ПРОЛОГ
ИЗ ЗАТЕМНЕНИЯ
НАТ. КСЭНАДУ — РАССВЕТ — 1940 (МИНИАТЮРА)
Фильм открывается мрачными аккордами авторства композитора Бернарда Херрманна. Все вокруг это почти полностью черный экран. Теперь, когда камера медленно движется в сторону окна, которое в кадре почти как почтовая марка, появляются другие предметы; колючая проволока, циклон ограждений, и на фоне раннего утреннего неба, огромная железная решетка. Камера перемещается вверх, и в кадре появляется знак гигантских пропорций, который находится на вершине ограждения — это огромная начальная буква “К” (в слове КСЭНАДУ), которая становится все темнее и темнее. Благодаря рассвету мы видим сказочную горную вершину в “Ксэнаду”, а на туманном холме видим зубчатый силуэт замка, расположенного на вершине этого холма.
СМЕНА КАДРА
(СЕРИЯ СМЕНЯЮЩИХСЯ КАДРОВ, КАЖДЫЙ РАЗ ВСЕ КРУПНЕЕ)
Все, что мы видим является частной собственностью ЧАРЛЬЗА ФОСТЕРА КЕЙНА.
Сцена напоминает готический фильм ужасов, в котором такой замок вполне бы мог принадлежать графу Дракуле.
Территория, где построен особняк, раскинулась почти на сорок миль на побережье Мексиканского залива, и это действительно огромная территория, невозможно разглядеть где ее граница.
Это была скучная болотистая местность пока Кейн не выкупил эту территорию и невероятно сильно преобразил ее — теперь это красивое место с холмами, горами и это все штучное. Вся земля была украшена вечнозелеными растениями, которые растут в парках. Также было создано озеро, где водилось много разнообразной рыбы. На самом верху самой высокой горы расположился замок, а точнее комплекс замков — они невероятно огромны, красивые, оформлены в европейском стиле.
СМЕНА КАДРА
ПОЛЕ ДЛЯ ГОЛЬФА
Теперь мы видим большое и красивое поле для гольфа, которое зарастает зеленью и дикими тропическими сорняками, за которыми не смотрят уже длительный период.
СМЕНА КАДРА
ТО ЧТО РАНЬШЕ БЫЛО БОЛЬШИМ ЗООПАРКОМ
Огромная красивая территория окруженная рвами, которая использовалась как зоопарк, со множеством диких животных, которые бродили здесь. По табличкам можно понять, что здесь когда-то были тигры, львы, жирафы).
СМЕНА КАДРА
ТЕРРАСА ОБЕЗЬЯН
На ветке сидит обезьяна, она почесывается медленно, задумчиво, смотрит куда-то вдаль владений Чарльза Кейна. Вторая обезьяна смотрит на свет в далеко расположенном замке, свет исходит от одного единственного светящегося окна в замке.
СМЕНА КАДРА
КАНАВА АЛЛИГАТОРОВ
Куча больших аллигаторов, спящих у озера. В мутной воде отражение светящегося окна в замке.
СМЕНА КАДРА
ЛАГУНА
Мутная вода в лагуне. Старые газеты плавают на поверхности воды — копии “New York Enquirer”. Лодка покачивается. В воде снова отражение светящегося окна в замке, но уже размера побольше, что говорит что мы находимся ближе к замку.
СМЕНА КАДРА
БОЛЬШОЙ БАССЕЙН
Емкость бассейна пуста — воды нет. На дне емкости валяются газеты, которые ветер бросает по стенкам.
КОТТЕДЖИ
Несколько коттеджей находящихся в тени замка. Мы видим, что их двери и окна заколочены и заперты, с тяжелыми балками на дверях для дополнительной защиты.
СМЕНА ПЛАНА
ПОДЪЕМНЫЙ МОСТ
Этот красивый мост расположен над широким рвом, в настоящий момент заросший сорняками и травой. Мы продвигаемся по мосту и попадаем в красивые ворота, которые ведут в прекрасный сад. Сад сохранился в отличном состоянии, хотя и заметно по некоторым местам, что за садом уже длительное время никто не смотрит. Поскольку мы передвигаемся все ближе к освещенному окну в замке мы замечаем, что в саду много экзотических и редкостных растений, которые были завезены из тропических лесов.
СМЕНА ПЛАНА
ОКНО
Вот мы уже почти у самого окна. Вдруг свет внутри комнаты гаснет. Это останавливает движение камеры и прекращает звучание музыки, сопровождавшей нас все это время. В окне мы видим отражение тусклого ландшафта усадьбы Мистера Кейна.
СМЕНА ПЛАНА
ИНТ. СПАЛЬНЯ КЕЙНА — РАССВЕТ — 1940
Очень длинный выступ огромной кровати Кейна вырисовывается из огромного окна.
СМЕНА ПЛАНА
ИНТ. СПАЛЬНЯ КЕЙНА — РАССВЕТ — 1940
Снежная сцена. Идет невероятно красивый крупный снег. Большие хлопья снега падают на землю, украшая дом, вдруг резко камера выхватывает дом и мы видим, что это стеклянная игрушка, которая продается в магазинах.
ГОЛОС СТАРОГО КЕЙНА
Розовый бутон.
Игрушка в руке — рука принадлежит Кейну, он расслабляет руку и игрушка выпадает и падает на мраморный пол где и разбивается на мелкие кусочки.
Видим ноги Кейна на кровати.
В отражении на стекле мы видим входную дверь в спальню. Дверь распахивается и в комнату заходит МЕДСЕСТРА. Она спокойно подходит к мертвому телу Кейна и накрывает его простыней.
