Праздник хэллоуин на английском языке кратко

Представлено сочинение на английском языке Хэллоуин/ Halloween с переводом на русский язык

Представлено сочинение на английском языке Хэллоуин/ Halloween с переводом на русский язык.

Halloween Хэллоуин
One of the national festivals of English-speaking countries is Halloween. It takes place on October 31 on Allhallow’s Eve. Один из национальных праздников в англоязычных странах – это праздник Хэллоуин. Его отмечают 31 октября в канун Дня всех святых.
The pumpkin is a symbol of this festival in which offensive face is cut out. A lighted candle is put into the pumpkin. It was considered that pumpkin left about the house on All Saints’ Day drove off malignant demons. The song “Monster Mash” by Bobby Pickett is an informal hymn of this festival. Символом этого праздника является тыква, на которой вырезано устрашающее лицо. Внутрь тыквы помещается зажженная свеча. Считалось, что тыква, оставленная в День всех святых около дома, отгоняет злых духов. Неофициальным гимном праздника является песня «Monster Mash» певца Бобби Пикэтта.
On this day parties are held and people put on suits of the terrible creatures and monsters from films. Children go from house to house, sing songs and try to get sweeties. Besides that games and fortune-telling are widely spread on Halloween. At night children and teenagers tell each other horror stories and legends and the most popular legend is about Bloody Mary. She is said to appear in a mirror when her name is called three times. В этот день устраиваются вечеринки в честь праздника, люди наряжаются в различных страшных существ и монстров из фильмов. Дети ходят по домам, поют песни и выпрашивают сладости. Помимо этого в Хэллоуин распространены гадание и игры. Ночью дети и подростки рассказывают друг другу страшные истории и легенды, самой популярной является легенда о Кровавой Мэри. Говорят, если назвать её имя три раза, смотря в зеркало, то появится её призрак.
Organization of attractions where visitors are got scared is also an important tradition. On this holiday television broadcasts a lot of horror films and animations. On this day we can show our fantasy and live in the world of dead for a little while. Также важной традицией является организация аттракционов, где пугают посетителей. В этот праздник по телевизору показывают много ужасов и страшных мультфильмов. В этот день можно проявить свою фантазию и немного пожить в мире мёртвых.
Halloween has been gaining in popularity in Russia recently. В последнее время праздник Хэллоуин в России приобретает большую популярность.

Источник

Хеллоуин — это изначально религиозный праздник, который стал популярен во многих странах благодаря интересным традициям, включающим костюмированные вечеринки. Его широко празднуют в США, Канаде, он популярен и в других англоязычных странах. Здесь вы найдете текст, сочинение на английском про Хеллоуин (Halloween) с переводом и аудио.

Это сочинение на английском про Хеллоуин плюс аудио. Вариант “текст + перевод” вы найдете ниже.

Это тот же текст, но с переводом. Перевод сделан для каждого предложения в отдельной строке.

Текст на английском Перевод Halloween is an originally religious celebration that has become a popular holiday in many countries, especially in the USA and Canada. Хеллоуин — это изначально религиозное празднование, которое стало популярным праздником во многих странах, особенно в США и Канаде. It is celebrated on the 31st of October, the eve of All Hallows’ Day. Его отмечают 31 октября, в канун Дня всех Святых. The word ‘Halloween’ is a contraction of ‘All Hallows’ Evening’. Слово «Halloween» — это сокращение от «All Hallows’ Evening» (Вечер всех Святых). Nowadays most people do not see Halloween as a religious celebration. В наше время многие люди не видят Хеллоуин как религиозный праздник. It is just a fun holiday that includes many traditional activities such as trick-or-treating and costume parties. It is popular among both children and grown-ups. Это просто веселый праздник, включающий много традиционных занятий, таких как выпрашивание сладостей (букв. «Неприятность или угощение») и костюмированные вечеринки. Он популярен как среди детей, так и среди взрослых. A Halloween costume party is an event where everyone should be dressed up as ghosts, witches, skeletons etc, although in many cases people choose less ghost-related costumes and dress up as pirates, robots, popular shows and videogames characters. Костюмированная вечеринка на Хеллоуин — это мероприятие, где все должны быть переодеты в привидений, ведьм, скелетов и т. д., хотя во многих случаях люди выбирают костюмы, имеющее меньшее отношение к привидениям, и переодеваются в пиратов, роботов, персонажей популярных шоу и видеоигр. Visiting haunted attractions is a different kind of activity. Посещение аттракционов с привидениями — это другой вид мероприятий. That kind of event is a live show that simulates visiting a haunted house, people might feel like they are in a horror movie. Такой вид мероприятий — это живое представление, имитирующее посещение дома с привидениями, у людей может складываться ощущение, что они попали в фильм ужасов. Haunted attractions usually feature scary characters such as horror movie villains or ghosts and zombies. В аттракционах с привидениями обычно участвуют страшные персонажи, такие как злодеи из фильмов ужасов или приведения и зомби. The activity that little children are fond of is trick-or-treating. Занятие, от которого без ума маленькие дети, — это выпрашивание угощений. Kids wear costumes, knock on their neighbors’ doors and say ‘Trick or treat!” Дети надевают костюмы, стучатся в двери соседей и говорят: «Неприятность или угощение!» The phrase suggests, ‘You either give me a treat or we play a trick on you’. Выражение подразумевает: «Либо ты даешь мне угощение, либо мы устроим тебе неприятность». According to the rules of the game, grown-ups are supposed to give a treat to the children, usually a bunch of candies. В соответствии с правилами игры, взрослые должны дать детям угощение, обычно сладости. Children love this activity because it is fun and they end up collecting a lot of candies from grown-ups. Дети любят это занятие, потому что это весело и в итоге они собирают много конфет у взрослых. Another traditional Halloween activity is making jack-o’-lanterns. Еще один традиционный для Хеллоуина вид занятий, это изготовление Светильника Джека. A jack-o’-lantern is a hollow pumpkin carved in a particular way. Светильник Джек — это полая тыква, в которой определенным способом делаются вырезы. It looks like a head with a creepy smile and a candle inside. Она выглядит, как голова с жуткой улыбкой и свечой внутри. This is probably the most recognizable symbol of Halloween. Это, возможно, наиболее узнаваемый символ Хеллоуина. Halloween is originally a Christian celebration but it has become popular in many countries, although the traditions of Halloween vary among them. Хеллоуин — это по происхождению христианское празднование, но он стал популярен во многих странах, правда, традиции Хеллоуина среди них отличаются. For example, in Russia, where I live, trick-or-treating and making jack-o’-lanterns have not become common. К примеру, в России, где я живу, выпрашивание сладостей и изготовление фонаря из тыквы не вошли в обиход. Halloween is a relatively popular holiday but it is celebrated mostly in the form of costume parties. Хеллоуин — это относительно популярный праздник, но его отмечают, в основном, в форме костюмированных вечеринок.
Источник

Слова к тексту на английском языке «История праздника Хэллоуин»

история праздника хэллоуин

  1. be associated with – ассоциируется с
  2. supernatural – сверхъестественный
  3. creature – существо
  4. originally – первоначально
  5. especially – особенно
  6. veil – завеса
  7. attribute – атрибут
  8. hollow out – выскоблить изнутри
  9. fancy costumes — маскарадные костюмы
  10. It is cut up to — Ее (тыкву) вырезают, чтобы…

История происхождения праздника Halloween

(The Origin of Halloween. Текст на английском языке c переводом)

This holiday started in Ireland. Halloween was originally a festival of the dead. It is celebrated on the 31st of October. Halloween means All Hallows Eve. You know, the 1st of November is All Hallows Day (День всех святых). People thought that the evening (eve) before is the time when the veil between the living and the dead is lifted and witches, ghosts and other creatures are about. So this holiday is associated with death and supernatural. It is very popular with children and teenagers especially in America.

It is the only time in autumn before the cold days begin when it is still warm enough to go outside and enjoy the beauty of autumn. On that day children wear unusual fancy costumes and masks. They dress up as witches, ghosts, ghouls, bats, evil spirits, skeletons and frighten people. They say “Trick or Treat”. If they get a treat, they go away. But if they don’t, they play tricks.

The main attribute of  Halloween is Jack-O`Lantern (Фонарь Джека) or hollowed-out pumpkin. It is cut up to look like a frightening face and a candle is placed inside.

Но оказывается все не так просто, ведь Halloween отмечали еще кельты около 2000 лет назад и назывался тогда этот праздник —  Samhain. Еще об этом празднике можно узнать у Лео: https://lingualeo.com/ru/jungle/halloween-21481#/page/1

Изучение английского языка самостоятельно

The Origin of Halloween (текст на русском языке)

Этот праздник зародился в Ирландии. Первоначально Хэллоуин был Днем Мертвых или праздником Смерти. И отмечали его 31 октября. Само слово Halloween  обозначает Канун Дня всех святых, который отмечают 1 ноября. Раньше люди думали, что в канун этого дня завеса между миром живых и мертвых приоткрывается и ведьмы, духи и другие сверхъестественные существа появляются среди живых. Поэтому этот праздник и ассоциируется у многих людей со смертью. Он очень популярен среди детей и подростков особенно в Америке.

В это время обычно стоит теплая погода и дети используют последнюю возможность провести время на улице и полюбоваться яркими красками поздней осени. Они одевают необычные костюмы и маски. Наряжаются в ведьм, призраков, вампиров, летучих мышей и пугают прохожих. По традиции они говорят «Угощение или шутка». И если не получают угощение, то могут и подшутить.

Главный атрибут этого праздника — фонарь Джека или фонарь из тыквы. В тыкве делают прорези, чтобы она была похожа на страшное лицо, а внутрь ставят свечку. Вот забавное видео < как сделать тыкву на Хэллоуин.

