Праздник лиф эриксона

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Leif Erikson Day
Leif Erikson 6c 1968 issue.JPG

U.S. stamp issued on Leif Erikson Day, 1968
Observed by United States, Canada, and Nordic Council countries
Type Cultural
Significance Celebrating Leif Erikson as the first European to lead a voyage to North America
Date October 9
Next time October 9, 2023
Frequency Annual
Related to Leif Erikson

Leif Erikson Day is an annual observance that occurs on October 9.[1] It honors Leif Erikson (Old Norse: Leifr Eiríksson, Icelandic: Leifur Eiríksson, Norwegian: Leiv Eiriksson, Swedish: Leif Eriksson), the Norse explorer who led the first Europeans thought to have set foot in continental North America (other than Greenland).[2]

History[edit]

The 1874 book America Not Discovered by Columbus by Norwegian-American Rasmus B. Anderson helped popularize the idea that Vikings were the first Europeans in the New World, an idea that was verified in 1960.[3] During his appearance at the Norse-American Centennial at the Minnesota State Fair in 1925, President Calvin Coolidge gave recognition to Leif Erikson as the discoverer of America due to research by Norwegian-American scholars such as Knut Gjerset and Ludvig Hektoen.[4] In 1929, Wisconsin became the first U.S. state to officially adopt Leif Erikson Day as a state holiday,[5][6] thanks in large part to efforts by Rasmus Anderson.[7] In 1931, Minnesota did also.[8] Thanks to the efforts of the Leif Erikson Memorial Association of Saskatchewan, the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan proclaimed—through an order-in-council in 1936—that Leif Ericsson Day would be observed on October 9.[9][10] By 1956, Leif Erikson Day had been made an official observance in seven states (Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, Illinois, Colorado, Washington, and California) and one Canadian province (Saskatchewan).[11]

In 1963, Senator Hubert Humphrey and Representative John Blatnik, both from Minnesota, introduced bills to observe Leif Erikson Day nationwide.[12] On September 2, 1964, Congress unanimously authorized and requested the President to create the observance through an annual proclamation.[13][14] Lyndon B. Johnson did so that year,[15] as has each president in the years since,[16][better source needed] often using the proclamation to praise the contributions of Americans of Nordic descent generally and the spirit of discovery.[17][18]

Bills have been introduced in the Parliament of Canada to observe Leif Erikson Day.[19][20]

Date[edit]

October 9 is not associated with any particular event in Leif Erikson’s life.[21] The exact date of Leif’s discovery of the Americas is unknown, but the Sagas state that it was in autumn. At the suggestion of Christian A. Hoen, 9 October was settled upon, as it took place in fall, and was already a historic date for Scandinavians in America.[22] The date was chosen because the ship Restauration coming from Stavanger, Norway, arrived in New York Harbor on October 9, 1825, beginning a wave of immigration from Norway to America.[23]

Observance[edit]

The federal government of the United States observes the holiday and some U.S. states officially commemorate Leif Erikson Day. It is celebrated in many communities, particularly in the Upper Midwest and other places where large numbers of people from the Nordic countries settled.[24] It has long been observed in Seattle, Washington.[25][26] In 2012, the day was made official in Las Vegas, Nevada.[27] Westby, Wisconsin, and Norway, Michigan, have held festivals near the day.[28][29][30] There have been Canadian commemorations, including in Edmonton, Alberta,[31] and Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.[32] The day is also celebrated in Iceland.[33]

In popular culture[edit]

The holiday is acknowledged in an episode of the Nickelodeon animated series SpongeBob SquarePants.[34] Specifically in the episode «Bubble Buddy» which takes place on the holiday (though not mentioning October 9, the calendar date of the holiday). In the episode, the narrator opens the episode by stating that SpongeBob SquarePants likes celebrating holidays «even if he has to make one up» (which seems to explain why SpongeBob celebrates this relatively obscure holiday). This is immediately followed by SpongeBob leaving his pineapple house, while dressed as a Viking, shouting, «Happy Leif Erikson Day!» along with some Norse-sounding gibberish. The next mention of the holiday is when SpongeBob goes to his friend Patrick’s rock house to hang out with him, only to find a note from Patrick (with a voiceover) to say he’s not home which ended with another «Happy Leif Erikson Day» greeting (on the note) and the same Norse-sounding gibberish (voiceover only). The final mention was at the end of the episode by the «Bubble Buddy» that the episode is named after. During the episode, SpongeBob, who felt lonely without Patrick, creates a new friend for himself by blowing a bubble in a humanoid shape whom he names «Bubble Buddy». SpongeBob brings his new friend around town but unwittingly causes problems by involving the seemingly inanimate object in his day. In the end, the townspeople decide to pop the bubble with needles to stop it causing any more trouble and surround SpongeBob and Bubble Buddy to do so. Bubble Buddy then reveals it is alive, apologizes for the commotion it caused, and literally flies out of town in a taxi-shaped bubble. While flying away, Bubble Buddy shouts, «Happy Leif Erikson Day!» to the town.[35] Forbes states that the holiday is often mainly associated online with its appearance in SpongeBob SquarePants, and poses that «[p]erhaps this is the best way to remember the day».[36]

References[edit]

