались несколько лет: беспорядки среди учащихся, неподчинение начальству, тайные собрания кружков социалистической направленности в лесу, в пивных и на частных квартирах. После окончании семинарии в 1904 году Сергей Николаевич трудился учителем в деревне, а с 1905 года пропагандировал среди крестьян и учителей за партию эсеров, распространял литературу и едва не оказался в тюрьме. Один из школьных просветительских спектаклей в ноябре 1905 года едва не кончился беспорядком — столь бурно выражали недовольство царским строем собравшиеся. От следствия и ареста учителя спасло письмо к знакомому сыну пристава: тот уговорил не арестовывать и дело было замято.

В 1907 году Сергей Николаевич был рукоположен во священника ко храму, в 1908 году он вышел из партии. Дальнейшую жизнь посвятил служению Богу и пастве в храме села Никитское Медынского уезда Калужской губернии. В любую погоду и в любое время суток он шел исполнять требы, часто служил и всегда проповедовал. Когда начались гонения, отца Сергия принуждали отказаться от сана, обещая сохранить жизнь. В Медыне в то время пострадало значительно больше священников, чем в других местах Калужской земли. И отец Сергий понимал, что ему предстоит.

В 1937 году священника арестовали. На допросах его обвиняли в контрреволюционной работе при храме, в участии в восстании в 1918 году, в антиколхозной агитации, восхвалении Гитлера и фашистской Германии. Он отказался признать обвинения и был приговорен к расстрелу. Протоиерей Сергий Покровский был расстрелян в городе Медынь 1 ноября 1937 года и погребен в безвестной могиле.

После ареста священника и его мученической кончины прихожане не оставили без помощи его детей-сирот несмотря на опасность быть обвиненными в сочувствии к «врагам»: приносили продукты чаще всего ночью, делились последним куском хлеба.

По информации районной газеты Медыни «Заря», в 2017 году в память о своем деде внучка отца Сергия, Лариса Александровна Томшина, провела реконструкцию его дома. В день освящения на доме была прикреплена памятная доска. Жители села Никитское стоят часовню на месте храма, где служил священномученик Сергий Покровский.

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Особенности православного богослужения

Масса недоумений возникает у тех, кто впервые решился с детьми участвовать в главном таинстве нашей Церкви. Как готовиться к причастию ребенку? Какие молитвы нужно прочитать? Возможно ли соблюсти все требования беременным или кормящим мамам? Ответы опытных священников на несколько самых популярных вопросов в нашем материале «Как подготовиться к причастию?»

Чтение Евангелия:

Евангелие от Луки, глава 8, стихи 5 — 15

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Комментирует священник Павел (Великанов)

Апостольское чтение:

Послание Апостола Павла к галатам, глава 2, стих 16 — 20

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Комментирует священник Дмитрий (Барицкий)

Последний осенний месяц многим кажется особенно пасмурным и унылым, а последние силы расходаются на соблюдение карантина и борьбу с печально известным вирусом. Накануне воскресного дня делимся с вами актуальными размышлениями верующих о духовной жизни в условиях пандемии.

• Несколько практических советов о том, как преодолеть страх на пути в храм, в ответах протоиерея Сергия Тишкуна, исполняющего обязанности настоятеля храма Рождества Пресвятой Богородицы в Крылатском: «Некоторые боятся идти в храм после карантина. Это оправданный страх?»

• Разве не трусость беречься от болезней и других напастей?

• Как вернуться к церковной жизни после карантина, если это дается с трудом? — отвечают опытные священники России.

Редакция «Фомы» желает вам доброго воскресного дня в храме!

В первое воскресенье после дня Святой Троицы Православная Церковь празднует день Всех Святых. Подробнее об этом Вы сможете узнать, прочитав нашу статью.

День Всех Святых

Все Святые неслучайно вспоминаются через неделю после Троицы – на Троицу была установлена Церковь, это день ее рождения, посажен росток в землю. И вот мы видим, каким ярким цветом расцвел посаженный цветок – святые мученики и исповедники, преподобные и пророки, юродивые и святители. День Всех Святых соединен с первым воскресением после Пятидесятницы, этим показывается, что святость – это плод Духа Святого. Этот плод созрел не в каких-то полубогах, великанах или инопланетянах, а обычных людях, сделанных из того же теста, что и мы с вами.