Источник

Halloween or Hallowe’en (less commonly known as Allhalloween,[5] All Hallows’ Eve,[6] or All Saints’ Eve)[7] is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Saints’ Day. It begins the observance of Allhallowtide,[8] the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed.[9][10][11][12]

Halloween
Jack-o'-Lantern 2003-10-31.jpg

Carving a jack-o’-lantern is a common Halloween tradition
Also called
  • Hallowe’en
  • All Hallowe’en
  • All Hallows’ Eve
  • All Saints’ Eve
Observed by Western Christians and many non-Christians around the world[1]
Type Christian
Significance First day of Allhallowtide
Celebrations Trick-or-treating, costume parties, making jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions.
Observances Church services,[2] prayer,[3] fasting,[1] and vigil[4]
Date 31 October
Related to Samhain, Hop-tu-Naa, Calan Gaeaf, Allantide, Day of the Dead, Reformation Day, All Saints’ Day, Mischief Night (cf. vigil)

One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to have pagan roots.[13][14][15][16] Some go further and suggest that Samhain may have been Christianized as All Hallow’s Day, along with its eve, by the early Church.[17] Other academics believe Halloween began solely as a Christian holiday, being the vigil of All Hallow’s Day.[18][19][20][21] Celebrated in Ireland and Scotland for centuries, Irish and Scottish immigrants took many Halloween customs to North America in the 19th century,[22][23] and then through American influence Halloween had spread to other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century.[24][25]

Popular Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising and souling), attending Halloween costume parties, carving pumpkins or turnips into jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories, and watching horror or Halloween-themed films.[26] Some people practice the Christian religious observances of All Hallows’ Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead,[27][28][29] although it is a secular celebration for others.[30][31][32] Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows’ Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain vegetarian foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes, and soul cakes.[33][34][35][36]

Etymology

The word Halloween or Hallowe’en («Saints’ evening»[37]) is of Christian origin;[38][39] a term equivalent to «All Hallows Eve» is attested in Old English.[40] The word hallowe[‘]en comes from the Scottish form of All Hallows’ Eve (the evening before All Hallows’ Day):[41] even is the Scots term for «eve» or «evening»,[42] and is contracted to e’en or een;[43] (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en became Hallowe’en.

History

Christian origins and historic customs

Halloween is thought to have influences from Christian beliefs and practices.[44][45] The English word ‘Halloween’ comes from «All Hallows’ Eve», being the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows’ Day (All Saints’ Day) on 1 November and All Souls’ Day on 2 November.[46] Since the time of the early Church,[47] major feasts in Christianity (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils that began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows’.[48][44] These three days are collectively called Allhallowtide and are a time when Western Christians honour all saints and pray for recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. Commemorations of all saints and martyrs were held by several churches on various dates, mostly in springtime.[49] In 4th-century Roman Edessa it was held on 13 May, and on 13 May 609, Pope Boniface IV re-dedicated the Pantheon in Rome to «St Mary and all martyrs».[50] This was the date of Lemuria, an ancient Roman festival of the dead.[51]

In the 8th century, Pope Gregory III (731–741) founded an oratory in St Peter’s for the relics «of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors».[44][52] Some sources say it was dedicated on 1 November,[53] while others say it was on Palm Sunday in April 732.[54][55] By 800, there is evidence that churches in Ireland[56] and Northumbria were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.[57] Alcuin of Northumbria, a member of Charlemagne’s court, may then have introduced this 1 November date in the Frankish Empire.[58] In 835, it became the official date in the Frankish Empire.[57] Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea,[57] although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter.[59] They may have seen it as the most fitting time to do so, as it is a time of ‘dying’ in nature.[57][59] It is also suggested the change was made on the «practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it», and perhaps because of public health concerns over Roman Fever, which claimed a number of lives during Rome’s sultry summers.[60][44]

On All Hallows’ Eve, Christians in some parts of the world visit cemeteries to pray and place flowers and candles on the graves of their loved ones.[61] Top: Christians in Bangladesh lighting candles on the headstone of a relative. Bottom: Lutheran Christians praying and lighting candles in front of the central crucifix of a graveyard.

By the end of the 12th century, the celebration had become known as the holy days of obligation in Western Christianity and involved such traditions as ringing church bells for souls in purgatory. It was also «customary for criers dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls».[62] The Allhallowtide custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for all christened souls,[63] has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating.[64] The custom dates back at least as far as the 15th century[65] and was found in parts of England, Wales, Flanders, Bavaria and Austria.[66] Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the dead, especially the souls of the givers’ friends and relatives. This was called «souling».[65][67][68] Soul cakes were also offered for the souls themselves to eat,[66] or the ‘soulers’ would act as their representatives.[69] As with the Lenten tradition of hot cross buns, soul cakes were often marked with a cross, indicating they were baked as alms.[70] Shakespeare mentions souling in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593).[71] While souling, Christians would carry «lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips», which could have originally represented souls of the dead;[72][73] jack-o’-lanterns were used to ward off evil spirits.[74][75] On All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day during the 19th century, candles were lit in homes in Ireland,[76] Flanders, Bavaria, and in Tyrol, where they were called «soul lights»,[77] that served «to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes».[78] In many of these places, candles were also lit at graves on All Souls’ Day.[77] In Brittany, libations of milk were poured on the graves of kinfolk,[66] or food would be left overnight on the dinner table for the returning souls;[77] a custom also found in Tyrol and parts of Italy.[79][77]

Christian minister Prince Sorie Conteh linked the wearing of costumes to the belief in vengeful ghosts: «It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints’ Day, and All Hallows’ Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognized by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes».[80] In the Middle Ages, churches in Europe that were too poor to display relics of martyred saints at Allhallowtide let parishioners dress up as saints instead.[81][82] Some Christians observe this custom at Halloween today.[83] Lesley Bannatyne believes this could have been a Christianization of an earlier pagan custom.[84] Many Christians in mainland Europe, especially in France, believed «that once a year, on Hallowe’en, the dead of the churchyards rose for one wild, hideous carnival» known as the danse macabre, which was often depicted in church decoration.[85] Christopher Allmand and Rosamond McKitterick write in The New Cambridge Medieval History that the danse macabre urged Christians «not to forget the end of all earthly things».[86] The danse macabre was sometimes enacted in European village pageants and court masques, with people «dressing up as corpses from various strata of society», and this may be the origin of Halloween costume parties.[87][88][89][72]

In Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation, as Protestants berated purgatory as a «popish» doctrine incompatible with the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. State-sanctioned ceremonies associated with the intercession of saints and prayer for souls in purgatory were abolished during the Elizabethan reform, though All Hallow’s Day remained in the English liturgical calendar to «commemorate saints as godly human beings».[90] For some Nonconformist Protestants, the theology of All Hallows’ Eve was redefined; «souls cannot be journeying from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, as Catholics frequently believe and assert. Instead, the so-called ghosts are thought to be in actuality evil spirits».[91] Other Protestants believed in an intermediate state known as Hades (Bosom of Abraham).[92] In some localities, Catholics and Protestants continued souling, candlelit processions, or ringing church bells for the dead;[46][93] the Anglican church eventually suppressed this bell-ringing.[94] Mark Donnelly, a professor of medieval archaeology, and historian Daniel Diehl write that «barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effect of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveled the earth».[95] After 1605, Hallowtide was eclipsed in England by Guy Fawkes Night (5 November), which appropriated some of its customs.[96] In England, the ending of official ceremonies related to the intercession of saints led to the development of new, unofficial Hallowtide customs. In 18th–19th century rural Lancashire, Catholic families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows’ Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen’lay.[97] There was a similar custom in Hertfordshire, and the lighting of ‘tindle’ fires in Derbyshire.[98] Some suggested these ‘tindles’ were originally lit to «guide the poor souls back to earth».[99] In Scotland and Ireland, old Allhallowtide customs that were at odds with Reformed teaching were not suppressed as they «were important to the life cycle and rites of passage of local communities» and curbing them would have been difficult.[22]

In parts of Italy until the 15th century, families left a meal out for the ghosts of relatives, before leaving for church services.[79] In 19th-century Italy, churches staged «theatrical re-enactments of scenes from the lives of the saints» on All Hallow’s Day, with «participants represented by realistic wax figures».[79] In 1823, the graveyard of Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome presented a scene in which bodies of those who recently died were arrayed around a wax statue of an angel who pointed upward towards heaven.[79] In the same country, «parish priests went house-to-house, asking for small gifts of food which they shared among themselves throughout that night».[79] In Spain, they continue to bake special pastries called «bones of the holy» (Spanish: Huesos de Santo) and set them on graves.[100] At cemeteries in Spain and France, as well as in Latin America, priests lead Christian processions and services during Allhallowtide, after which people keep an all night vigil.[101] In 19th-century San Sebastián, there was a procession to the city cemetery at Allhallowtide, an event that drew beggars who «appeal[ed] to the tender recollectons of one’s deceased relations and friends» for sympathy.[102]

Gaelic folk influence

Today’s Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which are believed to have pagan roots.[103] Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that «there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived».[104] The origins of Halloween customs are typically linked to the Gaelic festival Samhain.[105]

Samhain is one of the quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and has been celebrated on 31 October – 1 November[106] in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[107][108] A kindred festival has been held by the Brittonic Celts, called Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan Goañv in Brittany; a name meaning «first day of winter». For the Celts, the day ended and began at sunset; thus the festival begins the evening before 1 November by modern reckoning.[109] Samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,[110] and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween.

Snap-Apple Night, painted by Daniel Maclise in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland.[111]

Samhain marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the ‘darker half’ of the year.[112][113] It was seen as a liminal time, when the boundary between this world and the Otherworld thinned. This meant the Aos Sí, the ‘spirits’ or ‘fairies’, could more easily come into this world and were particularly active.[114][115] Most scholars see them as «degraded versions of ancient gods […] whose power remained active in the people’s minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs».[116] They were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings.[117][118] At Samhain, the Aos Sí were appeased to ensure the people and livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left outside for them.[119][120][121] The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes seeking hospitality.[122] Places were set at the dinner table and by the fire to welcome them.[123] The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night of the year and must be appeased seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures.[66] In 19th century Ireland, «candles would be lit and prayers formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin».[124]

Throughout Ireland and Britain, especially in the Celtic-speaking regions, the household festivities included divination rituals and games intended to foretell one’s future, especially regarding death and marriage.[125] Apples and nuts were often used, and customs included apple bobbing, nut roasting, scrying or mirror-gazing, pouring molten lead or egg whites into water, dream interpretation, and others.[126] Special bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke, and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers.[112] In some places, torches lit from the bonfire were carried sunwise around homes and fields to protect them.[110] It is suggested the fires were a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic – they mimicked the Sun and held back the decay and darkness of winter.[123][127][128] They were also used for divination and to ward off evil spirits.[74] In Scotland, these bonfires and divination games were banned by the church elders in some parishes.[129] In Wales, bonfires were also lit to «prevent the souls of the dead from falling to earth».[130] Later, these bonfires «kept away the devil».[131]

A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland[132]

From at least the 16th century,[133] the festival included mumming and guising in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales.[134] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food. It may have originally been a tradition whereby people impersonated the Aos Sí, or the souls of the dead, and received offerings on their behalf, similar to ‘souling’. Impersonating these beings, or wearing a disguise, was also believed to protect oneself from them.[135] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses – some of which had pagan overtones – in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the ‘Muck Olla’; not doing so would bring misfortune.[136] In Scotland, youths went house-to-house with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[134] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked or blackened with ashes from the sacred bonfire.[133] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[134] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed.[134]

