Young People’s Christian Union |
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Pin and colors for the Young People’s Christian Union of the Universalist Church of America |
The Young People’s Christian Union (Y.P.C.U.), organized in 1889, was a Universalist youth group created to develop the spiritual life of young people and advance the work of the Universalist church. Soon after it was founded, the Y.P.C.U. focused its attention on missionary work. It was instrumental in the founding of new southern churches and the creation of a Post Office Mission for the distribution of religious literature.
Initially organized as an auxiliary to the Universalist General Convention, the Y.P.C.U. developed an independent identity. It held its own yearly conventions, published a magazine (Onward), implemented funding mechanisms and elected officers.
In 1941, the Young People’s Christian Union was re-organized as the Universalist Youth Fellowship. In 1953, the Universalists and Unitarian youth organizations merged to form the Liberal Religious Youth (LRY). After the merger in 1961 of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America, LRY was re-organized as the Young Religious Unitarian Universalists (YRUU).
History[edit]
Early Young People Societies[edit]
The inspiration for the Young People’s Christian Union can be traced to the founding of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in England.
George Williams, after entering the drapery business in 1841, formed a mutual improvement society with fellow workers. The aim of the society was Bible study and support of missionary efforts. Three years later, Williams and twelve other young men formalized the mission of their support group as the «improvement of the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the drapery and other trades». Membership was later extended to anyone who was «a member of a Christian church» or gave «sufficient evidence of his being a converted character».[1] They called their new society the Young Men’s Christian Association (Y.M.C.A.).
By 1855 there were 8,500 Y.M.C.A members in Great Britain. The American version of the Y.M.C.A. soon spread during a period of heightened religious activity called the Third Great Awakening (1850s – 1900).[2]
In 1860, Rev. Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler, minister of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn, New York, became aware of the success of the Y.M.C.A. to gather young men for prayer meetings, but that the Y.M.C.A. had not succeeded in organizing them for more sustained Christian work in the church. To address this situation, on November 6, 1867, Rev. Cuyler organized the Young People’s Association (YPA). Cuyler’s YPA was designed to focus the energy of young men on long-term church work such as «the conversion of souls, the development of Christian character and the training of converts in religious work».[3]
Some years later, Rev. Dr. Francis E. Clark, pastor of the Williston Congregational Church in Portland, Maine, visited the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church. In 1892 he reflected back on his impression of the Young People’s Association, stating it «was certainly an inspiration to the first Christian Endeavor Society.»[4]
Christian Endeavor Society[edit]
During a monthly Week of Prayer, Rev. Clark observed that similar to the Y.M.C.A. model, the Week of Prayer gathered young people for Christian devotion but afterwards they soon departed. Clark had relied for years upon prevailing wisdom that entertainment, mutual improvement and literary societies would sustain young people’s interest in Christian church work. After five years of such efforts, Rev. Clark had little to show.[5]
Clark abandoned the «low expectations» model and opted instead to raise the expectations of the religious obligations of young people. His youth organization would be first and foremost a Christian society. Musical soirees and literary readings may follow, but they would be subordinate to the larger mission of seeking the kingdom of God. On February 2, 1881, Rev. Clark proposed his new society and secured the signature of forty to fifty young people to the constitution of an organization called the Christian Endeavor Society.[6]
Additional societies soon followed in Maine, Vermont and Massachusetts. The absence of a denomination designation enabled a Christian Endeavor Society to be organized within any church denomination. Five years after the organization of the first Christian Endeavor Society, there were 850 societies representing eight denominations from 33 states and seven countries.[7]
Others followed Rev. Clark’s model, but created youth groups that were specifically denominationally branded: the Baptist Young People’s Union (1891), the Luther League (1896), the Universalist Young People’s Christian Union (1889), the Unitarian Young People’s Religious Union (1896) and the Methodist Epworth League (1899).[8]
Universalist Young People’s Christian Union[edit]
The Universalists, not having made any earlier effort to create a unifying national youth organization, discovered that within the denomination there were more than 120 young people’s societies including 38 Christian Endeavor Societies and others with names such as «Christian Union», «Christian Culture», and «Christian Work».[9]
This situation was addressed at the 1886 Chicago General Convention with a proposal to create a national youth society called the Young People’s Missionary Association (Y.P M.A.). The proposal called for the formation of parish-level associations designed as auxiliaries to state conventions. After the convention, the Y.P.M.A. saw some initial success. More than 20 such organizations were formed, but the Y.P.M.A. did not have wide appeal. Existing youth groups resisted joining the Y.P.M.A., preferring to retain their individual social or literary charters.[10]
Two years later, in 1888, Rev. Stephen H. Roblin revived the idea of a distinctively Universalist nationwide youth group.
Bay City, Michigan[edit]
Shortly after his ordination in 1882, Rev. Roblin assumed the pastorate at the Universalist church in Victor, New York. His experience with his church’s Christian Endeavor Society as well as his personal connection with Rev. L.B. Fisher and James D. Tillinghast, publishers of a New York state monthly journal called the Universalist Union, would contribute to the reboot of a Universalist youth organization.
Six years later, in 1888, Rev. Roblin had relocated to Michigan to assume the pastorate of the Universalist church in Bay City. Since his new church did not have a youth group, Rev. Roblin appointed Alfred J. Cardall to form a Christian Endeavor Society.[11] Also closely associated with the formation of this Christian Endeavor Society was Albert G. Grier, a principal in the local school system.
As he organized his local youth group, Roblin became curious about denominational support for a revised national youth society. Roblin recruited Cardall and Grier, who had just formed the local Bay City Christian Endeavor Society, and Fisher and Tillinghast, publishers of the Universalist Union, to conduct a correspondence campaign. They contacted Universalist youth groups to ascertain their interest in a Universalist national youth organization. If interested, youth groups were encouraged to send delegates to an organizing meeting to take place a day before the General Convention in Lynn, Massachusetts.
Lynn Convention[edit]
On October 22, 1889, 131 delegates representing 56 societies from 13 states attended the First National Convention of Universalist Young People. By-laws and a constitution for the Young People’s Christian Union (Y.P.C.U.) were drafted. The mission of the Y.P.C.U. was «to promote an earnest Christian life among young people of the Universalist Church, and the sympathetic union of all young people’s societies in their efforts to make themselves more useful in the service of God.»[12] The Universalist Union was adopted as the official press organ of the Y.P.C.U.
The Lynn General Convention approved the youth group’s by-laws and constitution. There were, however, those who opposed the formation of the youth group, arguing that no intermediate organization should stand between the church and its people. The opposition insisted that youth groups must be designated as auxiliaries or subordinates to the General Convention and adult supervision must be exercised over the Y.P.C.U.[13]
Nonetheless, over time, the new youth group acquired the profile of an independent organization. In 1893, the Y.P.C.U. assumed responsibility for the publication of the Universalist Union, changing the name to Onward, and modified the format from a monthly to weekly magazine.[14] By 1894 the Y.P.C.U. began holding their conventions independently from those of the General Convention. The Y.P.C.U. also acquired other independent trappings such Y.P.C.U. branded colors (blue for truth, white for purity), motto («For Christ and His Church»), hymn («Follow the Gleam») and watchword («Onward!»).[15]
Despite having a national profile, the Y.P.C.U. was at its core a local institution. Churches sponsored a local Y.P.C.U. group that, in turn, was affiliated with a state Y.P.C.U. organization. The local groups could then voluntarily affiliate with the national organization. Also loosely defined was the term «young.» It was not uncommon in the early days of the Y.P.C.U. for individuals in their thirties or older to be a member of the local Y.P.C.U. For the truly young, a Junior Y.P.C.U. concept was introduced in 1894, with Mary Grace Canfield being appointed as its first national superintendent. Finally, to provide an organizational structure for young Universalists who did not have a local church community, the Union at Large concept was introduced in 1892, with Sarah B. Hammond being appointed its first national superintendent.
Y.P.C.U. missionary focus[edit]
At its first convention in Rochester, New York, in 1890, the Y.P.C.U. turned its focus to missionary work. This focus shaped the actions taken by the Y.P.C.U. in the following years by the appointment of its first missionary, Rev. William H. McGlauflin; granting its secretary a salary; adopting a temperance position; organizing a Post Office Mission for the distribution of religious literature; establishing a funding mechanism called the Two Cent a Week for Missions; explicitly denominationally rebranding the group by appending «of the Universalist Church» to the group’s name; and the appointment of Rev. Quillen H. Shinn as their National Organizer.
The first missionary action taken by the Y.P.C.U. was accepting the responsibility to build a new Universalist church in Harriman, Tennessee.
Harriman, Tennessee[edit]
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1890 — 1895[edit]
Despite being operational for only one year, building a new church, given the economic situation in Harriman, was a plausible objective for the Y.P.C.U. Harriman was barely a town in early 1890, but growth was almost assured. Northern businessmen through the Tennessee Land Company were making substantial investments in Harriman to exploit abundant coal, iron, timber and limestone resources.[16] Rev. Henry L. Canfield, State Superintendent of Churches and Sunday Schools of Ohio, and Rev. C. Ellwood Nash, then pastor at a Universalist church in Akron, Ohio,[17] encouraged the Harriman missionary project. They argued that in Harriman the Universalists would be the religious vanguard in a burgeoning new city instead of trailing along as late-comers.[18]
Furthermore, Rev. Nash had visited Harriman prior to the Rochester convention. Nash was aware that there were a number of Universalists already in the area and that other conditions in Harriman were favorable to the Y.P.C.U. The East Tennessee Land Company, for example, provided Nash two land lots for a Universalist church. The town’s charter with its explicit prohibition on liquor closely aligned with Y.P.C.U. temperance sensibilities. This commitment to temperance was further fortified by the East Tennessee Land Company’s plan to construct an institute of higher learning in the city called the American Temperance University.
Adding to these social and economic incentives was financial support offered by Ferdinand Schumacher. A rich German immigrant known as the «oatmeal king», Schumacher, from Ohio, was a Universalist and temperance advocate. Schumacher pledged $1,000 to the church building fund if the Universalists raised $4,000.[19]
The cornerstone to the Grace Universalist Church in Harriman was laid on December 2, 1891. The church was formally dedicated on Easter Sunday, April 17, 1892, with a sermon preached by Rev. Henry L. Canfield. By 1895, the debt-free church had 140 members. The Y.P.C.U. would soon deliver the deed of the church to the General Convention and turn its attention to its next missionary effort in Atlanta.
Denouement[edit]
As the Y.P.C.U. turned its attention to Atlanta in 1895, the fortunes of the Grace Universalist Church reflected the economic downward trajectory of Harriman. Church membership decreased after its first pastor, Rev. W.H. McGlauflin, departed. More misfortune befell the church when McGlauflin’s replacement, Rev. Harry Lawrence Veazey, and his wife died in New York state. Rev. Charles R. East, the next pastor, became disheartened and departed. Eleven years after its dedication, even the ever-optimistic Rev. Shinn declared the church dead. An ex-Baptist who joined the Universalist church, Rev. John M. Rasanke, attempted to revive the church, but he too departed in 1904. Several years of dormancy followed.
After World War I, the Universalist Women’s National Missionary Association (WNMA) took over responsibility for Tennessee.[20] The WNMA reported in the October issue of the Universalist Leader that the Harriman church, once on the dormant list, was now active with Rev. William E. Manning serving as pastor. However, it would have been more accurate to report that Rev. Manning had only included Harriman on his 1920 – 1921 missionary circuit. The WNMA abandoned the church property in 1923, and the General Convention trustees sold the property in 1927 for $2,500.[21] The old church building was torn down in 1932.[22]
Atlanta, Georgia[edit]
Missionary work 1879 — 1882[edit]
In the summer of 1879, Rev. W.C. Bowman attempted to establish a Universalist church in Atlanta. The Universalists had a presence in the Georgia countryside, but had not established a presence in any urban city.[23] Bowman’s missionary work continued until 1881, when he severed his connection with the Universalists and joined the city’s spiritualism movement. Rev. D.B. Clayton, who had moved to Atlanta from his South Carolina home to assist Bowman, continued services until the summer of 1882. Afterwards there was no active Universalist presence in the city. Also in 1882, the Unitarians began active missionary work in Atlanta that provided Universalists a temporary religious home.
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1895 — 1918[edit]
In 1895, emboldened by their apparent success in Harriman, the Y.P.C.U. turned its attention to Atlanta, Georgia. Three ministers were recruited to raise a Universalist church in Atlanta: Rev. Shinn, then the new Y.P.C.U. National Organizer, Rev. D.B. Clayton, who had been involved in the city’s initial missionary work, and Rev. McGlauflin, the Y.P.C.U. Southern Missionary and former Harriman pastor. They succeeded and established the First Universalist Church of Atlanta in 1895, with Rev. McGlauflin becoming the first pastor of the new church.
In 1897, to encourage fundraising for a new church building, the Y.P.C.U. pledged to raise $4.00 for each dollar raised by Atlanta’s Universalists. The Y.P.C.U. was also instrumental in retiring the $2,500 mortgage on the building lot. On July 15, 1900, the Universalists dedicated a new church building at 16 East Harris Street.[24]
The Y.P.C.U. invested over $16,000 in the Atlanta effort and subsequently transferred the property deed to the Georgia Universalist convention.[25]
Rev. W.H. McGlauflin remained pastor of the Atlanta church for nine years. He resigned in 1904 to become the superintendent of the Universalist churches in Minnesota. After Rev. McGlauflin, most pastorates lasted between one and two years. The only exception was the pastorate of Rev. E. Dean Ellenwood, who served the church from 1905 to 1913.
Despite the growth of Atlanta’s population, the Atlanta Universalist congregation remained small.
Denouement[edit]
Driven by the general weakness of Atlanta’s two liberal churches, the Unitarians and Universalists merged in 1918. The combined congregation, named the Liberal Christian Church, chose the Unitarian church building on West Peachtree Street as their common home. The Universalist church on East Harris Street was sold in April 1920. The Unitarian-Universalist congregation continued until 1951 when the congregation collapsed.
In 1952, the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America renewed efforts in Atlanta. A new church called the United Liberal Church was established in 1954 and witnessed rapid growth. The church was later renamed the Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Atlanta.
St. Paul, Minnesota[edit]
Shortly after the dedication of the Atlanta church, at its 1901 Rochester Convention the Y.P.C.U. selected St. Paul, Minnesota, and Little Rock, Arkansas, as their next missionary projects. Like Atlanta, St. Paul had seen earlier Universalist missionary activity that was unable to sustain a permanent presence.
