Первомай праздник чего

Весенние праздники являются одними из самых любимых для нашего населения. Среди них и Первое мая. Все знают, что это День труда, который сопровождается праздничными мероприятиями, выходными и различными традициями. А вот как именно появилось это торжество, и какое у него значение, смогут ответить немногие.

1 мая – Праздник Весны и Труда

Первое мая – это легендарная дата, история борьбы рабочих за гуманные условия труда и равноправие. Многие государства имеют все предпосылки чествовать Первомай, поэтому неудивительно, что география первомайских торжеств охватывает почти 86 стран. Праздники, посвященные труду или трудящемуся населению, имеются в 142 странах. Среди них присутствуют США, Япония, Индия, Китай, Франция и многие другие.

В нынешней России он уже не имеет политического характера и воспринимается больше как дополнительный выходной, повод выбраться на природу, чтобы полюбоваться майской зеленью, приготовить шашлыки. Также это начало огородных хлопот и открытие купального сезона.

Однако многие традиции празднования Первомая сохранились. Так, многие не отказываются в этот день от посещения массовых культурных мероприятий, которые проводятся и в больших, и в малых городах.

Другие названия

Сегодня первые числа мая у многих россиян связаны больше с трудом и весенним настроением, а вот раньше праздник был немыслим без патриотических парадов, знамен и демонстраций. Сначала его гордо именовали «День международной солидарности трудящихся», потом название сократили до Дня труда, а сегодня Первомай величают Праздником Весны и Труда.

Интересный факт: славный девиз, который раньше часто звучал в рабочих демонстрациях: «Да здравствует 1 мая!», считался одним из самых популярных. Многие граждане СССР были так им вдохновлены, что даже давали своим дочерям имя Даздраперма. Оно содержало первые слоги первомайского лозунга, и должно было заложить патриотический стержень в потомках.

Истоки праздника труда

Труд славили еще в Древнем Риме. Богиня Майя считалась покровительницей земли и плодородия. Для нее устраивали праздники и церемонии простые жители с просьбой сделать так, чтобы их старания были не напрасны, а земля оставалась пригодной для вкусного и прибыльного урожая. В честь этой богини и назвали последний месяц весны – май.

Традиция устраивать массовые мероприятия, приуроченные ко дню труда, быстро обрела популярность. Подобные гуляния также появились и в соседних странах. Однако с распространением христианства почитание нескольких богов одновременно стало неприемлемым. Поэтому к концу 18-го века народные обычаи полностью исчезли. С началом весны, возрождением природы после зимнего сна начал ассоциироваться праздник Пасхи.

У праздника 1 мая есть языческие корни. Когда-то в этот день поклонялись кельтскому богу Белтейну, который был символом весеннего пробуждения. Майское древо олицетворяло мировую ось, вокруг которой вращалась вселенная. Традицией для очищения и счастья в этот день были прыжки через костер.

История праздника 1 мая

Истоки дня Всемирной солидарности трудящихся лежат в росте самосознания рабочего класса, датируемом серединой XIX в. Примерно в это время пролетариат начал осознавать свою силу и выдвигать требования по улучшению условий труда.

Ключевыми стали вопросы о продолжительности рабочего дня (который доходил до 15 ч) и о детском труде. Первые массовые выступления такого рода были зафиксированы в Австралии 21 апреля 1856 г. Это событие превратилось в настоящий пролетарский праздник.

Городом первомайских протестов стал Чикаго. Забастовка на 1 мая в 1886 году собрала тысячи рабочих. Уставший народ, который уже не мог трудиться по 15 часов, вышел с просьбами снизить продолжительность рабочего дня до 8 часов. Массовые выступления и забастовки продолжались несколько дней.

Американские рабочие имели массу претензий. Учитывая сложный график работы, они получали крайне низкую оплату, а также не имели каких-либо социальных гарантий. Общее количество бастующих составило не менее 350 000 человек. Из них 10 000 – в Нью-Йорке, 11 000 – в Детройте и около 40 000 в центре забастовок – Чикаго.

После первой забастовки на одном из чикагских заводов потеряли работу 1500 человек. Поэтому за ней последовали очередные протесты. В ответ администрация наняла штрейкбрехеров – это лица, которые во время забастовок занимают сторону работодателей, участвуют в спорах с недовольными служащими и трудятся вместо них.

Народ был крайне недоволен действиями со стороны полицейских во время мирной забастовки рабочих. Поэтому несколько активистов организовали митинг на площади Хеймаркет. Чтобы уведомить об этом как можно больше людей, они распечатали и распространили листовки.

Демонстрация состоялась вечером 4 мая. На площади собралось довольно большое количество людей, среди которых присутствовали женщины и дети. Митингующие уже начали расходиться к 10 часам вечера из-за сильного дождя. Демонстрация была абсолютно спокойной. Подтверждением этого служит то, что мэр города, тоже присутствующий на площади, отправился домой, убедившись в мирных намерениях протестующих.

На Хеймаркет была отправлена полиция для очистки площади. Дальнейшие провокационные действия со стороны неопознанных лиц привели к печальным последствиям и для полицейских, и для населения, участвующего в демонстрации. Бунт на Хеймаркет завершился несколькими судебными процессами.

Несмотря на активные противодействия со стороны полиции, ничто не помешало людям сплотиться и каждый год выходить 1 мая на митинг для того, чтобы говорить о несправедливости и добиваться поставленных целей.

Интересный факт: официальное название праздник получил по инициативе Парижского Конгресса II Интернационала. Там был принят закон о мировом статусе и закреплено название – «День солидарности рабочих всего мира». Согласно постановлению, в этот день рабочие имели право выйти на улицу, чтобы заявить о своих правах.

На данный момент 1 мая считается национальным праздником в 142 странах из числа государств-членов ООН. В каждой стране он имеет своё название, однако суть не меняется вне зависимости от господствующего в конкретном государстве общественно-политического строя. С наибольшим размахом праздник отмечается в Испании, Германии, Франции, России, Италии и других странах, в которых исторически рабочий класс играл осознанную социально-политическую роль.

Первое мая в России – история

В Российской империи рабочее движение развернулось на всю мощь в конце 19 в. В первый раз 1 мая отпраздновали в Петербурге в 1889 г., однако действо носило формальный характер. Пионерами движения на территории страны стали польские пролетарии. Вдохновившись примером американских коллег, в 1890 г. они организовали массовую стачку в Варшаве численностью около 10 тыс. человек. Правительство не решилось разгонять её силой.

С тех пор первомайские стачки и забастовки стали обычным явлением. Отличительной чертой российского движения было то, что оно носило радикально политизированный характер. В 1901 г. на столичном «Первомае» впервые зазвучали лозунги «Долой самодержавие!».

В этом же году первомайские митинги рабочих прошли в нескольких городах. Среди них: Гомель, Харьков, Тбилиси и др. Далеко не все они были мирными. Например, значимым событием в истории является Обуховская оборона 1901 года под Санкт-Петербургом. Будучи одним из первых политических выступлений рабочих в стране, оно превратилось в столкновение населения с полицейскими и военными.

Рост самосознания рабочего класса стал одной из причин Первой русской революции 1905-1907 гг. В 1912-1914 гг. на весенние демонстрации в Петрограде вышло боле 400 тыс. человек.

После Февральской революции 1917 г. праздник был официально признан Временным правительством, и его впервые отметили легально. Более миллиона человек по всей стране вышли в этот день на улицы. На митинге в Петрограде присутствовал лично глава Временного Правительства А. Керенский.

После Великого Октября праздник получил название «День Интернационала» и стал выходным днём. Позже его назвали «Днем международной солидарности трудящихся – Первое Мая». А к числу выходных дней добавилось 2 мая. Укоренилась и традиция празднования: 1 мая проводились парады и шествия, официальные мероприятия, 2 мая – «маёвки», советские граждане семьями выбирались праздновать на природу.

В период «развитого социализма» демонстрации 1 мая приобрели новое значение. Их участники таким образом проявляли свою готовность к борьбе за построение коммунистического общества, мир, солидарность с трудящимися других стран. По городским улицам проходили колонны трудящихся. Их шествие было организованным, сопровождалось патриотической музыкой. После распада СССР в 1992 г. торжество было переименовано в День Весны и Труда.

Как праздновали Первое мая в СССР?

Рабочие Советского Союза готовились к демонстрациям дружно, массово. Рисовали плакаты с большими гвоздиками и занимались пошивом национальных костюмов для детей, принимавших участие в торжественной программе.

Московская торжественная демонстрация

Первомайский митинг впервые прошел в Москве (1918 г.). По традиции в эту знаменательную дату рабочие колонны служащих выходили маршировать на Красную площадь, а со стороны мавзолея их встречала руководящая верхушка Коммунистической партии. Комментатор выкрикивал манифесты, а Ленин отвечал улыбкой и приветственным взмахом руки. Все это показывали по телеприёмнику, а люди чувствовали прилив гордости за свою отчизну.

Масштабность

Этот праздник страна отмечала с широким размахом. Первомайские торжества проводились во всех крупных городах. При организации мероприятия обязательно проверяли явку. Дети с удовольствием забирались на отцовские плечи, чтобы окинуть взглядом просторы, строй рабочих и протестующих против капиталистических порядков.

Яркая атрибутика

Колонны пестрили плакатами «Миру мир!» и «Да здравствует первое мая!», а также портретами партийных лидеров. На отворот пиджака прикреплен бант красного цвета, в девичью косу вплетена красная лента, в руке зажато древко знамени и букет гвоздик. Девушки шили детские национальные костюмы стран, которые и составляли Советский Союз. Люди с завистью смотрели на передовую часть колонны.

Шашлыки и маевки

Еще одна замечательная традиция майских праздников — это маевки и мясо, жаренное на углях. Часто его готовили не на открытом огне, а на железной решётке. Основным вопросом являлся поиск правильного мяса. В теории его можно было купить в магазинах, но на деле же не каждый мог себе это позволить.

Интересный факт: первоначально Маевкой называлась встреча рабочих с выходом на природу, где они говорили о революции и своих проблемах, создавая иллюзорное впечатление, что собираются только кушать и общаться. Потом этот день утратил революционную подоплеку, но собрания рабочих не прекратились – выход на природу стал традицией.

Как празднуют 1 мая? Традиции Праздника Весны и Труда

У многих людей старшего поколения с Первомаем связана ностальгия по ушедшим временам, ярким демонстрациям и Майским собраниям. Этот весенний день давал уверенность, что праздник не закончится никогда. Сегодня многие традиции сохранены и могут быть соблюдены каждым россиянином.

Можно посетить первомайский парад. Конечно, это уже не та демонстрация, а нечто вроде общественной акции. Их ежегодно организовывают различные организации, общественные движения, профсоюзы. Каждый участник может пронести флаг с мирными лозунгами или с поздравлением горожан с Днем Первого мая. Традиционный лозунг «Мир, Труд, Май!» активно используется и по сей день.

Праздничные марши также украшают первомайские гуляния. Тысячи людей проходят ежегодно по улицам больших городов России. В шествиях принимают участие и ветераны труда, а также коллективы творческой креативной молодежи, представляя яркие концерты.

В каждом городе программа может быть дополнена выставками, ремесленными клубами, фестивалями цветов, конкурсами. Московские парады ежегодно собирают почти сто тысяч человек. Программа может включать в себя спортивные мероприятия, мастер-классы и захватывающие дух выступления. Многие предпочитают в этот день заняться работой на дачном участке или провести время в кругу семьи, друзей.

Почему День труда отмечают 1 мая?

Празднование именно в первых числах мая закрепилось еще со времен чикагских масштабных демонстраций. Требуя восьмичасовой рабочий день, американские рабочие столкнулись с полицейским отпором. Именно в память о том дне на Конгрессе II Интернационала в Париже зафиксирована в 1889 году дата 1 мая как Дня солидарности рабочих всего мира.

Было предложено ежегодно вспоминать о тех событиях и проводить демонстрации. Первый раз официально торжества прошли в 1890 году в странах: США, Германия, Дания, Франция, Бельгия.

В СССР сходка рабочих впервые случилась в Петрограде, а ее организатором стал М. Бруснев, представлявший партию социал-демократов. Но ежегодным и официальным этот праздник стал намного позже: после Октябрьской революции 1917 года.

Интересный факт: первоначально в СССР праздник называли День Интернационала. А спустя годы он стал славиться как исконно русский и носить название «Праздник Весны и Труда». В последний раз массовая демонстрация, приуроченная к 1 мая, прошла после распада СССР в 1990 году.

В каких странах отмечают?

Хорошо знакомый всем жителям бывшего СССР Первомай или День солидарности трудящихся изначально широко отмечался во всех государствах. С течением времени в некоторых странах он приобрел совершенно новое значение, а кое-где и вовсе в этот день отмечают другие праздники.

В Финляндии в первый майский день празднуют так называемый карнавал студентов. Проще говоря, это день учащихся. 30 апреля в учебных заведениях всей страны официально проходят последние занятия, и счастливые студенты начинают отмечать это событие на площади у памятника девы Хавис Аманды.

День труда 1 мая ежегодно отмечается в Германии, некоторых регионах Швейцарии и на территории Австрии. Праздник считается официальным выходным. Каждый немецкий город может самостоятельно выбирать название для торжества. Политические митинги и шествия, начинающиеся с самого утра – обычное явление.

В Ирландии на Первомай принято завязывать на ветви боярышника красные ленты. Именно это дерево считается символом 1 мая в стране. Во время привязывания ленточки принято загадывать желания. Считается, что после такого ритуала сбудется даже самая заветная мечта.

Примечательно, что в Великобритании в первый понедельник мая празднуется May Day – это торжество, посвященное приходу весны. Отмечают его весело, ярко и с размахом. Народные гулянья сопровождаются выступлениями жонглеров и музыкантов, танцами. Также есть традиция установки Майского дерева.

Однако есть и те, кто предпочитает отмечать 1 мая День труда, ссылаясь на исторические и политические корни праздника. Как правило, это британские профсоюзы и члены лейбористской партии. Они устраивают шествия с традиционной символикой.

Островное государство Гавайи в первый день мая отмечает День цветочных гирлянд. Местное население плетет венки и гирлянды на шею из цветов. В этот праздник жители выражают благодарность матери-природе за окружающую красоту.

Интересный факт: на первое мая у многих народов есть удивительные традиции. Например, испанцы дарят своим женщинам весенние цветы, а французы — ландыши. Голландцы устраивают фестиваль тюльпанов, а шведы обязательно должны избавиться от мусора в это время. Греческие девушки, если хотят быть счастливыми, выходят в парки и собирают букет из первых весенних цветов, чтобы потом сплести венок на удачу.

Конечно, день труда есть в каждой стране мира, просто отмечается он в другие даты. К примеру, первый понедельник сентября – день труда у американцев, а в первый понедельник марта его празднует Австралия.

Во многих странах имеется интересная традиция, связанная с майским деревом. Каждый народ реализует ее по-своему. Например, немцы устанавливают такое дерево на главной городской площади. Его принято украшать различными способами – все зависит от региона: лентами, самодельными декорациями из бумаги, картона и т.п.

Когда День труда отмечают в других странах?

Соединенные Штаты Америки – первый понедельник сентября. Свою историю День труда в Америке начал с 1882 года, а спустя 12 лет стал официальным праздником в 50 штатах страны. Помимо своего основного значения, сегодня он олицетворяет собой конец лета и начало осени.

Япония – 23 ноября. До того, как началась Вторая мировая война, в этот день в Японии проводился древний ритуал, когда император совершал первые подношения риса богам Неба и Земли. В 1948 году был введен День благодарности труду или Кинро. В далеком прошлом в этот день японцы благодарили высшие силы за хороший урожай, сегодня же это просто повод отметить трудовые достижения.

Иран – 26 августа. Праздник был учрежден в 1981 году во времена президента Мохаммада Али Раджаи. Тогда страна находилась в упадке, и этот праздник ввели для поддержки и мотивирования рабочих к достижениям новых трудовых показателей. В наше время в День трудящихся в Иране проводят концерты, посвященные празднику, и награждают заслуженных работников.

Финляндия – 30 апреля/1 мая. В столице начинают праздновать уже с вечера последнего дня апреля. Ровно в шесть часов вечера на голову памятника нимфы Хавис Аманды надевают фуражку белого цвета. После этого все присутствующие студенты также надевают эти головные уборы и начинают веселиться.

Первое мая – Праздник Весны и Труда, интересное видео

This article is about a holiday sometimes called May Day. For the traditional spring holiday, see May Day. For other labour-related holidays, see Labour Day (disambiguation).