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
ИНТ. АППАРАТНАЯ
На экране появляется ОСНОВНОЕ НАЗВАНИЕ фильма. Затем под саундтрек появляется огромная надпись ПОСЛЕДНИЕ НОВОСТИ
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ:
Здесь идет типичная сводка новостей ежемесячных газет, которые рассказывают о публичных людях и мероприятиях. Они отличаются от обычных тем, что они полностью отредактированы, разработаны и с сюжетом. Например, газета используемая здесь, отлично подобрала информацию о произошедшем, информация использована этой газетой, была собрана из многих других мелких газет, что мы и будем видеть. Рассказчик будет использовать названия этих газет и заглавия статей и будет объяснять их значения.
ТИТР
Новости на марше.
ТИТР: НАЗВАНИЕ СТАТЬИ
Некролог “Владелец “Ксэнаду”.
РАССКАЗЧИК
В поместье “Ксэнаду” Кубла Хан воздвиг величественный дворец удовольствий.
(цитирует описание)
Поместье “Ксэнаду”, воздвигнутое Кубла Ханом, стало легендарным. Сегодня этот дворец во Флориде — самое большое частное владение. Здесь, на пустынных берегах, построили частную гору для Кейна. 100 тысяч деревьев, 20 тысяч тон мрамора являются основой горы.
РАССКАЗЧИК
Дворец ”Ксэнаду” украшают картины, статуи, экспонаты частных коллекций в таком количестве, что не скоро все это можно будет оценить и каталогизировать. Тут хватит на 10 музеев. Живой инвентарь. Пернатые твари. Рыбы морские. Всякого рода животные. Самый большой частный зоопарк со времен Ноя.
СЕРИЯ кадром, показывающих различные аспекты поместья “Ксэнаду”
РАССКАЗЧИК
Подобно фараонам, хозяин заготовил камни для собственной гробницы. Со времен пирамид, это самый дорогой монумент, который человек возводил для себя. На прошлой неделе в “Ксэнаду” прошли самые роскошные и странные похороны 1941 года. На прошлой неделе отошел в мир иной владелец “Ксэнаду”.
Все, что Рассказчик рассказывает, мы видим на экране.
РАССКАЗЧИК
Один из столпов нашего века, американский Кубла Хан — Чарльз Фостер Кейн.
ТИТР:
Для 44 миллионов американских читателей сам Кейн был значительно интересней, чем любая знаменитость, о которой писали его газеты.
РАССКАЗЧИК
Свою карьеру он начал в ветхом здании этой газетенки. А теперь империя Кейна насчитывает 37 газет, 2 печатных агенства, радиостанцию.
На экране показываются такие события:
1891-1911 — карта США, охватывающих весь экран, которая в анимированой схеме показывает как империя Кейна распространяется от города к городу. Начиная от Нью-Йорка, затем Чикаго, Детройт, Сент-Луис, Лос-Анджелес, Сан Франциско, Вашингтон, Атланта, Эль-Пасо, и т.д.
Кадр из большой шахты работающей на полную мощность, дымоходы выпускаю дым, поезда движутся и так далее.
Кадры Томаса Фостера Кейна и его жены Марии, в день их свадьбы. Аналогичная картина Мария Kейн — прошло уже около четырех или пяти лет, с ней мальчик, Чарльз Фостер Кейн.
РАССКАЗЧИК
Своего рода империя в империи. Он владел бакалейными лавками, бумажными фабриками, жилыми домами,заводами, лесами, океанскими лайнерами. В течение 50-ти лет империю Кейна питал бесконечный поток золота из третьего по величине золотоносного рудника. О происхождении богатств Кейна ходит легенда. В 1868 году хозяйка гостиницы Мэри Кейн получила от задолжавшего постояльца ничего не стоящие документы на заброшенный рудник “Колорадо”.
КРУПНЫЙ ПЛАН ЛИЦА КЕЙНА.
Изображение на первой титульной странице газеты “Enquirer”. Текс говорит о том, что умер самый влиятельный человек.
Далее следуют вырезки из различных газет. Большое количество заголовков, разного шрифта, на на разных языках, но все они освещают смерть Кейна. Все статьи сопровождают фотографии Кейна. Важный факт — многие из этих газет имеют противоречивые мнения о Кейне. Таким образом, заголовки содержат такие слова “патриот”, “демократ”, “пацифист”, “предатель”, “идеалист”, “американец” и т.д.
РАССКАЗЧИК
57 лет спустя, выступая в сенатской комиссии, Уолтер Тэтчер, бывший много лет мишенью для нападок газет Кейна, вспоминал о поездке, совершенной в юности.
Вставка из Капитолия, в Вашингтоне округ Колумбия.
Вставка из Конгресса Следственного комитета. Уолтер П. Тэтчер на стенде. Он находится рядом возле своего сына, Уолтера Тэтчера младшего, и другими партнерами. В настоящее время он ведет дискуссию с конгрессменом Мэрри Эндрю.
ТЕТЧЕР
Миссис Кейн поручила моей фирме управление крупной суммой денег, а также заботу о своем сыне — Чарльзе Фостере Кейне.
ОБВИНИТЕЛЬ
Что по этому случаю этот Кейн напал на Вас и ударил в живот санками?
Гул смеха.
ТЕТЧЕР
Господин председатель, я должен зачитать подготовленное заявление. Я отказываюсь отвечать на другие вопросы.
Молодой помощник подносит ему листок бумаги. Тетчер читает с листа.
ТЕТЧЕР
(читает)
Мистер Чарльз Фостер Кейн, нападающий на американские традиции частной собственности и инициативы, по сути своих убеждений является самым махровым коммунистом.
СМЕНА ПЛАНА
НАТ. ОГРОМНАЯ ПЛОЩАДЬ — ДЕНЬ
Огромная толпа людей ходят по площади с плакатами и призывами бойкотировать газеты Кейна.