Missionary work 1865 — 1879[edit]
The First Universalist Society of St. Paul was incorporated in 1865. Rev. Herman A. Bisbee briefly served as the society’s first minister before he accepted a call in November 1866 to the Universalist church in nearby St. Anthony, Minnesota.[26] Nonetheless, the First Universalist Society of St. Paul continued to operate.
In June 1866 the society purchased land on Wabasha Street. In October 1867 ground for a new church was broken, and by January 1869 the basement of the building was sufficiently completed to allow services to be held. The building was completed and formally dedicated October 1, 1872.[27] The society, however, was unable to sustain operations. In 1879 the Universalist Register began listing the St. Paul society as dormant.
The Universalist church property was sold in 1881 to the French Catholics, also known as the St. Louis Church.[28] and the St. Paul Universalist society virtually disappeared.
Missionary work 1886 — 1893[edit]
In early 1886, the society was revived when Rev. L.D. Boynton from Minneapolis conducted Sunday services in an old Baptist church on Wacouta Street two to three times a month. In December in that same year, Rev. W.S. Vail assumed the pastorate of the small St. Paul society.[29] Rev. Vail’s seven-year ministry significantly raised the fortunes of the Universalists. Upon Rev. Vail’s resignation in November 1893, The Universalist Register yearbook showed that the once moribund society now counted 125 families among its flock.
With Rev. Vail’s departure, the society once again experienced a period of near dormancy. From 1895 to 1900, The Universalist Register showed either no minister or simply dropped the society from its inventory of churches. However, based on a review of newspaper announcements in the St. Paul Globe during this period, the Ladies Aid Society of the First Universalist Church continued to hold the small liberal community together.
Missionary work 1898[edit]
A prelude to another revival of the St. Paul society occurred in the summer of 1898. While on his summer break from his pastorate of the Atlanta Unitarian church, Rev. Vail, the former St. Paul pastor, provided pulpit supply for St. Paul’s People’s Church. At a reception held for Rev. Vail, over 150 people attended,[30] and there was discussion of formally reorganizing the society. A hopeful sign was that even without a permanent minister, local Universalists had raised a «goodly sum» of money to establish a permanent Universalist presence in the city.[31]
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1901 — 1916[edit]
Following the selection of St. Paul as a missionary project, the Y.P.C.U. organ Onward announced on August 6, 1901, that Rev. Henry B. Taylor had accepted the pastorate to the fledgling St. Paul society. Unioners were implored to support this new missionary project. «Unless every member of our Union consecrates himself as a helper by a Two-Cents-a-Week pledge….the good work will not hasten forward as we desire.»[32]
During Rev. Taylor’s pastorate (1901 – 1908) the Y.P.C.U. provided funds for the minister’s salary, helped reduce the churches indebtedness and raised additional funds for the purchase of church property at the corner of Ashland and Mackubin. In 1909 the Y.P.C.U. held their convention at the larger Church of the Redeemer in Minneapolis. The Unioners traveled to St. Paul for the dedication of the new church now under the pastorate of Rev. Thomas S. Robjent.[33]
Over the course of their missionary effort in St. Paul, the Y.P.C.U. contributed more than $16,000.[34]
Denouement[edit]
In 1916, the Y.P.C.U. executive board voted to transfer the oversight of the St. Paul church to the trustees of the Universalist General Convention. The General Convention, in turn, requested that the Y.P.C.U. assume missionary responsibilities for the Los Angeles church in California. This exchange ended the Y.P.C.U. involvement with St. Paul.[35]
Little Rock, Arkansas[edit]
As noted earlier, the Unioners at their 1901 Rochester Convention had selected St. Paul and Little Rock as their missionary projects.
Missionary work 1895 — 1901[edit]
Five years prior to the Y.P.C.U. intervention in 1896, Rev. Shinn had conducted missionary work in Little Rock. Shinn’s missionary work typically focused on establishing Universalist structures such as a Sunday school and Ladies Universalist Society as a prelude to placing a permanent minister. Notices posted in the Daily Arkansas Gazette showed that Universalist Sunday school was regularly held in 1899 in rented space at the Congregational Church at the corner of Eleventh and Main streets.
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1901 — 1915[edit]
In 1902, Rev. F.L. Carrier was recruited by the Y.P.C.U. to serve as minister to the Little Rock church[36] At the time the church had 29 members.[37] The Y.P.C.U. also committed to contributing $500 a year to the pastor’s salary.
Rev. Carrier held regular Sunday services in the rented space in the Congregational Church on Eleventh and Main until December 1903, when the Congregational Church sold the building to the Universalists.[38] Thereafter, newspaper articles referred to this building as the Universalist Church on Eleventh and Main.
In 1904, Rev. Carrier resigned and was succeeded by Rev. Athalia Lizzie Johnson Irwin, an Arkansas native.[39] Rev. Irwin was born in 1862 to the Baptist faith, but left that denomination by July 1898. Befriending Rev. Q.H. Shinn, she was encouraged to become a Universalist minister. Her first church in Pensacola, Florida, ordained her in 1902.[40] In October 1904, she left her Pensacola church to assume the pastorate in Little Rock.
The Y.P.C.U. continued its financial support by providing money for the minister’s salary and $6,000 toward a building fund. In 1905 a small chapel was constructed at the corner of Thirteenth and Center streets.[41] This chapel became known as the Cottage Chapel.
Rev. Athalia L.J. Irwin was a gifted writer and orator. The local newspaper frequently printed summaries of her sermons with titles such as The God We Believe In and The Bible We Accept. However, she garnered the most press coverage when she challenged her brother, Rev. M. Gray Johnson, a Baptist minister from Ohio, to a debate in the Cottage Chapel. When debating the topic «The Christ We Would Follow», Rev. Irwin energetically rejected the doctrine of the Trinity «as unreasonable and as something which Christ never meant to imply.»[42] She went on to emphasize God’s love and that God «wills that not any should perish, but that all should come to a knowledge of the truth as it is in Christ Jesus.»
In spite of her many talents, the Little Rock church remained small. When Rev. Irwin departed in September 1908, there were fewer than 40 members. The Universalist State Superintendent Rev. G.E. Cunningham filled the empty pulpit, vowing to remain until a successor was found.[43] Rev. Cunningham continued to provide pastoral services to the small society until he moved to Illinois in late 1912.[44]
Rev. H.C. Ledyard succeeded Cunningham and remained as the pastor for three years, departing in December 1915. Lay members and guest speakers conducted Sunday services for several years. By mid 1919, Sunday services had ceased. The Cottage Chapel, now referred to as the First Universalist Church, was only being used as rental space for third-party events.
Denouement[edit]
By 1922, there was no mention of the First Universalist church in local newspapers. The church property was sold in 1930. In 1950, a new Universalist society was established and became known as the Unitarian Universalist Church of Little Rock.
Chattanooga, Tennessee[edit]
In 1909 the Y.P.C.U. turned its missionary zeal toward Chattanooga, Tennessee, which was the last major church building effort by the youth group.
Missionary work 1895 — 1908[edit]
As early as 1895 Rev. McGlauflin, the Southern Missionary in Harriman, Tennessee, had visited Chattanooga, but no permanent church was founded. Rev. Q.H. Shinn, who visited Chattanooga just a few months prior to his death in September 1907, launched a new church in that city, chartered with 32 members. For 17 months the new church was without a permanent minister. Atlanta’s Rev. E. Dean Ellenwood, the Universalist General Superintendent, Rev. H.W. McGlauflin and other ministers offered temporary preaching services.
In late November 1908, under the direction of McGlauflin, Rev. L.R. Robinson was installed as the joint pastor for the Harriman and Chattanooga churches. Since there was a parsonage in Harriman, that city was selected as the pastor’s home.[45]
Robinson was born into a Methodist Episcopal family but came to Universalism through his reading of the Bible. «I found so many Scriptural passages that seemed to clearly teach the final harmony of all souls with God.» Robinson requested Universalist literature from the Post Office Mission and later met Rev. H.W. McGlauflin. Encouraged by McGlauflin, Robinson in the fall of 1908 accepted a position to serve the Universalist churches in Harriman and Chattanooga.[46]
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1909 — 1917[edit]
Robinson provided Sunday service two times a month in Chattanooga. Under his ministry membership grew and financial obligations were addressed. In February 1910, the Y.P.C.U. selected Rev. L. R. Robinson as their «consecrated missionary» in Chattanooga, and Robinson moved to that city accordingly.[47]
About the time that Robinson was exploring fellowship with the Universalists, Chattanooga became the focal point of a multi-year search for a site to build a church to honor Rev. Q.H. Shinn, who had died in late 1907. Southern Universalists quickly established the Shinn Memorial Association to raise funds for the construction of a church in a southern state to commemorate Shinn’s southern missionary work.[48] The selection process continued for several years, with the Y.P.C.U. supporting Chattanooga.
In 1911, four possible locations for the construction of a Shinn Memorial church were discussed at the General Convention: Houston, Texas; Little Rock, Arkansas; Chattanooga, Tennessee and Rocky Mount, North Carolina. At the convention the Y.P.C.U. continued its support for Chattanooga, arguing that it was in this city «where the Union is supporting a promising mission.»[49]
On July 7, 1914, it was announced that Chattanooga had been selected at the site for the Shinn Memorial Church.[50] Three weeks later, in a front-page article in the August 1, 1914, edition of Onward, Unioners were implored to «Let the slogan ‘Chattanooga and Work’ be ours for the coming year.» The Y.P.C.U. ‘Chattanooga and Work’ campaign was designed to raise the thousands of dollars still needed for the Shinn Memorial Church building fund.[51]
Services were first held in the new Shinn Memorial Church in the summer of 1916. The church was dedicated during the 1917 Y.P.C.U. convention held in that city.[52]
With the construction of the new church, one of Shinn’s lifetime ambitions was finally realized. In 1917, a School of Evangelism was opened. The goal of the school was to provide ministerial training to those who were unable to attend regular Universalist theological schools. The school continued to operate until the 1930s.[53]
The church also became the headquarters in 1919 for the Southern Universalist Young People’s Institute. The institute’s summer programs were designed to train workers for service in Sunday schools, young people’s societies and missionary work. A year later the Y.P.C.U. turned over its role in the institute to the Universalist’s Women’s National Missionary Association (WNMA). In 1925 when the pastor of the Chattanooga church, Rev. George A. Gay, moved to Camp Hill, Alabama, he took the institute with him. The institute, however, returned to Chattanooga in 1930.[54]
Denouement[edit]
In spite of starting with a surplus of funds after the church was built, the congregation frequently had financial trouble and had to depend on denominational aid. It had trouble finding and keeping good ministers, and its lay leadership was frequently divided. In its final years, it ignored the interest in establishing a Unitarian fellowship in Chattanooga. By 1951, there were only four active members, and services were suspended. The congregation is last listed in the Universalist Directory for 1956 — 1957.
Post Office Mission[edit]
Within three years of its formation in 1892 at their Reading, Pennsylvania, convention, Rev. Shinn urged the Y.P.C.U. to organize a Post Office Mission. The Post Office Mission was designed to supplement the influence of Universalist ministers and the denomination’s periodicals. In a front-page article in the February 1895 edition of Onward, it was argued that «The voice of the minister is heard but a few feet from the pulpit, and the message of the denomination through our papers reaches almost exclusively those who are already acquainted with the message, and is even reaching too few of them. To extend the light into the dark places and to proclaim the gospel of our church where hitherto no voice has been raised in its behalf is the sphere of this mission.»[55] The Post Office Mission was primarily organized at a local level. Local societies were tasked with identifying names for mailings, with the national organization providing oversight coordination.
Understanding the opportunities inherent in the 1895 Atlanta Cotton Exposition and 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition, booths were secured by the Post Office Mission at both events to distribute literature and collect names for the mailing list.
The Atlanta Cotton Exposition coincided with the resumption of missionary work in Atlanta, and the Y.P.C.U. Post Office Mission embarked on a «Shall We Bombard Atlanta?» campaign. «From all over the South people are gathering, and in the month of December the exposition grounds will be thronged. How can we reach this multitude and plant in their minds some seed of Universalist philosophy?»[56] Not only was literature distributed at the exposition booth, but 187 names were also added to the Post Office Mission mailing list.
The Post Office Mission relied on local Y.P.C.U. societies not only to maintain mailing lists but to cover the cost of postage and other distribution expenses. To defray their overall cost, the Y.P.C.U. Post Office Mission relied on the Universalist Publishing House to provide the literature at little or no cost. The cost for the production of the literature was covered by a bequest from the late entertainer and showman, P.T. Barnum, and other donations.[57]
The national-level Post Office Mission leadership encouraged local Unions to maintain literature tables or racks in the vestibules of their churches. Local societies were additionally encouraged to find public places such as railway stations where literature could be made available to the public. Unioners were implored that «through the Post Office Mission everyone who takes up the work becomes a heralder of the truth.»[58]
Interest and support for the Y.P.C.U. Post Office Mission had declined by the early 1920s. Contributing to the decline was the continued need for local funds and the inability to concretely measure the Post Office Mission’s success. The national-level Post Office Mission Superintendent Clifford R. Stetson noted in October 1920 that «the Post Office Mission could not be measured in definite terms.» He went on to recommend that the function of the Post Office Mission, «to sow the seed, trusting that the fruit would follow», be transferred to another department called the Union-at-Large.[59] The Union-at-Large had been formed in 1892 to support Universalist youth in areas where no local Y.P.C.U. chapter had been formed. Following the transfer, the Y.P.C.U. Post Office Mission ceased to exist.
Decline and merger[edit]
The 41st annual Y.P.C.U. convention, held in the United Liberal Church of Atlanta, a joint Unitarian-Universalist congregation, was «one of tension and crisis from beginning to end.»[60] The youth group faced shrinking membership, increasing deficits, and an uncertain future for Onward, and needed to answer the question of merger with the Unitarian Young People’s Religious Union (Y.P.R.U.).
The problem with Onward was addressed by changing its format back to a monthly magazine with a four-page limit focused on news bulletins and less on «abstract articles…little read and little needed».[61]
Action was taken with considerable opposition to change the convention from an annual to a biennial format. In 1933 the Y.P.C.U. had its lowest individual membership of less than 2,000, with fewer than 100 local unions and only 10 junior unions.[62]
Also in the early 1930s Max A. Kapp, president of the Universalist’s Y.P.C.U., and Dana Greeley, president of the Unitarian Y.P.R.U., discussed a merger or federation of the two groups. However, no action was taken until the Unitarians made an overt offer to merge in 1935. Opposition was strong within the Y.P.C.U. It was argued that the Unitarian Y.P.R.U was no better equipped to address youth needs. The Universalists voted to defer action for another year. The deferral period actually continued for many years, with no definitive merger action being taken during World War II (1941-1945).[63]
Universalist Youth Fellowship (UYF)[edit]
The Y.P.C.U. continued an internal examination. In 1941 at the poorly attended Y.P.C.U. convention in Oak Park, Illinois, the youth group reorganized as the Universalist Youth Fellowship (UYF). The re-organized youth group introduced several changes. Its membership focus was narrowed to youth between 13 and 25. The new organization would no longer appeal to state unions for funding. Rather, funding would be based on investment income and other funds raised by the Universalist Church of America Unified Appeal.