International Workers’ Day
International Workers’ Day demonstration in Austria
Official name	International Workers’ Day
Also called	May Day
Celebrations	Various, depending on the country; mostly parades, marches, barbecues
Date	1 May
Next time	1 May 2023
Frequency	Annual
Related to	May Day Labour Day

International Workers’ Day, also known as Labour Day in some countries^[1] and often referred to as May Day,^[2][3] is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the international labour movement and occurs every year on 1 May,^[4][5] or the first Monday in May.

Traditionally, 1 May is the date of the European spring festival of May Day. In 1889, the Marxist International Socialist Congress met in Paris and established the Second International as a successor to the earlier International Workingmen’s Association. They adopted a resolution for a «great international demonstration» in support of working-class demands for the eight-hour day. The 1 May date was chosen by the American Federation of Labor to commemorate a general strike in the United States, which had begun on 1 May 1886 and culminated in the Haymarket affair four days later. The demonstration subsequently became a yearly event.^[5] The 1904 Sixth Conference of the Second International, called on «all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the eight-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace».^[6]

The 1st of May, or first Monday in May, is a national public holiday in many countries, in most cases as «International Workers’ Day» or a similar name. Some countries celebrate a Labour Day on other dates significant to them, such as the United States and Canada, which celebrate Labor Day on the first Monday of September.^[7]

Origin[edit]

On 21 April 1856, Australian stonemasons in Victoria undertook a mass stoppage as part of the eight-hour workday movement.^[8] It became a yearly commemoration, inspiring American workers to have their first stoppage.^[9] 1 May was chosen to be International Workers’ Day to commemorate the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago.^[10] In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of the strike when an unidentified person threw a bomb. The police responded by firing on the workers. The event led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; sixty police officers were injured, as were one hundred and fifteen civilians.^[11][12] Hundreds of labour leaders and sympathizers were later rounded-up and four were executed by hanging, after a trial that was seen as a miscarriage of justice.^{[13][nb 1]} The following day on 5 May, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the state militia fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard.^[15]

In 1889, the first meeting of the Second International was held in Paris, following a proposal by Raymond Lavigne that called for international demonstrations on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests.^[5] On 1 May 1890, the call encouraged May Day demonstrations took place in the United States and most countries in Europe.^[16] Demonstrations were also held in Chile and Peru.^[16] May Day was formally recognized as an annual event at the International’s second congress in 1891.^[17][18] Subsequently, the May Day riots of 1894 occurred. The International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904 called on «all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace.»^[6] The congress made it «mandatory upon the proletarian organisations of all countries to stop work on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers.»^[6]

In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or Labour Day, was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, Matthew Maguire, a machinist, first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September^{[nb 2]} while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York.^[19] Others argue that it was first proposed by Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor in May 1882,^[20] after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto, Canada.^[21] In 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty US states officially celebrated Labor Day.^[20] Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September,^[22] not on 1 May.

May Day has been a focal point for demonstrations by various socialist, communist and anarchist groups since the Second International. May Day is one of the most important holidays in communist countries such as China, Vietnam, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and the former Soviet Union countries. May Day celebrations in these countries typically feature elaborate workforce parades, including displays of military hardware and soldiers.

In 1955, the Catholic Church dedicated 1 May to «Saint Joseph the Worker». Saint Joseph is the patron saint of workers and craftsmen, among others.^[23][24]

Today, the majority of countries around the world celebrate a workers’ day on 1 May.

Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc under socialist governments[edit]

Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union and most countries of central and eastern Europe that were under the rule of Marxist-Leninist governments held official May Day celebrations in every town and city, during which party leaders greeted the crowds. Workers carried banners with political slogans and many companies decorated their company cars. The biggest celebration of 1 May usually occurred in the capital of a particular socialist country and usually included a military display and the presence of the president and the secretary general of the party. During the Cold War, May Day became the occasion for large military parades in Red Square by the Soviet Union and attended by the top leaders of the Kremlin, especially the Politburo, atop Lenin’s Mausoleum. It became an enduring symbol of that period. In Poland, since 1982, party leaders led the official parades. In Hungary, May Day was officially celebrated under the communist rule, and remains a public holiday. Traditionally, the day was marked by dancing around designated «May trees».^[25] Some factories in socialist countries were named in honour of International Workers’ Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski, Poland. In East Germany, the holiday was officially known as Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen für Frieden und Sozialismus («International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers for Peace and Socialism»); similar names were used in other Eastern Bloc countries.

By country[edit]

Africa[edit]

Algeria[edit]

In Algeria, 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day.^[26]

Angola[edit]

1 May is recognized as public holiday in Angola and called Workers’ Day.^[27]

Egypt[edit]

In Egypt, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is considered a paid holiday. The President of Egypt traditionally presides over the official May Day celebrations.^[28]

Ethiopia[edit]

In Ethiopia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Worker’s Day.^[29]

Ghana[edit]

1 May is a holiday in Ghana. It is a day to celebrate all workers across the country. It is celebrated with a parade by trade unions and labour associations.^[30] The parades are normally addressed by the Secretary General of the trade union congress and by regional secretaries in the regions.^[30] Workers from different workplaces through banners and T-shirts identify their companies.^[30]

Kenya[edit]

In Kenya, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. It is a big day addressed by the leaders of the workers’ umbrella union body – the Central Organisation of Trade Unions (COTU). The Cabinet Secretary in charge of Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (and occasionally the President) address the workers. Each year, the government approves (and increases) the minimum wage on Labour Day.^[31]

Libya[edit]

In Libya, International Workers’ Day was declared a national public holiday by the National Transitional Council in 2012 the first year of the post-Qaddafi era.^[32]

On 1 May 1978, then Libyan leader Colonel Mu’ammar Al-Qaddafi addressed the nation in the capital city of Tripoli calling for administrative and also economic reforms across Libya.^[33]

Mauritius[edit]

In Mauritius, 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day. It was celebrated for the first time in Mauritius on 1 May 1938, and for the first time as an official public holiday on 1 May 1950. This was thanks largely to the efforts of Guy Rozemont, Dr. Maurice Curé, Pandit Sahadeo and Emmanuel Anquetil, as a day of special significance for Mauritian workers who for many years had struggled for their social, political and economic rights. And, as we all can see for ourselves, that struggle is a never-ending one.^[34]

Morocco[edit]

In Morocco, 1 May is recognized as a public holiday on 1 May.^[35]

Mozambique[edit]

Celebrates workers day on 1 May in Mozambique.^[36]

Namibia[edit]

1 May is recognized as public holiday in Namibia and celebrated as Workers’ Day.^[37]

Nigeria[edit]

Since 1981, 1 May is a public holiday in Nigeria. On the day, people gather while, traditionally, the president of the Nigeria Labour Congress and other politicians address workers.^[38]

Somalia[edit]

In Somalia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as the Labour Day.^[39]

South Africa[edit]

In South Africa, Workers’ Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 1 May each year since 1995.^[40] May Day started to get more attention by African workers in 1928, which saw thousands of workers in a mass march. In 1950, the South African Communist Party called for a strike on 1 May in response to the Suppression of Communism Act declaring it illegal. Police violence caused the death of 18 people across Soweto. It has its origins within the historical struggles of workers and their trade unions internationally for solidarity between working people in their struggles to win fair employment standards and more importantly, to establish a culture of human and worker rights and to ensure that these are enshrined in international law and the national law.^[41]

In 1986, the hundredth anniversary of the Haymarket affair, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) called for the government to establish an official holiday on 1 May. It also called for workers to stay home from work that day.^[42] COSATU was joined by a number of prominent anti-apartheid organizations, including the National Education Crisis Committee and the United Democratic Front (South Africa).^[43] The call was also supported by a number of organizations regarded as conservative, such as the African Teachers’ Association of South Africa, the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce, and the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of South Africa, an organization that represented employers in the metal industries.^[43] More than 1,500,000 workers observed the call and stayed home, as did thousands of students, taxi drivers, vendors, shopkeepers, domestic workers, and self-employed people.^[43] In the following years, 1 May became a popular, if not official, holiday.^[42] As a result of the killings on May Day 1950 and the success of COSATU’s call in 1986, 1 May became associated with resistance to the apartheid government. After its first universal election in 1994, 1 May was adopted as a public holiday, celebrated for the first time in 1995.^[42] On its website, the city of Durban states that the holiday «celebrate[s] the role played by trade unions and other labour movements in the fight against South Africa’s apartheid regime».^[44]

Tanzania[edit]

In Tanzania, it is a public holiday on 1 May and celebrated as the Worker’s Day.^[45]

Tunisia[edit]

1 May is recognized as Labour Day within Tunisia.^[46]

Uganda[edit]

In Uganda, Labour Day is a public holiday on 1 May.^[47]

Zimbabwe[edit]

1 May is recognized as public holiday in Zimbabwe and called Workers’ Day.^[48]

Americas[edit]

Argentina[edit]

In Argentina, Workers’ Day is an official holiday on 1 May, and is frequently associated with labour unions. Celebrations related to labour are held including demonstrations in major cities.

The first Workers’ Day celebration was in 1890, when Argentinian unions organized several celebrations in Buenos Aires and other cities, at the same time that the international labour movement celebrated it for the first time.^[49] In 1930, it was established as an official holiday by the Radical Civic Union president Hipólito Yrigoyen. The day became particularly significant during the worker-oriented government of Juan Domingo Perón (1946–55).^[50] He permitted and endorsed national recognition of the holiday during his tenure in office.

Bolivia[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a holiday.^[51]

Brazil[edit]

In Brazil, Workers’ Day is an official holiday that is celebrated on 1 May, and unions commemorate it with day-long public events.^[52]

Canada[edit]

In Canada, Labour Day is celebrated in September. In 1894, the government of Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson declared the first Monday in September as Canada’s official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United States is on the same day.

May Day is however marked by unions and leftists. It is celebrated on 1 May. May Day is an important day of trade union and community group protest in the province of Quebec (though not a provincial statutory holiday). Celebration of the International Labour Day (or «International Workers’ Day»; French: Journée internationale des travailleurs) in Montreal goes back to 1906, organized by the Mutual Aid circle. The tradition had a renaissance at the time of a mass strike in 1972. On the 1973 May Day, the first contemporary demonstration was organized by the major trade union confederations; over 30,000 trade unionists took part in this demonstration. Further, it is the customary date on which the minimum wage rises.^[53]

Chile[edit]

President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo decreed 1 May a national holiday in 1931, in honour of the dignity of workers.^[54] All stores and public services must close for the entire day, and the major trade unions of Chile, represented in the national organization Workers’ United Center of Chile (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores), organize rallies during the morning hours, with festivities and cookouts in the later part of the day, in all the major cities of Chile. During these rallies, representatives of the major left-wing political parties speak to the assemblies on the issues of the day concerning workers’ rights.

Colombia[edit]

1 May has long been recognized as Labour Day and almost all workers respect it as a national holiday.^[55] As in many other countries, it is common to see rallies by the trade unions in all over the main regional capitals of the country.^[56]

Costa Rica[edit]

First celebrated in 1913,^[57] labor day is a public holiday, and at the same time an important day for government activities. On this day, the President of Costa Rica gives a speech to the citizens and the legislature of Costa Rica about the duties that were undertaken through the previous year. The president of the legislature is also chosen by its members.^[58]

Cuba[edit]

This day is known as Labour Day in Cuba. People march in the streets, showing their support to the Cuban Communist government and the Cuban Revolution during the whole morning.^[59]

Dominican Republic[edit]

1 May is a national holiday known as Labour Day and celebrated by workers’ parades and demonstration.

Ecuador[edit]

In Ecuador, 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. People do not go to work and spend time with their relatives or gather for demonstrations.^[60]

El Salvador[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.^[61]

Guatemala[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.^[62]

Haiti[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday known as Agriculture and Labour Day.^[63]

Honduras[edit]

1 May is an official holiday, known as «Labour Day» within Honduras.^[64]

Mexico[edit]

1 May is a federal holiday. It also commemorates the Cananea Strike of 1906 in the Mexican state of Sonora.

Panama[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday, known as «Labour Day» within Panama.^[65]

Paraguay[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday, known as «Labour Day» within Paraguay.^[66]

Peru[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday, known as «Labour Day» within Peru.^[67]

United States[edit]

In the United States, a «Labor Day», celebrated on the first Monday of each September was given increasing state recognition from 1887, and became an official federal holiday in 1894.^[22]

Efforts to switch Labor Day from September to 1 May have not been successful.

In 1947, 1 May was established as Loyalty Day by the U.S. Veterans of Foreign Wars as a way to counter communist influence and recruitment at May Day rallies.^[68] Loyalty Day was celebrated across the country with patriotic parades and ceremonies, however the growing conflict over U.S. involvement in Vietnam detracted from the popularity of these celebrations.^[68] In 1958, the American Bar Association campaigned to have 1 May designated as Law Day, which was acknowledged in 1961 by a joint resolution of Congress.^[69] Law Day exercises, such as mock trials and courthouse tours, are often sponsored by the American Bar Association.

Unions and Political organizations including anarchist groups and socialist and communist parties have kept the international May Day tradition alive with rallies and demonstrations. In 1919 especially large demonstrations took place, and violence greeted the normally peaceful parades in Boston, New York, and Cleveland and a number of people were killed.^[70][71] In Milwaukee, an annual commemoration takes place at the site of the killing of seven workers during an 8-hour march.^[15] Some of the largest examples of this occurred during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when hundreds of thousands of workers marched in May Day parades in New York’s Union Square, while cities like Chicago and Duluth saw large demonstrations organized by the Communist Party.

In 2006, 1 May was chosen by mostly Latino immigrant groups in the United States as the day for the Great American Boycott, a general strike of undocumented immigrant workers and supporters to protest H.R. 4437, immigration reform legislation that they felt was draconian.
From 10 April to 1 May of that year, immigrant families in the U.S. called for immigrant rights, workers’ rights and amnesty for undocumented workers. They were joined by socialist and other leftist organizations on 1 May.^[72][73] On 1 May 2007, a mostly peaceful demonstration in Los Angeles in support of undocumented immigrant workers ended with a widely televised dispersal by police officers. In March 2008, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union announced that dockworkers will move no cargo at any West Coast ports on 1 May 2008, as a protest against the continuation of the Iraq War and the diversion of resources from domestic needs.^[74]

On 1 May 2012, members of Occupy Wall Street and labor unions held protests together in a number of cities in the United States and Canada to commemorate May Day and to protest the state of the economy and economic inequality.^[75][76]

On 1 May 2017, immigrants’ rights advocates, labor unions and leftists held protests against the immigration and economic policies of President Donald Trump in cities throughout the US, Chicago and Los Angeles having some of the largest marches.^[77][78]

On 1 May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, «workers at Amazon, Whole Foods, Instacart, Walmart, FedEx, Target, and Shipt say they will walk off the job … to protest their employers’ failure to provide basic protections for frontline workers who are risking and losing their lives at work.»^[79] Additionally, on the same day, there will be a rent strike, the largest in nearly a century.^[80]

On 1 May 2021, Black Bloc protesters clashed with police in Oakland & Portland. Numerous other May Day activities occurred across the country.^[81]

Uruguay[edit]

In Uruguay, 1 May – Workers’ Day – is an official holiday. Even when it is associated with labour unions, almost all workers tend to respect it. Since the late 1990s, the main event takes place at the First of May Square in Montevideo.^{[citation needed]}

Venezuela[edit]

1 May is an official holiday in Venezuela. El Día del Trabajador is celebrated on 1 May in Venezuela since 1936, but from 1938 to 1945 it was held on 24 July, by an order of Eleazar López Contreras. However, Isaías Medina Angarita changed it back to 1 May in 1945.^[82]

East Asia[edit]

Mainland China[edit]

1 May is a statutory holiday in the People’s Republic of China. It was a three-day holiday until 2008, but was only one day between 2008 and 2019,^[83] and was restored to three days after 2019. However, the actual time off is often longer than the time off in the regulations, and the extra time off is usually supplemented by another two weekends, but since the extra time is not under an official holiday, the extra days must be «made up» by working on the preceding or following weekend.^[84][85] For example, in 2013, 1 May fell on Wednesday. Most workplaces, including all government offices, took Monday 29 April, Tuesday 30 April, and Wednesday 1 May off. As the first two days were not statutory holidays they had to be «made up» by working the preceding weekend (27 and 28 April).

Hong Kong S.A.R.[edit]

In Hong Kong, 1 May is known as Labour Day and has been considered a public holiday since 1999.