Elsewhere in Europe, mumming was part of other festivals, but in the Celtic-speaking regions, it was «particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers».[134] From at least the 18th century, «imitating malignant spirits» led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Wearing costumes and playing pranks at Halloween did not spread to England until the 20th century.[134] Pranksters used hollowed-out turnips or mangel wurzels as lanterns, often carved with grotesque faces.[134] By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits,[134] or used to ward off evil spirits.[137][138] They were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[134] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of Britain and became generally known as jack-o’-lanterns.[134]

Spread to North America

Lesley Bannatyne and Cindy Ott write that Anglican colonists in the southern United States and Catholic colonists in Maryland «recognized All Hallow’s Eve in their church calendars»,[140][141] although the Puritans of New England strongly opposed the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including Christmas.[142] Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America.[22]

It was not until after mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in America.[22] Most American Halloween traditions were inherited from the Irish and Scots,[23][143] though «In Cajun areas, a nocturnal Mass was said in cemeteries on Halloween night. Candles that had been blessed were placed on graves, and families sometimes spent the entire night at the graveside».[144] Originally confined to these immigrant communities, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and was celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial, and religious backgrounds by the early 20th century.[145] Then, through American influence, these Halloween traditions spread to many other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century, including to mainland Europe and some parts of the Far East.[24][25][146]

Symbols

Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. Jack-o’-lanterns are traditionally carried by guisers on All Hallows’ Eve in order to frighten evil spirits.[73][147] There is a popular Irish Christian folktale associated with the jack-o’-lantern,[148] which in folklore is said to represent a «soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell»:[149]

On route home after a night’s drinking, Jack encounters the Devil and tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking Jack etches the sign of the cross into the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain that Satan can never claim his soul. After a life of sin, drink, and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern have been roaming looking for a place to rest.[150]

In Ireland and Scotland, the turnip has traditionally been carved during Halloween,[151][152] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger, making it easier to carve than a turnip.[151] The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[153] and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.[154]

The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including Christian eschatology, national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus and Dracula) and classic horror films such as Frankenstein (1931) and The Mummy (1932).[155][156] Imagery of the skull, a reference to Golgotha in the Christian tradition, serves as «a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life» and is consequently found in memento mori and vanitas compositions;[157] skulls have therefore been commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.[158] Traditionally, the back walls of churches are «decorated with a depiction of the Last Judgment, complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils», a motif that has permeated the observance of this triduum.[159] One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; «What fearfu’ pranks ensue!», as well as the supernatural associated with the night, «bogles» (ghosts),[160] influencing Robert Burns’ «Halloween» (1785).[161] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks, and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, evil, and mythical monsters.[162] Black cats, which have been long associated with witches, are also a common symbol of Halloween. Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween’s traditional colors.[163]

Trick-or-treating and guising

Trick-or-treaters in Sweden

Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, «Trick or treat?» The word «trick» implies a «threat» to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.[64] The practice is said to have roots in the medieval practice of mumming, which is closely related to souling.[164] John Pymm wrote that «many of the feast days associated with the presentation of mumming plays were celebrated by the Christian Church.»[165] These feast days included All Hallows’ Eve, Christmas, Twelfth Night and Shrove Tuesday.[166][167] Mumming practiced in Germany, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe,[168] involved masked persons in fancy dress who «paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence».[169]

Girl in a Halloween costume in 1928, Ontario, Canada, the same province where the Scottish Halloween custom of guising was first recorded in North America

In England, from the medieval period,[170] up until the 1930s,[171] people practiced the Christian custom of souling on Halloween, which involved groups of soulers, both Protestant and Catholic,[93] going from parish to parish, begging the rich for soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the souls of the givers and their friends.[67] In the Philippines, the practice of souling is called Pangangaluluwa and is practiced on All Hallow’s Eve among children in rural areas.[26] People drape themselves in white cloths to represent souls and then visit houses, where they sing in return for prayers and sweets.[26]

In Scotland and Ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a traditional Halloween custom.[172] It is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit, and money.[152][173] In Ireland, the most popular phrase for kids to shout (until the 2000s) was «Help the Halloween Party».[172] The practice of guising at Halloween in North America was first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, reported children going «guising» around the neighborhood.[174]

American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book-length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe’en (1919), and references souling in the chapter «Hallowe’en in America».[175] In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; «Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries».[176]

While the first reference to «guising» in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.[177] The earliest known use in print of the term «trick or treat» appears in 1927, in the Blackie Herald, of Alberta, Canada.[178]

The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating.[179] Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice in North America until the 1930s, with the first US appearances of the term in 1934,[180] and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.[181]

A popular variant of trick-or-treating, known as trunk-or-treating (or Halloween tailgating), occurs when «children are offered treats from the trunks of cars parked in a church parking lot», or sometimes, a school parking lot.[100][182] In a trunk-or-treat event, the trunk (boot) of each automobile is decorated with a certain theme,[183] such as those of children’s literature, movies, scripture, and job roles.[184] Trunk-or-treating has grown in popularity due to its perception as being more safe than going door to door, a point that resonates well with parents, as well as the fact that it «solves the rural conundrum in which homes [are] built a half-mile apart».[185][186]

Costumes

Halloween costumes were traditionally modeled after figures such as vampires, ghosts, skeletons, scary looking witches, and devils.[64] Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.

Halloween shop in Derry, Northern Ireland, selling masks

Dressing up in costumes and going «guising» was prevalent in Scotland and Ireland at Halloween by the late 19th century.[152] A Scottish term, the tradition is called «guising» because of the disguises or costumes worn by the children.[173] In Ireland and Scotland, the masks are known as ‘false faces’,[38][187] a term recorded in Ayr, Scotland in 1890 by a Scot describing guisers: «I had mind it was Halloween . . . the wee callans were at it already, rinning aboot wi’ their fause-faces (false faces) on and their bits o’ turnip lanthrons (lanterns) in their haun (hand)».[38] Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children, and when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in Canada and the US in the 1920s and 1930s.[178][188]

Eddie J. Smith, in his book Halloween, Hallowed is Thy Name, offers a religious perspective to the wearing of costumes on All Hallows’ Eve, suggesting that by dressing up as creatures «who at one time caused us to fear and tremble», people are able to poke fun at Satan «whose kingdom has been plundered by our Saviour». Images of skeletons and the dead are traditional decorations used as memento mori.[189][190]

«Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF» is a fundraising program to support UNICEF,[64] a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.[191][192]

The yearly New York’s Village Halloween Parade was begun in 1974; it is the world’s largest Halloween parade and America’s only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, two million spectators, and a worldwide television audience.[193]

Since the late 2010s, ethnic stereotypes as costumes have increasingly come under scrutiny in the United States.[194] Such and other potentially offensive costumes have been met with increasing public disapproval.[195][196]

Pet costumes

According to a 2018 report from the National Retail Federation, 30 million Americans will spend an estimated $480 million on Halloween costumes for their pets in 2018. This is up from an estimated $200 million in 2010. The most popular costumes for pets are the pumpkin, followed by the hot dog, and the bumblebee in third place.[197]

Games and other activities

In this 1904 Halloween greeting card, divination is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of her future husband.

There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween. Some of these games originated as divination rituals or ways of foretelling one’s future, especially regarding death, marriage and children. During the Middle Ages, these rituals were done by a «rare few» in rural communities as they were considered to be «deadly serious» practices.[198] In recent centuries, these divination games have been «a common feature of the household festivities» in Ireland and Britain.[125] They often involve apples and hazelnuts. In Celtic mythology, apples were strongly associated with the Otherworld and immortality, while hazelnuts were associated with divine wisdom.[199] Some also suggest that they derive from Roman practices in celebration of Pomona.[64]

Children bobbing for apples at Hallowe’en

The following activities were a common feature of Halloween in Ireland and Britain during the 17th–20th centuries. Some have become more widespread and continue to be popular today.
One common game is apple bobbing or dunking (which may be called «dooking» in Scotland)[200] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use only their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a sticky face. Another once-popular game involves hanging a small wooden rod from the ceiling at head height, with a lit candle on one end and an apple hanging from the other. The rod is spun round and everyone takes turns to try to catch the apple with their teeth.[201]

Image from the Book of Hallowe’en (1919) showing several Halloween activities, such as nut roasting

Several of the traditional activities from Ireland and Britain involve foretelling one’s future partner or spouse. An apple would be peeled in one long strip, then the peel tossed over the shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse’s name.[202][203] Two hazelnuts would be roasted near a fire; one named for the person roasting them and the other for the person they desire. If the nuts jump away from the heat, it is a bad sign, but if the nuts roast quietly it foretells a good match.[204][205] A salty oatmeal bannock would be baked; the person would eat it in three bites and then go to bed in silence without anything to drink. This is said to result in a dream in which their future spouse offers them a drink to quench their thirst.[206] Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror.[207] The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards[208] from the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Another popular Irish game was known as púicíní («blindfolds»); a person would be blindfolded and then would choose between several saucers. The item in the saucer would provide a hint as to their future: a ring would mean that they would marry soon; clay, that they would die soon, perhaps within the year; water, that they would emigrate; rosary beads, that they would take Holy Orders (become a nun, priest, monk, etc.); a coin, that they would become rich; a bean, that they would be poor.[209][210][211][212] The game features prominently in the James Joyce short story «Clay» (1914).[213][214][215]

In Ireland and Scotland, items would be hidden in food – usually a cake, barmbrack, cranachan, champ or colcannon – and portions of it served out at random. A person’s future would be foretold by the item they happened to find; for example, a ring meant marriage and a coin meant wealth.[216]

Up until the 19th century, the Halloween bonfires were also used for divination in parts of Scotland, Wales and Brittany. When the fire died down, a ring of stones would be laid in the ashes, one for each person. In the morning, if any stone was mislaid it was said that the person it represented would not live out the year.[110]

Telling ghost stories, listening to Halloween-themed songs and watching horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released before Halloween to take advantage of the holiday.

Haunted attractions

Humorous tombstones in front of a house in California

Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses that may include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides,[217] and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown.

The first recorded purpose-built haunted attraction was the Orton and Spooner Ghost House, which opened in 1915 in Liphook, England. This attraction actually most closely resembles a carnival fun house, powered by steam.[218][219] The House still exists, in the Hollycombe Steam Collection.