Святые почитались с самых ранних веков христианства. Вначале это были апостолы, а затем мученики, принявшие смерть, но не отрекшиеся от веры. За ним последовало почитание выдающихся церковных деятелей, прославившихся дарами Святого Духа (все мы знаем самого почитаемого у нас святителя Николая Чудотворца). С укреплением христианства начали чтить благоверных правителей и правительниц (таковыми были благоверный князь Александр Невский, сын его Даниил Московский, святой покровитель столицы) и преподобных монахов (таких как Сергий Радонежский и Серафим Саровский).

Сколько всего святых в христианстве – неизвестно. Жития и описания святых не вмещаются в самые толстые тома Четьих–Миней, о подвиге тысяч никогда не будет известно… Мы не узнаем о мучениках первых веков христианской Церкви, разорванных дикими зверями на арене цирка за веру в Христа, сокрытыми от нас останутся имена подвижников и монахов, живших в удалении от мира и так горячо молившихся за мир, не счесть и имен верующих, расстрелянных в годы безбожия в лагерях.

История Дня Всех Святых

Праздник известен с конца IV — начала V веков. Существует проповедь Иоанна Златоуста на память «всех святых, по всему миру пострадавших», в которой уже указывается день празднования, аналогичный существующему в настоящее время. Среди песнопений Ефрема Сирина есть упоминание о праздновании в честь всех святых 13 мая.

Сирийский Лекционарий указывает пятницу после Пасхи как день празднования всех святых. Иерусалимская соборная практика V-VII веков, реконструированная по грузинскому переводу Лекционария, содержала праздники в честь всех мучеников (22 января) и в честь «всех апостолов и всех святых, принявших их учение» (16 апреля).

Студийский, а затем и Иерусалимский Типиконы окончательно помещают праздник в честь всех святых на первую неделю (воскресение) после Пятидесятницы. Такая последовательность праздников обнаруживает их логическую связь: святые просияли хоть и в разное время и различными подвигами, но по благодати единого Святого Духа, излившегося на Церковь в день Пятидесятницы.

Богослужение на День Всех Святых

В годовом богослужебном круге Православной Церкви день Всех Святых является пограничным: заканчивается период использования за богослужением песнопений Цветной Триоди и начинается период пения Октоиха.

На утрене дня Всех Святых начинается чтение «столпа» — последовательности 11 воскресных Евангелий, рассказывающих о Воскресении Христовом. На вечерне праздника читаются три паремии, содержащие ветхозаветные указания на славу святых: Ис.43:9-14 — святые названы свидетелями и благовестниками Божественного спасения («Мои свидетели, говорит Господь, вы и раб Мой, которого Я избрал»); Прем.3:1-9 — святые, хоть и уничиженные на земле, прославлены Богом («А души праведных в руке Божией, и мучение не коснется их. В глазах неразумных они казались умершими, и исход их считался погибелью, и отшествие от нас — уничтожением; но они пребывают в мире»); Прем.5:15 — 6:3 — святые восторжествуют в день пришествия Господня («Праведники живут во веки; награда их — в Господе, и попечение о них — у Вышнего. Посему они получат царство славы и венец красоты от руки Господа, ибо Он покроет их десницею и защитит их мышцею»).

Читающийся на литургии отрывок из Послания к Евреям (Евр.11:33 -12:2) прославляет ветхозаветных праведников и называет их «облаком свидетелей», а составное евангельское чтение (Мф.10:32-33, Мф.10:37-38, Мф.19:27-30) указывает на необходимые признаки святости («Кто исповедает Меня пред людьми, того исповедаю и Я пред Отцем Моим Небесным… Кто не берет креста своего и следует за Мною, тот не достоин Меня… Всякий, кто оставит домы, или братьев, или сестер, или отца, или мать, или жену, или детей, или земли, ради имени Моего, получит во сто крат и наследует жизнь вечную»).