Macau S.A.R.[edit]

In Macau, it is a public holiday and is officially known as Dia do Trabalhador (Portuguese for «Workers’ Day»).^{[citation needed]}

Taiwan[edit]

1 May is known as Labor Day in Taiwan, an official holiday, though not everybody gets a day off. Students and teachers do not have this day off.^[86]

Japan[edit]

May Day is not officially designated by the Japanese government as a national holiday, but as it lies between other national holidays, it is a day off work for the vast majority of Japanese workers. Many employers give it as a day off, and otherwise workers take it as «paid leave». 1 May occurs during «Golden Week», together with 29 April («Shōwa Day»), 3 May («Constitution Memorial Day»), 4 May («Greenery Day») and 5 May («Children’s Day»).^[87] Workers generally take the day off work not so much to join street rallies or labour union gatherings, but more to go on holiday for several consecutive days (in Japanese corporate culture, taking weekdays off for personal pleasure is widely frowned upon).

Some major labour unions organize rallies and demonstrations in Tokyo,^[88] Osaka, and Nagoya.^[89] Japan has a long history of labour activism and has had a communist and socialist party in the Diet since 1945. In 2008, the National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenrōren) held a rally in Yoyogi Park attended by 44,000 participants, while the National Trade Unions Council (Zenrōkyō) held its May Day rally at Hibiya Park.^{[citation needed]} Rengō, the largest Japanese trade union, held its May Day rally on the following Saturday (3 May), allegedly to distance itself from the more radical labour unions.^{[citation needed]}

North Korea[edit]

In the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 1 May is known as International Workers’ Day, and is a public holiday. Celebrations, local meetings and rallies are held every year throughout the country to honor the holiday.^[90] The Rungnado May Day Stadium in the capital of Pyongyang is named in honor of the holiday.

South Korea[edit]

In the Republic of Korea, 1 May is known simply as «Workers’ Day». It is not a public holiday, but a paid holiday for workers by the Designation of Workers’ Day Act.^{[nb 3]}

Europe[edit]

Albania[edit]

Labour Day (Albanian: Dita e punëtorëve) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May and thus schools and most businesses are closed.^[92]

Armenia[edit]

Labour Day (Armenian: Աշխատանքի օր, ashxatanki or) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May.^[93]

Austria[edit]

Labour Day (Tag der Arbeit), officially called Staatsfeiertag (state’s holiday), is a public holiday in Austria. Left parties, especially social democrats organize celebrations with marches and speeches in all major cities. In smaller towns and villages those marches are held the night before.^{[citation needed]}

Belgium[edit]

In Belgium, Labour Day (Dutch: Dag van de Arbeid, Feest van de Arbeid, French: Journée des travailleurs, Fête du travail), is observed on 1 May and is an official holiday since 1948.^[94] Various socialist and communist organizations hold parades and other events in different cities.^[95]

Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 and 2 May (Bosnian and Serbian: Prvi Maj / Први Mај, Croatian: Prvi Svibanj) are an official holiday and day-off for public bodies and schools at the national level. Most people celebrate this holiday by visiting natural parks and resorts. Additionally, in some places public events are organized. In its capital city, Sarajevo, 12 and 13 June are also celebrated as Labour day^{[citation needed]} due to its many natural parks and springs.

Bulgaria[edit]

Labour Day is one of the public holidays in Bulgaria, where it is known as Labour Day and International Workers’ Solidarity Day (Bulgarian: Ден на труда и на международната работническа солидарност) and celebrated annually on 1 May.^[96] The first attempt to celebrate it was in 1890 by the Bulgarian Typographical Association. In 1939, Labour Day was declared an official holiday. Since 1945 the communist authorities in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria began to celebrate the holiday every year. After the end of socialism in Bulgaria in 1989 Labour Day continues to be an official and public holiday, but state authorities are not committed to the organization of mass events.^{[citation needed]}

Croatia[edit]

In Croatia, 1 May is a national holiday. Many public events are organized and held all over the country where bean soup is given out to all people as a symbol of a real workers’ dish. Red carnations are also handed out to symbolise the origin of the day. In Zagreb, the capital, a major gathering is in Maksimir Park, which is located in the east part of Zagreb. In Split, city on the coast, people go to Marjan, a park-forest at the western end of Split peninsula.^[97]

Cyprus[edit]

In Cyprus, 1 May (Greek: Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά) is considered as an official Public Holiday (Labour Day). In general, all stores remain closed in public and private sector. The Labor Union and Syndicates celebrate with various festivals and events across the country.^{[citation needed]}

Czech Republic[edit]

In the Czech Republic, 1 May is an official and national holiday known as Labour Day (Czech: Svátek práce).^[98]

Denmark[edit]

In Denmark, 1 May is not an official holiday, but a variety of individuals, mostly in the public sector, construction industry, and production industry, get a half or a whole day off. It was first celebrated in Copenhagen in 1890. The location of the first celebration, the Fælledparken, still plays an important part today with speeches by politicians and trade unionists to mark the occasion. Many other events are also held around the country to commemorate the day.^[99]

Estonia[edit]

In Estonia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as part of May Day (Kevadpüha). It also coincides with Walpurgis Day (volbripäev).^{[citation needed]}

Finland[edit]

In Finland, 1 May is an official and national holiday. Apart from Workers’ Day (officially: suomalaisen työn päivä, «day of Finnish labour»), it is also celebrated as a feast of students, and spring, called vappu or Walpurgis Night.^[100]

France[edit]

In France, 1 May is a public holiday. It is, in fact, the only day of the year when employees are legally obliged to be given leave, save professions that cannot be interrupted due to their nature (such as workers in hospitals and public transport).^[101] Demonstrations and marches are a Labour Day tradition in France, where trade unions organize parades in major cities to defend workers’ rights.
It is also customary to offer a lily of the valley to friends or family. This custom dates back to 1561, when king Charles IX, aged 10, waiting for his accession to the throne, gave a lily of the valley to all ladies present. Today, the fiscal administration exempts individuals and workers’ organizations from any tax or administrative duties related to the sales of lilies of the valley, provided they are gathered from the wild, and not bought to be resold.

Germany[edit]

In April 1933, the recently installed Nazi government declared 1 May the «Day of National Work», an official state holiday, and announced that all celebrations were to be organized by the government. Any separate celebrations by Communists, Social Democrats or labour unions were banned.^{[citation needed]} After World War II, 1 May remained a state holiday in both East and West Germany. In communist East Germany, workers were de facto required to participate in large state-organized parades on May Day.^{[citation needed]} Today in Germany it is simply called «Labour Day» (Tag der Arbeit), and there are numerous demonstrations and celebrations by independent workers’ organizations. Today, Berlin witnesses yearly demonstrations on May Day, the largest organised by labour unions, political parties, the far left and the leftist Autonomen.

Since 1987, May Day has also become known for riots in some districts of Berlin. After police actions against radical leftists in that year’s annual demonstrations, the Autonomen scattered and sought cover at the ongoing annual street fair in Kreuzberg. Three years prior to the reunification of Germany, violent protests would only take place in the former West Berlin. The protesters began tipping over police cars, violently resisting arrest, and began building barricades after the police withdrew due to the unforeseen resistance. Cars were set on fire, shops plundered and burned to the ground. The police eventually ended the riots the following night. These violent forms of protests by the radical left later increasingly involved participants without political motivation.^[102]

Annual street fairs have proven an effective way to prevent riots, and May Day in 2005 and 2006 have been among the most peaceful known to Berlin in nearly 25 years. In recent years, neo-Nazis and other groups on the far right, such as the National Democratic Party of Germany, have used the day to schedule public demonstrations, often leading to clashes with left-wing protesters, which turned especially violent in Leipzig in 1998 and 2005.^{[citation needed]}

May Day violence flared up again in 2010. After an approved far-right demonstration was blocked by leftists, a parade by an estimated 10,000 leftists and anarchists turned violent and resulted in an active response by the Berlin Police.^[103]

Greece[edit]

In Greece 1 May is an optional public holiday. The Ministry of Labour retains the right to classify it as an official public holiday on an annual basis, and it customarily does so.^[104] The day is called Ergatikí Proto-magiá (Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά, lit. «Workers’ 1 May») and celebrations are marked by demonstrations in which left-wing political parties, anti-authority groups, and workers’ unions participate.
On May Day in 2010, there were major protests all over Greece, most notably Athens and Thessaloniki, by many left, anarchist and communist supporters and some violent clashes with riot police who were sent out to contain the protesters. They opposed economic reforms, an end to job losses and wage cuts in the face of the government’s proposals of massive public spending cuts. These reforms are to fall in line with the IMF-EU-ECB loan proposals, which demand that Greece liberalize its economy and cut its public spending and private sector wages, which many believe will decrease living standards.^[105]

Hungary[edit]

Hungary celebrates 1 May as a national holiday, with open-air festivities and fairs all over the country. Many towns raise May poles and festivals with various themes are organized around the holiday. Left-wing parties and trade unions hold public rallies commemorating Labour Day.^[106]

Iceland[edit]

In Iceland the Labour Day (Icelandic: Baráttudagur verkalýðsins) is a public holiday. The first demonstration for workers rights in Iceland occurred in 1923. A parade composed of trade unions and other groups marches through towns and cities across the country and speeches are delivered.^[107] However, some private businesses are open, mainly in the capital.^[108]

Ireland[edit]

The Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) marks May Day with rallies take place in Belfast and Dublin and other events such as lectures, concerts and film screenings also take place around a wider May Day festival.^[109][110] The first Monday in May has been a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland since 1994^[111] and in Northern Ireland since 1978.^[112] In the Republic the public holiday was demanded by the ICTU^[113] and proposed by the Labour Party in negotiating its 1992–94 coalition government with Fianna Fáil, and marked the centenary of the ICTU’s predecessor, the Irish Trades Union Congress.^[114] The public holiday has no official designation, as «Workers’ Day» or otherwise.^[115] In 2005, Labour’s Ruairi Quinn condemned, as a slight to workers, an alleged Fianna Fáil proposal to replace the May holiday with one on 24 April commemorating the 1916 Rising; in fact the proposal was for an extra holiday.^[116]

Italy[edit]

The first May Day celebration in Italy took place in 1890. It started initially as an attempt to celebrate workers’ achievements in their struggle for their rights and for better social and economic conditions.^{[citation needed]} It was abolished under the Fascist regime and immediately restored after the Second World War. (During the fascist period, a «Holiday of the Italian Labour» (Festa del lavoro italiano) was celebrated on 21 April, the date of Natale di Roma, when Rome was allegedly founded.^{[citation needed]}) May Day is now an important celebration in Italy and is a national holiday regardless of what day of the week it falls. The Concerto del Primo Maggio («1st of May Concert»), organized by Italian labour unions in Rome in Piazza di Porta San Giovanni has become an important event in recent years. Every year the concert is attended by a large audience of mostly young people and involves the participation of many famous bands and songwriters, lasting from 15:00 until midnight. The concert is usually broadcast live by Rai 3.^{[citation needed]}

Lithuania[edit]

First May Day is an official public holiday celebrated as International Work Day (Lithuanian: Tarptautinė darbo diena).^[117] Celebrations for workers’ day were mandatory during the Soviet occupation, and carry a negative connotation as a result today. As Lithuania declared its independence in 1990, Work Day lost its public holiday status, but regained it in 2001.^[118][119]

Latvia[edit]

First May Day is an official public holiday celebrated as Convocation of the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of Latvia, Labour Day.^[120]

Luxembourg[edit]

In Luxembourg, 1 May, called the Dag vun der Aarbecht («Day of Labour»), is a legal holiday traditionally associated with large demonstrations by trade unions in Luxembourg City and other cities.^[121]

Malta[edit]

In Malta, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as «Workers’ Day»,^[122] together with the religious feast of Saint Joseph the Worker. (Saint Joseph’s Day, 19 March, the saint’s main feast, is also a public holiday in Malta.^[122] A Labour mass meeting takes place on 1 May. Nationalists celebrate accession to the European Union on 1 May 2004.

Montenegro[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday and a day off work and a day out of school. It is the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated.^[123]

Netherlands[edit]

In the Netherlands, 1 May or Labour Day (Dutch: Dag van de Arbeid) is not an official holiday. This is due in part to its proximity to the national holiday, Koningsdag, which was celebrated on the day before until 2013. Labour movements also didn’t see the need to agitate for an extra day off during the Post–World War II recovery efforts. Liberals who joined the Labour Party in this same period also wanted to distance themselves from the Soviet Union because of Cold War sentiments.^[124]

North Macedonia[edit]

In North Macedonia, 1 May (Macedonian: Ден на Трудот, Den na Trudot) is an official public holiday. Before 2007, 2 may was also a public holiday. People celebrate with friends and family at traditional picnics across the country, accompanied by the usual outdoor games, various grilled meats and beverages. Left organizations and some trade unions organize protests on 1 May.^[125]

Norway[edit]

In Norway, Labour Day (Norwegian: Arbeidernes Dag) is celebrated 1 May and is an official public holiday. It was introduced in 1942 by Vidkun Quisling of the Nasjonal Samling party modelled after the german Nationaler Feiertag des deutschen Volkes.^[126]

Poland[edit]

In Poland, since the fall of communism, 1 May is officially celebrated as May Day, but is commonly called Labour Day.^[127][128] it is currently celebrated without a specific connotation, and as such it is May Day. However, due to historical connotations, most of the large organized celebrations are focused around Labour Day festivities. It is customary for labour activists to organize parades in cities and towns across Poland. The holiday is also commonly referred to as «Labour Day» (Polish: Święto Pracy).^{[citation needed]}

In Poland, May Day is closely followed by May 3rd Constitution Day. These two dates combined often result in a long weekend called Majówka, which may last for up to 9 days from 28 April to 6 May, at the cost of taking only 3 days off. People often travel, and Majówka is unofficially considered the start of barbecuing season in Poland.^{[citation needed]}

Between these two, on 2 May, there is a patriotic holiday, the Day of the Polish Flag (Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), introduced by a Parliamentary Act of 20 February 2004. The day, however, does not force paid time off.^{[citation needed]}

In Soviet times, streets, places, squares, parks and also factories were frequently named in honor of International Workers’ Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski.^{[citation needed]}

Portugal[edit]

In Portugal, the 1 May celebration (Portuguese: Primeiro de Maio) was suppressed during the Estado Novo dictatorship. The first workers’ day demonstration was held a week after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974. It is still the largest demonstration in the history of Portugal. It is used as an opportunity for workers and workers’ groups to voice their discontent over working conditions in demonstrations across Portugal, the largest being held in Lisbon. It is an official public holiday.^[129]

Romania[edit]

In Romania, 1 May, known as the International Labour Day (Romanian: Ziua internațională a muncii), the International Workers’ Day (Ziua internațională a oamenilor muncii), or simply 1/First of May (1/Întâi Mai), is an official public holiday. During the communist regime, like in all former Eastern Bloc countries, the day was marked by large state-organized parades in most towns and cities. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, 1 May continues to be an official public holiday, but without any state organized events or parades. Most people celebrate together with friends and family, organising picnics and barbecues. It is also the first day of the year when people, especially those from the southeastern part of the country including the capital Bucharest, go to spend the day in one of the Romanian Black Sea resorts.^{[citation needed]}

Russia[edit]

May Day, also known in Russia as the Day of International Workers Solidarity, the 1st of May (Russian: День международной солидарности трудящихся Первое ма́я) was celebrated illegally in the country until the February Revolution enabled the first legal celebration in 1917. The following year, after the Bolshevik seizure of power, the May Day celebrations were boycotted by Mensheviks, Left Socialist Revolutionaries and anarchists. It became an important official holiday of the Soviet Union, celebrated with elaborate popular parade in the centre of the major cities. The biggest celebration was traditionally organized in Red Square, where the General Secretary of the CPSU and other party and government leaders stood atop Lenin’s Mausoleum and waved to the crowds. Until 1969, the holiday was marked by military parades throughout the RSFSR and the union republics.^[130] The following was the order of the march past:

• Parade commander holding the appointment of commanding officer of the Moscow Military District
• Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music College
• Frunze Military Academy
• V.I. Lenin Military Political Academy
• Felix Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy
• Military Armored Forces Academy Marshal Rodion Malinovsky
• Military Engineering Academy
• Military Academy of Chemical Defense and Control
• Yuri Gagarin Air Force Academy
• Prof. Nikolai Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy
• Delegation of naval officer cadets from the Soviet Navy^[131]
• 98th Guards Airborne Division
• Moscow Border Guards Institute of the Border Defence Forces of the KGB «Moscow City Council»
• Separate Operational Purpose Division
• 336th Marine Brigade of the Baltic Fleet
• Suvorov Military School and Nakhimov Naval Schools
• Moscow Military Combined Arms Command Training School «Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR»
• Mobile Column
  • 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division
  • 4th Guards Tank Division
  • Missile Troops and Artillery of the Moscow Military District
  • 1st Aerospace Defense Army
  • Northern Fleet and Baltic Fleet Coastal Defense, Surface and Submarine Forces (until 1974)
• Massed Bands of the Moscow Military District (parade finale)

The first of these parades were held 1918, when Vladimir Lenin presided over a ceremony at Khodynka Field.^[132] Notable parades included the parade of 1941 (which saw the presence of a Wehrmacht delegation led by Ernst August Köstring^[133]) and 1963 (where Cuban leader Fidel Castro was a guest). The only parades on 1 May to be cancelled were the parades scheduled during the years of the Second World War and the 1965 parade (this was cancelled to make way for the 1965 Moscow Victory Day Parade nine days later). In 1979, ten years after the last annual parade, a brief exhibition drill and military tattoo of the forces of the Moscow Garrison took place.^[134]

In 1991, which preceded the last year that demonstrations were held in Red Square, May Day grew into high-spirited political action. Around 50,000 people participated in a rally in Red Square in 1991 after which the tradition was interrupted for 13 years. In the early post-Soviet period the holiday turned into massive political gatherings of supporters of radically minded politicians. For instance, an action dubbed as «a rally of communist-oriented organisations» was held in Red Square in 1992. The rally began with performance of the Soviet Union anthem and raising the Red Flag and ended with appeals from the leader of opposition movement Working Moscow, Viktor Anpilov, «for early dismissal of President Boris Yeltsin, ousting Moscow Mayor Gavriil Popov from power and putting the latter on trial». Since 1992, May Day is officially called «The Day of Spring and Labour», and remains a major holiday in present-day Russia.