It was during the 1930s, about the same time as trick-or-treating, that Halloween-themed haunted houses first began to appear in America. It was in the late 1950s that haunted houses as a major attraction began to appear, focusing first on California. Sponsored by the Children’s Health Home Junior Auxiliary, the San Mateo Haunted House opened in 1957. The San Bernardino Assistance League Haunted House opened in 1958. Home haunts began appearing across the country during 1962 and 1963. In 1964, the San Manteo Haunted House opened, as well as the Children’s Museum Haunted House in Indianapolis.[220]

The haunted house as an American cultural icon can be attributed to the opening of The Haunted Mansion in Disneyland on 12 August 1969.[221] Knott’s Berry Farm began hosting its own Halloween night attraction, Knott’s Scary Farm, which opened in 1973.[222] Evangelical Christians adopted a form of these attractions by opening one of the first «hell houses» in 1972.[223]

The first Halloween haunted house run by a nonprofit organization was produced in 1970 by the Sycamore-Deer Park Jaycees in Clifton, Ohio. It was cosponsored by WSAI, an AM radio station broadcasting out of Cincinnati, Ohio. It was last produced in 1982.[224] Other Jaycees followed suit with their own versions after the success of the Ohio house. The March of Dimes copyrighted a «Mini haunted house for the March of Dimes» in 1976 and began fundraising through their local chapters by conducting haunted houses soon after. Although they apparently quit supporting this type of event nationally sometime in the 1980s, some March of Dimes haunted houses have persisted until today.[225]

On the evening of 11 May 1984, in Jackson Township, New Jersey, the Haunted Castle (Six Flags Great Adventure) caught fire. As a result of the fire, eight teenagers perished.[226] The backlash to the tragedy was a tightening of regulations relating to safety, building codes and the frequency of inspections of attractions nationwide. The smaller venues, especially the nonprofit attractions, were unable to compete financially, and the better funded commercial enterprises filled the vacuum.[227][228] Facilities that were once able to avoid regulation because they were considered to be temporary installations now had to adhere to the stricter codes required of permanent attractions.[229][230][231]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, theme parks entered the business seriously. Six Flags Fright Fest began in 1986 and Universal Studios Florida began Halloween Horror Nights in 1991. Knott’s Scary Farm experienced a surge in attendance in the 1990s as a result of America’s obsession with Halloween as a cultural event. Theme parks have played a major role in globalizing the holiday. Universal Studios Singapore and Universal Studios Japan both participate, while Disney now mounts Mickey’s Not-So-Scary Halloween Party events at its parks in Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo, as well as in the United States.[232] The theme park haunts are by far the largest, both in scale and attendance.[233]

Food

Pumpkins for sale during Halloween

On All Hallows’ Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage abstinence from meat, giving rise to a variety of vegetarian foods associated with this day.[234]

Because in the Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel apples or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.

At one time, candy apples were commonly given to trick-or-treating children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States.[235] While there is evidence of such incidents,[236] relative to the degree of reporting of such cases, actual cases involving malicious acts are extremely rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children’s Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children’s candy.[237]

One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin, and other charms are placed before baking.[238] It is considered fortunate to be the lucky one who finds it.[238] It has also been said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.

List of foods associated with Halloween:

  • Barmbrack (Ireland)
  • Bonfire toffee (Great Britain)
  • Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain and Ireland)
  • Candy apples, candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America)
  • Chocolate
  • Monkey nuts (peanuts in their shells) (Ireland and Scotland)
  • Caramel apples
  • Caramel corn
  • Colcannon (Ireland; see below)
  • Halloween cake
  • Sweets/candy
  • Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
  • Roasted pumpkin seeds
  • Roasted sweet corn
  • Soul cakes
  • Pumpkin Pie

Christian religious observances

The Vigil of All Hallows’ is being celebrated at an Episcopal Christian church on Hallowe’en

On Hallowe’en (All Hallows’ Eve), in Poland, believers were once taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests in tiny villages toll their church bells in order to remind their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows’ Eve.[239] In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom includes the Christian practice of abstinence, keeping All Hallows’ Eve as a meat-free day and serving pancakes or colcannon instead.[240] In Mexico children make an altar to invite the return of the spirits of dead children (angelitos).[241]

The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe’en through a vigil. Worshippers prepared themselves for feasting on the following All Saints’ Day with prayers and fasting.[242] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints;[243][244] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom.[245][246] After the service, «suitable festivities and entertainments» often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows’ Day.[247][248] In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows’ Eve to light votive candles there, they «are known as valomeri, or seas of light».[249]

Today, Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow’s Eve.[250][251] Some of these practices include praying, fasting and attending worship services.[1][2][3]

O LORD our God, increase, we pray thee, and multiply upon us the gifts of thy grace: that we, who do prevent the glorious festival of all thy Saints, may of thee be enabled joyfully to follow them in all virtuous and godly living. Through Jesus Christ, Our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, ever one God, world without end. Amen. —Collect of the Vigil of All Saints, The Anglican Breviary[252]

Votive candles in the Halloween section of Walmart

Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows’ Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow’s Eve or independently from it.[253] This is because Martin Luther is said to have nailed his Ninety-five Theses to All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg on All Hallows’ Eve.[254] Often, «Harvest Festivals» or «Reformation Festivals» are held on All Hallows’ Eve, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.[255] In addition to distributing candy to children who are trick-or-treating on Hallowe’en, many Christians also provide gospel tracts to them. One organization, the American Tract Society, stated that around 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from them alone for Hallowe’en celebrations.[256] Others order Halloween-themed Scripture Candy to pass out to children on this day.[257][258]

Belizean children dressed up as Biblical figures and Christian saints

Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.[259] Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, «if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that.»[260] In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a «Saint Fest» on Halloween.[261] Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners’ heritage.[262] Christian minister Sam Portaro wrote that Halloween is about using «humor and ridicule to confront the power of death».[263]

In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween’s Christian connection is acknowledged, and Halloween celebrations are common in many Catholic parochial schools in the United States.[264][265] Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use «Hell houses» and comic-style tracts in order to make use of Halloween’s popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[266] Others consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration.[267] Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows’ Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost, The Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows’ Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.[268]

Analogous celebrations and perspectives

Judaism

According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why, in Judaism, Halloween is not permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violates Leviticus 18:3, which forbids Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Many Jews observe Yizkor communally four times a year, which is vaguely similar to the observance of Allhallowtide in Christianity, in the sense that prayers are said for both «martyrs and for one’s own family».[269] Nevertheless, many American Jews celebrate Halloween, disconnected from its Christian origins.[270] Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser has said that «There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween» while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews’ observing the holiday.[271] Purim has sometimes been compared to Halloween, in part due to some observants wearing costumes, especially of Biblical figures described in the Purim narrative.[272]

Islam

Sheikh Idris Palmer, author of A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam, has ruled that Muslims should not participate in Halloween, stating that «participation in Halloween is worse than participation in Christmas, Easter, … it is more sinful than congratulating the Christians for their prostration to the crucifix».[273] It has also been ruled to be haram by the National Fatwa Council of Malaysia because of its alleged pagan roots stating «Halloween is celebrated using a humorous theme mixed with horror to entertain and resist the spirit of death that influence humans».[274][275] Dar Al-Ifta Al-Missriyyah disagrees provided the celebration is not referred to as an ‘eid’ and that behaviour remains in line with Islamic principles.[276]

Hinduism

Hindus remember the dead during the festival of Pitru Paksha, during which Hindus pay homage to and perform a ceremony «to keep the souls of their ancestors at rest». It is celebrated in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada, usually in mid-September.[277] The celebration of the Hindu festival Diwali sometimes conflicts with the date of Halloween; but some Hindus choose to participate in the popular customs of Halloween.[278] Other Hindus, such as Soumya Dasgupta, have opposed the celebration on the grounds that Western holidays like Halloween have «begun to adversely affect our indigenous festivals».[279]

Neopaganism

There is no consistent rule or view on Halloween amongst those who describe themselves as Neopagans or Wiccans. Some Neopagans do not observe Halloween, but instead observe Samhain on 1 November,[280] some neopagans do enjoy Halloween festivities, stating that one can observe both «the solemnity of Samhain in addition to the fun of Halloween». Some neopagans are opposed to the celebration of Hallowe’en, stating that it «trivializes Samhain»,[281] and «avoid Halloween, because of the interruptions from trick or treaters».[282] The Manitoban writes that «Wiccans don’t officially celebrate Halloween, despite the fact that 31 Oct. will still have a star beside it in any good Wiccan’s day planner. Starting at sundown, Wiccans celebrate a holiday known as Samhain. Samhain actually comes from old Celtic traditions and is not exclusive to Neopagan religions like Wicca. While the traditions of this holiday originate in Celtic countries, modern day Wiccans don’t try to historically replicate Samhain celebrations. Some traditional Samhain rituals are still practised, but at its core, the period is treated as a time to celebrate darkness and the dead – a possible reason why Samhain can be confused with Halloween celebrations.»[280]

Geography

Halloween display in Kobe, Japan

The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going «guising», holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.[172][283][284] In Brittany children would play practical jokes by setting candles inside skulls in graveyards to frighten visitors.[285] Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations.[172] This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as Brazil, Ecuador, Chile,[286] Australia,[287] New Zealand,[288] (most) continental Europe, Finland,[289] Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[25]

See also

  • Campfire story
  • Devil’s Night
  • Dziady
  • Ghost Festival
  • Naraka Chaturdashi
  • Kekri
  • List of fiction works about Halloween
  • List of films set around Halloween
  • List of Halloween television specials
  • Martinisingen
  • Neewollah
  • St. John’s Eve
  • Walpurgis Night
  • Will-o’-the-wisp
  • English festivals