РАССКАЗЧИК
В тот же месяц на Юнион-квер…
На трибуне установленной на площади, стоит молодой человек СПИКЕР, и обращается к толпе.
СПИКЕР
Слова “Чарльз Фостер Кейн” стали угрозой для американского рабочего. Кейн такой, каким был всегда, и таким останется — фашистом.
РАССКАЗЧИК
А вот другое мнение:
Без звучный кадр, когда Кейн стоит на платформе, установленной у здания редакции газеты “Enquirer”. Кейн одет великолепно. Мы не слышим, что он говорит.
ТИТР НА ВЕСЬ ЭКРАН:
“Я всегда был и буду только американцем”. Ч.Ф. Кейн.
СМЕНА КАДРА
ИНТ. ЭЛИТНОЕ ЗАВЕДЕНИЕ — ВЕЧЕР
Кейн жмет руку какому-то важному человеку. Здесь он выглядит уже постарше, толще. Он уставший, выглядит одиноким и несчастным в разгар веселья.
РАССКАЗЧИК
1895 по 1941 — все эти годы он скрывал, кем является. Кейн подталкивал страну вступить в одну войну, отговаривал от участия в другой. Выиграл выборы не для одного президента. Боролся за интересы миллионов. Еще больше — ненавидели его. За 40 лет не было такого общественного деятеля, о котором газеты Кейна не писали бы. Часто этих людей сам Кейн поддерживал, а потом разоблачал. Часто поддерживал… а потом разоблачал.
ТИТР: Его частная жизнь стала достоянием народа.
ВСТАВКА
Несколько кадров с Емили Нортон (1900)
РАССКАЗЧИК
Дважды женился, дважды разводился. На племяннице президента Эмили Нортон. Бросила его в 1916 году. Погибла с сыном в автокатастрофе в 1918 году. Через 16 лет после первого брака, 2 недели после первого развода Кейн женится на певице театра Трентона в Нью-Джерси.
СМЕНА КАДРА
Реконструкция событий в виде кинохроники без слов.
Кейн, Сьюзен и Бернштейн появляются в дверном проеме здания мэрии, их окружают пресс-фотографы, репортеры и т.д. Кейн выглядит встревоженным, он подходит к одному из репортеров, выхватывает палку с микрофоном и начинает отбиваться от репортеров, размахивает ею по сторонам пытаясь зацепить каждого присутствующего.
РАССКАЗЧИК
Для нее, оперной певицы Cьюзан Александер, Кейн построил здание Городской оперы в Чикаго, стоявшее ему 3 миллиона долларов. Замок “Ксэнаду”, сооруженный для Cьюзан Александер Кейн, о стоимости которого можно лишь догадываться, так и не был достроен.
НАРЕЗКА ЭПИЗОДОВ ИЗ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ЖИЗНИ КЕЙНА
Испано-американская война (кадры из взрывами, 1898)
Кладбище во Франции погибших в Первой мировой войне и множество крестов. (1919)
Кадры из политической карьеры. Много газетных заголовков, с которых мы понимает, что у Кейна активная политическая карьера.
РАССКАЗЧИК
В политике он был чуть-чуть в тени. Кейн, творец общественного мнения, в жизни был обойден избирателями. Однако его газеты имели большой вес. За ним,баллотировавшимся в губернаторы в 1916 году, стояли лучшие люди страны. Белый Дом был следующим шагом в его политической карьере. Но внезапно, за неделю до выборов, постыдный оглушительный провал отодвинул на 20 лет реформы в США. Навсегда отказав в политической карьере Кейну.
Вставка кадра: ночью среди большой площади толпа людей палит чучело, очень похожее на Чарльза Кейна. Он горит, затем заваливается и догорает.
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
Кадры кинохроники — огромные толпы в здании Мэдисон Сквер Гарден, звучат выстрелы, стрелок выстрелил в огромный плакат на котором изображен Кейн.
Несколько кадров портретов маленьких детей Кейна. Толпа ликует.
РАССКАЗЧИК
Затем, в первый год великой депрессии, закрываются газеты Кейна. Исчезло 11 газет Кейна. Еще больше продано или влачат жалкое существование. Но Америка их читает, а он сам остается главной новостью.
Нарезка эпизодов.
Фотография Кейна в газете во время его доклада….
Несколько вставок газетных заголовков. На фотографиях изображены Кейн и Сюзан.
Видим как печатается газета, статья в которой осветляет тему Большой Депрессии.
Показываем карту США 1932-1939 гг.. Вдруг карта изображающая владения империи Кейна, начинает показывать, что империя сокращается.
Дверь офиса большой известной газеты на которой написано: “Закрыто”
РАССКАЗЧИК
Кейн помог изменить мир. Но теперь мир Кейна ушел в историю, и жизнь самого магната стала достоянием истории. Один в своем недостроенном дворце, никем не навещаемый, не фотографируемый, он пытался управлять разваливающейся империей. Он тщетно пытался повлиять на судьбу нации, она перестала слушать его, перестала верить.
ИНТ. ЗАЛ ДЛЯ ПРЕСС-КОНФЕРЕНЦИЙ — ДЕНЬ
Большой зал. В зале много народа, в основном это репортеры и журналисты. Все они смотрят и фотографирую Кейна.
Он стоит на сцене и отвечает на вопросы.
РЕПОРТЕР
Это правда?
КЕЙН
Не верьте радио, читайте “Инквайер”.
ДРУГОЙ РЕПОРТЕР
Ваша оценка экономических условий в Европе?
КЕЙН
Как я оцениваю экономические условия, Мистер Бомс? Как оценщик.