  1. ^ «Why Do We Celebrate Columbus Day and Not Leif Erikson Day?». National Geographic. October 11, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  2. ^ «History – Leif Erikson (11th century)». BBC. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  3. ^ «L’Anse Aux Meadows & the Viking Discovery of North America». JSTOR Daily. July 23, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
  4. ^ Gjerset, Knut; Hektoen, Ludvig. ‘Becoming American, Becoming Suburban: Norwegians in the 1920s. Vol. 33. Norwegian-American Historical Association. p. 3.
  5. ^ «Kohler Signs Two Bills». Manitowoc Herald-Times. May 15, 1929. p. 13. Retrieved October 9, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  6. ^ «Wisconsin Schools Will Observe Leif Erikson Day Next Wednesday». The Capital Times. October 6, 1929. p. 9. Retrieved October 9, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  7. ^ «Minnesota Ready to Adopt Leif Erikson Day, Says Hoen». The Capital Times. December 28, 1930. p. 18. Retrieved October 9, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  8. ^ Hansen, Carl G.O. «Leif Erikson Comes to the Front». My Minneapolis. Nasjonalbiblioteket (The National Library of Norway). Archived from the original on December 7, 2009. The Norwegian National League in Minneapolis took the initiative in getting the Minnesota legislature to adopt a law of the same import and contents as the Wisconsin law making October 9 Leif Erikson Day. Such a bill was signed by Governor Floyd B. Olson, April 7, 1931.
  9. ^ «Cabinet Proclaims ‘Leif Ericsson Day’«. The Leader-Post. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. January 18, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  10. ^ «Pays Tribute to Worth of Scandinavian People». Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. July 18, 1936. p. 5. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  11. ^ Hansen, Carl Gustav Otto (1956). «Leif Erikson Comes to the Front». My Minneapolis. Minneapolis. Archived from the original on December 7, 2009.
  12. ^ Saur, Andrew (October 9, 2015). «On Leif Erikson Day». The Norwegian American. Duluth, Minnesota.
  13. ^ «Leiv Erikson». Go Norway. 2007. Though many still regard Christopher Columbus as the discoverer of the New World, Eiriksson´s right to this title received the stamp of official approval in the USA when in 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson, backed by a unanimous Congress, proclaimed October 9th «Leif Ericson Day» in commemoration of the first arrival of a European on North American soil.
  14. ^ Pub. L. 88–566 Full Text
  15. ^ Johnson, Lyndon B. «Proclamation 3610: LEIF ERIKSON DAY, 1964» (PDF). Government Printing Office.
  16. ^ Penchi, Anastasia (October 9, 2015). «5 Things You Need to Know Before You Go: Leif Erikson Day». La Crosse County Convention and Visitors Bureau. La Crosse, Wisconsin. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.
  17. ^ Barack Obama (2011). Proclamation 8581 of October 8, 2010: Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3, the President, 2010 Compilation, and Pt. 100—102, Revised as of January 1 2011. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 130. ISBN 9780160875205. To honor Leif Erikson and celebrate our Nordic-American Heritage, the Congress, by joint resolution (Public Law 88-566) approved on September 2, 1964, has authorized the President to proclaim October 9 as «Leif Erikson Day».
  18. ^ Rowley, Liz (October 9, 2015). «Leif Erikson Day 2015: History and facts about North America’s First European Explorer». Mic Network.
  19. ^ Moreau, Jennifer (February 3, 2012). «Local MP pushing for Leif Erikson Day». Burnaby Now. Burnaby, British Columbia. Burnaby-New Westminster MP Peter Julian wants a day dedicated to Leif Erikson
  20. ^ An Act to establish Leif Erikson Day, Leif Erikson Day Act 2016, c. BILL C-244
  21. ^ Eyolfson Cadham, Joan. «Leifur Ericksson Day: If it’s a holiday, who celebrates it?». Lögberg-Heimskringla. Foam Lake, SK. The date, October 9, does not mark any special moment in Leifur’s life.
  22. ^ Hansen, Carl Gustav Otto (1956). My Minneapolis: A Chronicle of what Has Been Learned and Observed about the Norwegians in Minneapolis Through One Hundred Years. Privately published.
  23. ^ Helgason, Magnús Sveinn (November 2, 2015). «Ten fascinating facts about the statue of Leifur Eiríksson». Iceland Magazine. When, for example, Leif Erikson day was first commemorated nationally in the U.S. in 1964, the date October 9 was chosen because large scale migration from Norway to the U.S. began on that day in 1825 when the ship Restauration arrived in New York from Stavanger in Norway.
  24. ^ Kolodny, Annette (2012). «The Challenge to Columbus». In Search of First Contact: The Vikings of Vinland, the Peoples of the Dawnland, and the Anglo-American Anxiety of Discovery. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 231. ISBN 9780822352860.
  25. ^ «75 years later, still celebrating Leif Erikson Day». HistoryLink.org: The Free Encyclopedia of Washington State History. February 5, 2016.
  26. ^ «Leif Erikson Day celebrated in Edmonton». Westside Seattle. September 25, 2010.
  27. ^ Radke, Jace (October 2, 2012). «City Council To Recognize Leif Erikson Day» (Press release). City of Las Vegas. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  28. ^ «Leif Erikson Day to be Celebrated». La Crosse County Convention and Visitors Bureau. 2016. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020.
  29. ^ Robson, Dorothy (October 8, 2015). «Celebrate ‘Leif Erikson Day’ in Westby». La Crosse Tribune. La Crosse, Wisconsin. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.
  30. ^ Castelaz, Terri (October 4, 2018). «A different fall Leif festival». Iron Mountain Daily News. Iron Mountain, Michigan. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Norway once again will celebrate its Scandinavian heritage this weekend with the annual Leif Erikson Festival.
  31. ^ «Leif Erikson Day celebrated in Edmonton». Embassy of Iceland, Ottawa. 2006. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.
  32. ^ «Vinland Society to mark Leif Erikson Day Thursday». The Journal Pioneer. Charlottetown. October 8, 2014. The Vinland Society of Prince Edward Island will mark Leif Erikson Day Thursday with a flag-raising ceremony in front of Province House.
  33. ^ Young, Don; Young, Marjorie (2008). Iceland Adventure Guide. Hunter Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 9781588436726. October 9 is Leif Eiriksson’s Day, when the people of Reykjavik celebrate the discovery of America.
  34. ^ «Bubble Buddy». Spongebob Squarepants. Season 2. Episode 23b. Nickelodeon.
  35. ^ «Bubble Buddy». Spongebob Squarepants. Season 2. Episode 23b. Nickelodeon.
  36. ^ Suciu, Peter (October 9, 2020). «Leif Erikson Day Vs. Christopher Columbus Day Is Just Another Thing To Fight About On Social Media». Forbes.

Further reading[edit]

  • Anderson, Rasmus Bjorn (1874). America Not Discovered by Columbus: an historical sketch of the discovery of America by the Norsemen in the Tenth Century. Chicago: S.C. Griggs.
Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Leif Erikson Day
Leif Erikson 6c 1968 issue.JPG

U.S. stamp issued on Leif Erikson Day, 1968
Observed by United States, Canada, and Nordic Council countries
Type Cultural
Significance Celebrating Leif Erikson as the first European to lead a voyage to North America
Date October 9
Next time October 9, 2023
Frequency Annual
Related to Leif Erikson

Leif Erikson Day is an annual observance that occurs on October 9.[1] It honors Leif Erikson (Old Norse: Leifr Eiríksson, Icelandic: Leifur Eiríksson, Norwegian: Leiv Eiriksson, Swedish: Leif Eriksson), the Norse explorer who led the first Europeans thought to have set foot in continental North America (other than Greenland).[2]

History[edit]

The 1874 book America Not Discovered by Columbus by Norwegian-American Rasmus B. Anderson helped popularize the idea that Vikings were the first Europeans in the New World, an idea that was verified in 1960.[3] During his appearance at the Norse-American Centennial at the Minnesota State Fair in 1925, President Calvin Coolidge gave recognition to Leif Erikson as the discoverer of America due to research by Norwegian-American scholars such as Knut Gjerset and Ludvig Hektoen.[4] In 1929, Wisconsin became the first U.S. state to officially adopt Leif Erikson Day as a state holiday,[5][6] thanks in large part to efforts by Rasmus Anderson.[7] In 1931, Minnesota did also.[8] Thanks to the efforts of the Leif Erikson Memorial Association of Saskatchewan, the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan proclaimed—through an order-in-council in 1936—that Leif Ericsson Day would be observed on October 9.[9][10] By 1956, Leif Erikson Day had been made an official observance in seven states (Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, Illinois, Colorado, Washington, and California) and one Canadian province (Saskatchewan).[11]

In 1963, Senator Hubert Humphrey and Representative John Blatnik, both from Minnesota, introduced bills to observe Leif Erikson Day nationwide.[12] On September 2, 1964, Congress unanimously authorized and requested the President to create the observance through an annual proclamation.[13][14] Lyndon B. Johnson did so that year,[15] as has each president in the years since,[16][better source needed] often using the proclamation to praise the contributions of Americans of Nordic descent generally and the spirit of discovery.[17][18]

Bills have been introduced in the Parliament of Canada to observe Leif Erikson Day.[19][20]

Date[edit]

October 9 is not associated with any particular event in Leif Erikson’s life.[21] The exact date of Leif’s discovery of the Americas is unknown, but the Sagas state that it was in autumn. At the suggestion of Christian A. Hoen, 9 October was settled upon, as it took place in fall, and was already a historic date for Scandinavians in America.[22] The date was chosen because the ship Restauration coming from Stavanger, Norway, arrived in New York Harbor on October 9, 1825, beginning a wave of immigration from Norway to America.[23]

Observance[edit]

The federal government of the United States observes the holiday and some U.S. states officially commemorate Leif Erikson Day. It is celebrated in many communities, particularly in the Upper Midwest and other places where large numbers of people from the Nordic countries settled.[24] It has long been observed in Seattle, Washington.[25][26] In 2012, the day was made official in Las Vegas, Nevada.[27] Westby, Wisconsin, and Norway, Michigan, have held festivals near the day.[28][29][30] There have been Canadian commemorations, including in Edmonton, Alberta,[31] and Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.[32] The day is also celebrated in Iceland.[33]

In popular culture[edit]

The holiday is acknowledged in an episode of the Nickelodeon animated series SpongeBob SquarePants.[34] Specifically in the episode «Bubble Buddy» which takes place on the holiday (though not mentioning October 9, the calendar date of the holiday). In the episode, the narrator opens the episode by stating that SpongeBob SquarePants likes celebrating holidays «even if he has to make one up» (which seems to explain why SpongeBob celebrates this relatively obscure holiday). This is immediately followed by SpongeBob leaving his pineapple house, while dressed as a Viking, shouting, «Happy Leif Erikson Day!» along with some Norse-sounding gibberish. The next mention of the holiday is when SpongeBob goes to his friend Patrick’s rock house to hang out with him, only to find a note from Patrick (with a voiceover) to say he’s not home which ended with another «Happy Leif Erikson Day» greeting (on the note) and the same Norse-sounding gibberish (voiceover only). The final mention was at the end of the episode by the «Bubble Buddy» that the episode is named after. During the episode, SpongeBob, who felt lonely without Patrick, creates a new friend for himself by blowing a bubble in a humanoid shape whom he names «Bubble Buddy». SpongeBob brings his new friend around town but unwittingly causes problems by involving the seemingly inanimate object in his day. In the end, the townspeople decide to pop the bubble with needles to stop it causing any more trouble and surround SpongeBob and Bubble Buddy to do so. Bubble Buddy then reveals it is alive, apologizes for the commotion it caused, and literally flies out of town in a taxi-shaped bubble. While flying away, Bubble Buddy shouts, «Happy Leif Erikson Day!» to the town.[35] Forbes states that the holiday is often mainly associated online with its appearance in SpongeBob SquarePants, and poses that «[p]erhaps this is the best way to remember the day».[36]