Manpower demands from World War II significantly diminished the UYF leadership ranks that came primarily from those preparing for the ministry at Tufts College. Work with youth and students understandably came to a virtual standstill. The UYF budget for 1943-1944 was just $3,300.[64]
Despite demurring on the 1935 proposal to merge, the Universalist and Unitarian youth did act jointly. In late 1945 they cooperated on the publication of two small magazine-size digests called Youth for Action that focused on social service. In the fall of 1945, as the bi-monthly publication of Onward came to an end, they also conducted a two-year experiment with a joint publication called The Young Liberal. This post war Universalist – Unitarian publication became a platform supporting relief efforts in devastated European countries. The publication regularly contained appeals to feed starving Czech and Dutch people and photographs of students rebuilding Stalingrad.[65] In 1947 the Universalists withdrew their support from the magazine that then had only 200 subscribers.
The Universalists in that same year turned their attention to the publication of The Youth Leader. The publication changed formats several times but lasted three years beyond the formal merger of the Universalists and Unitarians in 1961.
Liberal Religious Youth (LRY)[edit]
Ten years prior to the merger of the Universalists and Unitarians, the two denominational youth groups took final steps toward merger at a convention held in 1951 at Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire. Three years later, in 1953, the two youth groups completed the merger discussions started in 1935 and formed the Liberal Religious Youth (LRY).[66]
Young Religious Unitarian Universalists (YRUU)[edit]
After the merger in 1961 of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America, LRY was re-organized as the Young Religious Unitarian Universalists (YRUU).
References[edit]
- ^ Erb, Frank Otis (1917). The Development of the Young People’s Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 28–29.
The development of the young people’s movement by frank otis erb.
- ^ Erb, Frank Otis (1917). The Development of the Young People’s Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 24.
The development of the young people’s movement by frank otis erb.
- ^ Erb, Frank Otis (1917). The Development of the Young People’s Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 37.
The development of the young people’s movement by frank otis erb.
- ^ Erb, Frank Otis (1917). The Development of the Young People’s Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37–38.
The development of the young people’s movement by frank otis erb.
- ^ Clark, Francis Edward (1912). The Christian Endeavor Manual. Boston and Chicago: Plimpton Press. pp. 11–12.
- ^ Clark, Francis Edward (1912). The Christian Endeavor Manual. Boston and Chicago: Plimpton Press. pp. 13–14.
- ^ Erb, Frank Otis (1917). The Development of the Young People’s Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 55.
The development of the young people’s movement by frank otis erb.
- ^ Scott, Clinton Lee (1957). The Universalist Church of American: A Shorty History. Universalist Historical Society. p. 67.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 175. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 176. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Tillinghast, James D. (1894). Young People’s Christian Union. For the Columbian Congress of the Universalist Church: Papers and Addresses at the Congress, held as a Section of the World’s Congress Auxiliary of the Columbian Exposition. A brief history (PDF). Boston: Universalist Publishing House. p. 288.
- ^ Bisbee, Frederick A. (1914). Young People’s Christian Union of the Universalist Church Sourenir Program and Miniature History 1889 Lynn-Boston 1914. Boston: Universalist Historical Society. p. 11.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 177. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 188. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 178. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 193. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Tillinghast, James D. (1894). Young People’s Christian Union. For the Columbian Congress of the Universalist Church: Papers and Addresses at the Congress, held as a Section of the World’s Congress Auxiliary of the Columbian Exposition. A brief history (PDF). Boston: Universalist Publishing House. p. 291.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 185. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 194. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 196. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 196. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Brown, John Norris (2014). Images of America Harriman. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4671-1187-4.
- ^ «Georgia». Universalist Register with the Usual Astronomical Tables and a Counting House Almanac for 1879. Boston, MA: Universalist Publishing House. 1879. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
- ^ «Universalist Church is To Be Dedicated Today». The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. Jul 15, 1900. p. 21.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 197. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Charles A. Howe (Nov 25, 2007). «Herman Bisbee». Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Castle, Henry A. (1912). History of St. Paul and Vicinity: A Chronicle of Progress and a Narrative Account of the Industries, Institutions and People of the City and its Tributary Territory. Chicago and New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. p. 519.
- ^ Castle, Henry A. (1912). History of St. Paul and Vicinity: A Chronicle of Progress and a Narrative Account of the Industries, Institutions and People of the City and its Tributary Territory. Chicago and New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. p. 519.
- ^ «To-Day In The Churches». The Saint Paul Globe. Saint Paul, Minnesota. Dec 5, 1886.
- ^ «Tiews of an Old Church». The Saint Paul Globe. Saint Paul, Minnesota. Aug 20, 1898.
- ^ «Church My Reorganize». The Saint Paul Globe. Saint Paul, Minnesota. Aug 14, 1898.
- ^ Staff Writer (Aug 6, 1901). «And They Helped, Every One His Neighbor». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. pp. 1 (249). Retrieved Mar 1, 2018.
- ^ Bisbee, Frederick A. (1914). Young People’s Christian Union of the Universalist Church Souvenir Program and Miniature History 1889 Lynn-Boston 1914. Boston: Universalist Historical Society. p. 59.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 198. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 198. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Staff Writer (Jan 18, 1902). «Editorial». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 20. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ «Universalist Pastor». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Mar 8, 1902. p. 7.
- ^ «Universalist Church Property Sold». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Dec 3, 1903. p. 7.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 198. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ «Athalia Lizzie Johnson Irwin (1862-1915) Universalist». Unitarian Universalist History and Heritage Society. Unitarian Universalist History and Heritage Society. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 199. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ «Interest in Debate». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Jun 30, 1906. p. 6.
- ^ «Former Pastor in the City». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Oct 18, 1908. p. 4.
- ^ «Universalist Leader to Speak Here Today». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Dec 15, 1912. p. 12.
- ^ Evans, Dr. A.L. (Mar 29, 1910). «Historical Sketch of the Universalist Church in Chattanooga, Tenn». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. pp. 100–101. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Robinson, Rev. L.R. (Mar 29, 1910). «How I Came Into the Universalist Church and Ministry». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. pp. 99–101. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Staff Writer (Feb 8, 1910). «Missionary Work of the National Y.P.C.U.» Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 43. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ «First Universalist (Shinn Memorial) Church (Chattanooga, Tennessee)». Andover-Harvard Theological Library. Harvard Divinity School. Retrieved Feb 14, 2018.
- ^ Board of Trustees (1911). «The Dr. Shinn Memorial». Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Universalist General Convention. Boston. pp. 109–110. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Board of Trustees (1915). «The Doctor Shinn Memorial». Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Universalist General Convention. Boston. pp. 27–28. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 199. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 348. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 348. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 348. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Canfield, Harry L. (Feb 1, 1895). «The Post Office Mission». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 1. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Staff Writer (Nov 15, 1895). «Shall We Bombard Atlanta?». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 166. Retrieved Jan 12, 2017.
- ^ Canfield, Harry L. (Feb 1, 1895). «The Post Office Mission». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 1. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Canfield, Harry L. (Feb 1, 1895). «The Post Office Mission». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 1. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Stetson, Clifford R. (Oct 1, 1920). «Report on The Post Office Mission». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 246. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 203. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 204. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 203. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 211. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Arnason, Wayne E.; Scott, Rebecca (1985). We Would Be One. Boston, MA: Skinner House Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 1-55896-488-6.
- ^ Arnason, Wayne E.; Scott, Rebecca (1985). We Would Be One. Boston, MA: Skinner House Books. p. 61. ISBN 1-55896-488-6.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 211. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
Young People’s Christian Union |
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Pin and colors for the Young People’s Christian Union of the Universalist Church of America |
The Young People’s Christian Union (Y.P.C.U.), organized in 1889, was a Universalist youth group created to develop the spiritual life of young people and advance the work of the Universalist church. Soon after it was founded, the Y.P.C.U. focused its attention on missionary work. It was instrumental in the founding of new southern churches and the creation of a Post Office Mission for the distribution of religious literature.
Initially organized as an auxiliary to the Universalist General Convention, the Y.P.C.U. developed an independent identity. It held its own yearly conventions, published a magazine (Onward), implemented funding mechanisms and elected officers.
In 1941, the Young People’s Christian Union was re-organized as the Universalist Youth Fellowship. In 1953, the Universalists and Unitarian youth organizations merged to form the Liberal Religious Youth (LRY). After the merger in 1961 of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America, LRY was re-organized as the Young Religious Unitarian Universalists (YRUU).
History[edit]
Early Young People Societies[edit]
The inspiration for the Young People’s Christian Union can be traced to the founding of the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in England.
George Williams, after entering the drapery business in 1841, formed a mutual improvement society with fellow workers. The aim of the society was Bible study and support of missionary efforts. Three years later, Williams and twelve other young men formalized the mission of their support group as the «improvement of the spiritual condition of young men engaged in the drapery and other trades». Membership was later extended to anyone who was «a member of a Christian church» or gave «sufficient evidence of his being a converted character».[1] They called their new society the Young Men’s Christian Association (Y.M.C.A.).
By 1855 there were 8,500 Y.M.C.A members in Great Britain. The American version of the Y.M.C.A. soon spread during a period of heightened religious activity called the Third Great Awakening (1850s – 1900).[2]
In 1860, Rev. Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler, minister of the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church in Brooklyn, New York, became aware of the success of the Y.M.C.A. to gather young men for prayer meetings, but that the Y.M.C.A. had not succeeded in organizing them for more sustained Christian work in the church. To address this situation, on November 6, 1867, Rev. Cuyler organized the Young People’s Association (YPA). Cuyler’s YPA was designed to focus the energy of young men on long-term church work such as «the conversion of souls, the development of Christian character and the training of converts in religious work».[3]
Some years later, Rev. Dr. Francis E. Clark, pastor of the Williston Congregational Church in Portland, Maine, visited the Lafayette Avenue Presbyterian Church. In 1892 he reflected back on his impression of the Young People’s Association, stating it «was certainly an inspiration to the first Christian Endeavor Society.»[4]
Christian Endeavor Society[edit]
During a monthly Week of Prayer, Rev. Clark observed that similar to the Y.M.C.A. model, the Week of Prayer gathered young people for Christian devotion but afterwards they soon departed. Clark had relied for years upon prevailing wisdom that entertainment, mutual improvement and literary societies would sustain young people’s interest in Christian church work. After five years of such efforts, Rev. Clark had little to show.[5]
Clark abandoned the «low expectations» model and opted instead to raise the expectations of the religious obligations of young people. His youth organization would be first and foremost a Christian society. Musical soirees and literary readings may follow, but they would be subordinate to the larger mission of seeking the kingdom of God. On February 2, 1881, Rev. Clark proposed his new society and secured the signature of forty to fifty young people to the constitution of an organization called the Christian Endeavor Society.[6]
Additional societies soon followed in Maine, Vermont and Massachusetts. The absence of a denomination designation enabled a Christian Endeavor Society to be organized within any church denomination. Five years after the organization of the first Christian Endeavor Society, there were 850 societies representing eight denominations from 33 states and seven countries.[7]
Others followed Rev. Clark’s model, but created youth groups that were specifically denominationally branded: the Baptist Young People’s Union (1891), the Luther League (1896), the Universalist Young People’s Christian Union (1889), the Unitarian Young People’s Religious Union (1896) and the Methodist Epworth League (1899).[8]
Universalist Young People’s Christian Union[edit]
The Universalists, not having made any earlier effort to create a unifying national youth organization, discovered that within the denomination there were more than 120 young people’s societies including 38 Christian Endeavor Societies and others with names such as «Christian Union», «Christian Culture», and «Christian Work».[9]
This situation was addressed at the 1886 Chicago General Convention with a proposal to create a national youth society called the Young People’s Missionary Association (Y.P M.A.). The proposal called for the formation of parish-level associations designed as auxiliaries to state conventions. After the convention, the Y.P.M.A. saw some initial success. More than 20 such organizations were formed, but the Y.P.M.A. did not have wide appeal. Existing youth groups resisted joining the Y.P.M.A., preferring to retain their individual social or literary charters.[10]
Two years later, in 1888, Rev. Stephen H. Roblin revived the idea of a distinctively Universalist nationwide youth group.
Bay City, Michigan[edit]
Shortly after his ordination in 1882, Rev. Roblin assumed the pastorate at the Universalist church in Victor, New York. His experience with his church’s Christian Endeavor Society as well as his personal connection with Rev. L.B. Fisher and James D. Tillinghast, publishers of a New York state monthly journal called the Universalist Union, would contribute to the reboot of a Universalist youth organization.
Six years later, in 1888, Rev. Roblin had relocated to Michigan to assume the pastorate of the Universalist church in Bay City. Since his new church did not have a youth group, Rev. Roblin appointed Alfred J. Cardall to form a Christian Endeavor Society.[11] Also closely associated with the formation of this Christian Endeavor Society was Albert G. Grier, a principal in the local school system.
As he organized his local youth group, Roblin became curious about denominational support for a revised national youth society. Roblin recruited Cardall and Grier, who had just formed the local Bay City Christian Endeavor Society, and Fisher and Tillinghast, publishers of the Universalist Union, to conduct a correspondence campaign. They contacted Universalist youth groups to ascertain their interest in a Universalist national youth organization. If interested, youth groups were encouraged to send delegates to an organizing meeting to take place a day before the General Convention in Lynn, Massachusetts.
Lynn Convention[edit]
On October 22, 1889, 131 delegates representing 56 societies from 13 states attended the First National Convention of Universalist Young People. By-laws and a constitution for the Young People’s Christian Union (Y.P.C.U.) were drafted. The mission of the Y.P.C.U. was «to promote an earnest Christian life among young people of the Universalist Church, and the sympathetic union of all young people’s societies in their efforts to make themselves more useful in the service of God.»[12] The Universalist Union was adopted as the official press organ of the Y.P.C.U.