ТРЕТИЙ РЕПОРТЕР
Вы рады, что вернулись?
КЕЙН
Я всегда рад, я же американец. И всегда им был. Что-нибудь еще? Когда я был репортером, мы задавали вопросы быстрее.
ЧЕТВЕРТЫЙ РЕПОРТЕР
Возможна война в Европе?
КЕЙН
Я встречался с руководителями Англии, Франции, Германии, Италии. Они благоразумны и не допустят гибели цивилизации. Могу поручиться — войны не будет.
СМЕНА КАДРА
СЕРИЯ КАДРОВ, кадры современные, на них нервный и расстроен Кейн сидит закутанным в плед, затем он встает и гуляет среди кустов духмяной розы.
РАССКАЗЧИК
И вот, на прошлой неделе, к Чарльзу Фостеру Кейну тихо и обыденно пришла смерть.
Конец новостей на марше.
СМЕНА КАДРА
ИНТ. ПРОСТОРНЫЙ ЗАЛ — ДЕНЬ — 1940
Черный экран. По мере того как камера отъезжает, в кадре появляется большой портрет Кейна. Затем портрет становится все меньше и мы постепенно оказываемся в просторной комнате, где сидят несколько пожилых мужчин. Они сидят за большим столом посреди комнаты.
Примечание: за столом находятся редакторы “News Digest” и несколько человек из журнала “Роулстон” (Rawlston). Некоторые мужчины сидят, другие встают и передвигаются по комнате.
Довольно просторный зал. Все эти люди только что смотрели кино, документальное кино о жизни Чарльза Кейна. Все, что было до данного момента, это был фильм о жизни Кейна.
Еще один человек находится у телефона и разговаривает по нем.
ТРЕТИЙ МУЖЧИНА
(по телефону)
Ну и все. Не уходите, я наберу вас, если нам понадобится взглянуть этот фильм еще раз.
(вешает трубку)
ТОМПСОН
Что скажите, мистер Роулстон?
Маленькая пауза.
МУЖСКОЙ ГОЛОС
Трудно уместить в одном ролике 70 лет жизни человека.
Начинается гул, все собравшиеся мужчины соглашаются с этим предложением.
Роулстон встает из-за стола и исчезает где-то в комнате. Мы видим мужчин, они беседуют друг с другом и разобрать о чем они говорят не реально. На экране застыло изображение Кейна.
Но все же некоторые реплики все таки можно различить.
ГОЛОС
Хороший ролик.
МУЖСКОЙ ГОЛОС
Только нужно найти угол зрения.
ДРУГОЙ ГОЛОС
Мы видели, что Кейн умер.
ЕЩЕ ОДИН ГОЛОС
Я читал об этом в газетах.
ДРУГОЙ ГОЛОС
Мало сказать, что сделал человек, интересно, каким он был.
ГОЛОС
Нужен ракурс.
Снова все превращается в сплошной гул голосов.
РОУЛСТОН (ВПЗ)
Минутку…
Все затихают и переводят взгляд на мистера Роулстона.
РОУЛСТОН
Помните последние слова Кейна?
Тишина, каждый пытается вспомнить последние слова Кейна.
ТОМПСОН
Может, на смертном одре он рассказал нам о себе?
РОУЛСТОН
Может да, а может нет. Это большой американец. Он отличается от Форда, Херса, рядового американца. Его последними словами были…
Наступает тишина. Роулстон обращается ко всем.
ЧЕЙ-ТО ГОЛОС
Что? Да вы не читаете газеты.
ЕЩЕ ЧЕЙ-ТО ГОЛОС
Одна фраза; “Розовый бутон”.
РОУЛСТОН
Да, он сказал: “Розовый бутон”.
ГОЛОС
Сильный парень.
РОУЛСТОН
Этот человек мог стать президентом. Его любили и ненавидели одновременно. Но у него на уме только розовый бутон. Что это значит?
ГОЛОС
Может имя лошади? Она не пришла первой.
РОУЛСТОН
Розовый бутон? Попридержите это неделю.
(решительно)
Раскопайте про розовый бутон. Свяжитесь со всеми, кто хорошо знал его — с управляющим, Берштайном, с его второй женой.
ЧЕЙ-ТО ГОЛОС
Она еще жива.
РОУЛСТОН
Cьюзан Александер Кейн. Cо всеми: с кем он когда-либо работал, с теми, кто любил его, ненавидел. Адресная книга здесь не поможет.
ТОМПСОН
Я займусь этим.
РОУЛСТОН
Розовый бутон — живой или мертвый. Наверняка что-то обыденное.
СМЕНА КАДРА
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
НАТ. ДЕШЕВОЕ КАБАРЕ — “ЭЛЬ РАНЧО” — АТЛАНТИК СИТИ — НОЧЬ — 1940 — ДОЖДЬ
Первое что, мы видим это плакат на котором изображено лицо женщины. Затем мы видим надпись, которая светится неоном на фоне ночного города.
НАДПИСЬ:
Дважды за вечер выступает Cьюзан Александер Кейн.
На улице идет сильный дождь, звучат раскаты грома и это создает мистику происходящему.
Через панорамное окно этого кабаре мы видим столики. Спускаемся еще ближе.
ИНТ. КАБАРЕ “ЭЛЬ РАНЧО” — НОЧЬ
Через окно в потолке мы попадаем во внутрь кабаре и видим, что здесь все столики свободны, лишь за одним столиком сидид одинокая женщина.
Музыка звучит громко.
Заходит Официант (КАПИТАН) и становится возле женщины.
В зал заходит еще один мужчина, это Томпсон.
КАПИТАН
Мисс Александер. Это мистер Томпсон.