References[edit]

  1. ^ «Why Do We Celebrate Columbus Day and Not Leif Erikson Day?». National Geographic. October 11, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  2. ^ «History – Leif Erikson (11th century)». BBC. Retrieved October 12, 2015.
  3. ^ «L’Anse Aux Meadows & the Viking Discovery of North America». JSTOR Daily. July 23, 2015. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
  4. ^ Gjerset, Knut; Hektoen, Ludvig. ‘Becoming American, Becoming Suburban: Norwegians in the 1920s. Vol. 33. Norwegian-American Historical Association. p. 3.
  5. ^ «Kohler Signs Two Bills». Manitowoc Herald-Times. May 15, 1929. p. 13. Retrieved October 9, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  6. ^ «Wisconsin Schools Will Observe Leif Erikson Day Next Wednesday». The Capital Times. October 6, 1929. p. 9. Retrieved October 9, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  7. ^ «Minnesota Ready to Adopt Leif Erikson Day, Says Hoen». The Capital Times. December 28, 1930. p. 18. Retrieved October 9, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. open access
  8. ^ Hansen, Carl G.O. «Leif Erikson Comes to the Front». My Minneapolis. Nasjonalbiblioteket (The National Library of Norway). Archived from the original on December 7, 2009. The Norwegian National League in Minneapolis took the initiative in getting the Minnesota legislature to adopt a law of the same import and contents as the Wisconsin law making October 9 Leif Erikson Day. Such a bill was signed by Governor Floyd B. Olson, April 7, 1931.
  9. ^ «Cabinet Proclaims ‘Leif Ericsson Day’«. The Leader-Post. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. January 18, 1936. p. 3. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  10. ^ «Pays Tribute to Worth of Scandinavian People». Saskatoon Star-Phoenix. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. July 18, 1936. p. 5. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  11. ^ Hansen, Carl Gustav Otto (1956). «Leif Erikson Comes to the Front». My Minneapolis. Minneapolis. Archived from the original on December 7, 2009.
  12. ^ Saur, Andrew (October 9, 2015). «On Leif Erikson Day». The Norwegian American. Duluth, Minnesota.
  13. ^ «Leiv Erikson». Go Norway. 2007. Though many still regard Christopher Columbus as the discoverer of the New World, Eiriksson´s right to this title received the stamp of official approval in the USA when in 1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson, backed by a unanimous Congress, proclaimed October 9th «Leif Ericson Day» in commemoration of the first arrival of a European on North American soil.
  14. ^ Pub. L. 88–566 Full Text
  15. ^ Johnson, Lyndon B. «Proclamation 3610: LEIF ERIKSON DAY, 1964» (PDF). Government Printing Office.
  16. ^ Penchi, Anastasia (October 9, 2015). «5 Things You Need to Know Before You Go: Leif Erikson Day». La Crosse County Convention and Visitors Bureau. La Crosse, Wisconsin. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.
  17. ^ Barack Obama (2011). Proclamation 8581 of October 8, 2010: Code of Federal Regulations, Title 3, the President, 2010 Compilation, and Pt. 100—102, Revised as of January 1 2011. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. p. 130. ISBN 9780160875205. To honor Leif Erikson and celebrate our Nordic-American Heritage, the Congress, by joint resolution (Public Law 88-566) approved on September 2, 1964, has authorized the President to proclaim October 9 as «Leif Erikson Day».
  18. ^ Rowley, Liz (October 9, 2015). «Leif Erikson Day 2015: History and facts about North America’s First European Explorer». Mic Network.
  19. ^ Moreau, Jennifer (February 3, 2012). «Local MP pushing for Leif Erikson Day». Burnaby Now. Burnaby, British Columbia. Burnaby-New Westminster MP Peter Julian wants a day dedicated to Leif Erikson
  20. ^ An Act to establish Leif Erikson Day, Leif Erikson Day Act 2016, c. BILL C-244
  21. ^ Eyolfson Cadham, Joan. «Leifur Ericksson Day: If it’s a holiday, who celebrates it?». Lögberg-Heimskringla. Foam Lake, SK. The date, October 9, does not mark any special moment in Leifur’s life.
  22. ^ Hansen, Carl Gustav Otto (1956). My Minneapolis: A Chronicle of what Has Been Learned and Observed about the Norwegians in Minneapolis Through One Hundred Years. Privately published.
  23. ^ Helgason, Magnús Sveinn (November 2, 2015). «Ten fascinating facts about the statue of Leifur Eiríksson». Iceland Magazine. When, for example, Leif Erikson day was first commemorated nationally in the U.S. in 1964, the date October 9 was chosen because large scale migration from Norway to the U.S. began on that day in 1825 when the ship Restauration arrived in New York from Stavanger in Norway.
  24. ^ Kolodny, Annette (2012). «The Challenge to Columbus». In Search of First Contact: The Vikings of Vinland, the Peoples of the Dawnland, and the Anglo-American Anxiety of Discovery. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 231. ISBN 9780822352860.
  25. ^ «75 years later, still celebrating Leif Erikson Day». HistoryLink.org: The Free Encyclopedia of Washington State History. February 5, 2016.
  26. ^ «Leif Erikson Day celebrated in Edmonton». Westside Seattle. September 25, 2010.
  27. ^ Radke, Jace (October 2, 2012). «City Council To Recognize Leif Erikson Day» (Press release). City of Las Vegas. Archived from the original on October 19, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
  28. ^ «Leif Erikson Day to be Celebrated». La Crosse County Convention and Visitors Bureau. 2016. Archived from the original on April 10, 2020.
  29. ^ Robson, Dorothy (October 8, 2015). «Celebrate ‘Leif Erikson Day’ in Westby». La Crosse Tribune. La Crosse, Wisconsin. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.
  30. ^ Castelaz, Terri (October 4, 2018). «A different fall Leif festival». Iron Mountain Daily News. Iron Mountain, Michigan. Archived from the original on October 4, 2018. Norway once again will celebrate its Scandinavian heritage this weekend with the annual Leif Erikson Festival.
  31. ^ «Leif Erikson Day celebrated in Edmonton». Embassy of Iceland, Ottawa. 2006. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018.
  32. ^ «Vinland Society to mark Leif Erikson Day Thursday». The Journal Pioneer. Charlottetown. October 8, 2014. The Vinland Society of Prince Edward Island will mark Leif Erikson Day Thursday with a flag-raising ceremony in front of Province House.
  33. ^ Young, Don; Young, Marjorie (2008). Iceland Adventure Guide. Hunter Publishing. p. 89. ISBN 9781588436726. October 9 is Leif Eiriksson’s Day, when the people of Reykjavik celebrate the discovery of America.
  34. ^ «Bubble Buddy». Spongebob Squarepants. Season 2. Episode 23b. Nickelodeon.
  35. ^ «Bubble Buddy». Spongebob Squarepants. Season 2. Episode 23b. Nickelodeon.
  36. ^ Suciu, Peter (October 9, 2020). «Leif Erikson Day Vs. Christopher Columbus Day Is Just Another Thing To Fight About On Social Media». Forbes.

Further reading[edit]

  • Anderson, Rasmus Bjorn (1874). America Not Discovered by Columbus: an historical sketch of the discovery of America by the Norsemen in the Tenth Century. Chicago: S.C. Griggs.
Источник

Ежегодное празднование 9 октября в честь норвежский исследователь Лейф Эриксон

Лейф Эриксон Дэй
Лейф Эриксон 6c, выпуск 1968 года.JPG США марка, выпущенная в День Лейфа Эриксона, 1968
Наблюдается США, Канадой, Исландией, другими местами с нордическими общинами
Тип Культурное
Значение чествование Лейфа Эриксона как первого европейца, совершившего путешествие в Северную Америку
Дата 9 октября
В следующий раз 9 октября 2021 (2021-10-09)
Частота годовой
Относится к Лейф Эриксон

День Лейфа Эриксона ежегодно отмечается 9 октября. Он чествует Лейфа Эриксона (древнескандинавский : Leifr Eiríksson, исландский : Leifur Eiríksson, норвежец : Лейв Эйрикссон, шведский : Лейф Эриксон), норвежский исследователь, который руководил первыми европейцами считал ступил в континентальной Северной Америке (кроме Гренландия ).