The Lynn General Convention approved the youth group’s by-laws and constitution. There were, however, those who opposed the formation of the youth group, arguing that no intermediate organization should stand between the church and its people. The opposition insisted that youth groups must be designated as auxiliaries or subordinates to the General Convention and adult supervision must be exercised over the Y.P.C.U.[13]
Nonetheless, over time, the new youth group acquired the profile of an independent organization. In 1893, the Y.P.C.U. assumed responsibility for the publication of the Universalist Union, changing the name to Onward, and modified the format from a monthly to weekly magazine.[14] By 1894 the Y.P.C.U. began holding their conventions independently from those of the General Convention. The Y.P.C.U. also acquired other independent trappings such Y.P.C.U. branded colors (blue for truth, white for purity), motto («For Christ and His Church»), hymn («Follow the Gleam») and watchword («Onward!»).[15]
Despite having a national profile, the Y.P.C.U. was at its core a local institution. Churches sponsored a local Y.P.C.U. group that, in turn, was affiliated with a state Y.P.C.U. organization. The local groups could then voluntarily affiliate with the national organization. Also loosely defined was the term «young.» It was not uncommon in the early days of the Y.P.C.U. for individuals in their thirties or older to be a member of the local Y.P.C.U. For the truly young, a Junior Y.P.C.U. concept was introduced in 1894, with Mary Grace Canfield being appointed as its first national superintendent. Finally, to provide an organizational structure for young Universalists who did not have a local church community, the Union at Large concept was introduced in 1892, with Sarah B. Hammond being appointed its first national superintendent.
Y.P.C.U. missionary focus[edit]
At its first convention in Rochester, New York, in 1890, the Y.P.C.U. turned its focus to missionary work. This focus shaped the actions taken by the Y.P.C.U. in the following years by the appointment of its first missionary, Rev. William H. McGlauflin; granting its secretary a salary; adopting a temperance position; organizing a Post Office Mission for the distribution of religious literature; establishing a funding mechanism called the Two Cent a Week for Missions; explicitly denominationally rebranding the group by appending «of the Universalist Church» to the group’s name; and the appointment of Rev. Quillen H. Shinn as their National Organizer.
The first missionary action taken by the Y.P.C.U. was accepting the responsibility to build a new Universalist church in Harriman, Tennessee.
Harriman, Tennessee[edit]
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1890 — 1895[edit]
Despite being operational for only one year, building a new church, given the economic situation in Harriman, was a plausible objective for the Y.P.C.U. Harriman was barely a town in early 1890, but growth was almost assured. Northern businessmen through the Tennessee Land Company were making substantial investments in Harriman to exploit abundant coal, iron, timber and limestone resources.[16] Rev. Henry L. Canfield, State Superintendent of Churches and Sunday Schools of Ohio, and Rev. C. Ellwood Nash, then pastor at a Universalist church in Akron, Ohio,[17] encouraged the Harriman missionary project. They argued that in Harriman the Universalists would be the religious vanguard in a burgeoning new city instead of trailing along as late-comers.[18]
Furthermore, Rev. Nash had visited Harriman prior to the Rochester convention. Nash was aware that there were a number of Universalists already in the area and that other conditions in Harriman were favorable to the Y.P.C.U. The East Tennessee Land Company, for example, provided Nash two land lots for a Universalist church. The town’s charter with its explicit prohibition on liquor closely aligned with Y.P.C.U. temperance sensibilities. This commitment to temperance was further fortified by the East Tennessee Land Company’s plan to construct an institute of higher learning in the city called the American Temperance University.
Adding to these social and economic incentives was financial support offered by Ferdinand Schumacher. A rich German immigrant known as the «oatmeal king», Schumacher, from Ohio, was a Universalist and temperance advocate. Schumacher pledged $1,000 to the church building fund if the Universalists raised $4,000.[19]
The cornerstone to the Grace Universalist Church in Harriman was laid on December 2, 1891. The church was formally dedicated on Easter Sunday, April 17, 1892, with a sermon preached by Rev. Henry L. Canfield. By 1895, the debt-free church had 140 members. The Y.P.C.U. would soon deliver the deed of the church to the General Convention and turn its attention to its next missionary effort in Atlanta.
Denouement[edit]
As the Y.P.C.U. turned its attention to Atlanta in 1895, the fortunes of the Grace Universalist Church reflected the economic downward trajectory of Harriman. Church membership decreased after its first pastor, Rev. W.H. McGlauflin, departed. More misfortune befell the church when McGlauflin’s replacement, Rev. Harry Lawrence Veazey, and his wife died in New York state. Rev. Charles R. East, the next pastor, became disheartened and departed. Eleven years after its dedication, even the ever-optimistic Rev. Shinn declared the church dead. An ex-Baptist who joined the Universalist church, Rev. John M. Rasanke, attempted to revive the church, but he too departed in 1904. Several years of dormancy followed.
After World War I, the Universalist Women’s National Missionary Association (WNMA) took over responsibility for Tennessee.[20] The WNMA reported in the October issue of the Universalist Leader that the Harriman church, once on the dormant list, was now active with Rev. William E. Manning serving as pastor. However, it would have been more accurate to report that Rev. Manning had only included Harriman on his 1920 – 1921 missionary circuit. The WNMA abandoned the church property in 1923, and the General Convention trustees sold the property in 1927 for $2,500.[21] The old church building was torn down in 1932.[22]
Atlanta, Georgia[edit]
Missionary work 1879 — 1882[edit]
In the summer of 1879, Rev. W.C. Bowman attempted to establish a Universalist church in Atlanta. The Universalists had a presence in the Georgia countryside, but had not established a presence in any urban city.[23] Bowman’s missionary work continued until 1881, when he severed his connection with the Universalists and joined the city’s spiritualism movement. Rev. D.B. Clayton, who had moved to Atlanta from his South Carolina home to assist Bowman, continued services until the summer of 1882. Afterwards there was no active Universalist presence in the city. Also in 1882, the Unitarians began active missionary work in Atlanta that provided Universalists a temporary religious home.
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1895 — 1918[edit]
In 1895, emboldened by their apparent success in Harriman, the Y.P.C.U. turned its attention to Atlanta, Georgia. Three ministers were recruited to raise a Universalist church in Atlanta: Rev. Shinn, then the new Y.P.C.U. National Organizer, Rev. D.B. Clayton, who had been involved in the city’s initial missionary work, and Rev. McGlauflin, the Y.P.C.U. Southern Missionary and former Harriman pastor. They succeeded and established the First Universalist Church of Atlanta in 1895, with Rev. McGlauflin becoming the first pastor of the new church.
In 1897, to encourage fundraising for a new church building, the Y.P.C.U. pledged to raise $4.00 for each dollar raised by Atlanta’s Universalists. The Y.P.C.U. was also instrumental in retiring the $2,500 mortgage on the building lot. On July 15, 1900, the Universalists dedicated a new church building at 16 East Harris Street.[24]
The Y.P.C.U. invested over $16,000 in the Atlanta effort and subsequently transferred the property deed to the Georgia Universalist convention.[25]
Rev. W.H. McGlauflin remained pastor of the Atlanta church for nine years. He resigned in 1904 to become the superintendent of the Universalist churches in Minnesota. After Rev. McGlauflin, most pastorates lasted between one and two years. The only exception was the pastorate of Rev. E. Dean Ellenwood, who served the church from 1905 to 1913.
Despite the growth of Atlanta’s population, the Atlanta Universalist congregation remained small.
Denouement[edit]
Driven by the general weakness of Atlanta’s two liberal churches, the Unitarians and Universalists merged in 1918. The combined congregation, named the Liberal Christian Church, chose the Unitarian church building on West Peachtree Street as their common home. The Universalist church on East Harris Street was sold in April 1920. The Unitarian-Universalist congregation continued until 1951 when the congregation collapsed.
In 1952, the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America renewed efforts in Atlanta. A new church called the United Liberal Church was established in 1954 and witnessed rapid growth. The church was later renamed the Unitarian Universalist Congregation of Atlanta.
St. Paul, Minnesota[edit]
Shortly after the dedication of the Atlanta church, at its 1901 Rochester Convention the Y.P.C.U. selected St. Paul, Minnesota, and Little Rock, Arkansas, as their next missionary projects. Like Atlanta, St. Paul had seen earlier Universalist missionary activity that was unable to sustain a permanent presence.
Missionary work 1865 — 1879[edit]
The First Universalist Society of St. Paul was incorporated in 1865. Rev. Herman A. Bisbee briefly served as the society’s first minister before he accepted a call in November 1866 to the Universalist church in nearby St. Anthony, Minnesota.[26] Nonetheless, the First Universalist Society of St. Paul continued to operate.
In June 1866 the society purchased land on Wabasha Street. In October 1867 ground for a new church was broken, and by January 1869 the basement of the building was sufficiently completed to allow services to be held. The building was completed and formally dedicated October 1, 1872.[27] The society, however, was unable to sustain operations. In 1879 the Universalist Register began listing the St. Paul society as dormant.
The Universalist church property was sold in 1881 to the French Catholics, also known as the St. Louis Church.[28] and the St. Paul Universalist society virtually disappeared.
Missionary work 1886 — 1893[edit]
In early 1886, the society was revived when Rev. L.D. Boynton from Minneapolis conducted Sunday services in an old Baptist church on Wacouta Street two to three times a month. In December in that same year, Rev. W.S. Vail assumed the pastorate of the small St. Paul society.[29] Rev. Vail’s seven-year ministry significantly raised the fortunes of the Universalists. Upon Rev. Vail’s resignation in November 1893, The Universalist Register yearbook showed that the once moribund society now counted 125 families among its flock.
With Rev. Vail’s departure, the society once again experienced a period of near dormancy. From 1895 to 1900, The Universalist Register showed either no minister or simply dropped the society from its inventory of churches. However, based on a review of newspaper announcements in the St. Paul Globe during this period, the Ladies Aid Society of the First Universalist Church continued to hold the small liberal community together.
Missionary work 1898[edit]
A prelude to another revival of the St. Paul society occurred in the summer of 1898. While on his summer break from his pastorate of the Atlanta Unitarian church, Rev. Vail, the former St. Paul pastor, provided pulpit supply for St. Paul’s People’s Church. At a reception held for Rev. Vail, over 150 people attended,[30] and there was discussion of formally reorganizing the society. A hopeful sign was that even without a permanent minister, local Universalists had raised a «goodly sum» of money to establish a permanent Universalist presence in the city.[31]
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1901 — 1916[edit]
Following the selection of St. Paul as a missionary project, the Y.P.C.U. organ Onward announced on August 6, 1901, that Rev. Henry B. Taylor had accepted the pastorate to the fledgling St. Paul society. Unioners were implored to support this new missionary project. «Unless every member of our Union consecrates himself as a helper by a Two-Cents-a-Week pledge….the good work will not hasten forward as we desire.»[32]
During Rev. Taylor’s pastorate (1901 – 1908) the Y.P.C.U. provided funds for the minister’s salary, helped reduce the churches indebtedness and raised additional funds for the purchase of church property at the corner of Ashland and Mackubin. In 1909 the Y.P.C.U. held their convention at the larger Church of the Redeemer in Minneapolis. The Unioners traveled to St. Paul for the dedication of the new church now under the pastorate of Rev. Thomas S. Robjent.[33]
Over the course of their missionary effort in St. Paul, the Y.P.C.U. contributed more than $16,000.[34]
Denouement[edit]
In 1916, the Y.P.C.U. executive board voted to transfer the oversight of the St. Paul church to the trustees of the Universalist General Convention. The General Convention, in turn, requested that the Y.P.C.U. assume missionary responsibilities for the Los Angeles church in California. This exchange ended the Y.P.C.U. involvement with St. Paul.[35]
Little Rock, Arkansas[edit]
As noted earlier, the Unioners at their 1901 Rochester Convention had selected St. Paul and Little Rock as their missionary projects.
Missionary work 1895 — 1901[edit]
Five years prior to the Y.P.C.U. intervention in 1896, Rev. Shinn had conducted missionary work in Little Rock. Shinn’s missionary work typically focused on establishing Universalist structures such as a Sunday school and Ladies Universalist Society as a prelude to placing a permanent minister. Notices posted in the Daily Arkansas Gazette showed that Universalist Sunday school was regularly held in 1899 in rented space at the Congregational Church at the corner of Eleventh and Main streets.
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1901 — 1915[edit]
In 1902, Rev. F.L. Carrier was recruited by the Y.P.C.U. to serve as minister to the Little Rock church[36] At the time the church had 29 members.[37] The Y.P.C.U. also committed to contributing $500 a year to the pastor’s salary.
Rev. Carrier held regular Sunday services in the rented space in the Congregational Church on Eleventh and Main until December 1903, when the Congregational Church sold the building to the Universalists.[38] Thereafter, newspaper articles referred to this building as the Universalist Church on Eleventh and Main.
In 1904, Rev. Carrier resigned and was succeeded by Rev. Athalia Lizzie Johnson Irwin, an Arkansas native.[39] Rev. Irwin was born in 1862 to the Baptist faith, but left that denomination by July 1898. Befriending Rev. Q.H. Shinn, she was encouraged to become a Universalist minister. Her first church in Pensacola, Florida, ordained her in 1902.[40] In October 1904, she left her Pensacola church to assume the pastorate in Little Rock.
The Y.P.C.U. continued its financial support by providing money for the minister’s salary and $6,000 toward a building fund. In 1905 a small chapel was constructed at the corner of Thirteenth and Center streets.[41] This chapel became known as the Cottage Chapel.
Rev. Athalia L.J. Irwin was a gifted writer and orator. The local newspaper frequently printed summaries of her sermons with titles such as The God We Believe In and The Bible We Accept. However, she garnered the most press coverage when she challenged her brother, Rev. M. Gray Johnson, a Baptist minister from Ohio, to a debate in the Cottage Chapel. When debating the topic «The Christ We Would Follow», Rev. Irwin energetically rejected the doctrine of the Trinity «as unreasonable and as something which Christ never meant to imply.»[42] She went on to emphasize God’s love and that God «wills that not any should perish, but that all should come to a knowledge of the truth as it is in Christ Jesus.»
In spite of her many talents, the Little Rock church remained small. When Rev. Irwin departed in September 1908, there were fewer than 40 members. The Universalist State Superintendent Rev. G.E. Cunningham filled the empty pulpit, vowing to remain until a successor was found.[43] Rev. Cunningham continued to provide pastoral services to the small society until he moved to Illinois in late 1912.[44]
Rev. H.C. Ledyard succeeded Cunningham and remained as the pastor for three years, departing in December 1915. Lay members and guest speakers conducted Sunday services for several years. By mid 1919, Sunday services had ceased. The Cottage Chapel, now referred to as the First Universalist Church, was only being used as rental space for third-party events.
Denouement[edit]
By 1922, there was no mention of the First Universalist church in local newspapers. The church property was sold in 1930. In 1950, a new Universalist society was established and became known as the Unitarian Universalist Church of Little Rock.
Chattanooga, Tennessee[edit]
In 1909 the Y.P.C.U. turned its missionary zeal toward Chattanooga, Tennessee, which was the last major church building effort by the youth group.