Сьюзен смотрит на Томпсона. Ей 50 лет, но она пытается выглядеть намного моложе этих лет. Блондинка. Одета в очень дорогое вечернее платье.
СЬЮЗЕН
(Капитану)
Я хочу еще выпить.
КАПИТАН
Сейчас. Что вы будете пить, мистер Томпсон?
ТОМПСОН
Виски с содовой.
Собирается присесть рядом с Сьюзен.
СЬЮЗЕН
Кто разрешил Вам сесть?
ТОМПСОН
Я думал, мы можем поговорить.
СЬЮЗЕН
Подумайте еще.
СЬЮЗЕН
Оставьте меня. Я занимаюсь своим делом, а Вы своим.
ТОМПСОН
Позвольте поговорить с Вами.
СЬЮЗЕН
Убирайтесь. Убирайтесь!
ТОМПСОН
Извините. Может, в другой раз?
СЬЮЗЕН
Убирайтесь.
КАПИТАН
Джим! Принеси еще виски. Она ни с кем говорить не будет.
ТОМПСОН
Хорошо.
ОФИЦИАНТ
Еще двойной?
КАПИТАН
Да. Она должна еще выпить.
Они направляются к выходу.
КАПИТАН
После смерти, она стала говорить о нем, как об обычном человеке.
ТОМПСОН
Я навещу ее через неделю или около того. Вы можете помочь мне.
КАПИТАН
Да, сэр.
ТОМПСОН
Когда она спускается сюда и говорит о Кейне — Она не упоминала о розовом бутоне?
КАПИТАН
О розовом бутоне?
Томпсон передает ему счет. Капитан прячет его в карман.
КАПИТАН
Спасибо, мистер Томпсон. В тот день, когда газеты написали о его кончине, я спросил ее. Она ничего не знала о розовом бутоне.
ИНТ. ТЕЛЕФОННАЯ БУДКА НА УЛИЦЕ — НОЧЬ — ДОЖДЬ
Обычная телефонная будка. В ней находится Томпсон, он разговаривает по телефону.
ТОМПСОН
Мистер Роулстон? Вторая миссис Кейн говорить не желает. Я в Атлантик-Сити. Завтра еду в библиотеку Тетчера, ознакомиться с его личным дневником. В Нью-Йорке встречаюсь с управляющим Кейна. Встречусь со всеми, если они живы. До свидания.
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
ИНТ. МЕМОРИАЛ БИБЛИОТЕКИ ТЕТЧЕР — ДЕНЬ — 1940
Роскошное здание.На самом видном месте стоит памятник основателю библиотеки мистера Тетчера, созданного из дорогого мрамора. Статуя сидит на стульях и взгляд опушен вниз. Это очень большой постамент. Надпись на статуи “Вальтер Паркс Тетчер”.
Сразу возле постамента мы видим лицо пожилой женщины, это БЕРТА Андерсон. Она сидит за столом. Рядом с ней стоит, держа в руке свою шляпу, Томпсон. Берта разговаривает по телефону.
БЕРТА
(в телефон)
Да, я передам ему.
(кладет трубку и смотрит на Томпсона)
Руководство библиотеки просило напомнить Вам об условиях, на которых Вам разрешили ознакомиться с мемуарами мистера Тэтчера.
ТОМПСОН
Я помню их.
БЕРТА
Да, сейчас. Вы не имеете права нигде и никогда цитировать рукописи.
Берта встает из-за стола и направляется к стеллажам книг и записей, которые находятся за вальяжно обрамленной дверью.
БЕРТА
Пойдемте.
Томпсон следует за ней.
ИНТ. ХРАНИЛИЩЕ БИБЛИОТЕКИ — ДЕНЬ — 1940
Комната оформленная в стиле гробницы Наполеона. Это большая и длинная комната. Все сделано из мрамора и это придает комнате мрачную обстановку. Освещения мало. Также здесь есть дорогой и гигантский стол, сделан из красного дерева. Он находится по центру комнаты. Дальше в мраморной стене встроен сейф, из которого Охранник с пистолетом в кобуре извлекает журнал Уолтера Тетчера. Он несет его Берте, при этом несет его так, как будто это ценный кусок золота.
Во время всего этого действия Берта говорит.
БЕРТА
Мы надеемся, что в рукописях вы ограничитесь только главами, касающимися мистера Кейна.
ТОМПСОН
Только это меня и интересует.
Подходит Охранник к Берте и кладет журнал на стол.
БЕРТА
(Охраннику)
Спасибо. Страницы с 85 по 142.
Томпсон открывает нужные страницы.
БЕРТА
Вы должны покинуть эту комната в четыре тридцать.
Она уходит.
Томпсон закуривает. Охранник смотрит на него, затем качает головой.
Томсон наклоняется над журналом и читает рукопись.
Там аккуратно и четко написано:
“Чарльз Фостер Кейн.
Когда этот текст появится в печати, через пятьдесят лет после моей смерти, я уверен, что весь мир согласится с мои мнением о Чарльзе Фостере Кейне, предполагая, что он еще не будет забыт. Хорошая сделка Абсурда появилась, когда я впервые увидел Кейна, тогда ему было шесть лет. Факты просты. Зимой 1870 года…”
Камера наплывает на страницу журнала до тех пор пока весь экран не стает белым.
СМЕНА КАДРА:
НАТ. ПАНСИОНАТ МИССИС КЕЙН — ДЕНЬ — 1870
Белые заснеженные поля пансионата. На фоне этого белого чуда природы появляется крошечная фигура Чарльза Фостера Кейна, в возрасте до пяти лет. Он готовится бросать снежку в камеру. Снежка летит над нами и мы видим большую вывеску:
ПАНСИОНАТ МИССИС КЕЙН
ВЫСОКИЙ КЛАСС ЕДЫ И ПРОЖИВАНИЯ
СПРАШИВАЙТЕ ВНУТРИ
Снежка, брошенная Кейном, попадает точно в знак.