Since 2014 a national civil parade is held on that day on Red Square with similar events held in major cities and regional capitals.

Serbia[edit]

In Serbia, 1 May (and also 2 May) is a day off work and a day out of school. It is one of the major popular holidays, and the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated. People celebrate it all over the country. By tradition 1 May is celebrated by countryside picnics and outdoor barbecues. May is marked by warm weather in Serbia. In Belgrade, the capital, most people go to Avala or Košutnjak, which are parks located in Rakovica and Čukarica. People go around the country to enjoy nature. A major religious holiday of Djurdjevdan is on 6 May so quite often days off work are given to connect these two holidays and weekend, creating a small spring break. 1 May is celebrated by most of the population regardless of political views.

Slovakia[edit]

In Slovakia, 1 May is an official holiday. Celebrations are held surrounding workers’ day but are also connected with the commemoration of the entry of the Slovak Republic into the European Union (1 May 2004).^[135]

Slovenia[edit]

In Slovenia, 1 May and 2 May are public holidays. There are many official events all over the country to celebrate workers’ day. In Ljubljana, the capital, the main celebration is held on Rožnik Hill in the city. On the night of 30 April, bonfires are traditionally burned.^[136]

Spain[edit]

The first Día del Trabajador was celebrated in 1889 but only became a public holiday with the beginning of the Spanish Second Republic in 1931. It was banned afterwards by the Franco regime in 1937.^[137] The year after it was decreed that the «Fiesta de la Exaltación del Trabajo,» or Labor Festival, be held on 18 July, the anniversary of the Francoist military coup, instead.^[138] After the death of Francisco Franco in 1975 and the move towards democracy, the first large rallies on 1 May began again in 1977. It was re-introduced as a public holiday in 1978.^[139] Commonly, peaceful demonstrations and parades occur in major and minor cities.^[140][141]

Sweden[edit]

1 May has been an important part of Swedish history since the late 19th century. The day was made a public holiday in 1938 but had been celebrated by the Swedish Social Democratic Party and the left since 1890. The first May Day celebration gathered more than 50,000 people in central Stockholm. The crowd went to hear speeches by the leading figures in the Swedish labour movement such as Hjalmar Branting (later prime minister), August Palm and Hinke Bergegren. During World War I the demonstrations mainly had a peace message and the Liberal Party also joined the demonstrations. The eight-hour working day and women’s suffrage were the principal themes during the troubled times after World War I.

Recognizing the central contributions of workers and international worker solidarity in Swedish social, economic, political and cultural development, May Day demonstrations are an important part of Swedish politics and culture for social democrats, left parties, and unions. In Stockholm the Social Democratic Party always marches towards Norra Bantorget, the historical, physical centre of the Swedish labour movement, where they hold speeches in front of the headquarters of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation, while the smaller Left Party marches in larger numbers^[142] towards Kungsträdgården.

Since 1967, the Communist Party and its youth wing, Revolutionary Communist Youth, have held their own May Day march, known as Röd Front (‘Red Front’).^[143] In 2016, Röd Front marches were held at 33 locations across the country.^[144] The largest Röd Front marches are usually held in the industrial and financial port town of Gothenburg, Sweden’s second-largest city and one of the party’s strongholds.^[145][146]

Switzerland[edit]

In Switzerland, the status of 1 May differs depending on the canton and sometimes on the municipality. Labour Day is known as Tag der Arbeit in German-speaking cantons, as Fête du travail in the French-speaking cantons, and as Festa del lavoro in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino.

• In the cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Jura, Neuchâtel, and Zürich, Labour Day is an official public holiday equal to Sundays, based on federal law (Bundesgesetz über die Arbeit in Industrie, Gewerbe und Handel, article 20a).
• In the cantons of Schaffhausen, Thurgau, and Ticino, Labour Day is an official «day off» (Ruhetag). This is equal in practice to an official public holiday, but is not based on federal law and cantonal regulations may differ in details.
• In the canton of Solothurn it is an official half-day holiday (starting at 12 noon).
• In the canton of Fribourg, public servants get the afternoon off, many companies follow this practice.
• In the canton of Aargau it is not an official holiday, but most employees get the afternoon off.
• In the municipalities of Hildisrieden and Schüpfheim (both in the canton of Lucerne) as well as in Muotathal (canton of Schwyz), 1 May is an official public holiday, but as commemoration day of the local patron saint, not as Labour Day. In the other parts of the cantons of Lucerne and Schwyz, 1 May is a regular work day.
• In all other cantons, 1 May is a regular work day.^[147]

The largest Labour Day celebrations in Switzerland are held in the city of Zürich. Each year, Zürich‘s 1 May committee, together with the Swiss Federation of Trade Unions, organizes a festival and 1 May rally. It is the largest rally held on a regular basis in Switzerland.^[148]

Turkey[edit]

1 May is an official holiday celebrated in Turkey. It was a holiday until 1981 when it was cancelled after the 1980 coup d’état. In 2010, the Turkish government restored the holiday after some casualties and demonstrations. Taksim Square is the centre of the celebrations due to the Taksim Square massacre.^{[citation needed]}

Workers’ Day was first celebrated in 1912 in İstanbul and in 1899 in İzmir. After the establishment of the Turkish Republic, it became an official holiday. In 1924, it was forbidden by a decree and in both 1924 and 1925, demonstrations were intervened by arm floats. In 1935, The National Assembly declared Workers’ Day to be a holiday again.^[149]

During the events leading to the 1980 Turkish coup d’etat, a massacre occurred on 1 May 1977 (Taksim Square massacre), in which unknown people (agents provocateurs) opened fire on the crowd. The crowd was the biggest in Turkish workers’ history with the number of people approximating 500,000. In the next two years, provocations and confusion continued and peaked before the 1980 coup d’etat. The Workers’ Day holiday was cancelled once again. Still, demonstrations continued with small crowds, and in 1996, three people were killed by police bullets, and a plain-clothes man who spied in the crowd was revealed and lynched by workers. On the same evening, a video broadcast on TV showed that two participants in the demonstration were lynched by far right-wing nationalist groups and this lynching occurred in front of police forces who were watching the scene with happy faces. Thus, 1 May 1996 has been remembered by workers’ movements.^[149]

In 2007, the 30th anniversary of the Taksim square massacre, leftist workers’ unions wanted to commemorate the massacre in Taksim Square. Since the government would not let them into the square, 580–700 people were stopped and 1 person died under police control. After these events, the government declared 1 May as «Work and Solidarity Day» but not as a holiday. In the next year, the day was declared as a holiday, but people were still not allowed to gather in Taksim Square.^[150] The year 2008 was remembered with police violence in Istanbul. Police fired tear gas grenades among the crowds, and into hospitals and a primary school. Workers pushed forward so that in 2010, 140,000 people gathered in Taksim, and in 2011 there were more than half a million demonstrators.^{[citation needed]}

After three years of peaceful meetings in 2013, meetings in Taksim Square were forbidden by the government. Clashes occurred between police and workers; water cannon and tear gas have been widely used.^[151]

Ukraine[edit]

It is a public holiday in Ukraine, inherited from the Soviet era. May Day as a day of workers’ solidarity in Kyiv began as early as 1894.^[152] Until 2018, 2 May was also a public holiday (as in the Soviet era), instead in 2017 Western Christianity’s Christmas celebrated 25 December became a new Ukrainian public holiday.^[153][154] The 1 May International Workers’ Day remained a Ukrainian public holiday, although it was renamed (also in 2017) from «Day of International Solidarity of Workers» to «Labour Day».^[154]

In 2015, May Day rallies were banned in Kyiv and Kharkiv.^[155]

Late May 2015 laws that ban communist symbols came into effect in Ukraine, thus banning communist symbols, singing the Soviet national hymn or the Internationale.^[156]

According to Interior Minister Arsen Avakov during the 2016 May Day rallies in some major cities the number of police officers far outnumbered the number of rally participants.^[157] With in Dnipro 193 policemen protecting 25 rally participants.^[157]

United Kingdom[edit]

A public bank holiday in the United Kingdom known as May Day was created in 1978 and is held on the first Monday in May each year.^[158]

There are many traditional May Day rites and celebrations, some of which have been held for hundreds of years. However, it was not until the late 20th century that May Day in Great Britain became linked to International Workers’ Day, and the holiday is not officially a «Labour Day».

Oceania[edit]

Australia[edit]

While unofficial activities and commemorations associated with International Workers Day occur on May Day in Australia, Labour Day in the various states and territories generally falls on other days. Only in the Northern Territory (where it is called May Day) and Queensland is Labour Day celebrated on the first Monday in May, which is a public holiday under the name of «May Day». Queensland holds the biggest rallies in Australia, with the rally in Brisbane averaging 30,000 people.^{[citation needed]} In Australia, one of the first May Day marches occurred in Queensland on 1 May 1891.^[159] There are also rallies held in Cairns, Rockhampton, Townsville, Barcaldine, Ipswich, Toowoomba, Bundaberg, Maryborough, Sunshine Coast, Gold Coast and other regional centres.^{[citation needed]}

New Zealand[edit]

New Zealand workers were among the first in the world to claim the right for an eight-hour working day when, in 1840, the carpenter Samuel Parnell^[160] won an eight-hour day in Wellington. Labour Day was first celebrated in New Zealand on 28 October 1890.^[161] Labour day falls every year on the fourth Monday of October.

South Asia[edit]

Bangladesh[edit]

In Bangladesh, 1 May Day is a public holiday and called May Day. A parade and other events are held on the day to commemorate the occasion.^[162]

India[edit]

In India, Labour Day is a public holiday held on every 1 May.^[163] The holiday is tied to labour movements for communist and socialist political parties. Labour Day is known as «Uzhaipalar dhinam» in Tamil and was first celebrated in Madras, «Kamgar Din» in Hindi, «Karmikara Dinacharane» in Kannada,»Karmika Dinotsavam» in Telugu, «Kamgar Divas» in Marathi, «Thozhilaali Dinam» in Malayalam and «Shromik Dibosh» in Bengali. Since Labour day is not a national holiday, Labour day is observed as public holiday at State Government’s discretion. Many parts especially in North Indian States it is not a public holiday.^[164]

The first celebration in India was organized in Madras (now Chennai) by the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan on 1 May 1923.^[165] This was also the first time the red flag was used in India.^[166] The party leader Singaravelu Chettiar made arrangements to celebrate May Day in two places in 1923. One meeting was held at the beach opposite to the Madras High Court; the other meeting was held at the Triplicane beach. The Hindu newspaper, published from Madras reported,^[167]

The Labour Kisan party has introduced May Day celebrations in Madras. Comrade Singaravelar presided over the meeting. A resolution was passed stating that the government should declare May Day as a holiday. The president of the party explained the non-violent principles of the party. There was a request for financial aid. It was emphasised that workers of the world must unite to achieve independence.

1 May is also celebrated as «Maharashtra Day»^[168] and «Gujarat Day» to mark the date in 1960, when the two western states attained statehood after the erstwhile Bombay State was divided on linguistic lines. Maharashtra Day is held at Shivaji Park in central Mumbai. Schools and offices in Maharashtra remain closed on 1 May. A similar parade is held to celebrate Gujarat Day in Gandhinagar.

Vaiko (Vai Gopalsamy), General Secretary of Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, appealed to the then Prime Minister V. P. Singh to declare 1 May as a national holiday, to which the PM heeded and from then on it became a national holiday to celebrate International Labour Day.^{[169][non-primary source needed]}

Maldives[edit]

Maldives first observed the holiday in 2011, after a declaration by President Mohamed Nasheed. He noted that this move highlighted the government’s commitment as well as efforts of private parties to protect and promote workers’ rights in the Maldives.^[170]

Nepal[edit]

1 May Day has been celebrated in Nepal since 1963.^[171] The day became a public holiday in 2007.^[172]

Pakistan[edit]

International Labour Day is observed in Pakistan on 1 May to commemorate the social and economic achievements of workers. It is a public and national holiday. Many organized street demonstrations take place on Labor Day, where workers and labor unions protest against labor repression and demand for more rights, better wages and benefits.^[173]

Sri Lanka[edit]

In Sri Lanka, it is observed on 1 May and is a government and public holiday. The government has held official May Day celebrations in major towns and cities, with the largest being in the capital, Colombo. During celebrations, it is common to witness party leaders greeting the crowds. Workers frequently carry banners with political slogans and many parties decorate their vehicles.^{[citation needed]}

Southeast Asia[edit]

Cambodia[edit]

In Cambodia, it is known as International Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[174] No marches for labour day were permitted in Cambodia for several years after the 2013 Cambodian general election and surrounding mass protests. A tightly controlled march on a limited scale was first permitted again in 2019.^[175]

Indonesia[edit]

May Day (often referred locally as Labour Day) in Indonesia was first observed as a public holiday from 2014. Every year on the day, labourers take over the streets in major cities across the country, voicing their demands for better income & a supportive policy by the ministries.^[176]

Malaysia[edit]

Malaysia began observing the holiday in 1972 following an announcement by the late Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister, Ismail Abdul Rahman.^[177]

Myanmar[edit]

In Myanmar, 1 May is known as Labour Day (Burmese: အလုပ်သမားနေ့) and is a public holiday.^[178]

Philippines[edit]

1 May is known as Labor Day (Filipino: Araw ng Manggagawa, also known as Araw ng Paggawa) and is a public holiday in the Philippines. On this day, labour organizations and unions hold protests in major cities. On 1 May 1903, during the American colonial period the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina (Filipino Democratic Labor Union) held a 100,000-person^[179] rally in front of the Malacañang Palace demanding workers’ economic rights and Philippine independence.^{[citation needed]} Ten years later, the first official^{[by whom?]} celebration was held on 1 May 1913 when 36 labour unions convened for a congress in Manila.^[179]

During the Presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a policy was adopted called holiday economics policy that moved holidays to either a Monday or a Friday to create a long weekend of three days. In 2002, Labor Day was moved to the Monday nearest to 1 May. Labour groups protested, as they accused the Arroyo administration of belittling the holiday.^[180] By 2008, Labor Day was excluded in the holiday economics policy, returning the commemorations to 1 May, no matter what day of the week it falls on.^[1]

Singapore[edit]

In Singapore, it is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[181]

Thailand[edit]

In Thailand, the day is known in English as National Labour Day, and is one of 17 official public holidays in Thailand.^[182]

Vietnam[edit]

In Vietnam, it is known as International Labour Day (Vietnamese: Ngày Quốc tế Lao động) and is a public holiday.^[183] It was first adopted by the Nguyễn dynasty on the 11th day of the 9th month of the 16th year of the Bảo Đại Emperor (30 October 1941) by imperial decree.^[183] Later on 29 April 1946 President Hồ Chí Minh issued Sắc lệnh số 56 (Decree No. 56) which adopted the holiday for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.^[183]

According to the decree «workers in public offices, private offices and factories throughout the country are entitled to a day off from work. International Labour 1.5 and still receive the same salary as a working day…».^[183] On 1 May 1946 the first International Labour Day of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was held.^[183]

West Asia[edit]

Bahrain[edit]

In Bahrain, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[184]

Iran[edit]

In Iran, 1 May is known as the International Workers’ Day. It is not a public holiday but according to article 63 of Iranian labour law on top of the official public holidays observed in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Labour Day shall be considered an official holiday for workers.^[185]

Iraq[edit]

In Iraq, it is known as the International Workers’ Day and is a public holiday.^[186]

Israel[edit]

After historically varying popularity of Labour Day, 1 May is not an official holiday in the State of Israel. In the 1980s there were several large marches in Tel Aviv, numbering as much as 350,000 in 1983 and perhaps even more in 1988, but a steady decline in numbers led to only 5,000 marchers in 2010. During the 1990s businesses began to treat it like a regular working day as the number of May Day-related activities decreased.^[187] 1 May is largely celebrated by the former Soviet Jews who immigrated to Israel in the 1990s.^{[citation needed]}

Jordan[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[188]

Lebanon[edit]

1 May known as the Workers’ Day and is a public holiday. Left-wing parties and workers’ unions organize marches on 1 May.^[189]

Palestine[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^{[190][191][192]}

Yemen[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[193]

See also[edit]

• Workers’ Memorial Day
• Pervomaysky (disambiguation)

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Foner, Philip Sheldon (1986). May day: a short history of the international workers’ holiday, 1886–1986. New York: International Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7178-0624-9.