Missionary work 1895 — 1908[edit]
As early as 1895 Rev. McGlauflin, the Southern Missionary in Harriman, Tennessee, had visited Chattanooga, but no permanent church was founded. Rev. Q.H. Shinn, who visited Chattanooga just a few months prior to his death in September 1907, launched a new church in that city, chartered with 32 members. For 17 months the new church was without a permanent minister. Atlanta’s Rev. E. Dean Ellenwood, the Universalist General Superintendent, Rev. H.W. McGlauflin and other ministers offered temporary preaching services.
In late November 1908, under the direction of McGlauflin, Rev. L.R. Robinson was installed as the joint pastor for the Harriman and Chattanooga churches. Since there was a parsonage in Harriman, that city was selected as the pastor’s home.[45]
Robinson was born into a Methodist Episcopal family but came to Universalism through his reading of the Bible. «I found so many Scriptural passages that seemed to clearly teach the final harmony of all souls with God.» Robinson requested Universalist literature from the Post Office Mission and later met Rev. H.W. McGlauflin. Encouraged by McGlauflin, Robinson in the fall of 1908 accepted a position to serve the Universalist churches in Harriman and Chattanooga.[46]
Y.P.C.U. missionary work 1909 — 1917[edit]
Robinson provided Sunday service two times a month in Chattanooga. Under his ministry membership grew and financial obligations were addressed. In February 1910, the Y.P.C.U. selected Rev. L. R. Robinson as their «consecrated missionary» in Chattanooga, and Robinson moved to that city accordingly.[47]
About the time that Robinson was exploring fellowship with the Universalists, Chattanooga became the focal point of a multi-year search for a site to build a church to honor Rev. Q.H. Shinn, who had died in late 1907. Southern Universalists quickly established the Shinn Memorial Association to raise funds for the construction of a church in a southern state to commemorate Shinn’s southern missionary work.[48] The selection process continued for several years, with the Y.P.C.U. supporting Chattanooga.
In 1911, four possible locations for the construction of a Shinn Memorial church were discussed at the General Convention: Houston, Texas; Little Rock, Arkansas; Chattanooga, Tennessee and Rocky Mount, North Carolina. At the convention the Y.P.C.U. continued its support for Chattanooga, arguing that it was in this city «where the Union is supporting a promising mission.»[49]
On July 7, 1914, it was announced that Chattanooga had been selected at the site for the Shinn Memorial Church.[50] Three weeks later, in a front-page article in the August 1, 1914, edition of Onward, Unioners were implored to «Let the slogan ‘Chattanooga and Work’ be ours for the coming year.» The Y.P.C.U. ‘Chattanooga and Work’ campaign was designed to raise the thousands of dollars still needed for the Shinn Memorial Church building fund.[51]
Services were first held in the new Shinn Memorial Church in the summer of 1916. The church was dedicated during the 1917 Y.P.C.U. convention held in that city.[52]
With the construction of the new church, one of Shinn’s lifetime ambitions was finally realized. In 1917, a School of Evangelism was opened. The goal of the school was to provide ministerial training to those who were unable to attend regular Universalist theological schools. The school continued to operate until the 1930s.[53]
The church also became the headquarters in 1919 for the Southern Universalist Young People’s Institute. The institute’s summer programs were designed to train workers for service in Sunday schools, young people’s societies and missionary work. A year later the Y.P.C.U. turned over its role in the institute to the Universalist’s Women’s National Missionary Association (WNMA). In 1925 when the pastor of the Chattanooga church, Rev. George A. Gay, moved to Camp Hill, Alabama, he took the institute with him. The institute, however, returned to Chattanooga in 1930.[54]
Denouement[edit]
In spite of starting with a surplus of funds after the church was built, the congregation frequently had financial trouble and had to depend on denominational aid. It had trouble finding and keeping good ministers, and its lay leadership was frequently divided. In its final years, it ignored the interest in establishing a Unitarian fellowship in Chattanooga. By 1951, there were only four active members, and services were suspended. The congregation is last listed in the Universalist Directory for 1956 — 1957.
Post Office Mission[edit]
Within three years of its formation in 1892 at their Reading, Pennsylvania, convention, Rev. Shinn urged the Y.P.C.U. to organize a Post Office Mission. The Post Office Mission was designed to supplement the influence of Universalist ministers and the denomination’s periodicals. In a front-page article in the February 1895 edition of Onward, it was argued that «The voice of the minister is heard but a few feet from the pulpit, and the message of the denomination through our papers reaches almost exclusively those who are already acquainted with the message, and is even reaching too few of them. To extend the light into the dark places and to proclaim the gospel of our church where hitherto no voice has been raised in its behalf is the sphere of this mission.»[55] The Post Office Mission was primarily organized at a local level. Local societies were tasked with identifying names for mailings, with the national organization providing oversight coordination.
Understanding the opportunities inherent in the 1895 Atlanta Cotton Exposition and 1897 Tennessee Centennial Exposition, booths were secured by the Post Office Mission at both events to distribute literature and collect names for the mailing list.
The Atlanta Cotton Exposition coincided with the resumption of missionary work in Atlanta, and the Y.P.C.U. Post Office Mission embarked on a «Shall We Bombard Atlanta?» campaign. «From all over the South people are gathering, and in the month of December the exposition grounds will be thronged. How can we reach this multitude and plant in their minds some seed of Universalist philosophy?»[56] Not only was literature distributed at the exposition booth, but 187 names were also added to the Post Office Mission mailing list.
The Post Office Mission relied on local Y.P.C.U. societies not only to maintain mailing lists but to cover the cost of postage and other distribution expenses. To defray their overall cost, the Y.P.C.U. Post Office Mission relied on the Universalist Publishing House to provide the literature at little or no cost. The cost for the production of the literature was covered by a bequest from the late entertainer and showman, P.T. Barnum, and other donations.[57]
The national-level Post Office Mission leadership encouraged local Unions to maintain literature tables or racks in the vestibules of their churches. Local societies were additionally encouraged to find public places such as railway stations where literature could be made available to the public. Unioners were implored that «through the Post Office Mission everyone who takes up the work becomes a heralder of the truth.»[58]
Interest and support for the Y.P.C.U. Post Office Mission had declined by the early 1920s. Contributing to the decline was the continued need for local funds and the inability to concretely measure the Post Office Mission’s success. The national-level Post Office Mission Superintendent Clifford R. Stetson noted in October 1920 that «the Post Office Mission could not be measured in definite terms.» He went on to recommend that the function of the Post Office Mission, «to sow the seed, trusting that the fruit would follow», be transferred to another department called the Union-at-Large.[59] The Union-at-Large had been formed in 1892 to support Universalist youth in areas where no local Y.P.C.U. chapter had been formed. Following the transfer, the Y.P.C.U. Post Office Mission ceased to exist.
Decline and merger[edit]
The 41st annual Y.P.C.U. convention, held in the United Liberal Church of Atlanta, a joint Unitarian-Universalist congregation, was «one of tension and crisis from beginning to end.»[60] The youth group faced shrinking membership, increasing deficits, and an uncertain future for Onward, and needed to answer the question of merger with the Unitarian Young People’s Religious Union (Y.P.R.U.).
The problem with Onward was addressed by changing its format back to a monthly magazine with a four-page limit focused on news bulletins and less on «abstract articles…little read and little needed».[61]
Action was taken with considerable opposition to change the convention from an annual to a biennial format. In 1933 the Y.P.C.U. had its lowest individual membership of less than 2,000, with fewer than 100 local unions and only 10 junior unions.[62]
Also in the early 1930s Max A. Kapp, president of the Universalist’s Y.P.C.U., and Dana Greeley, president of the Unitarian Y.P.R.U., discussed a merger or federation of the two groups. However, no action was taken until the Unitarians made an overt offer to merge in 1935. Opposition was strong within the Y.P.C.U. It was argued that the Unitarian Y.P.R.U was no better equipped to address youth needs. The Universalists voted to defer action for another year. The deferral period actually continued for many years, with no definitive merger action being taken during World War II (1941-1945).[63]
Universalist Youth Fellowship (UYF)[edit]
The Y.P.C.U. continued an internal examination. In 1941 at the poorly attended Y.P.C.U. convention in Oak Park, Illinois, the youth group reorganized as the Universalist Youth Fellowship (UYF). The re-organized youth group introduced several changes. Its membership focus was narrowed to youth between 13 and 25. The new organization would no longer appeal to state unions for funding. Rather, funding would be based on investment income and other funds raised by the Universalist Church of America Unified Appeal.
Manpower demands from World War II significantly diminished the UYF leadership ranks that came primarily from those preparing for the ministry at Tufts College. Work with youth and students understandably came to a virtual standstill. The UYF budget for 1943-1944 was just $3,300.[64]
Despite demurring on the 1935 proposal to merge, the Universalist and Unitarian youth did act jointly. In late 1945 they cooperated on the publication of two small magazine-size digests called Youth for Action that focused on social service. In the fall of 1945, as the bi-monthly publication of Onward came to an end, they also conducted a two-year experiment with a joint publication called The Young Liberal. This post war Universalist – Unitarian publication became a platform supporting relief efforts in devastated European countries. The publication regularly contained appeals to feed starving Czech and Dutch people and photographs of students rebuilding Stalingrad.[65] In 1947 the Universalists withdrew their support from the magazine that then had only 200 subscribers.
The Universalists in that same year turned their attention to the publication of The Youth Leader. The publication changed formats several times but lasted three years beyond the formal merger of the Universalists and Unitarians in 1961.
Liberal Religious Youth (LRY)[edit]
Ten years prior to the merger of the Universalists and Unitarians, the two denominational youth groups took final steps toward merger at a convention held in 1951 at Lake Winnipesaukee in New Hampshire. Three years later, in 1953, the two youth groups completed the merger discussions started in 1935 and formed the Liberal Religious Youth (LRY).[66]
Young Religious Unitarian Universalists (YRUU)[edit]
After the merger in 1961 of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America, LRY was re-organized as the Young Religious Unitarian Universalists (YRUU).
References[edit]
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- ^ Erb, Frank Otis (1917). The Development of the Young People’s Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 37.
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- ^ Erb, Frank Otis (1917). The Development of the Young People’s Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37–38.
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- ^ Clark, Francis Edward (1912). The Christian Endeavor Manual. Boston and Chicago: Plimpton Press. pp. 11–12.
- ^ Clark, Francis Edward (1912). The Christian Endeavor Manual. Boston and Chicago: Plimpton Press. pp. 13–14.
- ^ Erb, Frank Otis (1917). The Development of the Young People’s Movement. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p. 55.
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- ^ Scott, Clinton Lee (1957). The Universalist Church of American: A Shorty History. Universalist Historical Society. p. 67.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 175. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 176. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Tillinghast, James D. (1894). Young People’s Christian Union. For the Columbian Congress of the Universalist Church: Papers and Addresses at the Congress, held as a Section of the World’s Congress Auxiliary of the Columbian Exposition. A brief history (PDF). Boston: Universalist Publishing House. p. 288.
- ^ Bisbee, Frederick A. (1914). Young People’s Christian Union of the Universalist Church Sourenir Program and Miniature History 1889 Lynn-Boston 1914. Boston: Universalist Historical Society. p. 11.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 177. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 188. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 178. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 193. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Tillinghast, James D. (1894). Young People’s Christian Union. For the Columbian Congress of the Universalist Church: Papers and Addresses at the Congress, held as a Section of the World’s Congress Auxiliary of the Columbian Exposition. A brief history (PDF). Boston: Universalist Publishing House. p. 291.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 185. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 194. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 196. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 196. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Brown, John Norris (2014). Images of America Harriman. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4671-1187-4.
- ^ «Georgia». Universalist Register with the Usual Astronomical Tables and a Counting House Almanac for 1879. Boston, MA: Universalist Publishing House. 1879. Retrieved May 11, 2016.
- ^ «Universalist Church is To Be Dedicated Today». The Atlanta Constitution. Atlanta, Georgia. Jul 15, 1900. p. 21.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 197. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Charles A. Howe (Nov 25, 2007). «Herman Bisbee». Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Castle, Henry A. (1912). History of St. Paul and Vicinity: A Chronicle of Progress and a Narrative Account of the Industries, Institutions and People of the City and its Tributary Territory. Chicago and New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. p. 519.
- ^ Castle, Henry A. (1912). History of St. Paul and Vicinity: A Chronicle of Progress and a Narrative Account of the Industries, Institutions and People of the City and its Tributary Territory. Chicago and New York: The Lewis Publishing Company. p. 519.
- ^ «To-Day In The Churches». The Saint Paul Globe. Saint Paul, Minnesota. Dec 5, 1886.
- ^ «Tiews of an Old Church». The Saint Paul Globe. Saint Paul, Minnesota. Aug 20, 1898.
- ^ «Church My Reorganize». The Saint Paul Globe. Saint Paul, Minnesota. Aug 14, 1898.
- ^ Staff Writer (Aug 6, 1901). «And They Helped, Every One His Neighbor». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. pp. 1 (249). Retrieved Mar 1, 2018.
- ^ Bisbee, Frederick A. (1914). Young People’s Christian Union of the Universalist Church Souvenir Program and Miniature History 1889 Lynn-Boston 1914. Boston: Universalist Historical Society. p. 59.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 198. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 198. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Staff Writer (Jan 18, 1902). «Editorial». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 20. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ «Universalist Pastor». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Mar 8, 1902. p. 7.
- ^ «Universalist Church Property Sold». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Dec 3, 1903. p. 7.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 198. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ «Athalia Lizzie Johnson Irwin (1862-1915) Universalist». Unitarian Universalist History and Heritage Society. Unitarian Universalist History and Heritage Society. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 199. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ «Interest in Debate». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Jun 30, 1906. p. 6.
- ^ «Former Pastor in the City». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Oct 18, 1908. p. 4.
- ^ «Universalist Leader to Speak Here Today». Arkansas Democrat. Little Rock, Arkansas. Dec 15, 1912. p. 12.
- ^ Evans, Dr. A.L. (Mar 29, 1910). «Historical Sketch of the Universalist Church in Chattanooga, Tenn». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. pp. 100–101. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Robinson, Rev. L.R. (Mar 29, 1910). «How I Came Into the Universalist Church and Ministry». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. pp. 99–101. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Staff Writer (Feb 8, 1910). «Missionary Work of the National Y.P.C.U.» Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 43. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ «First Universalist (Shinn Memorial) Church (Chattanooga, Tennessee)». Andover-Harvard Theological Library. Harvard Divinity School. Retrieved Feb 14, 2018.