ИНТ. ПРИЁМНАЯ — ПАНСИОНАТ МИССИС КЕЙН — ДЕНЬ — 1870
Через окно приёмной пансионата мы видим заснеженный двор, где гуляет в снежки маленький Кейн. Он бросается снежками.
В приёмной у окна сидит молодая девушка — МИССИС КЕЙН (28). Она смотрит на сына.
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
(на улице)
Давайте, ребята, в атаку!
Миссис Кейн наблюдает за сыном.
МИССИС КЕЙН
(кричит из окна)
Осторожнее, Чарльз.
ТЕТЧЕР (ЗК)
Миссис Кейн.
МИССИС КЕЙН
(продолжает кричать сыну)
Поправь шарф.
Но маленький Кейн не обращает внимания на слова мамы, он счастливо играется в снежки.
Миссис Кейн поворачивается в сторону зовящего ее голоса. Мы видим, что у нее очень уставшее лицо, но при этом очень доброе.
ТЕТЧЕР
Думаю, нужно сказать ему.
Возле нее стоит высокий молодой человек. Это ТЕТЧЕР (36), консервативного типа мужчина, одет дорого и очень презентабельно. Он держит в руках документы.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Да. Я сейчас же подпишу документы.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Вы забыли, что я его отец.
Все переводят внимание на Мистера Кейна, стоящего немного в сторонке.
Мистер Кейн выглядит ухоженным, элегантно.
Снаружи мы слышим радостные и слегка дикие крики мальчика, играющего в снегу.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Будет так, как я сказала. Нет ничего зазорного в Колорадо. Теперь есть деньги, и мы сами воспитаем сына.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Если надо, я подам в суд. Имею право. Жилец оставил эту ничего не стоящую бумагу. Она и моя тоже. Знай Фред Грег, что она станет ценной, выписал бы ее на нас обоих.
ТЕТЧЕР
Но она на миссис Кейн.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Но был должен двоим.
ТЕТЧЕР
Решение банка…
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
(перебивает)
Не хочу, чтобы распорядителем был банк!
Миссис Кейн смотрит на мужа. Она одержала победу на ним и это выражается в ее неспособности закончить предложение.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Прекрати нести чепуху, Джим.
ТЕТЧЕР
Решение относительно образования, места жительства Вашего сына.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
(перебивает)
Банк будет распоряжаться…
МИССИС КЕЙН
Не говори чепуху.
ТЕТЧЕР
(продолжает говорить)
Берем на себя управление рудником, владелицей которого являетесь Вы.
Мистер Кейн хочет что-то сказать, открывает рот, но ловит на себе взгляд Миссис Кейн.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Где подписать?
ТЕТЧЕР
Здесь.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
(грозно)
И не говори, что я не предупреждал тебя.
Успокаивается.
Миссис Кейн берет гусиное перо для росписи.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Мэри, прошу тебя. Все подумают, что я плохой муж и отец.
Миссис Кейн смотрит на него.
ТЕТЧЕР
На протяжении вашей жизни, вам будет выплачиваться 50 тысяч долларов ежегодно.
Миссис Кейн подписывает бумаги.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Надеюсь, все это к лучшему.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Да.
Кейн подходит к окну и смотрит на своего сына. Тот наслаждается игрой в снежки. Его радостные вопли мешают разговорам в комнате. Он смотрит несколько секунд на мальчика. Затем Мистер Кейн закрывает окно.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Почему я должен отдавать его банку?
ТЕТЧЕР
По доверенности основным капиталом и доходами за него будет управлять банк. Когда ему исполнится 25 лет, он вступит во владение состоянием.
Миссис Кейн встает и подходит к окну.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Продолжайте.
Тетчер продолжает в то время как Миссис Кейн открывает окно на улицу. Смотрит на мальчика.
Тот играет в снежки и кажется ему все равно, что происходит здесь в комнате. Он бросает снежкой в снеговика, затем падает на землю и ползет к снеговику.
ТЕТЧЕР
Уже 5 часов. Не пора ли познакомиться с мальчиком?
Тетчер подходит ближе к Миссис Кейн.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Вещи собраны.
(она вздыхает)
Еще неделю назад.
Она больше ничего не может сказать. Она отходит от окна к центру комнаты.
Мистер Кейн смотрит на нее — он понятия не имеет как ее успокоить.
ТЕТЧЕР
Воспитатель встретит нас в Чикаго.
Тетчер прекращает говорить, так как видит, что миссис Кейн не обращает на него никакого внимания. Она просто открывает двери и выходит из комнаты.
Мужчины переглядываются и следуют за миссис Кейн.
НАТ. ПАНСИОНАТ МИССИС КЕЙН — ДЕНЬ — 1870
Маленький Кейн играется в снежном сугробе. Он играется со снеговиком.
Теперь мы можем видеть здание пансионата — это ветхое, потрепанное двухэтажное здание с деревянной пристройкой. Миссис Кейн подходит к сыну. Мистер Кейн и Тетчер следуют за ней.
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Привет, мам.
Миссис Кейн улыбается.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Чарльз, иди в дом, сынок.
Маленький Кейн становится возле снеговика.
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Смотри, мама. Это же настоящий снеговик!
МИССИС КЕЙН
Ты сам его слепил?
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Я еще сделаю зубы и бакенбарды.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Это мистер Тэтчер.
ТЕТЧЕР
Привет, Чарльз.
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Здравствуй.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Он приехал с Востока.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Чарльз!
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Да, мама.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Он возьмет тебя в путешествие. Ты поедешь на 10 номере.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Это поезд с горящими огнями.