References

  1. ^ a b c «BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. It is widely believed that many Hallowe’en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church…. All Hallows’ Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows’ Day, also known as All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows’ Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English ‘hallowed’ meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe’en. …However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain …
  2. ^ a b «Service for All Hallows’ Eve». The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-89869-409-3. This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows’ Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place.
  3. ^ a b Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8192-2565-8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. All Hallow’s Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints’ Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival.
  4. ^ The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8091-4414-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints’ Day.
  5. ^ Palmer, Abram Smythe (1882). Folk-etymology. Johnson Reprint. p. 6.
  6. ^ Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9. Halloween (All Hallows Eve). The name given to October 31, the eve of the Christian festival of All Saints Day (November 1).
  7. ^ «NEDCO Producers’ Guide». 31–33. Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation. 1973. Originally celebrated as the night before All Saints’ Day, Christians chose November first to honor their many saints. The night before was called All Saints’ Eve or hallowed eve meaning holy evening.
  8. ^ «Tudor Hallowtide». National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe’en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls).
  9. ^ Hughes, Rebekkah (29 October 2014). «Happy Hallowe’en Surrey!» (PDF). The Stag. University of Surrey. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. Halloween or Hallowe’en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.
  10. ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (29 December 2009). Don’t Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned. HarperCollins. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-06-192575-7.
  11. ^ «All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of».
  12. ^ «The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls’ Day) — November 02, 2021 — Liturgical Calendar». www.catholicculture.org.
  13. ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women’s History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-252-02931-8. Retrieved 14 December 2015. The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows’ Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints’ and All Souls’ Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.
  14. ^ Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516896-9. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.
  15. ^ Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011. The feasts of Hallowe’en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.
  16. ^ Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Halloween, also called All Hallows’ Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints’ Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows’ Eve, celebrated on the same date.
  17. ^ Roberts, Brian K. (1987). The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30143-6. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Time out of time’, when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows’ Eve and All Hallows’ Day.
  18. ^ O’Donnell, Hugh; Foley, Malcolm (18 December 2008). Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-4438-0265-9. Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: «thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year’s Night (Hog-unnaa) and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many «Hog-unnaa» customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year’s Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe’en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round.» … Hutton points out that Rhy’s unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. … Halloween’s preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa.
  19. ^ Barr, Beth Allison (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan». The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 October 2020. It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to «paganism» is rather more tenuous.
  20. ^
    • Moser, Stefan (29 October 2010). «Kein ‘Trick or Treat’ bei Salzburgs Kelten» (in German). Salzburger Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017. Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun», entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.
    • Döring, Alois; Bolinius, Erich (31 October 2006), Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen (in German), FDP Emden, Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.
    • Hörandner, Editha (2005). Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 8, 12, 30. ISBN 978-3-8258-8889-3. Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. … Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition («seit 2000 Jahren») ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. … So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als …heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert.
    • Döring, Dr. Volkskundler Alois (2011). «Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?» (in German). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk «Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr». Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von «All Hallows eve», Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als «amerikanischer» Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.

  21. ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2020. However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.
  22. ^ a b c d Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  23. ^ a b Brunvand, Jan (editor). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. p.749
  24. ^ a b Colavito, Jason. Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152
  25. ^ a b c Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8
  26. ^ a b c Paul Fieldhouse (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
  27. ^ Skog, Jason (2008). Teens in Finland. Capstone. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7565-3405-9. Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow’s Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as valomeri, or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased.
  28. ^ «All Hallows Eve Service» (PDF). Duke University. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014. About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before.
  29. ^ «The Christian Observances of Halloween». National Republic. 15: 33. 5 May 2009. Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the «All Hallow’s Eve» festival.
  30. ^ Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). Companion to the Calendar. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-56854-011-5. In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church’s traditions are lost or confused.
  31. ^ Kernan, Joe (30 October 2013). «Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think». Cranston Herald. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed.
  32. ^ Braden, Donna R.; Village, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield (1988). Leisure and entertainment in America. Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. ISBN 978-0-933728-32-5. Retrieved 2 June 2014. Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children’s festivity.
  33. ^ Santino, p. 85
  34. ^ All Hallows’ Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal
  35. ^ Mahon, Bríd (1991). Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink. Poolbeg Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-85371-142-8. The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare.
  36. ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017. In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint’s Day.
  37. ^ Luck, Steve (1998). «All Saints’ Day». The American Desk Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-521465-9.
  38. ^ a b c «DOST: Hallow Evin». Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  39. ^ The A to Z of Anglicanism (Colin Buchanan), Scarecrow Press, p. 8
  40. ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. ealra halgena mæsseæfen (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  41. ^ «Halloween». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  42. ^ Thomson, Thomas; Annandale, Charles (1896). A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe’en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity.
  43. ^ «E’EN, Een». Scottish National Dictionary (1700–). Vol. III =. 1952. snd8629.
  44. ^ a b c d Hopwood, James A. (2019). Keeping Christmas: Finding Joy in a Season of Excess and Strife. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-5326-9537-7. The name «Halloween,» of course, is a contraction of «All Hallow’s Eve.» That’s the eve of All Saints Day, or All Hallows Day, as it was popularly known in Britain. As with Christmas Eve and the Easter vigil, the celebration of All Saints Day began with a service the night before, on All Hallow’s Eve. With All Souls Day on November 2, it formed the feast of Allhallowtide. All Saints Day began in fourth-century Rome as a festival honoring Christian martyrs. By the eighth century, it was expanded to all those remembered as saints, and the date of its observance was moved from May 13 to November 1. That move, of course, put it smack dab on top of Samhain in Britain. But the decision to move the date was not made in Britain; it was made in Rome, where there was no Samhain or anything like it. There is no evidence that any Samhain customs rubbed off on Halloween anywhere because there is no evidence of any Samhain customs at all.
  45. ^ Beth Allison Barr (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan – The Washington Post». The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2018. It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday.
  46. ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 22, 27. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  47. ^ New Proclamation Commentary on Feasts, Holy Days, and Other Celebrations (Bill Doggett, Gordon W. Lathrop), Fortress Press, p. 92
  48. ^ Benham, William (1887). The Dictionary of Religion: An Encyclopedia of Christian and Other Religious Doctrines, Denominations, Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Terms, History, Biography, Etc. Cassell. p. 1085. Vigils were kept at least till midnight before the feasts of martyrs, and those of Easter Eve and Christmas Eve were prolonged till cock-crow.
  49. ^ Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. Church Publishing, Inc. 2010. p. 662. ISBN 978-0-89869-678-3.
  50. ^ Saunders, William. «All Saints and All Souls». Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  51. ^ Melton, J Gordon (editor). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2011. p.22
  52. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). «All Saints, Festival of» . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  53. ^ «All Saints’ Day», The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press, 1997. pp.41–42
  54. ^ McClendon, Charles. «Old Saint Peter’s and the Iconoclastic Controversy», in Old Saint Peter’s, Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. 215–216. Quote: «Soon after his election in 731, Gregory III summoned a synod to gather on 1 November in the basilica of Saint Peter’s in order to respond to the policy of iconoclasm that he believed was being promoted by the Byzantine Emperor […] Six months later, in April of the following year, 732, the pope assembled another synod in the basilica to consecrate a new oratory dedicated to the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and all the saints».
  55. ^ Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. University of Toronto Press, 2005. p. 258. Quote: «Gregory III began his reign with a synod in St Peter’s (1 November 731) which formally condemned iconoclasm […] on the Sunday before Easter, 12 April 732, Gregory convoked yet another synod […] and at the synod inaugurated an oratory […] Dedicated to all saints, this oratory was designed to hold ‘relics of the holy apostles and all the holy martyrs and confessors'».
  56. ^ Farmer, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14
  57. ^ a b c d Hutton, p. 364
  58. ^ New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second ed.). 2003. pp. 242–243. ISBN 0-7876-4004-2.
  59. ^ a b MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  60. ^ Burns, Paul (editor). Butler’s Saint for the Day. Liturgical Press, 2007. p. 516
  61. ^ Ramdin, Ron. Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People. New York University Press, p. 241
  62. ^ The World Review – Volume 4, University of Minnesota, p. 255
  63. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-19-514691-2.
  64. ^ a b c d e «Halloween». Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  65. ^ a b Hutton, pp. 374–375
  66. ^ a b c d Miles, Clement A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition. Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  67. ^ a b Mary Mapes Dodge, ed. (1883). St. Nicholas Magazine. Scribner & Company. p. 93. ‘Soul-cakes,’ which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: ‘Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!’
  68. ^ DeMello, Margo (2012). A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-59884-617-1. Trick-or-treating began as souling an English and Irish tradition in which the poor, wearing masks, would go door to door and beg for soul cakes in exchange for people’s dead relatives.
  69. ^ Cleene, Marcel. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe. Man & Culture, 2002. p. 108. Quote: «Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice».
  70. ^ Levene, Alysa (2016). Cake: A Slice of History. Pegasus Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-68177-108-3. Like the perennial favourites, hot cross buns; they were often marked with a cross to indicate that they were baked as alms.
  71. ^ The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1.
  72. ^ a b Pulliam, June; Fonseca, Anthony J. (2016). Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend. ABC-CLIO. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4408-3491-2. Since the 16th century, costumes have become a central part of Halloween traditions. Perhaps the most common traditional Halloween costume is that of the ghost. This is likely because … when Halloween customs began to be influenced by Catholicism, the incorporation of the themes of All Hallows’ and All Souls’ Day would have emphasized visitations from the spirit world over the motifs of spirits and fairies. … The baking and sharing of souls cakes was introduced around the 15th century: in some cultures, the poor would go door to door to collect them in exchange for praying for the dead (a practice called souling), often carrying lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips. Around the 16th century, the practice of going house to house in disguise (a practice called guising) to ask for food began and was often accompanied by recitation of traditional verses (a practice called mumming). Wearing costumes, another tradition, has many possible explanations, such as it was done to confuse the spirits or souls who visited the earth or who rose from local graveyards to engage in what was called a Danse Macabre, basically a large party among the dead.
  73. ^ a b Rogers, p. 57
  74. ^ a b Carter, Albert Howard; Petro, Jane Arbuckle (1998). Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8122-1517-5. Halloween, incorporated into the Christian year as the eve of All Saints Day, marked the return of the souls of the departed and the release of devils who could move freely on that night. Fires lit on that night served to prevent the influence of such spirits and to provide omens for the future. Modern children go from house to house at Halloween with flashlights powered by electric batteries, while jack o’lanterns (perhaps with an actual candle, but often with a lightbulb) glow from windows and porches.
  75. ^ Guiley, Rosemary (2008). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Infobase Publishing. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4381-2684-5. According to most legends, the jack-o’-lantern is a wandering soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell. … In Ireland, children who are caught outdoors after dark are told to wear their jackets inside-out in order not to be lured astray by a jack-o’-lantern. In Sweden, the spirit is believed to be the soul of an unbaptized child, who tries to lead travelers to water in hopes of receiving baptism. … In American lore, the jack-o’-lantern is associated with withces and the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. It is customary for trick-or-treaters to carry pumpkin jack-o’-lanterns to frighten away evil spirits.
  76. ^ Santino, The Hallowed Eve, p. 95
  77. ^ a b c d Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A new abridgement. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp.380–383
  78. ^ Ruth Hutchison and Ruth Constance Adams (1951). Every Day’s a Holiday. Harper, 1951. pp.236
  79. ^ a b c d e Morton, Lisa (15 September 2013). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween. Reaktion Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-78023-055-9.
  80. ^ Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-596-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  81. ^ Bannatyne, Lesley (1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4556-0553-8. Villagers were also encouraged to masquerade on this day, not to frighten unwelcome spirits, but to honor Christian saints. On All Saints’ Day, churches throughout Europe and the British Isles displayed relics of their patron saints. Poor churches could not afford genuine relics and instead had processions in which parishioners dressed as saints, angels and devils. It served the new church by giving an acceptable Christian basis to the custom of dressing up on Halloween.
  82. ^ Morrow, Ed (2001). The Halloween Handbook. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8065-2227-2. Another contributor to the custom of dressing up at Halloween was the old Irish practice of marking All Hallows’ Day with religious pageants that recounted biblical events. These were common during the Middle Ages all across Europe. The featured players dressed as saints and angels, but there were also plenty of roles for demons who had more fun, capering, acting devilish, and playing to the crows. The pageant began inside the church, then moved by procession to the churchyard, where it continued long into the night.
  83. ^ «Eve of All Saints», Using Common Worship: Times and Seasons – All Saints to Candlemas (David Kennedy), Church House Publishing, p. 42
  84. ^ Bannatyne, Lesley. Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing, 1998. p. 9
  85. ^ Perry, Edward Baxter. Descriptive Analyses of Piano Works; For the Use of Teachers, Players, and Music Clubs. Theodore Presser Company, 1902. p. 276
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    The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children’s fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit.