- ^ Board of Trustees (1911). «The Dr. Shinn Memorial». Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Universalist General Convention. Boston. pp. 109–110. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Board of Trustees (1915). «The Doctor Shinn Memorial». Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Universalist General Convention. Boston. pp. 27–28. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 199. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 348. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 348. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 348. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Canfield, Harry L. (Feb 1, 1895). «The Post Office Mission». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 1. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Staff Writer (Nov 15, 1895). «Shall We Bombard Atlanta?». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 166. Retrieved Jan 12, 2017.
- ^ Canfield, Harry L. (Feb 1, 1895). «The Post Office Mission». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 1. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Canfield, Harry L. (Feb 1, 1895). «The Post Office Mission». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 1. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Stetson, Clifford R. (Oct 1, 1920). «Report on The Post Office Mission». Onward, The Official Organ of the Young People’s Christian Union. Boston and Chicago. p. 246. Retrieved Mar 7, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 203. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 204. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 203. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 211. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
- ^ Arnason, Wayne E.; Scott, Rebecca (1985). We Would Be One. Boston, MA: Skinner House Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 1-55896-488-6.
- ^ Arnason, Wayne E.; Scott, Rebecca (1985). We Would Be One. Boston, MA: Skinner House Books. p. 61. ISBN 1-55896-488-6.
- ^ Miller, Russell E. (1985). The Larger Hope, The Second Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970. Boston, MA: Unitarian Universalist Association. p. 211. ISBN 0-933840-00-4.
И.Н. Гречиц
капитан 2-го ранга запаса, г. Санкт-Петербург
История Христианского союза молодых людей
В трагических огнях истории нашей страны первой трети ХХ века сгорал старый уклад жизни, кардинально менялась социальная и политическая карта. Многие сотни тысяч людей оказались вовлечены в волны вынужденной эмиграции. С началом Гражданской войны в России эмигрантов оказалось столько, что этой проблемой пришлось озаботиться Лиге Наций. В 1921 г. было принято решение учредить должность Верховного комиссара по делам российских беженцев – им стал знаменитый норвежский путешественник Фри́тьоф На́нсен. А в 1922 г. были учреждены так называемые «нансеновские паспорта» для эмигрантов из России.
С начала 20-х годов ХХ века китайский город Харбин стал малой родиной для двухсот тысяч наших соотечественников. Как пишет Г.В. Мелихов, автор книг о российской эмиграции в Китае, «русский Харбин был самобытным, совершенно неповторимым городом. Он… формировал собственный дух – мужества, стойкости, широкой предприимчивости, знания… – все то, что позднее определило его лицо [как] целостного кусочка старой императорской России, чудом уцелевшего на китайской земле еще в течение почти 28 лет после революции»1.
Волею судьбы Борис Николаевич Абрамов с остатками отступающей Белой армии пребывает в Харбин 20 декабря 1920 года и живет здесь вплоть до 1959 года. Он меняет несколько мест работы. С 1 февраля 1940 г. по февраль 1946 г. Борис Николаевич служил сначала секретарём колледжа, а затем заведующим студенческим клубом в Христианском союзе молодых людей (ХСМЛ) Харбина. Как служащий Союза он состоял его членом.
Расскажем подробнее о том, что представляла собой эта организация, какие ставила цели и какую роль сыграла в судьбе русских эмигрантов.
Христианский союз молодых людей – это международная межконфессиональная организация, основанная в Лондоне в 1844 г., с целью пропаганды здорового образа жизни и религиозного воспитания молодежи. К середине 20-х гг. XX в. Союз насчитывал, по некоторым данным, до 2 млн человек2. По всему миру были открыты более 10 тысяч региональных союзов3.
В Харбине русское отделение Христианского союза начало работу в 1918 г. Располагалось здание Союза на Садовой улице, 62 в Новом Городе и являлось одним из притягательных очагов культурной жизни для молодежи. Напомним, что Б.Н. Абрамов жил в Харбине по адресу: ул. Садовая, 18, то есть недалеко от здания Союза.
Союз заботился прежде всего о духовном развитии и христианском воспитании молодого поколения российских эмигрантов. Подробно о деятельности Харбинского отделения Союза рассказывалось в выпусках журнала «Жизнь нашего союза» и периодических изданиях: «ХСМЛ лагерь доброго духа», «День абитуриента ХСМЛ», «Прощай колледж» и других.
Цели Христианского союза в Харбине были прописаны в его Уставных документах и заключались в следующем:
«1. Помощь русским, проживающим в Маньчжурии, в области образования: религиозного, морального и физического воспитания, поддерживая существующие русские общественные и религиозные учреждения.
2. Объединять молодежь для христианского служения обществу.
3. Организовывать дополнительные образовательные учреждения, в которых юношество и молодежь могли бы приобрести практические навыки, необходимые в жизни.
4. Твердо вести юношество к идеалу чистоты в словах, деле и мысли и противодействовать всеми мерами порокам, разрушающим харбинскую молодежь.
5. Сотрудничать с общественными организациями на благо общественного служения и благополучия»4.
Структурно харбинский Союз состоял из комитетов и отделов: Деловой комитет, Библиотечный комитет, Библиотека, Женский отдел, Отдел юношей, Общественный одел и Отдел физического развития.
Также существовал при Харбинском союзе клуб коллекционеров, клуб естествознания и географии, молодежный Отряд Костровы́х братьев.
Образовательный отдел занимался руководством и организацией работы образовательных учреждений харбинского Союза. В ведении Союза были:
1. Гимназия, основанная в 1925 г., с 1926 г. – 6-классная. В основе работы лежала учебная программа 1917 г., разработанная при Министре народного просвещения Российской империи графе П.Н. Игнатьеве.
2. «Народный университет» в виде бесплатных открытых лекций для желающих. Работал на площадках в Новом Городе и на Пристани.
3. Авто-техническая школа, готовившая шоферов-механиков.
4. Курсы английского языка для взрослых и детей, а также группы изучения китайского и немецкого языков для учащихся.
5. Школа русской и английской машинописи, открытая в начале 1926 г.
6. Курсы искусств: живопись и музыка.
7. Курсы кройки и шитья.
8. Детская летняя площадка.
В середине 20-х гг. обучение проходили почти 700 человек в год. Основная масса обучалась на различных курсах – более 400 человек.
В 1930 г. был образован колледж Христианского Союза. Он включал немецкое, японское и английское отделения с коммерческими и педагогическими курсами. Первоначально преподавание в нем велось на английском языке, позднее все предметы читались на русском. Уровень преподавания в колледже был высоким. В 1950-е гг. Министерство высшего образования СССР через МИД СССР запросил у консульства информацию о статусе диплома колледжа в Харбине и получил соответствующий документ, в котором говорилось о том, что «колледж ХСМЛ в городе Харбине был зарегистрирован как высшее учебное заведение». Секретарем этого колледжа некоторое время работал Борис Николаевич в 1940-е гг.
Помимо контроля за работой учебных заведений и курсов, Образовательный отдел Союза занимался различной общественной деятельностью, такой как чтение лекций, проведение концертов, вечеров и экскурсий, создания выставок, а также изданием журнала Союза.
Библиотека устраивала благотворительные лотереи, целью которых было, с одной стороны, пополнение фонда, а с другой – оказание помощи «Дому милосердия» – приюту для девочек сирот, который организовал в Харбине епископ Нестор (Анисимов).
При Женском отделе работал детский сад. Сотрудницы отдела организовывали экскурсии, проведение летних лагерей. Совместно с Отрядом Костровы́х братьев устраивали благотворительные мероприятия, например, новогоднюю ёлку для бедных детей города.
При отделении Союза действовал свой хор.
Общественный отдел курировал работу столовой и общежития. Целью столовой была организация минимального по оплате, простого, но здорового стола.
Отдел Физического развития занимался организацией и проведением различных спортивных мероприятий.
При Клубе естествознания и географии в 1929 г. была создана «Национальная организация исследователей Пржевальцев». Её членами был обнаружен скелет мамонта в местности Хуаншинь, к северу от Харбина. Это первая находка мамонта в Маньчжурии.
Союз проводил праздники, посвященные памятным датам Российской истории и культуры (памяти А.С. Пушкина, П.И. Чайковского и другие), широко отмечал православные праздники, особо почитаемые в дореволюционной России.
Стремление к помощи ближнему, воспитание молодежи объединили в Христианском союзе многих замечательных русских деятелей, оказавшихся за рубежом. Большую помощь в организации харбинского отделения, привлечению эмигрантской молодежи в ряды Союза и выпуске периодики оказал российский поэт и педагог Алексей Ачаир. Это имя – псевдоним Алексея Алексеевича Грызова. С 1923 г. он занимал должность помощника секретаря отделения, которому было поручено вести образовательные программы. Он писал и издавал брошюры, публицистические статьи, посвященные деятельности организации.
В 1926 г. А. Ачаиром было организовано литературно-художественное объединение «Молодая Чураевка»5. Он возглавлял его до 1932 г., а сама организация существовала до 1934 г. К 1930-м годам «Чураевка» стала объединением талантливых поэтов и писателей, ставших во главе литературного процесса в Харбине и во всём Русском Китае. Литературно-музыкальные вечера чураевцев пользовались большой популярностью и собирали полные залы.
Алексей Ачаир был знаком с трудами великого художника и просветителя Николая Константиновича Рериха (1874-1947) и его общественной деятельностью. Первые книги Учения Живой Этики, появившиеся в печати: «Зов», «Озарение», «Община» – всегда находились на рабочем столе Алексея Алексеевича в качестве руководства к действию6.
Когда чураевцы узнали, что в Бельгии будет проходить специальная международная конференция, посвященная Пакту Мира, предложенному Н.K. Рерихом, то они составили Приветствие в поддержку идей Пакта. Это письмо было послано в январе 1932 года Музею Николая Рериха в Нью-Йорке. Здесь же были сформулированы цели этого литературного объединения:
«Мы, «Молодая Чураевка» на Сунгари – Кружок русской культуры, созданный общими усилиями молодежи и более зрелыми по летам работниками в Христианском Союзе Молодых Людей в Харби́не, утверждаем в своей деятельности принципы, выдвинутые Н.К. Рерихом и Г.Д. Гребенщиковым. Это путь к красоте, простоте и бесстрашию, это возжигание факела Духа во мгле повседневных забот, это – бережное и чуткое отношение ко всему человеческому, мерилом которого служит степень нашего собственного развития.
На грани многих культур протекает наша работа, и нам явлены многие чуждые лики. Здесь, в Харбине, в этом крупном центре дальневосточной эмиграции, когда каждый народ принес свои противоречивые другим интересы, мы воочию убедились, что только язык взаимной снисходительности в стремлении понять чуждое в духе разумности является единственным языком, истинно достойным человечества. Там, где звучит этот международный язык культуры, там стихает злоба, взаимная нетерпимость, тяжкая политическая и расовая ненависть, которой мы являемся печальными свидетелями.
Поэтому нам так близка всякая защита и утверждение мировой культуры и ее сокровищ. Мы верим, что международная конференция в Бельгии своими решениями заложит фундамент того, что человеческий дух развернет в чудесные, полные значимости перспективы и факты.
Мы, «Молодая Чураевка» в Христианском Союзе в Харбине, от всей души, с полным пониманием наших слов приветствуем Пакт Мира Н.К. Рериха и присоединяем наш голос ко многим голосам, слившимся в одном мощном стремлении найти истинное всеобщее понимание человеческого духа и утвердить его путь.
Примите наш горячий привет и низкий поклон с границы Земли Русской».
Среди членов инициативной группы мы видим и имя молодой Наталии Спириной, будущей ученицы Бориса Николаевича Абрамова.
Позже, когда в 1934 году в Харбин прибыл Н.К. Рерих во время Маньчжурской экспедиции, Алексей Ачаир активно участвовал в подготовке его выступлений в культурных обществах города. Николай Константинович прочитал в кружке доклад «Несение Света» о Сергии Радонежском.
Большое влияние на становление кружка чураевцев оказало творчество Георгия Дмитриевича Гребенщикова (1882-1964). Он стал популярным в Зарубежье и как писатель, и как инициатор создания известного поселения эмигрантов, русской деревни Чураевка недалеко от Нью-Йорка. Известность Г.Д. Гребенщикова, на практике осуществляющего свои литературные идеалы, дошла и до Русского Китая. В 1920-е годы в эмигрантской среде широко обсуждался его знаменитый роман-эпопея «Чураевы» (к тому времени вышло 4 тома)7. Писательское мастерство Г.Д. Гребенщикова и высказанные им идеи вдохновили многие литературные начинания. Как следует из переписки между А. Ачаиром и Г.Д. Гребенщиковым, в Маньчжурии первоначально предполагалось открыть даже отделение американской Чураевки, нечто вроде земледельческой общины.
Алексей Ачаир в каждом номере журнала «Прощай колледж», выпускавшемся при колледже Христианского союза, публиковал стихи и обращения к молодежи. Этот журнал выходил ежегодно перед выпуском очередного курса и освещал учебные и творческие достижения педагогов и студентов-выпускников.
Вот фрагмент одного из таких обращений Алексея Алексеевича:
«Дорогая молодежь, жизнь – это творчество, иначе не жизнь, а только существование. Жизнь – это выполнение долга, в противном случае какое найти оправдание нашему пребыванию на Земле? Страдание – как закалка металла. Из чугуна – крепкая, ничем несокрушимая сталь.
Но радость и счастье впереди; сознание, что сделал что-то необходимое и полезное, по мере силы разуменья выполняя свой долг, и, если были испытания и сомнения, – не поколебался и остался верным высоким идеалам.
Только люди с сильной волей могут выполнить такие требования «эстетики духа». Сильная воля добывается с трудом, но какое счастье преодолеть соблазны слабости. Ради чего? Ради кого? Достижение цели – ради счастья другим. Это счастье несет выше чистое и открытое сердце. В дни, когда куется новый мир необходима решительность. Дух решительности – воля к победе».
А. Ачаир, проводя в жизнь главные принципы работы Союза – преданность родине, национальное достоинство, христианская вера, честность, правдивость, чистота – одновременно утверждал и основы русской духовной культуры, наставлял молодежь на путь созидания, поиска смысла жизни в служении ближнему и России.
Дальнейшая судьба Алексея Алексеевича оказалась очень трудной. В 1945 г. он был арестован советскими войсками, которые освобождали Маньчжурию от японских оккупантов, и депортирован в СССР, где 10 лет отбывал заключение в исправительно-трудовом лагере под Красноярском. После освобождения он жил в Новосибирске, работал учителем пения в средней школе, создал хор, руководил кружками художественного творчества.