External links[edit]

• Media related to International Workers’ Day at Wikimedia Commons
• May Day Archive at the Marxists Internet Archive
• Photos of May Day in Red Square during the Soviet Union

This article is about a holiday sometimes called May Day. For the traditional spring holiday, see May Day. For other labour-related holidays, see Labour Day (disambiguation).

International Workers’ Day
International Workers’ Day demonstration in Austria
Official name	International Workers’ Day
Also called	May Day
Celebrations	Various, depending on the country; mostly parades, marches, barbecues
Date	1 May
Next time	1 May 2023
Frequency	Annual
Related to	May Day Labour Day

International Workers’ Day, also known as Labour Day in some countries^[1] and often referred to as May Day,^[2][3] is a celebration of labourers and the working classes that is promoted by the international labour movement and occurs every year on 1 May,^[4][5] or the first Monday in May.

Traditionally, 1 May is the date of the European spring festival of May Day. In 1889, the Marxist International Socialist Congress met in Paris and established the Second International as a successor to the earlier International Workingmen’s Association. They adopted a resolution for a «great international demonstration» in support of working-class demands for the eight-hour day. The 1 May date was chosen by the American Federation of Labor to commemorate a general strike in the United States, which had begun on 1 May 1886 and culminated in the Haymarket affair four days later. The demonstration subsequently became a yearly event.^[5] The 1904 Sixth Conference of the Second International, called on «all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the eight-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace».^[6]

The 1st of May, or first Monday in May, is a national public holiday in many countries, in most cases as «International Workers’ Day» or a similar name. Some countries celebrate a Labour Day on other dates significant to them, such as the United States and Canada, which celebrate Labor Day on the first Monday of September.^[7]

Origin[edit]

On 21 April 1856, Australian stonemasons in Victoria undertook a mass stoppage as part of the eight-hour workday movement.^[8] It became a yearly commemoration, inspiring American workers to have their first stoppage.^[9] 1 May was chosen to be International Workers’ Day to commemorate the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago.^[10] In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of the strike when an unidentified person threw a bomb. The police responded by firing on the workers. The event led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; sixty police officers were injured, as were one hundred and fifteen civilians.^[11][12] Hundreds of labour leaders and sympathizers were later rounded-up and four were executed by hanging, after a trial that was seen as a miscarriage of justice.^{[13][nb 1]} The following day on 5 May, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the state militia fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard.^[15]

In 1889, the first meeting of the Second International was held in Paris, following a proposal by Raymond Lavigne that called for international demonstrations on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests.^[5] On 1 May 1890, the call encouraged May Day demonstrations took place in the United States and most countries in Europe.^[16] Demonstrations were also held in Chile and Peru.^[16] May Day was formally recognized as an annual event at the International’s second congress in 1891.^[17][18] Subsequently, the May Day riots of 1894 occurred. The International Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904 called on «all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace.»^[6] The congress made it «mandatory upon the proletarian organisations of all countries to stop work on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers.»^[6]

In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor or Labour Day, was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882, Matthew Maguire, a machinist, first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September^{[nb 2]} while serving as secretary of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York.^[19] Others argue that it was first proposed by Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor in May 1882,^[20] after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto, Canada.^[21] In 1887, Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty US states officially celebrated Labor Day.^[20] Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September,^[22] not on 1 May.

May Day has been a focal point for demonstrations by various socialist, communist and anarchist groups since the Second International. May Day is one of the most important holidays in communist countries such as China, Vietnam, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and the former Soviet Union countries. May Day celebrations in these countries typically feature elaborate workforce parades, including displays of military hardware and soldiers.

In 1955, the Catholic Church dedicated 1 May to «Saint Joseph the Worker». Saint Joseph is the patron saint of workers and craftsmen, among others.^[23][24]

Today, the majority of countries around the world celebrate a workers’ day on 1 May.

Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc under socialist governments[edit]

Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union and most countries of central and eastern Europe that were under the rule of Marxist-Leninist governments held official May Day celebrations in every town and city, during which party leaders greeted the crowds. Workers carried banners with political slogans and many companies decorated their company cars. The biggest celebration of 1 May usually occurred in the capital of a particular socialist country and usually included a military display and the presence of the president and the secretary general of the party. During the Cold War, May Day became the occasion for large military parades in Red Square by the Soviet Union and attended by the top leaders of the Kremlin, especially the Politburo, atop Lenin’s Mausoleum. It became an enduring symbol of that period. In Poland, since 1982, party leaders led the official parades. In Hungary, May Day was officially celebrated under the communist rule, and remains a public holiday. Traditionally, the day was marked by dancing around designated «May trees».^[25] Some factories in socialist countries were named in honour of International Workers’ Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski, Poland. In East Germany, the holiday was officially known as Internationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen für Frieden und Sozialismus («International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers for Peace and Socialism»); similar names were used in other Eastern Bloc countries.

By country[edit]

Africa[edit]

Algeria[edit]

In Algeria, 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day.^[26]

Angola[edit]

1 May is recognized as public holiday in Angola and called Workers’ Day.^[27]

Egypt[edit]

In Egypt, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is considered a paid holiday. The President of Egypt traditionally presides over the official May Day celebrations.^[28]

Ethiopia[edit]

In Ethiopia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Worker’s Day.^[29]

Ghana[edit]

1 May is a holiday in Ghana. It is a day to celebrate all workers across the country. It is celebrated with a parade by trade unions and labour associations.^[30] The parades are normally addressed by the Secretary General of the trade union congress and by regional secretaries in the regions.^[30] Workers from different workplaces through banners and T-shirts identify their companies.^[30]

Kenya[edit]

In Kenya, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. It is a big day addressed by the leaders of the workers’ umbrella union body – the Central Organisation of Trade Unions (COTU). The Cabinet Secretary in charge of Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (and occasionally the President) address the workers. Each year, the government approves (and increases) the minimum wage on Labour Day.^[31]

Libya[edit]

In Libya, International Workers’ Day was declared a national public holiday by the National Transitional Council in 2012 the first year of the post-Qaddafi era.^[32]

On 1 May 1978, then Libyan leader Colonel Mu’ammar Al-Qaddafi addressed the nation in the capital city of Tripoli calling for administrative and also economic reforms across Libya.^[33]

Mauritius[edit]

In Mauritius, 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day. It was celebrated for the first time in Mauritius on 1 May 1938, and for the first time as an official public holiday on 1 May 1950. This was thanks largely to the efforts of Guy Rozemont, Dr. Maurice Curé, Pandit Sahadeo and Emmanuel Anquetil, as a day of special significance for Mauritian workers who for many years had struggled for their social, political and economic rights. And, as we all can see for ourselves, that struggle is a never-ending one.^[34]

Morocco[edit]

In Morocco, 1 May is recognized as a public holiday on 1 May.^[35]

Mozambique[edit]

Celebrates workers day on 1 May in Mozambique.^[36]

Namibia[edit]

1 May is recognized as public holiday in Namibia and celebrated as Workers’ Day.^[37]

Nigeria[edit]

Since 1981, 1 May is a public holiday in Nigeria. On the day, people gather while, traditionally, the president of the Nigeria Labour Congress and other politicians address workers.^[38]

Somalia[edit]

In Somalia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as the Labour Day.^[39]

South Africa[edit]

In South Africa, Workers’ Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 1 May each year since 1995.^[40] May Day started to get more attention by African workers in 1928, which saw thousands of workers in a mass march. In 1950, the South African Communist Party called for a strike on 1 May in response to the Suppression of Communism Act declaring it illegal. Police violence caused the death of 18 people across Soweto. It has its origins within the historical struggles of workers and their trade unions internationally for solidarity between working people in their struggles to win fair employment standards and more importantly, to establish a culture of human and worker rights and to ensure that these are enshrined in international law and the national law.^[41]

In 1986, the hundredth anniversary of the Haymarket affair, the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) called for the government to establish an official holiday on 1 May. It also called for workers to stay home from work that day.^[42] COSATU was joined by a number of prominent anti-apartheid organizations, including the National Education Crisis Committee and the United Democratic Front (South Africa).^[43] The call was also supported by a number of organizations regarded as conservative, such as the African Teachers’ Association of South Africa, the National African Federated Chamber of Commerce, and the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of South Africa, an organization that represented employers in the metal industries.^[43] More than 1,500,000 workers observed the call and stayed home, as did thousands of students, taxi drivers, vendors, shopkeepers, domestic workers, and self-employed people.^[43] In the following years, 1 May became a popular, if not official, holiday.^[42] As a result of the killings on May Day 1950 and the success of COSATU’s call in 1986, 1 May became associated with resistance to the apartheid government. After its first universal election in 1994, 1 May was adopted as a public holiday, celebrated for the first time in 1995.^[42] On its website, the city of Durban states that the holiday «celebrate[s] the role played by trade unions and other labour movements in the fight against South Africa’s apartheid regime».^[44]

Tanzania[edit]

In Tanzania, it is a public holiday on 1 May and celebrated as the Worker’s Day.^[45]

Tunisia[edit]

1 May is recognized as Labour Day within Tunisia.^[46]

Uganda[edit]

In Uganda, Labour Day is a public holiday on 1 May.^[47]

Zimbabwe[edit]

1 May is recognized as public holiday in Zimbabwe and called Workers’ Day.^[48]

Americas[edit]

Argentina[edit]

In Argentina, Workers’ Day is an official holiday on 1 May, and is frequently associated with labour unions. Celebrations related to labour are held including demonstrations in major cities.

The first Workers’ Day celebration was in 1890, when Argentinian unions organized several celebrations in Buenos Aires and other cities, at the same time that the international labour movement celebrated it for the first time.^[49] In 1930, it was established as an official holiday by the Radical Civic Union president Hipólito Yrigoyen. The day became particularly significant during the worker-oriented government of Juan Domingo Perón (1946–55).^[50] He permitted and endorsed national recognition of the holiday during his tenure in office.

Bolivia[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a holiday.^[51]

Brazil[edit]

In Brazil, Workers’ Day is an official holiday that is celebrated on 1 May, and unions commemorate it with day-long public events.^[52]

Canada[edit]

In Canada, Labour Day is celebrated in September. In 1894, the government of Prime Minister John Sparrow David Thompson declared the first Monday in September as Canada’s official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United States is on the same day.

May Day is however marked by unions and leftists. It is celebrated on 1 May. May Day is an important day of trade union and community group protest in the province of Quebec (though not a provincial statutory holiday). Celebration of the International Labour Day (or «International Workers’ Day»; French: Journée internationale des travailleurs) in Montreal goes back to 1906, organized by the Mutual Aid circle. The tradition had a renaissance at the time of a mass strike in 1972. On the 1973 May Day, the first contemporary demonstration was organized by the major trade union confederations; over 30,000 trade unionists took part in this demonstration. Further, it is the customary date on which the minimum wage rises.^[53]

Chile[edit]

President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo decreed 1 May a national holiday in 1931, in honour of the dignity of workers.^[54] All stores and public services must close for the entire day, and the major trade unions of Chile, represented in the national organization Workers’ United Center of Chile (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores), organize rallies during the morning hours, with festivities and cookouts in the later part of the day, in all the major cities of Chile. During these rallies, representatives of the major left-wing political parties speak to the assemblies on the issues of the day concerning workers’ rights.

Colombia[edit]

1 May has long been recognized as Labour Day and almost all workers respect it as a national holiday.^[55] As in many other countries, it is common to see rallies by the trade unions in all over the main regional capitals of the country.^[56]

Costa Rica[edit]

First celebrated in 1913,^[57] labor day is a public holiday, and at the same time an important day for government activities. On this day, the President of Costa Rica gives a speech to the citizens and the legislature of Costa Rica about the duties that were undertaken through the previous year. The president of the legislature is also chosen by its members.^[58]

Cuba[edit]

This day is known as Labour Day in Cuba. People march in the streets, showing their support to the Cuban Communist government and the Cuban Revolution during the whole morning.^[59]

Dominican Republic[edit]

1 May is a national holiday known as Labour Day and celebrated by workers’ parades and demonstration.

Ecuador[edit]

In Ecuador, 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. People do not go to work and spend time with their relatives or gather for demonstrations.^[60]

El Salvador[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.^[61]

Guatemala[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day.^[62]

Haiti[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday known as Agriculture and Labour Day.^[63]

Honduras[edit]

1 May is an official holiday, known as «Labour Day» within Honduras.^[64]

Mexico[edit]

1 May is a federal holiday. It also commemorates the Cananea Strike of 1906 in the Mexican state of Sonora.

Panama[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday, known as «Labour Day» within Panama.^[65]

Paraguay[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday, known as «Labour Day» within Paraguay.^[66]

Peru[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday, known as «Labour Day» within Peru.^[67]

United States[edit]

In the United States, a «Labor Day», celebrated on the first Monday of each September was given increasing state recognition from 1887, and became an official federal holiday in 1894.^[22]

Efforts to switch Labor Day from September to 1 May have not been successful.

In 1947, 1 May was established as Loyalty Day by the U.S. Veterans of Foreign Wars as a way to counter communist influence and recruitment at May Day rallies.^[68] Loyalty Day was celebrated across the country with patriotic parades and ceremonies, however the growing conflict over U.S. involvement in Vietnam detracted from the popularity of these celebrations.^[68] In 1958, the American Bar Association campaigned to have 1 May designated as Law Day, which was acknowledged in 1961 by a joint resolution of Congress.^[69] Law Day exercises, such as mock trials and courthouse tours, are often sponsored by the American Bar Association.

Unions and Political organizations including anarchist groups and socialist and communist parties have kept the international May Day tradition alive with rallies and demonstrations. In 1919 especially large demonstrations took place, and violence greeted the normally peaceful parades in Boston, New York, and Cleveland and a number of people were killed.^[70][71] In Milwaukee, an annual commemoration takes place at the site of the killing of seven workers during an 8-hour march.^[15] Some of the largest examples of this occurred during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when hundreds of thousands of workers marched in May Day parades in New York’s Union Square, while cities like Chicago and Duluth saw large demonstrations organized by the Communist Party.

In 2006, 1 May was chosen by mostly Latino immigrant groups in the United States as the day for the Great American Boycott, a general strike of undocumented immigrant workers and supporters to protest H.R. 4437, immigration reform legislation that they felt was draconian.
From 10 April to 1 May of that year, immigrant families in the U.S. called for immigrant rights, workers’ rights and amnesty for undocumented workers. They were joined by socialist and other leftist organizations on 1 May.^[72][73] On 1 May 2007, a mostly peaceful demonstration in Los Angeles in support of undocumented immigrant workers ended with a widely televised dispersal by police officers. In March 2008, the International Longshore and Warehouse Union announced that dockworkers will move no cargo at any West Coast ports on 1 May 2008, as a protest against the continuation of the Iraq War and the diversion of resources from domestic needs.^[74]

On 1 May 2012, members of Occupy Wall Street and labor unions held protests together in a number of cities in the United States and Canada to commemorate May Day and to protest the state of the economy and economic inequality.^[75][76]

On 1 May 2017, immigrants’ rights advocates, labor unions and leftists held protests against the immigration and economic policies of President Donald Trump in cities throughout the US, Chicago and Los Angeles having some of the largest marches.^[77][78]

On 1 May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, «workers at Amazon, Whole Foods, Instacart, Walmart, FedEx, Target, and Shipt say they will walk off the job … to protest their employers’ failure to provide basic protections for frontline workers who are risking and losing their lives at work.»^[79] Additionally, on the same day, there will be a rent strike, the largest in nearly a century.^[80]

On 1 May 2021, Black Bloc protesters clashed with police in Oakland & Portland. Numerous other May Day activities occurred across the country.^[81]

Uruguay[edit]

In Uruguay, 1 May – Workers’ Day – is an official holiday. Even when it is associated with labour unions, almost all workers tend to respect it. Since the late 1990s, the main event takes place at the First of May Square in Montevideo.^{[citation needed]}

Venezuela[edit]

1 May is an official holiday in Venezuela. El Día del Trabajador is celebrated on 1 May in Venezuela since 1936, but from 1938 to 1945 it was held on 24 July, by an order of Eleazar López Contreras. However, Isaías Medina Angarita changed it back to 1 May in 1945.^[82]

East Asia[edit]

Mainland China[edit]

1 May is a statutory holiday in the People’s Republic of China. It was a three-day holiday until 2008, but was only one day between 2008 and 2019,^[83] and was restored to three days after 2019. However, the actual time off is often longer than the time off in the regulations, and the extra time off is usually supplemented by another two weekends, but since the extra time is not under an official holiday, the extra days must be «made up» by working on the preceding or following weekend.^[84][85] For example, in 2013, 1 May fell on Wednesday. Most workplaces, including all government offices, took Monday 29 April, Tuesday 30 April, and Wednesday 1 May off. As the first two days were not statutory holidays they had to be «made up» by working the preceding weekend (27 and 28 April).