Гимнография праздника изобилует поэтическими оборотами: святые называются «непрелестными светилами» (канон утрени, песнь 3), «божественным облаком» (там же, песнь 6), «начатками естества» (кондак), «терпеливодушными» (стихира на литии); их кровью Церковь украшается «багряницею и виссом» (тропарь); они «уясняют церковное небо» (канон утрени, песнь 8), «добродетелей светлостью» делают землю небом (стихира на хвалитех).

Тропарь Всем Святым

Иже во всем мире мученик Твоих, / яко багряницею и виссом, / кровьми церковь Твоя украсившися, / теми вопиет Ти, Христе Боже: / людем Твоим щедроты Твоя низпосли, / мир жительству Твоему даруй / и душам нашим велию милость.

Кондак Всех Святых

глас 8

Яко начатки естества, Насадителю твари,/ вселенная приносит Ти, Господи, богоносныя мученики,/ тех молитвами в мире глубоце// Церковь Твою, жительство Твое Богородицею соблюди, Многомилостиве.

Иконы

Вы прочитали статью День Всех Святых: история, богослужение, иконы. Читайте также:

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Православная церковь 1 ноября почитает память Иоанна Кронштатского и священномученика Садока — небесного покровителя умерших без покаяния. В народе этот день называли Ивановым.

Иоанн Кронштадтский

Преподобный Иоанн Кронштадтский родился в 1829 году в Архангельской губернии, и в его роду было много священнослужителей. Мальчик был слабым и болезненным, но после крещения окреп и стал расти здоровым.

По церковному преданию, еще в детстве к Иоанну явился ангел, который успокоил ребенка и сообщил ему, что будет оберегать его до конца дней.

Отец мальчика был псаломщиком в местной церкви, поэтому Иоанн часто посещал храм и знакомился с богослужением. В возрасте девяти лет мальчика отдали в Архангельское приходское училище. Сначала обучение давалось ему нелегко, но позже он стал одним из лучших учеников и, став юношей, отправился в Санкт-Петербургскую духовную академию, после окончания которой он хотел принять монашество. Но в итоге обстоятельства сложились иначе, и он остался в столице. Иоанн отправился в Кронштадт, где помогал бедным и обездоленным.

На 26-м году жизни Иоанн был рукоположен в священники в Андреевском соборе, в котором он прослужил 53 года до своей смерти в 1908 году.

Иоанн мог возвращать к праведной жизни заблудшие души. Такой случай произошел с одним ремесленником, который страдал пьянством.
«Опустил я глаза, а он смотрит — прямо в душу смотрит. Начал говорить. Не смею передать все, что он говорил. Говорил про то, что у меня в каморке рай, потому что где дети, там всегда и тепло и хорошо, и о том, что не нужно этот рай менять на чад кабацкий. Не винил он меня, нет, все оправдывал, только мне было не до оправдания. Ушел он, я сижу и молчу. Не плачу, хотя на душе так, как перед слезами. Жена смотрит. И вот с тех пор я человеком стал», — приводится рассказ ремесленника в житие Иоанна.

Также Иоанн Кронштадтский известен даром чудотворения, который прославил его на всю Россию. Один из случаев описал сам Иоанн в дневнике. Однажды он узнал о болезни одного из жителей Кронштадта, и его попросили помолиться. Праведный начал молиться о том, чтобы человек мирно попал в руки Божьи, однако в этот момент к нему пришла знакомая верующая, которая убедила Иоанна молиться только о выздоровлении. Она увидела в старце чудодейственную силу.

«Тогда я исповедал пред Господом свое ничтожество и свою греховность, увидел волю Божию во всем этом деле и стал просить для болящего исцеления. И Господь послал ему милость Свою — он выздоровел. Я же благодарил Господа за эту милость. В другой раз по моей молитве исцеление повторилось», — писал Иоанн.

Вскоре о его даре узнали по всей России, и люди начали приезжать в Кронштадт за помощью. Преподобный и сам много ездил по стране и оказывал помощь всем просящим.
Иоанн находился вместе с семьей императора Александра III, наблюдая за последними днями царя и молясь за него в Ливадии.