В заключение мы отметим, что Христианский союз молодых людей Харбина проводил очень большую общественную работу вплоть до своего закрытия в 1946 году. Исследователи Русского Зарубежья считают, что по количеству направлений деятельности, объему разного рода мероприятий, количеству участников в них, харбинское отделение Союза было одной из самых активных и эффективных организаций не только в Харбине, но и в Китае в целом. Зная активную жизненную позицию Бориса Николаевича Абрамова, его устремленность к культурному сотрудничеству, мы с уверенностью можем предположить, что он принимал деятельное участие в работе Христианского союза. К сожалению, на данный момент практически ничего неизвестно об этом периоде его жизни – а он работал в Союзе почти 6 лет – но надеемся, что со временем узнаем подробности о его деятельности.
________
1 Мелихов Г.В. Белый Харбин. Середина 20-х. М.: Русский путь, 2003. Стр. 97. Источник: https://www.litmir.me/br/?b=122137&p=97
2 Дроботушенко Е.В., Ланцова Ю.Н., Карасёв С.В., Ван Мэн. Христианский союз молодых людей в Харбине: к истории существования и деятельности в середине 1920-х годов // Известия Лаборатории древних технологий. 2019. Т. 15. № 4. С. 208–217. Источник: https://doi.org/10.21285/2415-8739-2019-4-208-217
3 Дубаев. М.Л. Христианский союз молодых людей и русская эмиграция в Китае. Культурологический аспект взаимодействия русской общины с молодежными эмигрантскими организациями (первая половина ХХ в.).
4 Там же.
5 Фактически «Молодая Чураевка» родилась 8 ноября 1925 г., а как официальная организация оформилась 20 марта 1926 г. См.: «Полно охватить всю сибирскую Русь». «Молодая Чураевка» в письмах Георгия Гребенщикова и Алексея Ачаира. Предисловие и публикация В.А. Росова: http://aryavest.com/work.php?workid=16
6 «Полно охватить всю сибирскую Русь». «Молодая Чураевка» в письмах Георгия Гребенщикова и Алексея Ачаира. Предисловие и публикация В.А. Росова: http://aryavest.com/work.php?workid=16
7
См. подробнее: Черняева Т. Георгий Гребенщиков и его роман «Чураевы».
Учредители общества «Маяк». 1914 г. Петербург. Фото: Карл Булла В центре -основатель общества Франклин Гейлорд, слева от него — преподаватель гимнастики Э.Л.Моралер.
YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association — Христианская Ассоциация Молодых Людей) — одна из крупнейших молодёжных религиозных организаций в мире.
В середине 1844 году в Лондоне была основана организация молодых христиан, решивших бороться за возрождение духовных ценностей.
В первую организацию вошли 12 молодых работников мануфактур и магазинов, принадлежавшие к так называемому среднему классу общества, их лидером был Джордж Вильямс. Выходцы из деревни, попав в город, полный соблазнов, где свободное время проводилось в борделях и тавернах, молодые и набожные люди решили объединиться и найти себе занятия, которые могли способствовать христианскому самосовершенствованию .
Вначале эти организации предоставляли молодым людям, приехавшим в город из деревни, безопасное и дешевое жилье, где можно было не только отдохнуть после работы, но и почитать книги, вести религиозные беседы, молиться, отмечать праздники. Количество их росло год от года, идея проникала в другие страны, и в 1854 году молодые христиане, собравшись в Канаде, объединились в конфедерацию и учредили центральный орган, который впредь должен был координировать работу по “распространению идей Христа среди молодежи мира”.
Деятельность организации расширялась, она занялась не только молодежью, но стала организовывать детский досуг и воспитание, расширился круг интересов, молодые люди вместе осваивали различные виды спорта, ходили в походы, учились профессиям, музыке, пропагандировали скаутское движение.
Так как настоящий христианин должен заниматься самосовершенствованием, молодые христиане взяли на вооружение идею Руссо, который утверждал невозможность развития духа без развития тела. Христианин, с их точки зрения, должен был иметь достаточно физических сил, чтобы отстаивать и защищать христианские принципы, с этой целью необходимо было развивать себя физически. Для этих целей организация стала уделять специальное внимание занятиям спортом.
Для развития интеллекта проводилась мысль о необходимости получения разнообразных знаний, которые можно применить в жизнь. С этой целью организовывались курсы обучения, школы, в которых молодые люди могли освоить новые профессии, восполнить пробелы в начальном образовании.
В 1865 году на четвертой, уже всемирной, конференции, проходившей в Германии, делегаты провозгласили необходимость и важность трех неотъемлемых составляющих развития человека: тела, духа и интеллекта. Для своего времени это были весьма революционные идеи. Миссия организации отразилась в эмблеме — равностороннем треугольнике, символизирующем гармоничное развитие интеллектуальной, физической и духовной сторон человека.
А в 1880 году Норвежская организация YMCA первая провозгласила принцип равенства полов в представительстве комитетов этой организации.
В 1866 году собравшиеся в штате Массачусетс студенты,члены YMCA, провозгласили цель организации – “евангелизировать мир в течение жизни одного поколения”, на это призыв откликнулись около сотни студентов, готовых отправиться в качестве миссионеров.
С этого момента началась активная миссионерская работа организации, был сформирован всемирный комитет, координирующий работу миссий, созданы школы подготовки миссионеров. Которые должны были быть создателями филиалов YMCA и организаторами работы на местах.
В начале 1910-х гг. обществ YMCA насчитывалось уже около 7 тысяч, число их участников доходило до 900 тысяч человек, а капитал их составлял 70 миллионов рублей. Особым успехом они пользовались в больших городах — Париже, Лондоне, Берлине, Нью-Йорке, Чикаго, Токио и т. д.. Одним из активистов движения, учредивших христианские ассоциации во Франции и в Италии, был нью-йоркский промышленник Джемс Стокс, жертвовавший на деятельность организации, продвигающей идеи Христа, огромные суммы.
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Фотоколлаж из альбома. посвященного деятельности «Маяка». В центре — фотография Дж.Стокса, слева — здание миссии, справа — торжественное собрание
Джеймс Стокс
В конце 1898 году племянник барона Владимира Фредерикс, находившийся на гимнастической выставке в Париже, организованной YMCA, познакомился со Стоксом и выразил желание иметь такую же организацию в России. Стокс решил воплотить данную идею в жизнь.
Секретарь русского отделения YMCA Гейлорд писал о том времени, что в российской империи основать демократическую по духу протестантскую организацию было равноценно завоеванию Гибралтара на рыбацких лодках, имея на вооружении луки и стрелы.
Для проникновения нужно было искать “проводника” .
Стокс приехал в Россию в 1898 году и вошел в контакт с общиной конгрегационалистов, которая существовала в Петербурге с 1833 года. Ее пастором был Александр Фрэнсис из Эдинбурга.
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В 1904 году в этой Церкви из 150 прихожан десяток были русскими.
Церковь была закрыта лишь в 1939 году.
Другим контактом был некий Уильям Смитт, американский бизнесмен.
Пастор Френсис в Петербурге собирал информацию при помощи внедренных в аристократические семьи английских гувернанток и имел дружеские связи со многими влиятельными семьями аристократического мира Френсис устроил встречу Хикса с бароном Фредериксом.
Барон Фредерикс , в свою очередь, устроил встречу Стокса с Императрицей.
Встреча закончилась пожертвованием в 5тыс. долларов на благотворительные нужды для использования самой Александрой Федоровной и разрешением прислать своего представителя “ с целью изучения благотворительности и возможности учреждения организации общества молодых людей”.
Представителем Стокса стала мисс Рейнолдс, составившая для Стокса отчет с собранной информацию.
Далее в Россию был направлен секретарь Международного комитета YMCA, отвечающий за работы на железных дорогах, Кларенс Хикс.
Прибывшему в 1899 году в Петербург, Хиксу была устроена встреча с князем М.А.Хилковым, ведающим железными дорогами России.
Князь Хилков, как пишут, почти 20 лет проживший и проработавший в Америке, и потому хорошо знакомый с работой YMCA, горячо поддержал идею создания YMCA в Росии.
Следующим проводником стал известный благотворитель принц Александр Петрович Ольденбургский, на него навел Фредерикс. Принц увлекался идеями здорового образа жизни, потому идея организации спортивного общества нашла в нем горячего сторонника.
Петр Георгиевич Ольденбургский (1812–1881 гг.)
Однако, это было не все, принц рекомендовал получить благословление Синода. Но Победоносцев, обер-прокурор Святейшего синода, был против появления каких-либо протестантских организаций, не без основания подозревая основателей в прозелитизме.
Константин Петрович Победоносцев (1827-1907)
Тем не менее, Ольденбургский смог обойти установленные препоны, он обратился в Департамент полиции, и после организованной встречи Стокса с начальником Департамента было получено временное разрешение на работу на срок три года под надзором полиции.
Общество для оказания молодым людям содействия в достижении нравственного, умственного и физического развития под названием “Маяк” открылось 22 сентября 1900 г.
Утвержденный Устав общества специально оговаривал запрет на митинги в стенах “Маяка”, произношение политических речей, ношение всякого рода партийных значков и символов. Таким образом, попытка введения спортивной формы с символом YMCA –красным треугольником, потерпела неудачу, эмблему пришлось убрать.
Помимо этого запрещались танцевальные вечера и театральные представления, а также распространение книг, брошюр и чтение литературы. Запрет на распространение литературы поставило миссию в трудное положение — невозможность преподавания христианских истин. Однако христианин отличается от других терпением , миссия решила закрепиться путем развития спорта, миссионерам было дано указание сосредоточиться на нравственных беседах.
В первые годы существования основные поступления исходили от Стокса ( 6 тысяч рублей), принца Ольденбургского(1 тыс.руб.), Вестинхауз корпорейшн (1 тыс.руб.), Нобеля (500 руб), Смита (500 руб.) купца Брусницына (500 руб). В дальнейшем расширение и популярность общества привлекли множество новых благотворителей.
Переоформление деятельности по окончания действия временного разрешения уже не составило проблемы. Общество надежно пустило корни в России.
Служащим тех фирм, владельцы которых жертвовали на “Маяк” была открыта сюда прямая дорога. Не случайно в советское время “Маяк” обвиняли в “буржуазности”: его посетителями были в основном служащие различных правительственных, акционерных и частных торгово-промышленных учреждений. “Маяк” про возглашал свою общедоступность и всесословность, что было заложено самим Джемсом Стоксом, который заявлял: “Филантропия не знает разницы в религии, национальности и вероисповедании”.
Страстным поклонником “Маяка” стал известный юрист Анатолий Федорович Кони, cчитавший, что в ее основе лежит идея народного университета. Недаром сам Кони читал лекции в “Маяке”, как и многие другие видные ученые и общественные деятели того времени, к примеру историк Сергей Федорович Платонов и литератор Александр Николаевич Овсянико-Куликовский.. Первым председателем общества являлся тайный советник ученый-востоковед И.Н. Турчанинов, а когда из-за болезни он оставил должность,его заменил сенатор Н.С. Таганцев, а потом сенатор И.В. Мещанинов.
Главным же деятелем ( руководителем и координатором миссии)“Маяка” со дня его основания в Петербурге состоял американский гражданин Гейлорд.
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В первые годы существования общество арендовало гимнастические залы Анненского, Тенишевского и Петровского училищ, а в 1906 г. для “Маяка” начали строить специальное здание на Надеждинской улице (ныне — ул. Маяковского,35).
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С марта 1908 г. “Маяк” располагал собственным спортивным залом в своем здании на Надеждинской улице, отвечавшим всем требованиям, как тогда говорили, “техники и гигиены”. Открытие этого “образцово-показательного” гимнастического зала заметил весь спортивный мир столицы. Зал оборудовали по последнему слову техники.
Как говорилось в журнале “Спорт”, в зале устроена образцовая вентиляция: наружный свежий воздух подавался в “подогревательную камеру” и уже оттуда поступал в зал. “Испорченный” же воздух выкачивался двумя электрическими вентиляторами по 1/2 лошадиной силы каждый, «благодаря чему в зале «Маяка» не чувствуется отвратительного запаха пота даже после трех часов занятий большой группы людей…”
Постройкой зала руководил известный петербургский архитектор П.Ю. Сюзор. . <…>. Средства на постройку и оборудование зала гимнастическими снарядами почти целиком пожертвовал <…> Джемс Стокс<…>.
“Удивителен способ занятий, которые применяет молодой руководитель, -сообщал журнал “СПОРТ”-, —быстрая смена упражнений, беспрестанно раздающиеся команды и советы. Поразительно также обращение руководителя с гимнастами: в нем нет и тени того начальнического тона, который мы нередко слышали у тренеров, особенно у немцев. При все том авторитет его, как руководителя, огромен”.
Все участники гимнастических упражнений имели одинаковые удобные и красивые костюмы. Для переодевания приспособили две специальные комнаты, при которых действовало шесть душевых кабин с горячей и холодной водой .для непременного тщательного омовения по окончании гимнастических упражнений.
Зал имел специальную галерею для бега с виражами и “выписанные” из Швеции гимнастические снаряды.
Деятельность “Маяка” была знаковым явлением в России: общество спонсировалось американцами и, стало быть, воспринималось иными радетелями за “святую Русь” как попытка “тлетворного влияния Запада”.
Тем не менее, “Маяк” оказался уникальным творением российского филантропствующего предпринимательства.. Общество вышло за пределы Петербурга и стало всероссийским: отделения “Маяка” появились почти на всей территории Российской империи.
Перед Первой мировой войной их насчитывалось уже около ста. Историки считают общество “Маяк” центральным явлением российского спортивного движения начала ХХ в.
С.Глезеров
Здание спортивного общества «Маяк» в Петербурге, ул. Маяковского, 35
Группа велосипедистов общества «Маяк» у храма Воскресения Христова (Спас-на крови) на Екатерининском канале. Петербург.1906 г. Фото: ателье Буллы
Разразилась Первая мировая война и Гейлор написал в отчете:
“ …политическая ситуация в стране и личные предрассудки принца О. Продолжают создавать препятствия в нашей работе, создание Совета в Москве затягивается”.В 1914 году организация получила лично от царя 5 тысяч рублей, помимо трех тысяч, поступивших из бюджета и двух тысяч — от Министерства финансов. Помимо этого, были получены ежегодные поступления от Нобеля – 5 тысяч рублей и дополнительно 3 тысячи –на новый пол здания миссии. От Петроградского муниципального Совета было получено 3 тысячи рублей.»
Отчет общества свидетельствовал, что за период 1914-1915 года в общество было вовлечено 2,354 человека, из них 34% — люди от 17 до 20 лет, 31% — в возрасте 21-25 лет, 87% из них православные, только 2 % из них были рабочими, 86% имели лишь начальное школьное образование, только 1%(25 человек) — имели высшее.