Hong Kong S.A.R.[edit]

In Hong Kong, 1 May is known as Labour Day and has been considered a public holiday since 1999.

Macau S.A.R.[edit]

In Macau, it is a public holiday and is officially known as Dia do Trabalhador (Portuguese for «Workers’ Day»).^{[citation needed]}

Taiwan[edit]

1 May is known as Labor Day in Taiwan, an official holiday, though not everybody gets a day off. Students and teachers do not have this day off.^[86]

Japan[edit]

May Day is not officially designated by the Japanese government as a national holiday, but as it lies between other national holidays, it is a day off work for the vast majority of Japanese workers. Many employers give it as a day off, and otherwise workers take it as «paid leave». 1 May occurs during «Golden Week», together with 29 April («Shōwa Day»), 3 May («Constitution Memorial Day»), 4 May («Greenery Day») and 5 May («Children’s Day»).^[87] Workers generally take the day off work not so much to join street rallies or labour union gatherings, but more to go on holiday for several consecutive days (in Japanese corporate culture, taking weekdays off for personal pleasure is widely frowned upon).

Some major labour unions organize rallies and demonstrations in Tokyo,^[88] Osaka, and Nagoya.^[89] Japan has a long history of labour activism and has had a communist and socialist party in the Diet since 1945. In 2008, the National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenrōren) held a rally in Yoyogi Park attended by 44,000 participants, while the National Trade Unions Council (Zenrōkyō) held its May Day rally at Hibiya Park.^{[citation needed]} Rengō, the largest Japanese trade union, held its May Day rally on the following Saturday (3 May), allegedly to distance itself from the more radical labour unions.^{[citation needed]}

North Korea[edit]

In the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 1 May is known as International Workers’ Day, and is a public holiday. Celebrations, local meetings and rallies are held every year throughout the country to honor the holiday.^[90] The Rungnado May Day Stadium in the capital of Pyongyang is named in honor of the holiday.

South Korea[edit]

In the Republic of Korea, 1 May is known simply as «Workers’ Day». It is not a public holiday, but a paid holiday for workers by the Designation of Workers’ Day Act.^{[nb 3]}

Europe[edit]

Albania[edit]

Labour Day (Albanian: Dita e punëtorëve) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May and thus schools and most businesses are closed.^[92]

Armenia[edit]

Labour Day (Armenian: Աշխատանքի օր, ashxatanki or) is an official holiday celebrated on 1 May.^[93]

Austria[edit]

Labour Day (Tag der Arbeit), officially called Staatsfeiertag (state’s holiday), is a public holiday in Austria. Left parties, especially social democrats organize celebrations with marches and speeches in all major cities. In smaller towns and villages those marches are held the night before.^{[citation needed]}

Belgium[edit]

In Belgium, Labour Day (Dutch: Dag van de Arbeid, Feest van de Arbeid, French: Journée des travailleurs, Fête du travail), is observed on 1 May and is an official holiday since 1948.^[94] Various socialist and communist organizations hold parades and other events in different cities.^[95]

Bosnia and Herzegovina[edit]

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 and 2 May (Bosnian and Serbian: Prvi Maj / Први Mај, Croatian: Prvi Svibanj) are an official holiday and day-off for public bodies and schools at the national level. Most people celebrate this holiday by visiting natural parks and resorts. Additionally, in some places public events are organized. In its capital city, Sarajevo, 12 and 13 June are also celebrated as Labour day^{[citation needed]} due to its many natural parks and springs.

Bulgaria[edit]

Labour Day is one of the public holidays in Bulgaria, where it is known as Labour Day and International Workers’ Solidarity Day (Bulgarian: Ден на труда и на международната работническа солидарност) and celebrated annually on 1 May.^[96] The first attempt to celebrate it was in 1890 by the Bulgarian Typographical Association. In 1939, Labour Day was declared an official holiday. Since 1945 the communist authorities in the People’s Republic of Bulgaria began to celebrate the holiday every year. After the end of socialism in Bulgaria in 1989 Labour Day continues to be an official and public holiday, but state authorities are not committed to the organization of mass events.^{[citation needed]}

Croatia[edit]

In Croatia, 1 May is a national holiday. Many public events are organized and held all over the country where bean soup is given out to all people as a symbol of a real workers’ dish. Red carnations are also handed out to symbolise the origin of the day. In Zagreb, the capital, a major gathering is in Maksimir Park, which is located in the east part of Zagreb. In Split, city on the coast, people go to Marjan, a park-forest at the western end of Split peninsula.^[97]

Cyprus[edit]

In Cyprus, 1 May (Greek: Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά) is considered as an official Public Holiday (Labour Day). In general, all stores remain closed in public and private sector. The Labor Union and Syndicates celebrate with various festivals and events across the country.^{[citation needed]}

Czech Republic[edit]

In the Czech Republic, 1 May is an official and national holiday known as Labour Day (Czech: Svátek práce).^[98]

Denmark[edit]

In Denmark, 1 May is not an official holiday, but a variety of individuals, mostly in the public sector, construction industry, and production industry, get a half or a whole day off. It was first celebrated in Copenhagen in 1890. The location of the first celebration, the Fælledparken, still plays an important part today with speeches by politicians and trade unionists to mark the occasion. Many other events are also held around the country to commemorate the day.^[99]

Estonia[edit]

In Estonia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as part of May Day (Kevadpüha). It also coincides with Walpurgis Day (volbripäev).^{[citation needed]}

Finland[edit]

In Finland, 1 May is an official and national holiday. Apart from Workers’ Day (officially: suomalaisen työn päivä, «day of Finnish labour»), it is also celebrated as a feast of students, and spring, called vappu or Walpurgis Night.^[100]

France[edit]

In France, 1 May is a public holiday. It is, in fact, the only day of the year when employees are legally obliged to be given leave, save professions that cannot be interrupted due to their nature (such as workers in hospitals and public transport).^[101] Demonstrations and marches are a Labour Day tradition in France, where trade unions organize parades in major cities to defend workers’ rights.
It is also customary to offer a lily of the valley to friends or family. This custom dates back to 1561, when king Charles IX, aged 10, waiting for his accession to the throne, gave a lily of the valley to all ladies present. Today, the fiscal administration exempts individuals and workers’ organizations from any tax or administrative duties related to the sales of lilies of the valley, provided they are gathered from the wild, and not bought to be resold.

Germany[edit]

In April 1933, the recently installed Nazi government declared 1 May the «Day of National Work», an official state holiday, and announced that all celebrations were to be organized by the government. Any separate celebrations by Communists, Social Democrats or labour unions were banned.^{[citation needed]} After World War II, 1 May remained a state holiday in both East and West Germany. In communist East Germany, workers were de facto required to participate in large state-organized parades on May Day.^{[citation needed]} Today in Germany it is simply called «Labour Day» (Tag der Arbeit), and there are numerous demonstrations and celebrations by independent workers’ organizations. Today, Berlin witnesses yearly demonstrations on May Day, the largest organised by labour unions, political parties, the far left and the leftist Autonomen.

Since 1987, May Day has also become known for riots in some districts of Berlin. After police actions against radical leftists in that year’s annual demonstrations, the Autonomen scattered and sought cover at the ongoing annual street fair in Kreuzberg. Three years prior to the reunification of Germany, violent protests would only take place in the former West Berlin. The protesters began tipping over police cars, violently resisting arrest, and began building barricades after the police withdrew due to the unforeseen resistance. Cars were set on fire, shops plundered and burned to the ground. The police eventually ended the riots the following night. These violent forms of protests by the radical left later increasingly involved participants without political motivation.^[102]

Annual street fairs have proven an effective way to prevent riots, and May Day in 2005 and 2006 have been among the most peaceful known to Berlin in nearly 25 years. In recent years, neo-Nazis and other groups on the far right, such as the National Democratic Party of Germany, have used the day to schedule public demonstrations, often leading to clashes with left-wing protesters, which turned especially violent in Leipzig in 1998 and 2005.^{[citation needed]}

May Day violence flared up again in 2010. After an approved far-right demonstration was blocked by leftists, a parade by an estimated 10,000 leftists and anarchists turned violent and resulted in an active response by the Berlin Police.^[103]

Greece[edit]

In Greece 1 May is an optional public holiday. The Ministry of Labour retains the right to classify it as an official public holiday on an annual basis, and it customarily does so.^[104] The day is called Ergatikí Proto-magiá (Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά, lit. «Workers’ 1 May») and celebrations are marked by demonstrations in which left-wing political parties, anti-authority groups, and workers’ unions participate.
On May Day in 2010, there were major protests all over Greece, most notably Athens and Thessaloniki, by many left, anarchist and communist supporters and some violent clashes with riot police who were sent out to contain the protesters. They opposed economic reforms, an end to job losses and wage cuts in the face of the government’s proposals of massive public spending cuts. These reforms are to fall in line with the IMF-EU-ECB loan proposals, which demand that Greece liberalize its economy and cut its public spending and private sector wages, which many believe will decrease living standards.^[105]

Hungary[edit]

Hungary celebrates 1 May as a national holiday, with open-air festivities and fairs all over the country. Many towns raise May poles and festivals with various themes are organized around the holiday. Left-wing parties and trade unions hold public rallies commemorating Labour Day.^[106]

Iceland[edit]

In Iceland the Labour Day (Icelandic: Baráttudagur verkalýðsins) is a public holiday. The first demonstration for workers rights in Iceland occurred in 1923. A parade composed of trade unions and other groups marches through towns and cities across the country and speeches are delivered.^[107] However, some private businesses are open, mainly in the capital.^[108]

Ireland[edit]

The Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) marks May Day with rallies take place in Belfast and Dublin and other events such as lectures, concerts and film screenings also take place around a wider May Day festival.^[109][110] The first Monday in May has been a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland since 1994^[111] and in Northern Ireland since 1978.^[112] In the Republic the public holiday was demanded by the ICTU^[113] and proposed by the Labour Party in negotiating its 1992–94 coalition government with Fianna Fáil, and marked the centenary of the ICTU’s predecessor, the Irish Trades Union Congress.^[114] The public holiday has no official designation, as «Workers’ Day» or otherwise.^[115] In 2005, Labour’s Ruairi Quinn condemned, as a slight to workers, an alleged Fianna Fáil proposal to replace the May holiday with one on 24 April commemorating the 1916 Rising; in fact the proposal was for an extra holiday.^[116]

Italy[edit]

The first May Day celebration in Italy took place in 1890. It started initially as an attempt to celebrate workers’ achievements in their struggle for their rights and for better social and economic conditions.^{[citation needed]} It was abolished under the Fascist regime and immediately restored after the Second World War. (During the fascist period, a «Holiday of the Italian Labour» (Festa del lavoro italiano) was celebrated on 21 April, the date of Natale di Roma, when Rome was allegedly founded.^{[citation needed]}) May Day is now an important celebration in Italy and is a national holiday regardless of what day of the week it falls. The Concerto del Primo Maggio («1st of May Concert»), organized by Italian labour unions in Rome in Piazza di Porta San Giovanni has become an important event in recent years. Every year the concert is attended by a large audience of mostly young people and involves the participation of many famous bands and songwriters, lasting from 15:00 until midnight. The concert is usually broadcast live by Rai 3.^{[citation needed]}

Lithuania[edit]

First May Day is an official public holiday celebrated as International Work Day (Lithuanian: Tarptautinė darbo diena).^[117] Celebrations for workers’ day were mandatory during the Soviet occupation, and carry a negative connotation as a result today. As Lithuania declared its independence in 1990, Work Day lost its public holiday status, but regained it in 2001.^[118][119]

Latvia[edit]

First May Day is an official public holiday celebrated as Convocation of the Constituent Assembly of the Republic of Latvia, Labour Day.^[120]

Luxembourg[edit]

In Luxembourg, 1 May, called the Dag vun der Aarbecht («Day of Labour»), is a legal holiday traditionally associated with large demonstrations by trade unions in Luxembourg City and other cities.^[121]

Malta[edit]

In Malta, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as «Workers’ Day»,^[122] together with the religious feast of Saint Joseph the Worker. (Saint Joseph’s Day, 19 March, the saint’s main feast, is also a public holiday in Malta.^[122] A Labour mass meeting takes place on 1 May. Nationalists celebrate accession to the European Union on 1 May 2004.

Montenegro[edit]

1 May is an official public holiday and a day off work and a day out of school. It is the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated.^[123]

Netherlands[edit]

In the Netherlands, 1 May or Labour Day (Dutch: Dag van de Arbeid) is not an official holiday. This is due in part to its proximity to the national holiday, Koningsdag, which was celebrated on the day before until 2013. Labour movements also didn’t see the need to agitate for an extra day off during the Post–World War II recovery efforts. Liberals who joined the Labour Party in this same period also wanted to distance themselves from the Soviet Union because of Cold War sentiments.^[124]

North Macedonia[edit]

In North Macedonia, 1 May (Macedonian: Ден на Трудот, Den na Trudot) is an official public holiday. Before 2007, 2 may was also a public holiday. People celebrate with friends and family at traditional picnics across the country, accompanied by the usual outdoor games, various grilled meats and beverages. Left organizations and some trade unions organize protests on 1 May.^[125]

Norway[edit]

In Norway, Labour Day (Norwegian: Arbeidernes Dag) is celebrated 1 May and is an official public holiday. It was introduced in 1942 by Vidkun Quisling of the Nasjonal Samling party modelled after the german Nationaler Feiertag des deutschen Volkes.^[126]

Poland[edit]

In Poland, since the fall of communism, 1 May is officially celebrated as May Day, but is commonly called Labour Day.^[127][128] it is currently celebrated without a specific connotation, and as such it is May Day. However, due to historical connotations, most of the large organized celebrations are focused around Labour Day festivities. It is customary for labour activists to organize parades in cities and towns across Poland. The holiday is also commonly referred to as «Labour Day» (Polish: Święto Pracy).^{[citation needed]}

In Poland, May Day is closely followed by May 3rd Constitution Day. These two dates combined often result in a long weekend called Majówka, which may last for up to 9 days from 28 April to 6 May, at the cost of taking only 3 days off. People often travel, and Majówka is unofficially considered the start of barbecuing season in Poland.^{[citation needed]}

Between these two, on 2 May, there is a patriotic holiday, the Day of the Polish Flag (Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), introduced by a Parliamentary Act of 20 February 2004. The day, however, does not force paid time off.^{[citation needed]}

In Soviet times, streets, places, squares, parks and also factories were frequently named in honor of International Workers’ Day, such as 1 Maja Coal Mine in Wodzisław Śląski.^{[citation needed]}

Portugal[edit]

In Portugal, the 1 May celebration (Portuguese: Primeiro de Maio) was suppressed during the Estado Novo dictatorship. The first workers’ day demonstration was held a week after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974. It is still the largest demonstration in the history of Portugal. It is used as an opportunity for workers and workers’ groups to voice their discontent over working conditions in demonstrations across Portugal, the largest being held in Lisbon. It is an official public holiday.^[129]

Romania[edit]

In Romania, 1 May, known as the International Labour Day (Romanian: Ziua internațională a muncii), the International Workers’ Day (Ziua internațională a oamenilor muncii), or simply 1/First of May (1/Întâi Mai), is an official public holiday. During the communist regime, like in all former Eastern Bloc countries, the day was marked by large state-organized parades in most towns and cities. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, 1 May continues to be an official public holiday, but without any state organized events or parades. Most people celebrate together with friends and family, organising picnics and barbecues. It is also the first day of the year when people, especially those from the southeastern part of the country including the capital Bucharest, go to spend the day in one of the Romanian Black Sea resorts.^{[citation needed]}