В качестве наследия после святого осталось около 1,8 тысяч страниц проповедей и сочинений, которые стали достоянием Русской православной церкви. Сам старец отслужил свою последнюю Божественную литургию 10 декабря 1908 года. Затем он отошел в мир иной.

Садок Персидский

Садок, епископ Персидский, занимал престол в городах Ктесифон и Салик после того, как там пострадал его предшественник — епископ Симеон. Святой Садок однажды увидел пророческий сон. Ему приснилась лестница, спускающаяся с неба. Наверху сооружения находился святой Симеон, а на земле — сам Садок. Покойный епископ призвал его к себе и сказал: «Поднимись ко мне, Садок, и не бойся: вчера вошел я, а ты войди сегодня». Садок расценил этот сон как предсказание будущих мучений, которые выпадут на его долю. Поэтому он подготовил клир и призвал всех верующих людей, пока еще находившихся на свободе, позаботиться о спасении своей души.

Спустя год воины, которых подослал царь Сапор, схватили епископа Садока с его клиром, а также монахов и других христиан — 128 человек. Людей на пять месяцев заключили в темницу, где мучили и заставляли отречься от веры. В результате непреклонных узников порубили мечами. В ходе жестокой казни мученики прославляли господа.

На Руси в старину люди обращались к святому Садоке с особой молитвой об избавлении от напрасной смерти. По преданию, когда мученика подвергли тяжким страданиям за исповедание Христа, он молился богу и просил, чтобы того, кто призовет господа имени его ради, удостоили спасения.

Иванов день — традиции 1 ноября

1 ноября в Иванов день принято прощаться с осенью и переходить на «зимний режим» — с этого момента начинались морозы. Предки наблюдали за погодой и предсказывали характер будущей зимы и весны. Люди говорили — кто в ноябре не зябнет, тому и в крещенскую стужу не замерзнуть. 

Также в Иванов день в деревнях резали кур и готовили различные блюда из мяса птицы: на стол ставили жареную курицу, куриный суп с лапшой и пироги курники.
После сытного ужина все собирались в круг и рассказывали друг другу страшилки: таким образом они хотели порадовать домового, падкого на подобные рассказы.

Что можно делать 1 ноября

1 ноября по обыкновению встречали зиму и провожали осень, сообщает utro.ru. После Иванова дня готовились к наступлению настоящих морозов. 

Суеверные крестьяне в это время всячески умасливали домового, чтобы тот помогал, а не пакостил. Специально для него готовили сладкую кашу, угощали «хозяина» дома и свежеиспеченным горячим хлебом.

Раньше многие верили, что 1 ноября стоит проводить в семейном кругу, потому что из-за сокращения светового дня и наступления темноты, вся нечисть выходила из дома и охотилась на людей. В Иванов день принято молиться о спасении души и избавлении от смерти. Следует обойти с зажженной свечой все комнаты в доме для защиты жилища от зла.

Желательно 1 ноября высыпать зерно для птиц на крыльце дома. Считается, что если досыта накормить птиц осенью, то в дом не придут беды зимой.

Что нельзя делать 1 ноября

Нельзя, чтобы на крыше дома примостилась сова — якобы к покойнику в доме, так что этих птиц старались прогнать;

Нежелательно оставлять сушить вещи на ночь перед Ивановым днем — чтоб туда нечисть не вселилась;

Не стоит убивать пауков — по поверью, в таком обличье в дом наведываются умершие родственники;

Нельзя отказывать в подаянии и в милостыне — через них, как через пауков, обращается покойная родня;

Не стоит держать открытыми двери и окна — чтоб не впустить беду в дом;

Нельзя борачиваться на шаги за спиной — это могут быть злые духи.

Приметы 1 ноября

• В Иванов день холод и снег — весна будет поздняя и холодная, если оттепель — теплая;
• 1 ноября будет полная осенняя грязь — до настоящей зимы осталось четыре седмицы, иначе говоря — 28 дней;
• Встреча зимы на севере, первые морозы — начало зимы;
• В темную роздымь по тонким снегам яркие звезды — к большим холодам;
• Высоко летят перелетные птицы — снега будет много, а низко — мало.