Доходы за год составили 77 тысяч рублей (37 тыс. – частные пожертвования, 13 тыс. – членские взносы, 19 тыс. – плата за обучение)
Полицейский отчет от августа 1916 года содержал подробную информацию о деятельности общества, его связи с YMCA и выражал обеспокоенность теснейшими связями с Американским Обществом Баптистов (АОБ), которое Департамент по Духовным Связям назвал “ наиболее опасной из зарубежных религиозных сект” из-за его усиленных финансовых вливаний в Россию ( в 1912 году в Петербург быдло перечислено 60 тыс.рублей, а бывший секретарь АОБ стал ключевой фигурой в YMCA в России.
Помимо этого, общество подозревалось и в связях с масонами, так как один их присланных в страну секретарей общества, действительно, был масоном.
Конец монархии поставил под сомнение будущее Маяка, так как его прежнее благополучие полностью зависело от высоких покровителей.
В сентябре 1918 года вышел декрет о национализации собственности общества “Маяк”, американские граждане покинули Россию, русские секретари были арестованы, но позже выпущены за отсутствием состава преступления.
На этот момент общество «Маяк» насчитывало 3800 членов, 15% из них были солдатами, это была самая большая организация YMCA в мире после Северной Америки. Несмотря на уход миссии из России, в ней остались люди, связанные с миссией ее историей, способные решать задачи, которые могли бы быть поставлены в будущем, что и показала дальнейшая история.
Во время Первой мировой войны огранизация молодых христиан смогла решать тяжелейшие задачи.
Но об этом рассказ впереди.
Источник:
American philanthropy among Russians: The work of the YMCA, 1900—1940
Все части:
Молодые христиане YMCA — ИМКА — ХСМЛ
— Ассоциация молодых христиан или Христианский союз молодых людей
Внедрение
YMCA и русские пленные
YMCA. Дипломатия и менеджмент
YMCA. Особенности работы
YMCA и русские пленные. Эпилог
Под знаменем Красного треугольника
Для Первой мировой войны была характерной деятельность общественных организаций, религиозного или светского толка, стремившихся помочь солдатам на передовой, беженцам или военнопленным. Эти организации могли быть как международными (Красный Крест), так и национальными (российский Земский и Городской союзы). Среди прочих размахом своей работы выделялся Христианский союз молодых людей (YMCA), ставший важным источником помощи (и материального, и духовного свойства) для военнослужащих и нонкомбатантов.
Возникновение и работа ХСМЛ до войны
Христианский союз молодых людей (YMCA – Young Men’s Christian Association, он же ХСМЛ или ИМКА) был основан в Лондоне в 1844 году Джорджем Вильямсом (George Williams) как религиозное сообщество, члены которого собирались для совместной молитвы и изучения Библии. Однако с самого начала деятельность этой группы приобрела социально-филантропическую направленность.
Через 11 лет сеть кружков, тесно связанных с различными протестантскими общинами, охватывала всю Британию, а также распространилась за океан и в США получила мощную поддержку со стороны различных общественных и религиозных организаций. В 1855 году состоялся первый всемирный конгресс ХСМЛ в Париже, обозначивший основную цель и задачи организации. В своих брошюрах деятели ХСМЛ так разъясняли символ организации:
«Треугольник – ничто иное, как символ трехсторонности человеческой личности: во-первых, его физической стороны, то есть тела, его умственной стороны, то есть разума, и, наконец, в-третьих, вообще его духовной стороны, то есть души. Равномерное развитие этих трех свойств всякой человеческой личности и дает нам идеал нормального и жизнеспособного человека. А помогать достижению такого развития всех этих трех сторон и является одной из основных задач Христианского Союза».
Естественно, как всякая религиозная организация, ХСМЛ во главу угла ставил, прежде всего, поддержание духовного здоровья. Не ставя никаких особых конфессиональных ограничений и не будучи, собственно, сектой или деноминацией, ХСМЛ официально провозглашал своим принципом принятие абсолютно всех нуждающихся в помощи. Помощь эта заключалась, прежде всего, в организации такого бесплатного досуга и отдыха, какой не мог бы навредить ни душе, ни телу. При этом провозглашалось, что «любые существующие различия в религиозных и иных убеждениях членов Союза, какими бы важными они ни были, не должны влиять на сердечные отношения между членами Союза».
В канун войны разные национальные организации ХСМЛ работали во многом самостоятельно. Такая ситуация продолжалась и после августа 1914 года. Так, вплоть до вступления США в Первую мировую войну, американская ветвь ХСМЛ, будучи официально нейтральной, могла действовать более эффективно по обе стороны фронта, например, активно помогая военнопленным.
Британская ХСМЛ на войне
Как указывает историк Эмма Ханна, в начале войны ХСМЛ быстро и умело обратил свой пастырский опыт в работу по поддержке военнослужащих. К октябрю 1914 года в Британии было построено уже 400 крупных шатров для отдыха солдат и других рекреационных объектов, а в прессе была развернута кампания по финансированию строительства больших деревянных домов (англ. «huts» – буквально «хижин» или «бараков»), которые могли бы использоваться ХСМЛ в качестве стационарных резиденций.
Исследователи отмечают, что руководители ХСМЛ стремились распространить свою деятельность и на фронт. Командование не препятствовало им в этом, с удовольствием сняв с себя часть работы по обеспечению войск всем необходимым для жизни в тылу и в окопах. Уже в ноябре 1914 года ХСМЛ стал сотрудничать с Британскими экспедиционными силами (BEF – British Expeditionary Force), что позволило создать представительство Союза в Гавре, а в дальнейшем в таких крупных и малых городах как Руан, Булонь, Дьепп, Абвилье, Этапль, Кале, Дюнкерк, Абанкур, Париж, Марсель, Трувилль и Шербур.
К 1918 году во Франции было создано уже более 300 центров ХСМЛ. В большинстве военных лагерей эти центры включали столовую, часовню, концертный зал, библиотеку, игровые и учебные комнаты. В центрах работало более 1500 добровольцев, значительную часть составляли женщины. Работницы-волонтеры находились в ведении т.н. Вспомогательного комитета женщин ХСМЛ (YMCA Ladies Auxiliary Committee) под руководством принцессы Елены Виктории Шлезвиг-Гольштейнской (1870–1948).
Как уже говорилось, символ ХСМЛ, красный треугольник, означал стремление организации работать во укрепление тела, разума и духа людей (гармоничное развитие человека понималось прежде всего с христианских позиций). ХСМЛ, изначально созданный для того, чтобы удержать молодых рабочих, клерков, подмастерьев и т.п. от «ужасных прелестей Лондона», уже в самом начале войны, в августе 1914 года, стал значимым подспорьем в пропагандистской работе по набору в войска, сражающиеся за Великобританию и ее империю.
Мероприятия, предлагавшиеся ХСМЛ в своих центрах, были чрезвычайно разнообразны. Солдаты могли просто получить там бесплатную писчую бумагу, чтобы написать письмо домой, а могли и пойти в кино или библиотеку, посетить религиозную службу (ХСМЛ не отдавал предпочтения какой-то одной деноминации, и там можно было встретить самых разных священнослужителей), концерт, потанцевать на вечеринке и, наконец, чему-то научиться на бесплатных лекциях и уроках. Мероприятия ХСМЛ проводились не только для британских военнослужащих, но также для войск из доминионов, индийской армии, португальских экспедиционных сил и даже для подразделений индийских и китайских рабочих, переброшенных в Европу из Азии.
Вообще, как подчеркивает историк Эмма Ханна, музыка была ключевой частью в работе ХСМЛ во время войны, как на территории Великобритании, так и за ее пределами. Музыкальный отдел ХСМЛ предоставлял ноты и инструменты, приглашал или нанимал профессиональных ведущих для концертов. В ходе войны было проведено множество музыкальных конкурсов, сформировано несколько оркестров и хоров. В феврале 1915 года британская актриса Лена Ашуэлл (1872–1957) основала концертные группы, давшие более 50 000 концертов в Великобритании, на Западном и Восточном фронтах и на военных кораблях в Средиземном море.
В 1917 году в лондонском Сохо ХСМЛ получил в своё распоряжение ночной клуб «Ciro», который стал «местом трезвого отдыха для военнослужащих». Кинотеатры ХСМЛ показывали фильмы в среднем для 35 000 человек в сутки! В лагерях, где размещались центры Союза, были специально построены 20 постоянно действующих кинотеатров, а там, где это было невозможно, были устроены передвижные кинотеатры.
Огромное значение британский ХСМЛ (это, впрочем, касалось и всех национальных ветвей) уделял спорту. Волонтеры Союза организовывали турниры по легкой атлетике. Организация даже сформировала собственную футбольную лигу в Булони. ХСМЛ предоставил Британским экспедиционным силам спортивное оборудование: футбольные мячи, комплекты для крикета и тенниса, боксерские перчатки и хоккейные клюшки, а также собрал около 600 000 книг для библиотек в военных лагерях. Кроме того, с 1915 года ХСМЛ предоставил жилье родственникам тяжело раненных возле базовых госпиталей (а они были разбросаны по всей Франции). К 1918 году в Лондоне в хостелах ХСМЛ были в разное время размещены примерно 1 117 000 офицеров и солдат. Знаменателен факт, что большая часть расходов ХСМЛ во время войны (всего Союз потратил в 1914–1918 гг. 243,2 млн фунтов стерлингов) были покрыты за счет пожертвований и постоянных благотворительных подписок.
После перемирия в Компьене ХСМЛ предоставил бесплатное питание и помощь для 70 000 немецких военнопленных. В 1919 – начале 1920-х гг. ХСМЛ продолжил сотрудничество с британскими войсками в Германии, расположенными в Кельне. Образовательный отдел ХСМЛ был преобразован в армейский учебный корпус в 1920 году.
Деятельность ХСМЛ в России
В Российской Империи действовала своя ветвь ХСМЛ, которая, правда, носила длинное название: «Комитет для оказания содействия молодым людям в достижении нравственного, умственного и физического развития» (или же, кратко, общество «Маяк»). Официально российский «Маяк» не был связан с международным движением ХСМЛ, но постоянно получал помощь, финансовую и организационную, от американских и европейских организаций. Поскольку «Маяк» также провозглашал в числе своих приоритетов религиозное образование, то в его состав вошло много православных священнослужителей; впрочем, там были также и протестанты и католики. Параллельно с «Маяком» действовало и мощное Русское студенческое христианское движение.
После начала Первой мировой войны, отмечают исследователи, «были образованы специальные курсы первой помощи, перевязок и ухода за ранеными и больными. Программы этих курсов были разработаны по указаниям профессора Г.И. Турнера, а бессменным руководителем стал доктор медицины В.В. Зендер». Мощный толчок развитие ХСМЛ в России получило уже после революции 1917 года. Историк констатируют:
«Временное правительство оказывало серьёзную поддержку ХСМЛ, предоставив бесплатный приоритетный проезд всем секретарям ХСМЛ, бесплатную транспортировку материалов и имущества. Все товары, получаемые ХСМЛ, освобождались от всех пошлин и налогов, предоставлялись помещения для программ. Было обещана даже бесплатная спешная доставка солдатских писем, отправляемых под символами ХСМЛ».
Неоднозначной была работа российского ХСМЛ во время Гражданской войны. Так, американские секретари и работники Союза помогали как большевикам, так и их противникам. Британский и американский ХСМЛ участвовали в организации досуга для войск Антанты, высадившихся на Русском Севере и Дальнем Востоке. Многие из работников ХСМЛ также сопровождали Чехословацкий легион в его одиссее по России.
После окончания Гражданской войны иностранные работники ХСМЛ были эвакуированы из Советской России, а русские работники «Маяка» по большей части оказались в эмиграции, где пытались создать благотворительные учреждения по типу тех, что были в России.
Литература:
- Гуськова Д.М. YMCA в России: история и настоящее // Государство, религия, церковь в России и за рубежом. 2006. № 1–2. с.159–175 (https://cyberleninka.ru)
- Hanna E. Young Men’s Christian Association: International Encyclopedia of the First World War (http://encyclopedia.1914–1918-online.net)
- Steuer K.A. Pursuit of an “Unparalleled Opportunity”: The American YMCA and Prisoner-of-War Diplomacy Among the Central Power Nations During World War I, 1914–1923 – Columbia University Press, 2005 (http://www.gutenberg-e.org)
- Tlustý T. The YMCA organization and its physical education and sports activities in Europe during the First World War // Prace Naukowe Akademii im. Jana Długosza w Częstochowie. Kultura Fizyczna. 2015. Vol. 14, №1. p. 27–44 (http://dlibra.bg.ajd.czest.pl)
- Yapp A.K. The romance of the red triangle; the story of the coming of the red triangle and the service rendered by the Y.M.C.A. to the sailors and soldiers of the British empire – New York, 1918 (http://hdl.handle.net)
День православной молодёжи – международный праздник, официально утверждённый в 1992 году на XIV ассамблее глав всех поместных православных церквей и отмечается в день Сретения Господня 15 февраля. Фактически, этот праздник появился благодаря международной молодёжной организации «Синдесмос», основанной в 1953 году во Франции. В своё время деятельность этого молодёжного братства получила поддержку и признание всех православных церквей как активно способствующая распространению православия среди молодых людей разных стран. Греческое слово «Синдесмос» дословно переводится как «единство духа в союзе мира», потому и День православной молодёжи было принято отмечать на Сретение, т.к. в переводе с церковнославянского это слово означает «встреча» – символическая встреча духа, мира, молодости.
День православной молодежи празднуется в мире вот уже несколько десятилетий. Его встречают не только в России и на канонической территории Русской Православной Церкви, но и в дальнем зарубежье. Наши братья-славяне: сербы, болгары, чехи, а также православные греки, румыны, венгры, поляки, американцы, британцы, немцы тоже в их числе. В одном из приветственных посланий к празднику в 2006 году Святейший Патриарх Московский и Всея Руси Алексий II отметил, что «Святая Церковь обращает свою материнскую заботу к людям всех возрастов. Но сегодня, в переломную историческую эпоху, когда от молодого поколения зависит путь нашего Отечества в XXI веке, Русская Православная Церковь призвана явить миру свое юное лицо. Пастыри и миряне должны стараться раскрыть перед молодыми людьми радость духовной жизни во Христе, красоту христианских человеческих отношений, создать притягательный для юных душ образ Церкви». Святейший Патриарх выразил убежденность в том, что в каждой епархии, в каждом благочинии и на каждом приходе можно практиковать различные формы православного молодежного служения и выразил пожелание, чтобы День православной молодежи со временем пришел в каждую приходскую общину.
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