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Ты поедешь?
ТЕТЧЕР
Нет, но твоя мама…
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Куда я еду?
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Ты увидишь Чикаго, Нью-Йорк, Вашингтон. Не так ли, мистер Тетчер?
ТЕТЧЕР
Конечно. Когда я был маленьким мальчиком…
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Почему ты не едешь?
МИССИС КЕЙН
Мы должны остаться.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Ты будешь жить с мистером Тэтчером. Будешь богатым. Мы с мамой решили, что тут тебе не стоит жить. Станешь самым богатым в Америке. Тебе надо учиться.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Ты не будешь одинок, Чарльз.
ТЕТЧЕР
Будем вместе, мы проведем много прекрасного времени вместе.
Маленький Кейн пялится на Мистера Тетчера.
ТЕТЧЕР
Пожмем руки, Чарльз.
(протягивает ему свою руку)
Я совсем не страшный. Давай, не упрямься.
Тетчер стоит с протянутой рукой к Чарльзу. Чарльз хватает санки и ударяет ими Тетчера в живот. Удар был сильный и Тетчер хватается за больное место, тяжело дышит.
ТЕТЧЕР
(с болью в голосе)
Чарльз, мне больно.
(делает вдох)
Санки не для битья людей. На санках нужно кататься.
Он подходит к Чарльзу и пытается положить руку ему на плечо. Как только он делает это Чарльз бьет его по ноге.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Чарльз!
Он бросается в объятья своей матери. Миссис Кейн обнимает его очень крепко.
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Мама, мама!!
МИССИС КЕЙН
Все хорошо, Чарльз, все хорошо.
Тетчер смотрит на них с возмущением, иногда склоняется потереть лодыжку.
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Извините. Ему надо дать хорошую взбучку.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Ты думаешь?
МИСТЕР КЕЙН
Да.
Миссис Кейн смотрит на своего мужа.
МИССИС КЕЙН
Поэтому он будет подальше от тебя.
1870 — НОЧЬ
Крупный план вращающихся старомодных железнодорожных колес.
ИНТ. ПОЕЗД — СТАРОМОДНОЕ КУПЕ — НОЧЬ — 1870
Тетчер, с досадой и сочувствием на лице, стоит над рыдающем в подушку маленьким Кейном. Они находятся в старомодном красивом купе поезда.
МАЛЕНЬКИЙ КЕЙН
Мама, мама!!
РЕЗКАЯ СМЕНА КАДРА
Белая страница рукописи Тетчера. Мы читаем такие слова:
“ОН БЫЛ, ПОВТОРЯЮ, АФЕРИСТОМ, ИЗБАЛОВАННЫМ, НЕДОБРОСОВЕСТНЫМ, БЕЗОТВЕТСТВЕННЫМ”
Эти слова плавно переходят в заголовок газеты “Enquirer”.
ИНТ. РЕДАКЦИЯ ГАЗЕТЫ ENQUIRER — ДЕНЬ — 1898
Крупный план заголовка газеты. Мы читаем “ИСПАНСКИЕ ГАЛИОНЫ ПОКИНУЛИ ДЖЕРСИ”
Тетчер делает копию этой газеты. Он стоит рядом с редакционным столом, за которым сидят члены редакции, среди них Райли, Леланд и Кейн. Они обедают.
Испанские галионы покинули Джерси.
ТЕТЧЕР
(холодно)
По-твоему, так руководят газетой?
КЕЙН
Не знаю, мистер Тетчер. Делаю все, что приходит в голову.
ТЕТЧЕР
(читает газету)
“Испанские галионы покинули Джерси”. Ты прекрасно знаешь, что этому нет доказательств.
КЕЙН
Можете опровергнуть?
БЕРШТАЙН проходит рядом. У него в руке кабель. Он останавливается когда заметил Тетчера.
КЕЙН
Мистер Берштайн. Познакомьтесь с мистером Тетчером.
БЕРШТАЙН
Здравствуйте, мистер Тетчер.
ТЕТЧЕР
Как поживаете?
БЕРШТАЙН
Мы только что созванивались с Кубой, мистер Кейн.
Запинается, чувствует, что сказал лишнее.
КЕЙН
Ничего страшного. Он мой бывший опекун. Мистер Тетчер один из наших самых верных читателей. Знает, что не так с каждым номером.
БЕРШТАЙН
Девушки на Кубе — пальчики оближешь. Мог бы послать поэму в стихах, но жаль тратить деньги. Войны нет. Виллер.
КЕЙН
Дорогой Виллер, обеспечьте поэму, я обеспечу войну.
Все за столом и присутствующие в редакции начинают смеяться.
БЕРШТАЙН
Остроумно, мистер Кейн.
КЕЙН
Мне тоже нравится.
Майк И Берштайн покидают комнату. Кейн смотрит на Тетчера, который уже не может себя контролировать. Он сильно возмущен. Он решает сделать последнюю попытку.
ТЕТЧЕР
Чарльз, поговорим о том, что твоя газета затеяла против “Паблик Транзит”.
КЕЙН
Не желаете выйти из офиса и зайти ко мне в кабинет?
Они направляются в сторону кабинета Кейна.
ТЕТЧЕР
Напомню тебе о том, что ты забыл. Ты один из самых крупных акционеров этой компании.
ИНТ. КАБИНЕТ КЕЙНА — ДЕНЬ — 1898
Кейн придерживает дверь для Тетчера. Они заходят в офис.
КЕЙН
Мистер Тетчер, не все, что я пишу в газете является абсолютной правдой?