Содержание

  • 1 История
  • 2 Дата
  • 3 Соблюдение
  • 4 Ссылки
  • 5 Дополнительная литература

История

Книга 1874 года «Неоткрытая Америка» Колумбом норвежско-американским Расмус Б. Андерсон помог популяризировать идею, что викинги были первыми европейцами в Новом Свете, идея , которая была почти проверена в 1960. Во время своего выступления на Norse-American Centennial на ярмарке штата Миннесота в 1925 году президент Кэлвин Кулидж признал Лейфа Эриксона первооткрывателем Америки благодаря исследования норвежско-американских ученых, таких как Кнут Гьерсет и Людвиг Хектоен. В 1929 году Висконсин стал первым США. заявите, чтобы официально объявить День Лейфа Эриксона государственным праздником, во многом благодаря усилиям Расмуса Андерсона. В 1931 году Миннесота тоже. Благодаря усилиям Мемориальной ассоциации Лейфа Эриксона Саскачевана Законодательное собрание Саскачевана провозгласило — через постановление совета в 1936 году — что День Лейфа Эриксона будет отмечаться 9 октября. К 1956 году День Лейфа Эриксона был официально отмечен в семи штатах (Висконсин, Миннесота, Южная Дакота, Иллинойс, Колорадо, Вашингтон, и Калифорния ) и одна канадская провинция (Саскачеван ).

В 1963 г., сенатор Хьюберт Хамфри и представитель Джон Блатник, оба из Миннесоты, представил законопроекты о праздновании Дня Лейфа Эриксона по всей стране. 2 сентября 1964 года Конгресс единогласно санкционировал и попросил президента организовать празднование посредством ежегодная прокламация. Линдон Б. Джонсон поступил так же, как и каждый президент в последующие годы, часто используя прокламацию, чтобы восхвалять вклад американцев скандинавского происхождения. t в целом и дух открытий.

В Парламент Канады были внесены законопроекты о праздновании Дня Лейфа Эриксона.

Дата

9 октября не связано с каким-либо конкретным событием в жизни Лейфа Эриксона. Дата была выбрана потому, что судно Restauration, прибывшее из Ставангера, Норвегия, прибыло в гавань Нью-Йорка 9 октября 1825 г., начиная с волна иммиграции из Норвегии в Америку.

Соблюдение

федеральное правительство Соединенных Штатов отмечает праздник, и некоторые штаты США официально отмечают День Лейфа Эриксона. Он отмечается во многих сообществах, особенно в Верхнем Среднем Западе и других местах, где поселились большие количества людей из северных стран. Это давно наблюдается в Сиэтле, Вашингтон. В 2012 году этот день был официально объявлен в Лас-Вегасе, Неваде. Уэстби, Висконсин и Норвегия, Мичиган провели фестивали рядом с день. В Канаде отмечались памятные даты, в том числе в Эдмонтоне, Альберте и Шарлоттауне, Острове Принца Эдуарда. Этот день также отмечается в Исландии.

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Дополнительная литература

Источник


Лейф Эрикссон по прозвищу «Счастливчик», сын знаменитого викинга Эрика Рыжего, открыл Америку за 500 лет до Колумба. Родился Лейф примерно в 970 году, умер примерно около 1020 года.

Считается, что родился Эрикссон в Исландии, в семье легендарного норвежского секонунга Эрика Рыжего. Когда-то дед Лейфа, Торвальд Асвальдссон, был изгнан из Норвегии за убийство; новый приют себе Торвальд нашел в Исландии, откуда, в свою очередь, был изгнан уже его сын. Отправившись в изгнание, Эрик Рыжий нашел доселе неизвестную землю — названа эта земля была Гренландия. У Лейфа Эрикссона было два брата, Торвальд и Торстейн, и одна сестра, Фрейдис. Лейф был женат на женщине по имени Торгунна. У них был один сын — Торкелль Лейфссон.

В 999-м Лейф отправился из Гренландии в Норвегию. Но, бурные ветры сбили его с намеченного курса и большую часть лета Эрикссон провел на Гебридах. Добравшись в конечном итоге до Норвегии, Лейф примкнул к дружине короля Олафа Трюггвасона (кстати, бывшего воспитанника киевского князя Владимира Святославича). К тому же в Норвегии Эрикссон обратился в христианство – и позже именно он принес эту религию и в Гренландию.

Лейф Эрикссон открывает Америку. Картина Кристиана Крога, 1893 год

Единственным хоть сколько-нибудь надежным источником информации о путешествии Эрикссона в Винланд (норвежское название Америки) являются все те же северные саги. Основными источниками являются две из них: «Сага об Эрике Рыжем» и «Сага о гренландцах». Интересно, что, даже согласно этим сагам, Эрикссон отнюдь не был ни первооткрывателем новой земли, ни первым европейцем на неё ступившим. Саги утверждают, что на путешествие Эрикссона сподвигла история торговца Бьярни Херьюльфссона – тот, сбившись с курса во время путешествия, якобы нашел к западу от Гренландии некие неизвестные земли (однако высаживаться на них не стал). Вскоре возвращавшийся из Норвегии в Гренландию Лейф сам стал жертвой коварных ветров – и, в ходе блужданий, лично получил подтверждение словам Херьюльфссона. Странные чуждые земли оказались вполне пригодными для проживания – здесь в обилии произрастали зерновые и виноград. В ходе дальнейших исследований Лейф нашел на берегу Винланда двоих земляков – жертв кораблекрушения, спасенных Эрикссон забрал в Гренландию. Если исходить из правдивости данной истории, первым воочию увидел Америку Бьярни Херьюльфссон, первыми ступили на неё – спасенные Эрикссоном жертвы кораблекрушения. Впрочем, кое в чем Эрикссон пальму первенства все же заслужил – именно он первый глобально основался на плодородных землях Винланда. Купив корабль у все того же Херьюльфссона и собрав команду верных людей, Эрикссон отправился в путь. Известно, что Эрик Рыжий от участия в путешествии отказался в последний момент – по пути к кораблю он упал с лошади, что ему показалось дурным знаком.

Памятник Лейфу Счастливчику Сент-Поле, Миннесота.

На сей раз Лейф не стал надеяться на волю ветров Атлантического океана; Бьярни оставил ему довольно подробное описание своего возвращения домой, и Эрикссону оставалось лишь проделать описанные шаги в обратном порядке. Сначала экспедиция пришла к некоему пустынному каменистому острову (вероятно, острову Баффина), затем – высадилась в лесах ‘Маркланда’ ( вероятно, местность близ Лабрадора). Еще через два дня Лейф прибыл в Винланд (Ньюфаундленд), где и основал поселение. Проведя в Винланде зиму, Эрикссон вернулся в Гренландию, прихватив с собой груз винограда и древесины. На обратном пути Эрикссон спас потерпевшую кораблекрушение команду исландских мореплавателей, чем и заслужил прозвище «Счастливчик».

После первой экспедиции в Винланд Эрикссон взялся за христианизацию Гренландии. Принято новое веяние норвежцами было неоднозначно – так, Эрик Рыжий довольно холодно отнесся к перспективе забыть старых богов; впрочем, и сторонников у Лейфа нашлось немало. Точно известно, что еще в 1019-м Лейф был жив; к 1025-му, однако, вождем племени стал один из его сыновей, Торкелль. Судя по всему, между 1019-м и 1025-м Эрикссон скончался в Гренландии; хроники, впрочем, об этом умалчивают. Молчат саги и о дальнейшей судьбе рода Эрикссона.

Хроники описывали Лейфа человеком мудрым, очень сильным физически и чрезвычайно красивым внешне. Среди земляков он пользовался большим авторитетом; успешная экспедиция в Винланд вдохновила многих норвежцев последовать его примеру. Увы, серьезную колонию основать там не удалось; не последнюю роль в этом сыграли регулярные конфликты с аборигенами, скрелингами. Судя по всему, история путешествий Эрикссона особой тайной ни для кого не была – норвежцы еще не раз выбирались в ‘Маркланд’ за древесиной и фуражом. В каком-то виде саги могли дойти до Европы; Христофор Колумб, кстати, побывал в Исландии еще в 1477-м, так что он саги о Эрикссоне вполне мог слышать в «первоначальном» виде.

Карта примерного маршрута Лейфа

Памятник Лейфу Счастливчику в Рейкьявике у кафедрального собора Хадльгримскиркья

Источник

This is a Norse name. The last name is a patronymic, not a family name; this person is properly referred to by the given name Leif.