Russia[edit]

May Day, also known in Russia as the Day of International Workers Solidarity, the 1st of May (Russian: День международной солидарности трудящихся Первое ма́я) was celebrated illegally in the country until the February Revolution enabled the first legal celebration in 1917. The following year, after the Bolshevik seizure of power, the May Day celebrations were boycotted by Mensheviks, Left Socialist Revolutionaries and anarchists. It became an important official holiday of the Soviet Union, celebrated with elaborate popular parade in the centre of the major cities. The biggest celebration was traditionally organized in Red Square, where the General Secretary of the CPSU and other party and government leaders stood atop Lenin’s Mausoleum and waved to the crowds. Until 1969, the holiday was marked by military parades throughout the RSFSR and the union republics.^[130] The following was the order of the march past:

• Parade commander holding the appointment of commanding officer of the Moscow Military District
• Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music College
• Frunze Military Academy
• V.I. Lenin Military Political Academy
• Felix Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy
• Military Armored Forces Academy Marshal Rodion Malinovsky
• Military Engineering Academy
• Military Academy of Chemical Defense and Control
• Yuri Gagarin Air Force Academy
• Prof. Nikolai Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy
• Delegation of naval officer cadets from the Soviet Navy^[131]
• 98th Guards Airborne Division
• Moscow Border Guards Institute of the Border Defence Forces of the KGB «Moscow City Council»
• Separate Operational Purpose Division
• 336th Marine Brigade of the Baltic Fleet
• Suvorov Military School and Nakhimov Naval Schools
• Moscow Military Combined Arms Command Training School «Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR»
• Mobile Column
  • 2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division
  • 4th Guards Tank Division
  • Missile Troops and Artillery of the Moscow Military District
  • 1st Aerospace Defense Army
  • Northern Fleet and Baltic Fleet Coastal Defense, Surface and Submarine Forces (until 1974)
• Massed Bands of the Moscow Military District (parade finale)

The first of these parades were held 1918, when Vladimir Lenin presided over a ceremony at Khodynka Field.^[132] Notable parades included the parade of 1941 (which saw the presence of a Wehrmacht delegation led by Ernst August Köstring^[133]) and 1963 (where Cuban leader Fidel Castro was a guest). The only parades on 1 May to be cancelled were the parades scheduled during the years of the Second World War and the 1965 parade (this was cancelled to make way for the 1965 Moscow Victory Day Parade nine days later). In 1979, ten years after the last annual parade, a brief exhibition drill and military tattoo of the forces of the Moscow Garrison took place.^[134]

In 1991, which preceded the last year that demonstrations were held in Red Square, May Day grew into high-spirited political action. Around 50,000 people participated in a rally in Red Square in 1991 after which the tradition was interrupted for 13 years. In the early post-Soviet period the holiday turned into massive political gatherings of supporters of radically minded politicians. For instance, an action dubbed as «a rally of communist-oriented organisations» was held in Red Square in 1992. The rally began with performance of the Soviet Union anthem and raising the Red Flag and ended with appeals from the leader of opposition movement Working Moscow, Viktor Anpilov, «for early dismissal of President Boris Yeltsin, ousting Moscow Mayor Gavriil Popov from power and putting the latter on trial». Since 1992, May Day is officially called «The Day of Spring and Labour», and remains a major holiday in present-day Russia.

Since 2014 a national civil parade is held on that day on Red Square with similar events held in major cities and regional capitals.

Serbia[edit]

In Serbia, 1 May (and also 2 May) is a day off work and a day out of school. It is one of the major popular holidays, and the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated. People celebrate it all over the country. By tradition 1 May is celebrated by countryside picnics and outdoor barbecues. May is marked by warm weather in Serbia. In Belgrade, the capital, most people go to Avala or Košutnjak, which are parks located in Rakovica and Čukarica. People go around the country to enjoy nature. A major religious holiday of Djurdjevdan is on 6 May so quite often days off work are given to connect these two holidays and weekend, creating a small spring break. 1 May is celebrated by most of the population regardless of political views.

Slovakia[edit]

In Slovakia, 1 May is an official holiday. Celebrations are held surrounding workers’ day but are also connected with the commemoration of the entry of the Slovak Republic into the European Union (1 May 2004).^[135]

Slovenia[edit]

In Slovenia, 1 May and 2 May are public holidays. There are many official events all over the country to celebrate workers’ day. In Ljubljana, the capital, the main celebration is held on Rožnik Hill in the city. On the night of 30 April, bonfires are traditionally burned.^[136]

Spain[edit]

The first Día del Trabajador was celebrated in 1889 but only became a public holiday with the beginning of the Spanish Second Republic in 1931. It was banned afterwards by the Franco regime in 1937.^[137] The year after it was decreed that the «Fiesta de la Exaltación del Trabajo,» or Labor Festival, be held on 18 July, the anniversary of the Francoist military coup, instead.^[138] After the death of Francisco Franco in 1975 and the move towards democracy, the first large rallies on 1 May began again in 1977. It was re-introduced as a public holiday in 1978.^[139] Commonly, peaceful demonstrations and parades occur in major and minor cities.^[140][141]

Sweden[edit]

1 May has been an important part of Swedish history since the late 19th century. The day was made a public holiday in 1938 but had been celebrated by the Swedish Social Democratic Party and the left since 1890. The first May Day celebration gathered more than 50,000 people in central Stockholm. The crowd went to hear speeches by the leading figures in the Swedish labour movement such as Hjalmar Branting (later prime minister), August Palm and Hinke Bergegren. During World War I the demonstrations mainly had a peace message and the Liberal Party also joined the demonstrations. The eight-hour working day and women’s suffrage were the principal themes during the troubled times after World War I.

Recognizing the central contributions of workers and international worker solidarity in Swedish social, economic, political and cultural development, May Day demonstrations are an important part of Swedish politics and culture for social democrats, left parties, and unions. In Stockholm the Social Democratic Party always marches towards Norra Bantorget, the historical, physical centre of the Swedish labour movement, where they hold speeches in front of the headquarters of the Swedish Trade Union Confederation, while the smaller Left Party marches in larger numbers^[142] towards Kungsträdgården.

Since 1967, the Communist Party and its youth wing, Revolutionary Communist Youth, have held their own May Day march, known as Röd Front (‘Red Front’).^[143] In 2016, Röd Front marches were held at 33 locations across the country.^[144] The largest Röd Front marches are usually held in the industrial and financial port town of Gothenburg, Sweden’s second-largest city and one of the party’s strongholds.^[145][146]

Switzerland[edit]

In Switzerland, the status of 1 May differs depending on the canton and sometimes on the municipality. Labour Day is known as Tag der Arbeit in German-speaking cantons, as Fête du travail in the French-speaking cantons, and as Festa del lavoro in the Italian-speaking canton of Ticino.

• In the cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Basel-Stadt, Jura, Neuchâtel, and Zürich, Labour Day is an official public holiday equal to Sundays, based on federal law (Bundesgesetz über die Arbeit in Industrie, Gewerbe und Handel, article 20a).
• In the cantons of Schaffhausen, Thurgau, and Ticino, Labour Day is an official «day off» (Ruhetag). This is equal in practice to an official public holiday, but is not based on federal law and cantonal regulations may differ in details.
• In the canton of Solothurn it is an official half-day holiday (starting at 12 noon).
• In the canton of Fribourg, public servants get the afternoon off, many companies follow this practice.
• In the canton of Aargau it is not an official holiday, but most employees get the afternoon off.
• In the municipalities of Hildisrieden and Schüpfheim (both in the canton of Lucerne) as well as in Muotathal (canton of Schwyz), 1 May is an official public holiday, but as commemoration day of the local patron saint, not as Labour Day. In the other parts of the cantons of Lucerne and Schwyz, 1 May is a regular work day.
• In all other cantons, 1 May is a regular work day.^[147]

The largest Labour Day celebrations in Switzerland are held in the city of Zürich. Each year, Zürich‘s 1 May committee, together with the Swiss Federation of Trade Unions, organizes a festival and 1 May rally. It is the largest rally held on a regular basis in Switzerland.^[148]

Turkey[edit]

1 May is an official holiday celebrated in Turkey. It was a holiday until 1981 when it was cancelled after the 1980 coup d’état. In 2010, the Turkish government restored the holiday after some casualties and demonstrations. Taksim Square is the centre of the celebrations due to the Taksim Square massacre.^{[citation needed]}

Workers’ Day was first celebrated in 1912 in İstanbul and in 1899 in İzmir. After the establishment of the Turkish Republic, it became an official holiday. In 1924, it was forbidden by a decree and in both 1924 and 1925, demonstrations were intervened by arm floats. In 1935, The National Assembly declared Workers’ Day to be a holiday again.^[149]

During the events leading to the 1980 Turkish coup d’etat, a massacre occurred on 1 May 1977 (Taksim Square massacre), in which unknown people (agents provocateurs) opened fire on the crowd. The crowd was the biggest in Turkish workers’ history with the number of people approximating 500,000. In the next two years, provocations and confusion continued and peaked before the 1980 coup d’etat. The Workers’ Day holiday was cancelled once again. Still, demonstrations continued with small crowds, and in 1996, three people were killed by police bullets, and a plain-clothes man who spied in the crowd was revealed and lynched by workers. On the same evening, a video broadcast on TV showed that two participants in the demonstration were lynched by far right-wing nationalist groups and this lynching occurred in front of police forces who were watching the scene with happy faces. Thus, 1 May 1996 has been remembered by workers’ movements.^[149]

In 2007, the 30th anniversary of the Taksim square massacre, leftist workers’ unions wanted to commemorate the massacre in Taksim Square. Since the government would not let them into the square, 580–700 people were stopped and 1 person died under police control. After these events, the government declared 1 May as «Work and Solidarity Day» but not as a holiday. In the next year, the day was declared as a holiday, but people were still not allowed to gather in Taksim Square.^[150] The year 2008 was remembered with police violence in Istanbul. Police fired tear gas grenades among the crowds, and into hospitals and a primary school. Workers pushed forward so that in 2010, 140,000 people gathered in Taksim, and in 2011 there were more than half a million demonstrators.^{[citation needed]}

After three years of peaceful meetings in 2013, meetings in Taksim Square were forbidden by the government. Clashes occurred between police and workers; water cannon and tear gas have been widely used.^[151]

Ukraine[edit]

It is a public holiday in Ukraine, inherited from the Soviet era. May Day as a day of workers’ solidarity in Kyiv began as early as 1894.^[152] Until 2018, 2 May was also a public holiday (as in the Soviet era), instead in 2017 Western Christianity’s Christmas celebrated 25 December became a new Ukrainian public holiday.^[153][154] The 1 May International Workers’ Day remained a Ukrainian public holiday, although it was renamed (also in 2017) from «Day of International Solidarity of Workers» to «Labour Day».^[154]

In 2015, May Day rallies were banned in Kyiv and Kharkiv.^[155]

Late May 2015 laws that ban communist symbols came into effect in Ukraine, thus banning communist symbols, singing the Soviet national hymn or the Internationale.^[156]

According to Interior Minister Arsen Avakov during the 2016 May Day rallies in some major cities the number of police officers far outnumbered the number of rally participants.^[157] With in Dnipro 193 policemen protecting 25 rally participants.^[157]

United Kingdom[edit]

A public bank holiday in the United Kingdom known as May Day was created in 1978 and is held on the first Monday in May each year.^[158]

There are many traditional May Day rites and celebrations, some of which have been held for hundreds of years. However, it was not until the late 20th century that May Day in Great Britain became linked to International Workers’ Day, and the holiday is not officially a «Labour Day».

Oceania[edit]

Australia[edit]

While unofficial activities and commemorations associated with International Workers Day occur on May Day in Australia, Labour Day in the various states and territories generally falls on other days. Only in the Northern Territory (where it is called May Day) and Queensland is Labour Day celebrated on the first Monday in May, which is a public holiday under the name of «May Day». Queensland holds the biggest rallies in Australia, with the rally in Brisbane averaging 30,000 people.^{[citation needed]} In Australia, one of the first May Day marches occurred in Queensland on 1 May 1891.^[159] There are also rallies held in Cairns, Rockhampton, Townsville, Barcaldine, Ipswich, Toowoomba, Bundaberg, Maryborough, Sunshine Coast, Gold Coast and other regional centres.^{[citation needed]}

New Zealand[edit]

New Zealand workers were among the first in the world to claim the right for an eight-hour working day when, in 1840, the carpenter Samuel Parnell^[160] won an eight-hour day in Wellington. Labour Day was first celebrated in New Zealand on 28 October 1890.^[161] Labour day falls every year on the fourth Monday of October.

South Asia[edit]

Bangladesh[edit]

In Bangladesh, 1 May Day is a public holiday and called May Day. A parade and other events are held on the day to commemorate the occasion.^[162]

India[edit]

In India, Labour Day is a public holiday held on every 1 May.^[163] The holiday is tied to labour movements for communist and socialist political parties. Labour Day is known as «Uzhaipalar dhinam» in Tamil and was first celebrated in Madras, «Kamgar Din» in Hindi, «Karmikara Dinacharane» in Kannada,»Karmika Dinotsavam» in Telugu, «Kamgar Divas» in Marathi, «Thozhilaali Dinam» in Malayalam and «Shromik Dibosh» in Bengali. Since Labour day is not a national holiday, Labour day is observed as public holiday at State Government’s discretion. Many parts especially in North Indian States it is not a public holiday.^[164]

The first celebration in India was organized in Madras (now Chennai) by the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan on 1 May 1923.^[165] This was also the first time the red flag was used in India.^[166] The party leader Singaravelu Chettiar made arrangements to celebrate May Day in two places in 1923. One meeting was held at the beach opposite to the Madras High Court; the other meeting was held at the Triplicane beach. The Hindu newspaper, published from Madras reported,^[167]

The Labour Kisan party has introduced May Day celebrations in Madras. Comrade Singaravelar presided over the meeting. A resolution was passed stating that the government should declare May Day as a holiday. The president of the party explained the non-violent principles of the party. There was a request for financial aid. It was emphasised that workers of the world must unite to achieve independence.

1 May is also celebrated as «Maharashtra Day»^[168] and «Gujarat Day» to mark the date in 1960, when the two western states attained statehood after the erstwhile Bombay State was divided on linguistic lines. Maharashtra Day is held at Shivaji Park in central Mumbai. Schools and offices in Maharashtra remain closed on 1 May. A similar parade is held to celebrate Gujarat Day in Gandhinagar.