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  257. ^ Woods, Robert (2013). Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-313-38654-1. Evangelicals have found opportunities with both Christmas and Easter to use Christian candy to re-inject religion into these traditionally Christian holidays and boldly reclaim them as their own. They have increasingly begun to use Halloween, the most candy-centric holiday, as an opportunity for evangelism. Contained in small packages featuring Bible verses, Scripture Candy’s «Harvest Seeds» – candy corn in everything but name – are among many candies created for this purpose.
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Further reading

  • Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
  • Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
  • Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7
  • Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8
  • Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1
  • Editha Hörandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Münster (2005). 308 pages. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4
  • Lisa Morton, Trick or Treat A history of Halloween, Reaktion Books (2012). 229 pages. ISBN 978-1-78023-187-7
  • Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X
  • Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press, US (2002). ISBN 0-19-514691-3
  • Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
  • David J. Skal, Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween, Bloomsbury US (2003). 224 pages. ISBN 1-58234-305-5
  • James Tipper, Gods of The Nowhere: A Novel of Halloween, Waxlight Press (2013). 294 pages. ISBN 978-0-9882433-1-6

External links

  • Halloween at Curlie
  • «A brief history of Halloween» by the BBC
  • «All Hallows Eve (Halloween) in the Traditional, Pre-1955 Liturgical Books» by the Liturgical Arts Journal
  • «The History of Halloween» by the History Channel
Источник

 В этом тексте есть ошибки и неточности. Скоро он будет обновлен.

The Origin of Halloween

Halloween is celebrated on the 31st of October. According to scientists it originated from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain. People believed that on that day the dead could visit the living, as their spirits return to earth.

Traditions

Traditionally on Halloween Night people wear scary or funny costumes of witches, vampires, pirates, fairies and ghosts. The most popular children’s amusement on Halloween is «trick-or-treating».

They visit houses in their neighbourhood knocking on every door yelling the phrase: «Trick or treat!» Usually people give them sweets, fruit and candies, but if they don’t, the children can play a low-down trick on them.

Another famous All Saints’ Night tradition is making Jack O’Lantern: people carve a scary smiling face on a pumpkin and put a candle inside.

Traditional Halloween symbols are bats, black cats (and white ones in England), spiders, ghosts and images of Jack O’Lantern.

Halloween is celebrated all over the world

Halloween is celebrated in many countries all over the world. In some of them (China, Mexico, Austria) the dead are honored and welcomed: people leave food and gifts for the souls of their deceased loved ones and keep lights in their houses burning all night.

In other countries, like Germany, people are afraid of ghosts and spirits. They even hide knives and other sharp objects in order not to be hurt by these visitors on Halloween night.

Возникновение праздника

Хэллоуин празднуется 31 октября. По мнению ученых, он происходит от древнего кельтского праздника Самайн. Люди верили, что в этот день мертвые могут посещать живых, так как их души возвращаются на землю.

Традиции

Традиционно в ночь на Хэллоуин люди носят страшные или смешные костюмы ведьм, вампиров, пиратов, фей и привидений. Наиболее популярное развлечение у детей на Хэллоуин – выпрашивание сладостей (trick-or-treating).

Они посещают дома в округе, стуча в каждую дверь с криком: «Кошелек или жизнь!» Обычно люди дают им сладости, фрукты и конфеты, в противном случае дети могут сыграть с ними злую шутку.

Еще одно традиционное занятие на ночь всех святых – изготовление тыкв-светильников: люди вырезают страшное улыбающееся лицо на тыкве, внутрь которой затем ставят свечу.

Традиционные символы Хэллоуина – летучие мыши, черные кошки (и белые в Англии), пауки, призраки и изображения тыкв-светильников.

Празднование по всему миру

Хэллоуин празднуют во многих странах по всему миру. В таких странах, как Китай, Мексика и Австрия мертвых встречают с радостью и почтением: люди оставляют еду и подарки для душ своих умерших близких и не гасят свет всю ночь.

В других странах, например в Германии, люди боятся призраков и духов. Они даже прячут ножи и другие острые предметы на Хэллоуин, чтобы ночные гости не навредили им.

Источник

Привет друзья.Праздник Halloween становится популярнее с каждым годом. Уставшие от романтики любители веселья охотно наряжаются в костюмы Дракулы и прочей нечести, чем в костюм ангелочка. Прежде, чем читать страшные истории, которые рассказывают на Хэллоуин, познакомьтесь с «страшными» словами, которые будут в них достаточно часто встречаться.

Vocabulary

  • evil spirits — злые духи
  • soul — душа
  • ghost — привидение
  • ghoul (vampire) — вампир
  • witch — ведьма
  • broom — метла
  • werewolf — оборотень
  • warlock — колдун
  • spell — заклинание
  • blood — кровь
  • death — смерть
  • corpse — труп
  • coffin — гроб
  • churchyard (graveyard) — кладбище
  • cemetry — кладбище
  • grave — могила
  • bones — кости
  • skull — череп
  • gravestone (tombstone) — могильный камень
  • shadow — тень
  • the dead — мертвые
  • the living — живые
  • horror — ужас
  • fright — испуг

Halloween

Halloween is a festival that takes place on October 31. In the United States children wear costumes and masks and go trick-or-treating. Many of them carve jack-o’-lantens out of pumpkins. Fortunetelling and storytelling about ghosts and witches are popular activities.

Halloween developed from new year festivals and festivals of the dead. Christian church established a festival on November 1 called All Saints’ Day so that people could continue to celebrate their festivals.

The Mass said on All Saints’ Day was called Allhallowmass. The day before All Saints’ Day was known all hallows’ Eve or All Hallow e’en.

The main Halloween activity for children is trick-or-treating. Children dress in costumes and masks and go from door to door saying «trick or treat». The neighbours give children such treats as candy, fruit and pennies so that children do not play tricks on them.

Jack-o’-lanterns are hallowed-out pumpkins with face carved into one side. Most jack-o’-lanterns contain a candle inside. An Irish legend says that jack-o’-lanterns are named after the man called Jack.

He could not enter heaven because he was a miser, and he could not enter hell because he had played jokes on devil. As a result, Jack has to walk on the earth with his lantern until Judgment Day.

Fortunetelling is an important part of Halloween. For example, a coin, a ring, and a thimble were baked into a cake. It was believed that the person who found the coin would become wealthy. The one who found the ring would marry soon. And the person who found the thimble would never get married. Today people practice cardreading or palmistry.

People once believed that there were many ghosts and witches on the Earth and that they met on October 31 to worship the devil. Today, people do not believe in ghosts and witches but they like to tell stories about them on Halloween.

Хэллоуин

Сочинение на тему Хэллоуин

Хэллоуин — это праздник, который отмечается 31 октября. В Соединенных Штатах дети переодеваются в маскарадные костюмы и маски и ходят по домам, выпрашивая сладости. Многие из них вырезают фонари из тыкв. Популярными развлечениями являются гадание и истории о ведьмах и привидениях.

Хэллоуин развился из праздника Нового года и празднеств в честь мертвых. Христианская церковь основала праздник 1 ноября, который называется День всех святых, чтобы люди могли продолжать отмечать свои праздники.

Месса, которую служили в День всех святых, называлась «Оллхэллоумэс». День перед Днем всех святых назывался кануном Дня всех святых или «Олл хэллоуин».

Главное развлечение детей на Хэллоуин — это выпрашивание сладостей. Дети переодеваются в маскарадные костюмы и маски, ходят от дома к дому и говорят: «Угощайте, а не то подшутим». Соседи дают детям такие угощения, как конфеты, фрукты, и мелочь, чтобы дети не сыграли с ними злую шутку.

Фонари на Хэллоуин — это пустые внутри тыквы с вырезанным с одной стороны лицом. В большинстве фонарей внутри находится свеча. В ирландской легенде говорится, что фонари на Хэллоуин (по-английски jack-o’-lanterns) названы так в честь человека по имени Джек.

Он не мог попасть в рай, потому что он был скрягой, и не мог попасть в ад, потому что играл злые шутки над дьяволом. В результате Джек вынужден бродить по земле со своим фонарем до Судного дня.

Гадание — это важная часть Хэллоуина. Например, монету, кольцо и наперсток запекают в пирог. Считалось, что тот, кто найдет кольцо, скоро женится или выйдет замуж. Тот, кто найдет монету, разбогатеет. А тот, кто найдет наперсток, никогда не женится или не выйдет замуж. Сегодня люди используют гадания на картах и гадание по руке.

Когда-то люди верили, что на земле полно ведьм и что они встречаются 31 октября, чтобы поклоняться дьяволу. Сегодня люди не верят в привидения и ведьм, однако они любят рассказывать о них истории на Хэллоуин.

Halloween 2

Сочинение на английском языке: Хэллоуин

One of the national festivals of English-speaking countries is Halloween. It takes place on October 31 on Allhallow’s Eve.

The pumpkin is a symbol of this festival in which offensive face is cut out. A lighted candle is put into the pumpkin. It was considered that pumpkin left about the house on All Saints’ Day drove off malignant demons. The song “Monster Mash” by Bobby Pickett is an informal hymn of this festival.

On this day parties are held and people put on suits of the terrible creatures and monsters from films. Children go from house to house, sing songs and try to get sweeties. Besides that games and fortune-telling are widely spread on Halloween. At night children and teenagers tell each other horror stories and legends and the most popular legend is about Bloody Mary. She is said to appear in a mirror when her name is called three times.