Leif Erikson
Leif Erikson Statue, Duluth (15290644106).jpg

Statue of Leif Erikson in Leif Erikson Park, Duluth, Minnesota
Born c. 970

Icelandic Commonwealth
Died c. 1019 to 1025

Greenland
Nationality Norse: Icelandic
Occupation Explorer
Known for First European in Vinland (part of North America; probably Newfoundland)
Partner Thorgunna (c. 999)
Children Thorgils, Thorkell
Parent(s) Erik the Red (father)
Þjóðhildur (mother)
Relatives Thorvald, Thorstein, and Freydís (siblings)

Leif Erikson, Leiv Eiriksson, or Leif Ericson,[note 1] also known as Leif the Lucky (c. 970 – c. 1019 to 1025), was a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to have set foot on continental North America, approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus.[6][7] According to the sagas of Icelanders, he established a Norse settlement at Vinland, which is usually interpreted as being coastal North America. There is ongoing speculation that the settlement made by Leif and his crew corresponds to the remains of a Norse settlement found in Newfoundland, Canada, called L’Anse aux Meadows, which was occupied 1,000 years ago (carbon dating estimates 990–1050 CE).[8][9][10]

Leif was the son of Erik the Red, the founder of the first Norse settlement in Greenland, and Thjodhild (Þjóðhildur) of Iceland. His place of birth is not known,[11] but he is assumed to have been born in Iceland, which had recently been colonized by Norsemen mainly from Norway.[12][13][14] He grew up in the family estate Brattahlíð in the Eastern Settlement in Greenland. Leif had two known sons: Thorgils, born to noblewoman Thorgunna in the Hebrides; and Thorkell, who succeeded him as chieftain of the Greenland settlement.

Early life

Leif was the son of Erik the Red and his wife Thjodhild, and the grandson of Thorvald Ásvaldsson. He was also a distant relative of Naddodd,[15] who discovered Iceland.[16] Thorvald Ásvaldsson had been banished from Norway for manslaughter and went into exile in Iceland accompanied by young Erik. When Erik was banished from Iceland, he travelled further west to an area he named Greenland, where he established its first permanent settlement in 986.[17][18]

Leif’s year of birth is most often given as c. 970 or c. 980.[19] Though his birthplace is not accounted for in the sagas,[17] it is likely he was born in Iceland,[12] where his parents met[19]—probably somewhere on the edge of Breiðafjörður, and possibly at the farm Haukadal where Thjóðhild’s family is said to have been based.[12] Leif had two brothers, whose names were Thorsteinn and Thorvald, and a sister, Freydís.[20] Tyrker, one of Erik’s thralls, had been specially trusted to keep in charge of Erik’s children, as Leif later referred to him as his «foster father».[21]

Discovering Vinland

Leif Eriksson Discovers America by Hans Dahl (1849–1937)

The words Leifr hinn heppni, «Leif the Lucky», written out in the early 14th century Hauksbók, the oldest manuscript of the Saga of Erik the Red

Modern recreation of the Norse site at L’Anse aux Meadows. The site was originally occupied c. 1021[22] and listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site in 1968

The Saga of Erik the Red and the Saga of the Greenlanders, both thought to have been written around 1200,[23] contain different accounts of the voyages to Vinland (usually interpreted as coastal North America).[24][25] The only two known strictly historical mentions of Vinland are found in the work of Adam of Bremen c. 1075 and in the Book of Icelanders compiled c. 1122 by Ari the Wise.[26]

Account in the Saga of Erik the Red

According to this saga, Leif discovered Vinland after being blown off course on his way from Norway to Greenland.[27] Before this voyage, Leif had spent time at the court of Norwegian King Olaf Tryggvesson, where he had converted to Christianity. When Leif encountered the storm that forced him off course, he had been on his way to introduce Christianity to the Greenlanders. After they had arrived at an unknown shore, the crew disembarked and explored the area. They found wild grapes, self-sown wheat, and maple trees. Afterwards, they loaded their ship with samples of these newly-found goods and sailed east to Greenland, rescuing a group of shipwrecked sailors along the way. For this act, and for converting Norse Greenland to Christianity, Leif earned the nickname «Leif the Lucky».[28] Leif did not return to Vinland, but others from Greenland and Iceland did, including Thorfinn Karlsefni.[29]

Account in the Saga of the Greenlanders

According to this saga, Leif was not the first European to discover Vinland. Instead Bjarni Herjólfsson and his crew—on a voyage from Iceland to Greenland—were overtaken by wind and fog, missed the southern tip of Greenland, and encountered an unknown coast. Believing it to be somewhere other than Greenland, they did not disembark but rather continued to sail and found two additional coasts that did not correspond with their understanding of Greenland.[30] After sailing back east, they eventually made it to their original destination, and then told of their discoveries.[31]

Roughly 15 years later, Leif approached Bjarni, purchased his ship, gathered a crew of thirty-five men, and mounted an expedition towards the land Bjarni had described.[32][33] His father Erik was set to join him but dropped out after he fell from his horse on his way to the ship, an incident he interpreted as a bad omen.[34] Leif followed Bjarni’s route in reverse and landed first in a rocky and desolate place he named Helluland (Flat-Rock Land; possibly Baffin Island or northern parts of Labrador).[35] After venturing further by sea, he landed the second time in a forested place he named Markland (Forest Land; possibly near Cape Porcupine, Labrador).[35] After two more days at sea, he landed on an island to the north (possibly Belle Isle), and then returned to the mainland, going past a cape on the north side (perhaps Cape Bauld).[35] They sailed to the west of this and landed in a verdant area with a mild climate and plentiful supplies of salmon. As winter approached, he decided to encamp there and sent out parties to explore the country.[35] During one of these explorations, Tyrker discovered that the land was full of vines and grapes. Leif therefore named the land Vinland (‘Wineland’).[35][36] There, he and his crew built a small settlement, which was called Leifsbudir (Leif’s Booths) by later visitors from Greenland.

After having wintered over in Vinland, Leif returned to Greenland in the spring with a cargo of grapes and timber.[32][37] On the return voyage, he rescued an Icelandic castaway and his crew, earning him the nickname «Leif the Lucky».[38] Leif never returned to Vinland, but others from Greenland and Iceland did.

Archeological evidence of Vinland

Research done in the early 1960s by Norwegian explorer Helge Ingstad and his wife, archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad, identified a Norse site[39] located at the northern tip of Newfoundland. It has been suggested that this site, known as L’Anse aux Meadows, is Leifsbudir. The Ingstads demonstrated that Norsemen had reached America about 500 years before Christopher Columbus.[40][41] Later archaeological evidence suggests that Vinland may have been the areas around the Gulf of St. Lawrence and that the L’Anse aux Meadows site was a ship repair station and waypoint for voyages there. That does not necessarily contradict the identification of L’Anse aux Meadows as Leifsbudir[41][42] since the two sagas appear to describe Vinland as a wider region which included several settlements. The Saga of Erik the Red mentions two other settlements in Vinland: one called Straumfjǫrðr, which lay beyond Kjalarnes promontory and the Wonderstrands, and one called Hóp, which was located even farther south.[43]

Personal life

Leif was described as a wise, considerate, and strong man of striking appearance.[44] When he was of a proper age, Leif went to Norway, likely to serve as a retainer to its king, Olaf Tryggvason.[45] It was on this journey to Norway that the Saga of Erik the Red states that Leif’s ship was driven to the Hebrides, where he and his crew were forced to remain for much of the summer, awaiting favorable winds.[46] During his stay there, Leif fell in love with a noblewoman, Thorgunna, who gave birth to their son Thorgils.[20] Thorgunna remained in the Hebrides when Leif left, as he refused to take her along without permission from her family.[47] Thorgils was later sent to Leif in Greenland, but he did not become popular.[48]

After arriving at the court of Norway’s King Olaf Tryggvason, Leif was converted to Christianity. According to both the Saga of Erik the Red, and Olaf Tryggvason’s Saga as found in Heimskringla, after Leif’s conversion, the king then commissioned him to return to Greenland to convert the settlers there. During the journey, he was blown off course and discovered Vinland before finding his way to Greenland.[29] Leif’s father Erik reacted coldly to the suggestion that he should abandon his religion, while his mother Thjóðhildr became a Christian and built a church called Thjóðhild’s Church.[49] A different version of Olaf Tryggvason’s Saga, found in Flateyjarbók, makes no reference to Leif being blown off course and discovering Vinland during his return from Norway, but indicates that after arriving in Greenland, all of that country was converted, including Leif’s father Erik.[50] Some versions of Olaf Tryggvason’s Saga also indicate that to help with the conversion, Leif brought a priest and clerics with him to Greenland.[51] If accurate, the missionary work of Leif and those that accompanied him to Greenland would make them the first Christian missionaries to the Americas, preceding the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

The winter after Leif returned from Vinland, his father died, making Leif paramount chief in Greenland.[33] Leif is last mentioned alive in 1019, and by 1025 his chieftaincy of Eiríksfjǫrðr[17] had passed to another son, Thorkell.[52] Nothing is mentioned about his death in the sagas—he probably died in Greenland some time between these dates.[53] Nothing further is known about his family beyond the succession of Thorkell as chieftain.