Vaiko (Vai Gopalsamy), General Secretary of Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, appealed to the then Prime Minister V. P. Singh to declare 1 May as a national holiday, to which the PM heeded and from then on it became a national holiday to celebrate International Labour Day.^{[169][non-primary source needed]}

Maldives[edit]

Maldives first observed the holiday in 2011, after a declaration by President Mohamed Nasheed. He noted that this move highlighted the government’s commitment as well as efforts of private parties to protect and promote workers’ rights in the Maldives.^[170]

Nepal[edit]

1 May Day has been celebrated in Nepal since 1963.^[171] The day became a public holiday in 2007.^[172]

Pakistan[edit]

International Labour Day is observed in Pakistan on 1 May to commemorate the social and economic achievements of workers. It is a public and national holiday. Many organized street demonstrations take place on Labor Day, where workers and labor unions protest against labor repression and demand for more rights, better wages and benefits.^[173]

Sri Lanka[edit]

In Sri Lanka, it is observed on 1 May and is a government and public holiday. The government has held official May Day celebrations in major towns and cities, with the largest being in the capital, Colombo. During celebrations, it is common to witness party leaders greeting the crowds. Workers frequently carry banners with political slogans and many parties decorate their vehicles.^{[citation needed]}

Southeast Asia[edit]

Cambodia[edit]

In Cambodia, it is known as International Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[174] No marches for labour day were permitted in Cambodia for several years after the 2013 Cambodian general election and surrounding mass protests. A tightly controlled march on a limited scale was first permitted again in 2019.^[175]

Indonesia[edit]

May Day (often referred locally as Labour Day) in Indonesia was first observed as a public holiday from 2014. Every year on the day, labourers take over the streets in major cities across the country, voicing their demands for better income & a supportive policy by the ministries.^[176]

Malaysia[edit]

Malaysia began observing the holiday in 1972 following an announcement by the late Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister, Ismail Abdul Rahman.^[177]

Myanmar[edit]

In Myanmar, 1 May is known as Labour Day (Burmese: အလုပ်သမားနေ့) and is a public holiday.^[178]

Philippines[edit]

1 May is known as Labor Day (Filipino: Araw ng Manggagawa, also known as Araw ng Paggawa) and is a public holiday in the Philippines. On this day, labour organizations and unions hold protests in major cities. On 1 May 1903, during the American colonial period the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina (Filipino Democratic Labor Union) held a 100,000-person^[179] rally in front of the Malacañang Palace demanding workers’ economic rights and Philippine independence.^{[citation needed]} Ten years later, the first official^{[by whom?]} celebration was held on 1 May 1913 when 36 labour unions convened for a congress in Manila.^[179]

During the Presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a policy was adopted called holiday economics policy that moved holidays to either a Monday or a Friday to create a long weekend of three days. In 2002, Labor Day was moved to the Monday nearest to 1 May. Labour groups protested, as they accused the Arroyo administration of belittling the holiday.^[180] By 2008, Labor Day was excluded in the holiday economics policy, returning the commemorations to 1 May, no matter what day of the week it falls on.^[1]

Singapore[edit]

In Singapore, it is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[181]

Thailand[edit]

In Thailand, the day is known in English as National Labour Day, and is one of 17 official public holidays in Thailand.^[182]

Vietnam[edit]

In Vietnam, it is known as International Labour Day (Vietnamese: Ngày Quốc tế Lao động) and is a public holiday.^[183] It was first adopted by the Nguyễn dynasty on the 11th day of the 9th month of the 16th year of the Bảo Đại Emperor (30 October 1941) by imperial decree.^[183] Later on 29 April 1946 President Hồ Chí Minh issued Sắc lệnh số 56 (Decree No. 56) which adopted the holiday for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.^[183]

According to the decree «workers in public offices, private offices and factories throughout the country are entitled to a day off from work. International Labour 1.5 and still receive the same salary as a working day…».^[183] On 1 May 1946 the first International Labour Day of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was held.^[183]

West Asia[edit]

Bahrain[edit]

In Bahrain, 1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[184]

Iran[edit]

In Iran, 1 May is known as the International Workers’ Day. It is not a public holiday but according to article 63 of Iranian labour law on top of the official public holidays observed in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Labour Day shall be considered an official holiday for workers.^[185]

Iraq[edit]

In Iraq, it is known as the International Workers’ Day and is a public holiday.^[186]

Israel[edit]

After historically varying popularity of Labour Day, 1 May is not an official holiday in the State of Israel. In the 1980s there were several large marches in Tel Aviv, numbering as much as 350,000 in 1983 and perhaps even more in 1988, but a steady decline in numbers led to only 5,000 marchers in 2010. During the 1990s businesses began to treat it like a regular working day as the number of May Day-related activities decreased.^[187] 1 May is largely celebrated by the former Soviet Jews who immigrated to Israel in the 1990s.^{[citation needed]}

Jordan[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[188]

Lebanon[edit]

1 May known as the Workers’ Day and is a public holiday. Left-wing parties and workers’ unions organize marches on 1 May.^[189]

Palestine[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^{[190][191][192]}

Yemen[edit]

1 May is known as Labour Day and is a public holiday.^[193]

See also[edit]

• Workers’ Memorial Day
• Pervomaysky (disambiguation)

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Foner, Philip Sheldon (1986). May day: a short history of the international workers’ holiday, 1886–1986. New York: International Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7178-0624-9.

External links[edit]

• Media related to International Workers’ Day at Wikimedia Commons
• May Day Archive at the Marxists Internet Archive
• Photos of May Day in Red Square during the Soviet Union

История праздника

Праздник возник еще в Древней Италии. Местные племена почитали в этот день богиню плодородия Майю. В честь нее, собственно, и был назван месяц май. Считалось, что чем громче и праздничнее отметить 1 Мая, тем больше будет урожая.

После отмены язычества праздник забылся, однако его вновь возродили в XIX веке. В 1886 году в американском городе Чикаго местные рабочие вышли на митинг, требуя 8-часовой рабочий день. Дело в том, что в Штатах в те времена к простым крестьянам относились как к рабам: люди работали круглосуточно за еду, не имея никаких личных прав. Правда, демонстрация тогда закончилась жестоко: всех вышедших местные власти расстреливали на месте… Через три года в память об этом кровавом событии Парижский конгресс II Интернационала назвал 1 Мая Днем солидарности трудящихся всего мира.

1 Мая в СССР

В нашу страну праздник пришел только в 1917 году после Октябрьской революции. Большевики обязали народ выходить 1 мая на демонстрации. А тех, кто этого не делал, штрафовали и даже увольняли с работы. Шествия транслировали по всем центральным телеканалам, в них принимали участие миллионы человек.

К торжеству готовились не меньше месяца. На больших ватманах рисовались плакаты с лозунгами – самые популярные «Мир! Труд! Май!», «Да здравствует 1 Мая!», печатались фото известных политических деятелей. Ну и воздушные шары. Без них никак.

Первый парад состоялся в Москве в 1918 году. По Красной площади прошлись трудящиеся, а приветствовали их представители партии КПСС. Звучала музыка, люди пели песни. На парад брали даже маленьких детей, родители сажали их на плечи.

Кстати, оттуда пошло слово «маевки». Так называли собрания рабочих на природе, где обсуждались насущные вопросы. Говоря современным языком, это корпоративные пикники.

Шли годы, и после распада СССР праздник утратил политический окрас и потерял актуальность. В итоге в 1990 году этот день переименовали в Праздник Весны и Труда.

Традиции праздника в разных странах

Если изначально Первомай праздновался во всех государствах как День солидарности трудящихся, то впоследствии его везде переиначили. И 1 Мая в 2023 году жители разных стран отметят совсем по-разному.

В Финляндии 1 Мая – это праздник студентов. Дело в том, что в учебных заведениях этой страны заканчиваются занятия, и учащиеся отмечают это событие. Главные события происходят в Хельсинки у памятника обнаженной девы Хавис Аманды. Студенты там распивают шампанское и веселятся.

В Ирландии символ Первомая – боярышник. Местные жители повязывают на дерево красные ленточки и загадывают самые сокровенные желания. Считается, что они обязательно сбудутся.

В Англии все дружно танцуют вокруг столбов в национальных костюмах. Столбы при этом обматывают яркими лентами, которые символизируют сотворение мира.

В Германии 1 Мая отмечают свой маленький Хэллоуин. Местные жители одеваются в костюмы нечистей и ночью выходят на шабаш. Это еще языческие традиции. Считаются, что таким образом люди притягивают фортуну и изгоняют злых духов.

А на Гавайях, в отличие от немцев, Первомай – добрый. Здесь с большим размахом празднуют День цветочных гирлянд: плетутся венки, ожерелья из орхидей, жасмина, плюмерии. Тем самым местные жители благодарят природу за подаренную им красоту.

В США в первое воскресенье мая почитают велосипеды. Жители больших городов оставляют машины дома и пересаживаются на двухколесных товарищей. А уже вечером на центральных площадях проходят концерты с фуршетом.

Но! День труда до сих пор почитают во многих странах мира. Только празднуется он не 1 Мая, как у нас, а в другие даты. В Соединенных Штатах, например, в первый понедельник сентября. В Австралии – в первый понедельник марта.

Народные приметы

• Считается, что с 1 мая кукушка начинает куковать в лесу. А у наших предков это значило, что пора сеять лен.
• Если кукушка летает по деревне и кричит – ждать пожара или наводнения.
• Если в Первомай шел дождь, им смачивали волосы. Тогда они хорошо росли.
• Если расцветала ольха, то крестьяне сеяли гречиху.
• В наше время на Первомай все едут на дачи сажать картошку. Так вот предки наши ориентировались на листики черемухи. Если они появились – тогда самое время.

Как всё начиналось?

1 мая 1886 года чикагские рабочие вышли на митинг — люди обращались к правительству с требованием улучшить условия труда: установить 8-часовой рабочий день вместо 12-15-часового, повысить заработную плату, прекратить эксплуатацию детского труда.

Забастовки проходили в Нью-Йорке, Детройте и других городах, но самой горячей точкой на карте Соединенных штатов оказался именно Чикаго. 4 мая после массовых увольнений чикагские рабочие объявили вторую забастовку. Потом был митинг на Хеймаркет-сквер — анархисты заверили, что акция будет мирной, но человек из толпы бросил в людей бомбу. Погибло несколько рабочих, десятки людей были ранены, пострадали полицейские.

Через несколько лет, летом 1889 года, Парижский конгресс II Интернационала постановил проводить ежегодные демонстрации 1 мая — в честь тех, кто пострадал и погиб, борясь за правое дело, на чикагском Хеймаркете.

За 30 лет до событий в США уменьшить часы работы просили граждане Австралии — и это им удалось. Первый в мире марш рабочего движения за 8-часовой рабочий день прошел 21 апреля 1856 года в Мельбурне. Мероприятие ждал хэппи-энд — власти прислушались к требованиям людей и сократили рабочее время до 8 часов в день, а зарплату при этом решили оставить прежней.

Первомай в Российской империи, СССР и современной России

В 1891 году революционер Михаил Бруснев со своими соратниками провел первый митинг в Санкт-Петербурге. В сходке участвовал рабочий класс. Спустя годы, уже после событий Октябрьской революции в 1917 году, праздник приобрел официальный статус и стал называться «День Интернационала». В том же году прошел и первый в истории СССР парад, посвященный Первомаю. А спустя 9 лет, летом 1928 года, официальными праздничными выходными были объявлены целых два дня — 1 и 2 мая.

И, если сейчас мы все привыкли видеть военную технику и самолеты на Параде Победы 9 мая, то раньше воздушные парады с легендами советского авиастроения проводились именно на Первомай.

1970-й год — еще одна знаменательная веха в истории праздника — теперь первые дни мая официально называются Днями международной солидарности трудящихся.

Праздник традиционно носил сугубо политический оттенок — на первомайские демонстрации граждане приходили с портретами именитых политиков и передовиков производства. Первомай воспевал революционеров, был настоящим символом народного равенства.

Оптимистичные девизы, плакаты с бодрыми призывами, флаги, транспаранты, воздушные шарики и цветы — народ действительно ощущал неподдельное единение. Это был по-настоящему праздничный весенний день, когда радовались все — взрослые и дети, старики и молодежь. Но люди  не забывали и о традиционной идее — ведь демонстрации проводились, чтобы выразить солидарность с рабочими по всему миру.

В этот день украшали даже фасады зданий — чтобы каждый гражданин Советского Союза почувствовал единение с Родиной, товарищами и государством. Торжественные улицы и проспекты ликовали вместе с народом. Появился даже новый вид искусства, который стал весомой частью советской культуры и яркой ассоциацией у иностранцев — политический плакат. И хотя не все плакаты были связаны с политикой, все-таки именно первомайские воспринимались как-то по-особому, ведь они должны были говорить на одном языке с каждым без исключения гражданином. Яркость, простота восприятия, огромный тираж и, конечно, дань популярным в разное время художественным стилям и направлениям сделали советский плакат настоящим символом, даже легендой эпохи.

С течением времени и со сменой эпох в стране политический оттенок праздника сошел на нет. С 1992 года он даже сменил имя и стал называться «Праздник весны и труда». После многочисленных тяжелых споров и оппозиционных митингов с печальным исходом для большинства людей нашей страны Первомай остался традиционным дополнительным выходным, который любят и празднуют во многих семьях.

Кстати, традиционные первомайские шашлыки, которые мы все так любим, — появились еще до революции. 1 мая по всей стране проходили маёвки с семейными посиделками, пикниками и прогулками на природе. Правда, вскоре они стали носить еще и оппозиционный характер.  Под видом безобидных пикников начали проводить нелегальные собрания рабочих. Сходки были запрещены на государственном уровне и преследовались полицией.

Еще одним событием, объединявшим дух советского народа, был парад физкультурников. Обычно мероприятие проводили на Красной площади в Москве. На одном из плакатов, созданных к грандиозному спортивному параду, была отпечатана надпись: «Физкультурный парад — мощная демонстрация силы и непобедимости советского народа!». Эти слова по праву можно считать девизом советских физкультурников — они активно пропагандировали здоровый образ жизни и спорт.

Парад физкультурников на Красной площади. Студентки и студенты Московского института народного хозяйства. 1 мая 1938 и 1 мая 1939 гг. Фотографии из архивов музея РЭУ им. Г. В. Плеханова.

Солидарность трудящихся во всем мире

Сегодня День международной солидарности трудящихся отмечают больше 140 стран, но не везде праздник проходит в начале мая. В самих США и Канаде, например, International labour day принято отмечать в первый понедельник сентября — когда на смену летним каникулам приходит сезон учебы и работы.

День труда, или День Рэндола Фоукса — национальный праздник Багамских Островов, который отмечается в первую пятницу июня, чтобы устроить длинные выходные. Первый месяц лета выбран не случайно — 7 июня 1942 года здесь тоже произошла масштабная забастовка рабочих. Во время праздника в столице страны Нассау тысячи людей приходят посмотреть на парад — шествие украшают музыканты и танцоры в красочных национальных костюмах. Завершается праздник традиционным выступлением политических деятелей и представителей власти.

В Канаде День труда, или Fête du Travail по-французски, тоже является государственным праздником и отмечается в первый понедельник сентября с 1894 года. Парады в этот день обычно организуются профсоюзами. А пикники, развлечения и общественные мероприятия с запуском фейерверков устраивают и обычные люди, для которых длинные сентябрьские выходные — еще один приятный повод отвлечься от рабочей рутины перед началом осеннего сезона.

В Новой Зеландии День труда традиционно отмечается в четвертый понедельник октября. С 1900 года праздник считается государственным. Интересно, что раньше в разных провинциях он отмечался в разные дни. Судовладельцы стали жаловаться — моряки берут огромный отпуск, проводя один День труда в одном порту, а другой — в следующем. В итоге правительство устранило эту лазейку — с 1910 года праздник отмечается по всей стране в один и тот же день.

А вот 1 Мая в качестве официального праздника отмечают в Австрии, Мексике, Греции, Латвии, Нигерии, Германии, Сингапуре, Венгрии, Чехии, Мексике, Таиланде, Малайзии, Бразилии, Франции, Турции и множестве других стран.

В материале использованы изображения с сайтов:

• 1prof.by
• 123ot.ru
• livejournal.com 
• back-in-ussr.com 
• asfera.info 
• t24.su 

1 мая во многих странах мира отмечается международный праздник — День труда (Праздник Весны и Труда), который изначально носил название День международной солидарности трудящихся.

1 мая 1886 года американские рабочие организовали забастовку в Чикаго, выдвинув требование 8-часового рабочего дня. Забастовка и сопутствующая демонстрация закончились кровопролитным столкновением с полицией.

В июле 1889 года Парижский конгресс II Интернационала в память о выступлении рабочих принял решение о проведении 1 мая ежегодных демонстраций. Впервые день международной солидарности трудящихся был отмечен в 1890 году в Австро-Венгрии, Бельгии, Германии, Дании, Испании, Италии, США, Норвегии, Франции, Швеции и некоторых других странах.

Долгое время Первомай был символом революции, непримиримой классовой борьбы, имел «политическую окраску» и отмечался демонстрациями, украшенными портретами политических деятелей, передовиков производства, лозунгами, призывами, плакатами и диаграммами о достижениях в той или иной отрасли народного хозяйства, науки, культуры. Но постепенно этот контекст терялся.

Сегодня праздник отмечается в более чем 140 странах и территориях мира 1 мая или в первый понедельник мая. Для ряда стран традиция собирать людей под знамена профсоюзов еще сохранилась, но в большинстве государств это все же не политический праздник, а именно День труда, яркий весенний праздник, когда организуются народные гуляния, выступления артистов, ярмарки, мирные шествия и множество увеселительных мероприятий. А для кого-то это просто еще один выходной, в течение которого можно отдохнуть или провести время с семьей.

Кстати, в некоторых странах День труда отмечается в иное время — к ним относятся, например, США и Япония. Более чем в 80 государствах (включая Индию) День труда не отмечается.

В «Журнале Calend.ru» читайте материалы к празднику:

• Статья «Сорванный первомай: как традиционная демонстрация превратилась в первый в истории СССР митинг оппозиции»
• Литературный рассказ «Встреча на майские праздники: жизнь после развода только начинается»

1 Мая — один из самых популярных советских праздников. Сменив имя, он сохранился и в современной России. Некоторые исследователи усматривают в нём языческие корни, другие подчёркивают его международный характер. Но любой праздник — это больше чем дата и название. Это отражение эпохи — идей, настроений, конфликтов и ожиданий. Каким же был Первомай в разные периоды нашей истории?