Organization of attractions where visitors are got scared is also an important tradition. On this holiday television broadcasts a lot of horror films and animations. On this day we can show our fantasy and live in the world of dead for a little while.

Halloween has been gaining in popularity in Russia recently.

Хэллоуин 2

Один из национальных праздников в англоязычных странах – это праздник Хэллоуин. Его отмечают 31 октября в канун Дня всех святых.

Символом этого праздника является тыква, на которой вырезано устрашающее лицо. Внутрь тыквы помещается зажженная свеча. Считалось, что тыква, оставленная в День всех святых около дома, отгоняет злых духов. Неофициальным гимном праздника является песня «Monster Mash» певца Бобби Пикэтта.

В этот день устраиваются вечеринки в честь праздника, люди наряжаются в различных страшных существ и монстров из фильмов. Дети ходят по домам, поют песни и выпрашивают сладости. Помимо этого в Хэллоуин распространены гадание и игры. Ночью дети и подростки рассказывают друг другу страшные истории и легенды, самой популярной является легенда о Кровавой Мэри. Говорят, если назвать её имя три раза, смотря в зеркало, то появится её призрак.

Также важной традицией является организация аттракционов, где пугают посетителей. В этот праздник по телевизору показывают много ужасов и страшных мультфильмов. В этот день можно проявить свою фантазию и немного пожить в мире мёртвых.

В последнее время праздник Хэллоуин в России приобретает большую популярность.

Прилагательные

  • fear — страх
  • dead — мертвый
  • spooky — зловещий
  • creepy — бросающий в дрожь
  • scary — жуткий
  • mean — злой
  • fearful — страшный
  • terrible — ужасный
  • horrible — ужасный
  • terrifying — ужасающий
  • frightening — пугающий
  • haunted — посещаемый привидениями
  • ruin — разрушить
  • suffer from — страдать от
  • cry — кричать, плакать
  • frighten — пугать
  • hide — прятаться
  • tremble — дрожать
  • be scared — бояться
  • scream — вопить, пронзительно кричать
  • die of fright — умереть от страха

Essay on Halloween

The «Trick or Treat» time is here! Witches, goblins, vampires, werewolves, imps, ghosts and monsters, all of them gather to celebrate the most mysterious and dark holiday of the year Halloween!

This festivity is celebrated on October 31st. When the evening falls — you know it’s time to put on your masks! Because the night is going to be scary and it’s better to scare than being scared! The holiday itself is also called All Hallows’ Eve. Halloween’s history comes from the ancient religion of the Celtic tribes.The Celts had faith in the spirit world and worshipped nature. They believed that at the end of summer, Samhain, the god of death, becomes more powerful and overpowers the god of the sun, Belenus. This day, Samhain brings together all the undead and evil spirits by opening the gates between this world and other ones, much darker ones.

On this day people wore masks or other disguises and blackened their faces to pass unnoticed by the spirits. This arose from the belief that ghosts or spirits cannot see their own reflection. And if a goblin or demon saw another creature looking suitably horrible, they would not touch it. Perhaps.

After the Romans conquered Britain in 61 A.D., they brought their own harvest festival with them, held on November 1. The festival was to honor Pomona, the goddess of fruitful abundance. Over the years, the two festivals got mixed up and became one long holiday. The Celtic conception of ghosts and witches became blended with Roman and later Christian customs. In the USA, before Halloween also comes a Mischief Night, celebrated on 30th of October. This is the night when people prank each other.

These days, Halloween is a pretty much bright festival with kids wearing costumes and go trick–or–treating. Many of them carve jack–a–lanterns out of pumpkins. Fortune telling and storytelling about ghosts and witches are popular activities as well. Also, the great number of horror movies and video game releases usually fall on this holiday, plus Universal Studios even hold their own Halloween Horror Nights in LA, Orlando and Singapore weeks before actual Halloween to entertain people.

People once believed that there were many ghosts and witches on the Earth and that they met on this day to worship the Devil. Today, people do not believe in supernatural but like to have fun and celebrate.

Сочинение на тему Хэллоуин

Итак, пришло время говорить «Кошелек или жизнь»! Ведьмы, гоблины, вампиры, оборотни, черти, призраки и монстры — все они собираются, чтобы отметить самый мистический и темный праздник в году — Хэллоуин.

Торжество отмечается 31 октября. Когда наступает вечер — вы знаете, что пришло время напяливать свои маски. Потому что ночь будет страшной, и лучше пугать, чем быть напуганными. Праздник также называют кануном Дня всех святых. История Хэллоуина берет начало из древней религии кельтских племен. Кельты верили в духовный мир и поклонялись природе. Они считали, что в конце лета Самайн, бог cмерти, становится более могущественным и одолевает бога солнца, Беленуса. В этот день Самайн собирает всю нечисть и открывает врата между этим миром и потусторонними, которые гораздо темнее.

В этот день люди носили маски или другие атрибуты, чернели лица, чтобы пройти незамеченными перед духами. Все началось из убеждения, что призраки или духи не могут видеть свое собственное отражение. И если гоблины или демоны увидят другое существо, которое выглядит надлежащим образом ужасно, то они его не тронут. Возможно.

После того, как римляне завоевали Британию в 61 году до н.э., они принесли с собой свой собственный фестиваль урожая, который отмечался 1 ноября. Фестиваль проводился в честь Помоны, богини древесных плодов и изобилия. На протяжении многих лет два фестиваля смешивались и становились одним большим праздником.

Кельтская концепция призраков и ведьм сочеталась с римскими, а затем и христианскими обычаями. В США перед Хэллоуином еще существует «Ночь проделок», празднуемая 30-го октября. В эту ночь люди разыгрывают друг друга.

Сегодня Хэллоуин — это довольно светлый фестиваль, когда дети одевают костюмы и, и выпрашивают конфеты. Многие из них изготавливают светильники из тыкв. Предсказания и рассказы о привидениях и ведьмах также популярны. Кроме того, большое количетсво премьер фильмов ужасов и видеоигр жанра хоррор выпадают на этот праздник, а студия Юниверсал даже устраивает свои собственные Ночи Ужаса на Хэллоуин в Лос–Анджелесе, Орладно и Сингапуре за целые недели до праздника, чтобы развлечь людей.

Давным давно считали, что на Земле есть много призраков и ведьм, и в этот день они собирались, чтобы поклоняться Дьяволу. Сегодня люди не верят в сверхъестественное, но любят веселиться и отмечать.

Halloween — Official Trailer

Questions:

1. What are the most popular activities on Halloween?
2. What is the origin of Halloween?
3. What does the word «Halloween» mean?
4. What is trick-or-treating?
5. What is jack-o’-lantern?
6. What methods of fortunetelling do you know?

Источник

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  1. Факты о хэллоуине на английском. Сочинение на английском языке Хэллоуин/ Halloween с переводом на русский язык
  2. Цитаты на английском про хэллоуин. Хэллоуин — ночь привидений, тыкв, гаданий и сладостей

Факты о хэллоуине на английском. Сочинение на английском языке Хэллоуин/ Halloween с переводом на русский язык

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Представлено сочинение на английском языке Хэллоуин/ Halloween с переводом на русский язык.

Halloween Хэллоуин
One of the national festivals of English-speaking countries is Halloween. It takes place on October 31 on Allhallow’s Eve. Один из национальных праздников в англоязычных странах – это праздник Хэллоуин. Его отмечают 31 октября в канун Дня всех святых.
The pumpkin is a symbol of this festival in which offensive face is cut out. A lighted candle is put into the pumpkin. It was considered that pumpkin left about the house on All Saints’ Day drove off malignant demons. The song “Monster Mash” by Bobby Pickett is an informal hymn of this festival. Символом этого праздника является тыква, на которой вырезано устрашающее лицо. Внутрь тыквы помещается зажженная свеча. Считалось, что тыква, оставленная в День всех святых около дома, отгоняет злых духов. Неофициальным гимном праздника является песня «Monster Mash» певца Бобби Пикэтта.
On this day parties are held and people put on suits of the terrible creatures and monsters from films. Children go from house to house, sing songs and try to get sweeties. Besides that games and fortune-telling are widely spread on Halloween. At night children and teenagers tell each other horror stories and legends and the most popular legend is about Bloody Mary. She is said to appear in a mirror when her name is called three times. В этот день устраиваются вечеринки в честь праздника, люди наряжаются в различных страшных существ и монстров из фильмов. Дети ходят по домам, поют песни и выпрашивают сладости. Помимо этого в Хэллоуин распространены гадание и игры. Ночью дети и подростки рассказывают друг другу страшные истории и легенды, самой популярной является легенда о Кровавой Мэри. Говорят, если назвать её имя три раза, смотря в зеркало, то появится её призрак.
Organization of attractions where visitors are got scared is also an important tradition. On this holiday television broadcasts a lot of horror films and animations. On this day we can show our fantasy and live in the world of dead for a little while. Также важной традицией является организация аттракционов, где пугают посетителей. В этот праздник по телевизору показывают много ужасов и страшных мультфильмов. В этот день можно проявить свою фантазию и немного пожить в мире мёртвых.
Halloween has been gaining in popularity in Russia recently. В последнее время праздник Хэллоуин в России приобретает большую популярность.

Цитаты на английском про хэллоуин. Хэллоуин — ночь привидений, тыкв, гаданий и сладостей

Halloween is a festival that takes place on October 31. In the United States children wear costumes and masks and go trick-or-treating. Many of them carve jack-o’-lantens out of pumpkins. Fortunetelling and storytelling about ghosts and witches are popular activities.Halloween developed from new year festivals and festivals of the dead. Christian church established a festival on November 1 called All Saints’ Day so that people could continue to celebrate their festivals. The Mass said on All Saints’ Day was called Allhallowmass. The day before All Saints’ Day was known all hallows’ Eve or All Hallow e’en.The main Halloween activity for children is trick-or-treating. Children dress in costumes and masks and go from door to door saying «trick or treat». The neighbours give children such treats as candy, fruit and pennies so that children do not play tricks on them.Jack-o’-lanterns are hallowed-out pumpkins with face carved into one side. Most jack-o’-lanterns contain a candle inside. An Irish legend says that jack-o’-lanterns are named after the man called Jack. He could not enter heaven because he was a miser, and he could not enter hell because he had played jokes on devil. As a result, Jack has to walk on the earth with his lantern until Judgment Day.Fortunetelling is an important part of Halloween. For example, a coin, a ring, and a thimble were baked into a cake. It was believed that the person who found the coin would become wealthy. The one who found the ring would marry soon. And the person who found the thimble would never get married. Today people practice cardreading or palmistry.People once believed that there were many ghosts and witches on the Earth and that they met on October 31 to worship the devil. Today, people do not believe in ghosts and witches but they like to tell stories about them on Halloween.