Historicity

Leif is, in all likelihood, a historical figure who remains the first known European to set foot in continental North America,[54] but other details of his life vary and are a subject of debate. It has been suggested by several scholars that both Leif’s sister, Freydís, and his foster father, Tyrker, are works of fiction, as are their roles in the Vinland sagas.[55] Leif’s commission as a missionary to Greenland may also be fictional, as that aspect of his story is often attributed to Gunnlaugr Leifsson’s version of Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar (which likely served as a source for some of the other sagas which mention Leif).[56][33]

Legacy

Norse and medieval Europe

Discovery of America, a postage stamp from the Faroe Islands which commemorates both Leif Erikson and Christopher Columbus

Leif’s successful expedition in Vinland encouraged other Norsemen to also make the journey, and the Norse became the first Europeans to colonize the area. In the end there were no permanent Norse settlements, although sporadic voyages at least to Markland for forages, timber and trade possibly lasted for centuries.[57][58] The casual tone of references to these areas may suggest that their discovery was not seen as particularly significant by contemporaries, or that it was assumed to be public knowledge, or both.[26] Knowledge of the Vinland journeys spread around medieval Europe although to what extent is unclear; writers made mention of remote lands to the west, and notably the medieval chronicler Adam of Bremen directly mentions Vinland (c. 1075) based upon reports from the Danes.[note 2] It has been suggested that the knowledge of Vinland might have been maintained in European seaports in the 15th century, and that Christopher Columbus, who claimed in a letter to have visited Iceland in 1477, could have heard stories of it.[59]

Norse encounters with the Indigenous peoples

While Leif had no contact with the Indigenous peoples of Vinland,[60][61] later Norse explorers did, referring to them as skrælingi, an archaic term for «wretches».[62]

According to the Saga of Erik the Red, the first encounter was made during a colonizing expedition led by Thorfinn Karlsefni, which also included Leif’s brother Thorvald. At first this group traded with the natives, but weeks later the new Norse settlement at Hóp was attacked and Karlsefni decided to abandon it. The Norse retreated to their other settlement at Straumfjǫrðr, where they remained and continued to explore the general area. One morning they encountered a one-legged native, who shot an arrow that killed Thorvald.[60] He is famously known for pulling the arrow out, and poetically reciting the phrase, «This is a rich country we have found; there is plenty of fat around my entrails», upon which he dies.[62] On their return to Greenland, Karlsefni’s crew capture two native boys, taking them to Greenland.[60]

According to the Saga of the Greenlanders, Leif’s brother Thorvald made first contact with the natives.[59] The encounter happened while Thorvald and his crew were exploring the coast, likely in the Markland area, and found nine natives asleep under boats. They attacked the natives, killing eight of them, while one escaped. In a later fight, Thorvald was killed by a native’s arrow. Later, Thorfinn Karlsefni led a group to colonize Vinland and encountered natives, who they initially traded with, but relations soured when a native was killed attempting to steal weapons from the Norse. In retaliation, the natives attacked and Karlsefni decided to abandon the colony.[60]

Travels and commemoration

Stories of Leif’s journey to North America had a profound effect on the identity and self-perception of later Nordic Americans and Nordic immigrants to the United States.[18] The first statue of Erikson (by Anne Whitney)[63] was erected in Boston in 1887 at the instigation of Eben Norton Horsford, who was among those who believed that Vinland could have been located on the Charles River or Cape Cod;[18] not long after, another casting of Whitney’s statue was erected in Milwaukee.[64] A statue was also erected in Chicago in 1901, having been originally commissioned for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition to coincide with the arrival of the reconstructed Viking ship from Bergen, Norway.[18] Another work of art made for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, the painting Leiv Eirikson Discovering America by Christian Krohg, was in the possession of a Leif Erikson Memorial Association in Chicago before being given back to the National Gallery of Norway in 1900.[65]

For the centenary of the first official immigration of Norwegians to America, President Calvin Coolidge stated at the 1925 Minnesota State Fair, to a crowd of 100,000 people, that Leif had indeed been the first European to discover America.[18] Additional statues of him were erected at the Minnesota State Capitol in St. Paul in 1949, near Lake Superior in Duluth, Minnesota, in 1956, and in downtown Seattle.[18]

In 1924, a party of four consisting of a Swede, an Englishman, and two Americans attempted to emulate Leif’s voyage in an eponymous 40-foot vessel but were lost after reaching the west coast of Greenland.[66]: 267 

In 1930, a statue of Leif was erected in the city center of Reykjavík, Iceland – currently situated in front of Hallgrímskirkja – as a gift from the United States to Iceland to commemorate the 1,000 year anniversary of Alþingi, the parliament of Iceland.[67]

The Leif Erikson Awards, established 2015, are awarded annually by the Exploration Museum in Húsavík, Iceland. They are awarded for achievements in exploration and in the study of the history of exploration.[68]

Several ships are named after Leif – a Viking ship replica, a commercial passenger/vehicle ferry,[69][70] and a large dredger.[71]

Leif Erikson Day

In 1929, the Wisconsin Legislature passed a bill to make 9 October «Leif Erikson Day» in the state.[72] In 1964, the United States Congress authorized and requested the president to proclaim 9 October of each year as «Leif Erikson Day».[18] On 6 October 2000 President Bill Clinton issued Presidential Proclamation 7358, proclaiming Monday, 9 October 2000 as Leif Erikson Day.[73]

The Sagas do not give the exact date of Leif’s landfall in America, but state only that it was in the fall of the year. At the suggestion of Christian A. Hoen of Edgerton, Wisconsin, 9 October was settled upon, as that already was a historic date for Norwegians in America, the ship Restaurationen having arrived in New York Harbor on 9 October 1825[72][74] from Stavanger with the first organized party of Norwegian immigrants.[citation needed]

Gallery of art and sculptures

  • Leiv Eirikson Discovering America by Christian Krohg (1893)

  • The Landing of the Vikings by Arthur C. Michael (1919)

    The Landing of the Vikings by Arthur C. Michael (1919)

  • Leif Erikson by John K. Daniels, 1948–49, near the Minnesota State Capitol.

  • The oldest public statue of Leif, placed in Boston in 1887.

  • A 'Leif Ericson' proof dollar from the United States, minted in 2000. It reads 'Founder of the New World'

    A ‘Leif Ericson’ proof dollar from the United States, minted in 2000. It reads ‘Founder of the New World’

In fiction

The character ‘Leif Ericson’ features in this Japanese manga adaptation of the Vinland sagas.

  • Leif is the main character in the 1928 film The Viking.[76]
  • In children’s literature, Leif the Lucky written and illustrated by Ingri and Edgar Parin d’Aulaire. Published by Doubleday & Company, inc., 1941.[77]
  • Leif is one of the main characters in Makoto Yukimura’s manga Vinland Saga.[78]
  • Leif is the main character in the juvenile historical novel Vinland the Good. The author is Henry Treece, and it is illustrated by William Stobbs. It is an account of Viking Era explorations, based mainly on the Greenland saga.[79]
  • An Old Captivity is a novel which involves a dream sequence featuring a character called Leif Ericson. Notably, it also features an attempt to uncover historical Viking settlements using air surveys. It was written by Nevil Shute and published in 1940.[80]
  • Leif is a main character in the Netflix historical drama series Vikings: Valhalla played by Sam Corlett.[81]

See also

  • Leif Erikson Awards
  • Leif Ericson Millennium commemorative coins
  • Alonso Sánchez, a Spanish navigator who purportedly visited the Americas before Columbus
  • Saint Brendan, a legendary Irish navigator
  • Jean Cousin, a French navigator with a similar claim
  • Kunyu Wanguo Quantu, 1602 Chinese world map purportedly transcribed with Chinese data from 1430

Notes

  1. ^ The patronym is Anglicized in various ways in the United States; according to one source, Leif Ericson is the most common rendering on the East Coast, while Leif Erikson is the most common rendering on the West Coast.[1] Erikson is the spelling widely used and recognized by many others.[2][3][4][5] Old Norse: Leifr Eiríksson [ˈlɛivz̠ ˈɛiˌriːksˌson]; Modern Icelandic: Leifur Eiríksson [ˈleiːvʏr ˈeiːˌriksˌsɔːn]; Norwegian: Leiv Eiriksson
  2. ^ Adam mentions Vinland (Winland) in Chapter 39 of Book IV of his Gesta: ‘In addition, he [i.e., Sweyn Estridsson, king of Denmark (reigned 1047–1076)] named one more island in this ocean, discovered by many, which is called «Vinland», because vines grow wild there, making the best wine. For [that] crops [that are] not sown, abound there, we learn not from fanciful opinion but from the true account of the Danes.’ Adam von Bremen (1917). Schmeidler, Bernhard (ed.). Hamburgische Kirchengeschichte [Hamburg’s Church History] (in Latin and German). Hannover and Leipzig, Germany: Hahnsche. pp. 275–276.

References

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  7. ^ «Why Do We Celebrate Columbus Day and Not Leif Erikson Day?». National Geographic. 11 October 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  8. ^ Nydal, Reidar (1989). «A Critical Review of Radiocarbon Dating of a Norse Settlement at L’Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Canada». Radiocarbon. 31 (3): 976–985. doi:10.1017/S0033822200012613. eISSN 1945-5755. ISSN 0033-8222. Archived from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021. With an assumed total systematic error of 30 ± 20 years, as a mean for various tree rings, the calibrated age range of L’Anse aux Meadows is AD 975–1020. This agrees well with the assumed historical age of ca AD 1000, a result which has also been recently corroborated by high-precision accelerator dating at the University of Toronto.
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  24. ^ Somerville & McDonald, 2010, p. 350.
  25. ^ Short, 2010, p. 203.
  26. ^ a b «Vinland History». National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
  27. ^ Somerville & McDonald, 2010, pp. 419–420.
  28. ^ Ingstad, 1985, pp. 171–178.
  29. ^ a b Campbell, 2021, pp. 37–39.
  30. ^ Ingstad, 1985, pp. 101–106.
  31. ^ Campbell, 2021, pp. 35–37.
  32. ^ a b Short, 2010, pp. 203–204.
  33. ^ a b c Wallace, 2006, p. 19
  34. ^ Somerville & McDonald, 2010, p. 352.
  35. ^ a b c d e Wernick, Robert (1979). The Vikings. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. pp. 149–151. ISBN 0-8094-2709-5.
  36. ^ Kudeba, N. (19 April 2014). Chapter 5 – Norse Explorers from Erik the Red to Leif Erikson – Canadian Explorers. Retrieved from The History of Canada: «Chapter 5 – Norse Explorers from Erik the Red to Leif Erikson – Canadian Explorers | the History of Canada». Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
  37. ^ Somerville & McDonald, 2010, pp. 352–354.
  38. ^ Somerville & McDonald, 2010, p. 354.
  39. ^ «L’Anse aux Meadows». L’Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site of Canada. Parks Canada. 2018. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2018. Here [L’Anse aux Meadows] Norse expeditions sailed from Greenland, building a small encampment of timber-and-sod buildings …
  40. ^ «Helge Ingstad». The Telegraph. 30 March 2001. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  41. ^ a b Short, 2010, p. 207.
  42. ^ «Vinland Archeology». National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 9 December 2003. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  43. ^ «Vinland Sagas». National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 23 December 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  44. ^ «Leif Eriksson | The Canadian Encyclopedia». www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Archived from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  45. ^ Wallace, 2006, pp. 17,19.
  46. ^ Saga of Eric the Red in Reeves, 1890, p. 35.
  47. ^ Saga of Eric the Red in Reeves, 1890, pp. 35–36.
  48. ^ «Leif Eiriksson, «Leif the Lucky» (Leifr Eiríksson, nicknamed, Leifr hin heppni)». Great Unsolved Mysteries in Canadian History: Where is Vinland?. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
  49. ^ Somerville & McDonald, 2010, p. 420.
  50. ^ Reeves, 1890, p. 57.
  51. ^ Hermannsson, Halldór (June 1954). «Tyrkir, Leif Erikson’s Foster-Father». Modern Language Notes. Johns Hopkins University Press. 69 (6): 388–389. doi:10.2307/3039733. ISSN 0149-6611. JSTOR 3039733. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  52. ^ Seaver, Kirsten A. (1997). The frozen echo: Greenland and the exploration of North America, ca. A.D. 1000–1500. Stanford University Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8047-3161-4. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  53. ^ Hermannsson, Halldór (1936). The problem of Wineland, Volume 1; Volume 25. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0527003555. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  54. ^ Wallace, 2006, p. 17.
  55. ^ Perkins, Richard (2004). «Medieval Norse visits to America: Millennial Stocktaking» (PDF). Saga-Book. XXVIII: 47–48, 53. ISSN 0305-9219. JSTOR 48612649. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
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  62. ^ a b Weaver, Jace (2011). The red atlantic. American Indian Quarterly. pp. 418–463, 477.
  63. ^ Forbes, Alan and Ralph M. Eastman, «Some Statues of Boston: Reproductions of some of the statues for which Boston is famous, with information concerning the personalities and events memorialized», State Street Trust Company, Boston MA 1946 and Forbes, Alan and Ralph M. Eastman, «Other Statues of Boston», State Street Trust Company, Boston MA 1947.
  64. ^ Buck, Diane M; Palmer, Virginia A (1995). Outdoor Sculpture in Milwaukee: A Cultural and Historical Guidebook. Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-0-87020-276-6.
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  66. ^ Thomas, Lowell (1925). The First World Flight. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  67. ^ Helgason, Magnús Sveinn; Eliason, Matt; McMahon, Sara; Sigurþórsdóttir, Sunna Karen (2 November 2015). «Ten fascinating facts about the statue of Leifur Eiríksson». Icelandmag. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
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Bibliography

  • Campbell, Gordon (2021). Norse America: The Story of a Founding Myth. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-886155-3.
  • Ingstad, Helge (1985). The Norse Discovery of America (Volume 2): The Historical Background and the Evidence of the Norse Settlement Discovered in Newfoundland. Oslo: Norwegian University Press (Universitetsforlaget AS). ISBN 82-00-07039-5.
  • Reeves, Arthur Middleton (1890). The finding of Wineland the Good : the history of the Icelandic discovery of America. London: H. Frowde, Oxford University Press.
  • Short, William R. (2010). Icelanders in the Viking age: the people of the sagas. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4727-5. Archived from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  • Somerville, Angus; McDonald, Andrew R. (2010). The Viking Age: A Reader. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-0148-2. Archived from the original on 24 January 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  • Wallace, Birgitta Linderoth (2006). Westward Vikings: The Saga of L’Anse aux Meadows. St. John’s, NL: Parks Canada and the Historic Sites Association of Newfoundland and Labrador. ISBN 0-919735-09-6.

External links

  • Media related to Leifur Eiríksson at Wikimedia Commons
  • Works about Leif Erikson at Open Library
  • Works about Leif Erikson at WorldCat Identities
  • Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). «Leif Ericsson» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). p. 396.
Источник
Лейф Эрикссон
исл. Leifur Eiriksson
Памятник Лейфу Эрикссону в Сент-Поле (Миннесота)
Памятник Лейфу Эрикссону в Сент-Поле (Миннесота)
Дата рождения ок. 970
Место рождения
  • Исландия
Дата смерти ок. 1020
Место смерти
  • Гренландия, Королевство Дании
Страна
  • Flag of Iceland (1918–1944).svg Исландия
Род деятельности мореплаватель
Отец Эрик Рыжий
Супруга Торгунна
Дети Торкелль Лейфссон
Commons-logo.svg Лейф Эрикссон на Викискладе

Лейф Эрикссон Счастливый (исл. Leifur Eiriksson; ок. 970 — ок. 1020) — скандинавский мореплаватель, который первый посетил Северную Америку за пять столетий до Христофора Колумба. Правитель и креститель Гренландии. Сын викинга Эрика Рыжего, первооткрывателя Гренландии, и внук Торвальда Асвальдсона.

О походах Лейфа известно по таким манускриптам, как «Сага об Эрике Рыжем» и «Сага о гренландцах».