Источник

pumpkin

The 31st of October is an unusual event for America, Great Britain and some other countries. It has Celtic origins and is called Halloween. According to the ancient calendar, winter started on that very day. So Celtic priests performed religious rituals to frighten off all evil spirits because they believed that ghosts and witches walked the earth on the night of October, the 31st .  First, that day was named as All Saints’ Day but nowadays it is known as Halloween. It is widely celebrated in the USA and Europe.

The traditional colours of the festivity are black and orange. Black is the colour of long winter nights and orange is the colour of autumn harvest. Thanks to their mysterious power, black cats have become the symbols of Halloween. People also make “jack-o-lanterns” and place them on their window-sills and in the gardens to frighten evil spirits away.  “Jack-o-lantern” is made of a pumpkin — people clean the inside of it with a spoon, then cut out an ugly face on it and put a candle inside to glow in the darkness.

Adults and kids wear scary costumes and masks of witches, ghosts, skeletons and vampires. Schoolchildren decorate their classrooms with pumpkins, lanterns and bats for the Halloween party. The most traditional party game is “apple bobbing”. To play this funny game, children put a big bowl with water and apples floating in it. And they must catch any apple out of the water with their teeth alone, without using hands.

Another Halloween tradition, a favourite with all children and teenagers, is called “trick or treating”. They dress up in costumes, roam the streets and visit their neighbours. When the door opens they ask: “Trick or treating?”. If people refuse to give them any sweets the kids play a trick: they throw eggs or write on the door or windows. They now that it is the only “lawless night” and they won’t be punished.

 bobbing

Перевод

31 октября – необычное событие для Америки, Великобритании и некоторых других стран. Оно имеет кельтские корни и называется Хэллоуин. Согласно древнему календарю, зима начиналась именно в этот день. Поэтому кельтские священники совершали религиозные обряды для того, что спугнуть злых духов, потому что полагалось, что привидения и ведьмы бродили по земле в ночь с 31 октября. Сначала этот день был назван Днём всех святых, однако сегодня он больше известен как Хэллоуин. Он широко празднуется в США и Европе.

Традиционными цветами праздника считаются чёрный и оранжевый. Чёрный – цвет долгих зимних ночей, а оранжевый – цвет осеннего урожая. Благодаря своей загадочной силе, чёрные кошки стали символом Хэллоуина. Люди также готовят фонари из тыквы и помещают их на подоконники и в саду для того, чтобы прогнать злых духов. Такие фонари делают из тыквы – сначала ложкой вынимают все внутренности, затем вырезают на ней страшное лицо и ставят внутрь тыквы горящую свечу для мерцания в темноте.

Взрослые и дети надевают страшные костюмы и маски ведьм, привидений, скелетов и вампиров. Школьники украшают свои классы тыквами, фонарями и летучими мышами к праздничной вечеринке. Самой традиционной игрой стала «ловля яблок». В этой забавной игре дети размещают большой таз с водой и плавающими в нем яблоками. Они должны поймать любое яблочко только при помощи своих зубов, не пользуясь руками.

Еще одной Хэллоуинской традицией, фаворитом среди детей и подростков, является «угощение или шутка». Они наряжаются в костюмы, бродят по улицам, заглядывая к соседям. Когда открывается дверь, они задают вопрос: «Угощение или шутка?». Если люди отказывают им в угощении, ребята играют с ними нехорошую шутку: бросают яйца или пишут на двери и окнах. Они знают, что это единственная «ночь беззакония» и что их не накажут.

Тема «Хэллоуин в США и Европе» (Halloween in the USA and Europe) — 4.0 out of
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Источник

topic

Halloween is a holiday that takes place on the last October day, 31st. The word “Halloween” means “hallowed evening». The tradition of celebrating this day began in the 5th century when the Irish Celts marked this day as a day of transition from one year to the next one. It was the time when “the season of the sun” was over, and “the season of darkness and cold” began.

Nowadays Halloween is a very famous American and European holiday with its own traditions of celebration, especially among young people.

The main tradition is the tradition of dressing costumes of ghost, demons and other horrible creations. Dressed children go from door to door saying «trick or treat», it’s the most popular Halloween activity. The neighbours should give them little coins, sweets, fruits and after that children don’t play tricks on them.

The main symbol of this holiday is Jack-o’-lantern — a pumpkin with the grotesque face carved into one side. Then you should put a candle inside. Nobody knows why this pumpkin was named so, but by the most official version, Jack-o’-lantern was a man, who couldn’t enter heaven because he was a real miser, but at the same time he couldn’t enter hell because before he had played jokes on devil. So since that time Jack has to walk on the earth holding his lantern and waiting for the Judgment Day.

People believed that the Earth was full of ghosts and witches, and they met once a year on October 31 to worship the devil. Today people don’t believe in these stories but still every Halloween they like to tell stories about them.

Перевод:

Хэллоуин — это праздник, который проходит в последний день октября, 31го. Слово “Хэллоуин” означает “священный вечер». Традиция празднования этого дня появилась еще в 5 веке, когда ирландские кельты отмечали этот день как день перехода от одного года к следующему. Это было время, когда “сезон солнца” заканчивался, и “сезон темноты и холода” начинался.

На сегодняшний день Хэллоуин является очень известным американским и европейским праздником со своими традициями празднования, особенно среди молодежи.

Основной традицией является традиция наряжаться в костюмы призраков, демонов и других ужасных созданий. Ряженые дети ходят от двери к двери, говоря «злая шутка или угощение», это самое популярное развлечение на Хэллоуин. Соседи должны дать им мелких монет, сладостей, фруктов и после этого дети не будут с ними зло шутить.

Главным символом этого праздника является лампа Джека — тыква с высеченным сбоку гротескным лицом. Затем нужно поставить внутрь свечку. Никто не знает, почему эти тыквы так называют, но по самой официальной версии, Фонарщик Джек был человеком, который не мог попасть в рай, потому что он был большим жадиной, но в то же время он не мог войти в ад, потому что раньше он шутил над дьяволом. С тех пор Джек должен бродить по земле со своим фонарем в ожидании Судного дня.

Люди верили, что Земля полна призраков и ведьм, и раз в год 31 октября они встречались, чтобы поклониться дьяволу. Сегодня люди не верят в эти истории, но до сих пор каждый Хэллоуин они любят рассказывать истории о них.

Фразы:

Hallowed evening – священный вечер

the Irish Celts — Ирландские Кельты

transition — переход

“trick or treat” — зд. дословно «злая шутка или угощение»

to play trick on — сыграть злую шутку над

Jack-o’-lantern — зд. дословно фонарь Джека

pumpkin — тыква

to carve — выточить, высечь

miser — жмот, жадина

the Judgment Day — Судный день

ghost — привидение

witch — ведьма

Еще больше слов и интересной информации об этом празднике вы можете узнать из этой статьи.

Источник

Сложность: Уровень C1

Halloween was first celebrated in the 16th century. It is a Celtic holiday. The Celts used to inhabit England. The Celts did not have four seasons. They divided the seasons into two: winter and summer. According to the Celtic calendar, the last day of October was the end of summer. This day also signified the end of the harvest. It was an important event at that time.

On this day it was customary to laugh at their fears and death. This tradition comes from the Celtic ritual of Samhain. In the 16th century, the tradition of casting out demons was practiced on the last day of harvest. The symbolism of Halloween is linked to this event. Later the holiday became even more mysterious, incorporating supernatural elements.

One notable symbol of the Halloween holiday is the Jack lamp. This symbolism comes from an Irish legend about a drunkard named Jack. One day, Jack was in a tavern talking to the Devil. They argued about the Devil’s powers. Jack didn’t believe him. When it was time to pay up, Jack asked the Devil to turn into a coin. Jack took the coin and put it in his pocket along with the cross. The Devil then could not go back to his old form. Then he promised Jack not to bother him for a year. Jack agreed.

Then after a year, the Devil came back to Jack again. Then he asked to climb a tree. When the Devil climbed the tree, Jack drew a cross there. The Devil was once again held, hostage. The Devil promised Jack ten years of a quiet life for his release. But Jack did not live them. When he died, he was not accepted into either hell or heaven. His soul was left to wander the earth. With him, he carried a charcoal that the Devil had left for goodbye. Jack placed the charcoal in an empty pumpkin and carried it with him everywhere, lighting his way. The tradition of carving a pumpkin and making a lamp out of it came from this legend.

История праздника Хеллоуин 

Хеллоуин впервые начали праздновать в 16 веке. Это кельтский праздник. Кельты раньше населяли Англию. У кельтов не было 4 сезона. Времена года они делили на два: зима и лето. По кельтскому календарю в последний день октября заканчивалось лето. Также этот день означал конец сбора урожая. Это было важным событием для того времени.

В этот день принято смеяться над своими страхами и смертью. Такая традиция берет начало из кельтского ритуала Самайн. В 16 веке в последний день сбора урожая практиковали традицию изгнания бесов. Символика праздника Хеллоуин связана с этим событием. Позже праздник еще больше стал таинственным, включая в себя сверхъестественные элементы.

Одним из примечательных символов праздника Хеллоуин является лампа Джека. Эта символика происходит из ирландской легенды про пьяницу по имени Джек. Однажды Джек в кабаке заговорил с Дьяволом. Они поспорили о способностях Дьявола. Джек тому не поверил. Когда пришло время рассчитаться, Джек попросил Дьявола превратиться в монетку. Джек взял монетку и положил себе в карман вместе с крестиком. Дьявол потом не смог обратно вернуться в прежнюю форму. Тогда он пообещал Джеку год его не беспокоить. Джек согласился.

Затем через год Дьявол снова вернулся к Джеку. Тогда он попросил залезть на дерево. Когда Дьявол залез на дерево, Джек нарисовал там крест. Дьявол снова оказался в заложниках. Дьявол за свое освобождение обещал Джеку 10 лет спокойной жизни. Но Джек не прожил их. Когда он умер, его не приняли ни в ад, ни в рай. Его душа осталась бродить по земле. С собой он носил уголек, который Дьявол оставил на прощание. Джек поместил уголек в пустую тыкву и всюду таскал с собой, освещая свою дорогу. Традиция вырезать тыкву и сделать из нее лампу произошла из этой легенды.

Источник

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