Содержание

  • 1 Биография
    • 1.1 Ранняя жизнь и крещение
    • 1.2 Открытие Америки
  • 2 Увековечение
  • 3 Лейф Эрикссон в современной культуре
    • 3.1 Литература
    • 3.2 Кино
      • 3.2.1 Художественное
      • 3.2.2 Документальное
    • 3.3 Музыка
    • 3.4 Мультипликация
    • 3.5 Игры
    • 3.6 Манга
  • 4 Примечания
  • 5 Литература

Биография

Ранняя жизнь и крещение

Лейф Эрикссон, предположительно, родился в Исландии около 970 года в семье Эрика Рыжего[1], высланного из Норвегии вместе со всем родом. В 982 году семья Эрика вынуждена была покинуть Исландию, опасаясь кровной мести. Лейф вместе с семьей отца поселился в новых колониях в Гренландии. У Лейфа Эрикссона было два брата, Торвальд и Торстейн, и одна сестра, Фрейдис. Лейф был женат на женщине по имени Торгунна. У них был один сын — Торкелль Лейфссон.

В 999 году перед своим походом в Америку Лейф совершил торговую экспедицию в Норвегию. Здесь Лейф принял крещение от Олафа Трюггвасона[2], короля Норвегии и бывшего воспитанника киевского князя Владимира. По примеру Олафа, Лейф привёз в Гренландию христианского епископа и крестил её.[3] Его мать и многие гренландцы приняли христианство, однако его отец, Эрик Рыжий, оставался язычником. На обратном пути Лейф спас терпевшего крушение исландца Торира, за что получил прозвище «Лейф Счастливый».

Открытие Америки

По возвращении Лейф встретил в Гренландии норвежца по имени Бьярни Херьюльфссон, который рассказывал, что видел на западе далеко в море очертания земли. Лейф заинтересовался этим рассказом и решил исследовать новые земли.

Примерно в 1000 году Лейф Эрикссон с командой из 35 человек отплыл на запад на корабле, купленном у Бьярни. Ими были открыты три региона американского побережья: Хеллуланд (вероятно, Баффинова Земля), Маркланд (предположительно — полуостров Лабрадор) и Винланд, получивший своё название за большое количество произраставших там виноградных лоз (возможно, это было побережье Ньюфаундленда близ современного местечка Л’Анс-о-Медоуз). Там же были основаны и несколько поселений, где викинги остались на зиму.

По возвращении в Гренландию Лейф отдал корабль своему брату Торвальду, который вместо него отправился дальше исследовать Винланд. Экспедиция Торвальда была неудачной: скандинавы столкнулись со «скралингами» — североамериканскими индейцами, и в стычке Торвальд погиб.

Согласно исландским легендам[4], Эрик и Лейф совершали свои походы не вслепую, а основываясь на рассказах таких очевидцев, как Бьярни, видевших на горизонте неизвестные земли. Таким образом, в каком-то смысле Америка была открыта даже ранее 1000 года. Однако именно Лейф первым совершил полноценную экспедицию вдоль берегов Винланда, дал ему имя, высадился на берег и даже попытался колонизировать. По рассказам Лейфа и его людей, лёгшим в основу скандинавских «Саги об Эрике Рыжем» и «Саги о Гренландцах», были составлены первые карты Винланда.

Увековечение

В американском городе Ньюпорт-Ньюс, штат Вирджиния, Лейфу Счастливому поставлен памятник рядом с Университетом Кристофера Ньюпорта.

Памятник Лейфу Эриксону в Сиэтле

Исландский международный аэропорт в Кефлавике носит имя Лейфа Эрикссона. Памятник Лейфу Эрикссону поставлен перед собором Хадльгримскиркья в самом Рейкьявике, причём на постаменте прямо сказано: «открывателю Америки». В 1887 году в Бостоне был воздвигнут памятник Лейфу Эрикссону. Каждый год 9 октября в США проводится день Эрикссона.

Авиакомпания Loftleiðirruen присваивала имя Лейф Эрикссон самолётам DC-8 с бортовыми номерами TF-LLK и TF-FLA. Однако оба эти самолёта в дальнейшем разбились на Шри-Ланке (4 декабря 1974 года и 15 ноября 1978 года соответственно).

Улица Leif Ericson drive есть в Бруклине.

Лейф Эрикссон в современной культуре

В его честь назван уступ Эрикссона на Плутоне.

Литература

  • «Фантастическая сага» (англ. «The Technicolor Time Machine») — роман американского писателя-фантаста Гарри Гаррисонa, написанный в 1967 году.
  • Серия романов «Викинг» («Дитя Одина», «Побратимы меча» и «Последний конунг») Тима Северина, вышедшая в 2005 году.
  • Роман Карла Клэнси «Сага о Лейве Счастливом, первооткрывателе Америки».

Кино

Художественное

  • Немой фильм «Викинг» 1928 года рассказывает об открытии Лейфом Эрикссоном Винланда.
  • Режиссёрская версия фильма «Маска» 1994 года начинается с прибытия в будущую Северную Америку Лейфа Эрикссона, который прибыл на «край света» с целью завезти подальше от людей маску бога Локи.

Документальное

  • Тайны древности. Варвары. Часть 1. Викинги.

Музыка

  • Походу Лейфа Эрикссона посвящён концептуальный альбом норвежско-германской метал-группы Leaves’ Eyes «Vinland Saga», выпущенный в 2005 году.
  • В альбоме «Turn on the Bright Lights» нью-йоркской инди-рок группы Interpol есть песня «Leif Erikson».
  • В песне «Tears From the North» группы Civil War присутствует упоминание Лейфа Эрикссона и его открытия Америки.

Мультипликация

В сериале «Губка Боб Квадратные Штаны» в серии «Бабл Бадди» выясняется, что жители Бикини Боттом празднуют день Лейфа Эрикссона.

Игры

Корсары: Возвращение Легенды — появляется на острове Гваделупа в качестве мумии и антагониста, изображается колдуном и невероятно умным и коварным человеком (сумел вызвать демона, заключить его в лампу, из которой демон, в отличие от бутылки, не мог выбраться, сделать ключ от своей гробницы, осуществить обмен тел игрока и него самого, воскресить своих слуг).

Корсары: Город потерянных кораблей — появляется в том же квесте и в том же обличии что и в Корсары: Возвращение Легенды.

Манга

Является одним из второстепенных героев в манге Vinland Saga (Сага о Винланде).

Примечания

  1. ↑ Jeanette Sanderson: Explorers. Scholastic Teaching Resources, London/ New York u. a. 2002, ISBN 0-439-25181-8, S. 14 (PDF).
  2. ↑ Лейф Эрикссон — статья из энциклопедии «Кругосвет»
  3. ↑ Сага об Эрике Рыжем
  4. ↑ Сага о гренландцах

Литература

  • Анохин Г. И. К этнической истории гренландских норманнов // Романия и Барбария. К этнической истории народов зарубежной Европы: Сб. / Под ред. С. А. Арутюнова и др. — М. Наука 1989. — С. 131—163.
  • Буайе Режи. Викинги: История и цивилизация. Пер. с фр. — СПб.: Евразия, 2012. — 416 с. — 3000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-91852-028-4.
  • Викинги. Набеги с севера: Сб. / Пер. с англ. Л. Флорентьева. — М.: Терра, 1996. — 168 с.: ил. — Серия «Энциклопедия „Исчезнувшие цивилизации“». — ISBN 5-300-00824-3.
  • Возгрин В. Е. Гренландские норманны // Вопросы истории. — 1987. — № 2. — С. 186—187.
  • Джонс Гвин. Норманны. Покорители Северной Атлантики. — М.: Центрполиграф, 2003. — 301 с.
  • Ингстад Хельге. По следам Лейва Счастливого. — Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1969. — 246 с.
  • Ласкавый Г. В. Викинги: Походы, открытия, культура. — Минск: МФЦП, 2004. — 322 с. — Серия «Народы Земли».
  • Моуэт Фарли. От Ариев до Викингов, или Кто открыл Америку. В поисках Арктического Эльдорадо. — М: Эксмо, 2006. — 480 с. — Серия «Тайны древних цивилизаций». — ISBN 5-699-05478-2
  • Роэсдаль Эльсе. Мир викингов. Викинги дома и за рубежом / Перевод с дат. Ф. Х. Золотаревской. — СПб.: Всемирное слово, 2001. — 272 с.
  • Стриннгольм Андерс Магнус. Походы викингов / Пер. с нем. А. Шемякина. Под ред. А. А. Хлевова. — М.: ООО «Изд-во АСТ», 2002. — 736 с. — Серия «Историческая библиотека»[1].
Источник

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