ТЕТЧЕР
Они все часть вашей атаки — бессмысленной атаки — на все и вся, кто зарабатывает больше десяти центов. Они–
КЕЙН
Беда в том, мистер Тетчер, что вы разговариваете с двумя разными людьми.
Кейн ходит возле своего стола. Тетчер не понимает, смотрит на него.
КЕЙН
Первый Чарльз Фостер Кейн, у которого 82 364 акции компании, я знаю объемы своих авуаров. Вы мне симпатичны. Ч.Ф. Кейн — мошенник. Его газету нужно изгнать из города. Я не могу тратить время на такую чушь.
ТЕТЧЕР
(раздраженно)
Чарльз, мое время слишком ценно для меня–
КЕЙН
(прерывает)
И другой человек — я и издатель “Инквайера”. И по сему — это мой долг. Мне приятно видеть, как порядочные обычные люди, зарабатывают свои кровные деньги. Только потому, что их не обкрадывают мошенники. Раскрою Вам еще маленький секрет: я тот кто это сделает. У меня есть деньги и собственность.
Тетчер не понимает о чем говорит Кейн.
КЕЙН
Если не я буду отстаивать интересы неимущих, то кто-нибудь без денег и собственности сделает это, что будет очень плохо.
Тетчер смотрит на него, не в силах ответить.
Кейн начинает танцевать.
Тетчер надевает свою шляпу.
ТЕТЧЕР
Чарльз, я думал, что сегодня увижу твое заявление.
КЕЙН
Неужели?
ТЕТЧЕР
Скажи честно, мой мальчик, разумно продолжать выпуск газеты, которая приносит тебе миллион долларов убытка в год.
КЕЙН
Вы правы, я потерял миллион долларов в этом году, еще миллион в следующем. Мистер Тетчер, даже при этом, я буду вынужден закрыть газету только через 60 лет.
ИНТ. ДОМ ТЕТЧЕРА — ДЕНЬ
За окном бущует снежная буря. Все вокруг засыпано снегом.
В окно на улицу смотрит мистер Тетчер. Он оборачивается к сидящему у пылающего камина маленькому Кейну. Тот распаковывает подарки.
ТЕТЧЕР
Что ж, Чарльз. С Рождеством!
КЕЙН
Рождеством.
ТЕТЧЕР
И с Новым годом! Позволь напомнить, что скоро тебе исполнится 25 лет. Ты будешь независим от фирмы “Тэтчер и компания”. Сам будешь отвечать за свое состояние — 6-ое в мире по величине. Записали?
Рядом за столом сидит юрист и записывает все, что ему говорит Тетчер.
ЮРИСТ
6-ое по величине.
ТЕТЧЕР
Чарльз, вряд ли ты понимаешь положение, которое скоро займешь. Посылаю тебе список твоего имущества.
ЧЕРЕЗ НЕКОТОРОЕ ВРЕМЯ
Мистер Тетчер уже заметно постарел. Он сидит за своим столом. Рядом с ним его помощники.
ПОМОЩНИК
От мистера Кейна.
ТЕТЧЕР
Читай.
ПОМОЩНИК
Извините, но рудники, недвижимость меня не интересуют…
ТЕТЧЕР
Не интересуют?!
Он выхватывает письмо из рук Помощника и принимается читать сам.
ТЕТЧЕР
Только один пункт: газетенка “Нью-Иорк Инквайер”, которую мы купили за долги. Не продавайте ее. Думаю, будет забавно руководить газетой.
Эта фраза сильно злит Тетчера.
ТЕТЧЕР
(дразнит)
Думаю, будет забавно руководить газетой.
ДАЛЕЕ СЛЕДУЕТ НАРЕЗКА ЭПИЗОДОВ
Мистер Тетчер едет в поезде, где почти все пассажиры читают одну и ту же газету.
Мистер Тетчер смотрит на заглавие:
Махинации в “Тракшнтраст”.
ДАЛЕЕ ЭПИЗОД В РЕСТОРАНЕ
КРУПНЫЙ ПЛАН ЗАГЛАВИЯ ГАЗЕТЫ
“Тракшнтраст” обобрал народ.
СНОВА КРУПНЫЙ ПЛАН ПЕРВОЙ СТРАНИЦЫ ГАЗЕТЫ
“Инквайер” разнес в пух и прах “Тракшнтраст”.
Мистер Тетчер сидит у камина.
КРУПНЫЙ ПЛАН ПЕРВОЙ СТРАНИЦЫ ГАЗЕТЫ
Домовладельцы не вывозят мусор.
Тетчер выбрасывает газету в камин.
КРУПНЫЙ ПЛАН
“Инквайер” открывает борьбу за мусор.
КРУПНЫЙ ПЛАН ПЕРВОЙ СТРАНИЦЫ
Махинации на Уолт-Отрит.
Суд над грабителями.
ИНТ. КАБИНЕТ ТЕТЧЕРА — ДЕНЬ
Большой и просторный кабинет.
Надпись на бумаге КРУПНЫМ ПЛАНОМ — Зимой 1929 года.
В кабинете находятся Тетчер, заметно постаревший, Берштайн и Кейн.
БЕРШТАЙН
(читает)
С уважением к вышеназванным газетам, Чарльз Фостер Кейн отказывается от всяческого контроля над с ними, над их профсоюзами, а также всеми другими газетами и любого рода издательствами. От имущественных претензий.
ТЕТЧЕР
Мы разорены. Нет наличности.
КЕЙН
Я читал это, мистер Тэтчер.
ТЕТЧЕР
Давайте подпишу и пойду домой. Ты стар, чтобы называть меня так, Чарльз.
КЕЙН
Вы стары, чтобы называть по-другому. Всегда были старым.
БЕРШТАЙН
(продолжает читать)
За это ‘”Тэтчер и компания” согласны выплачивать Ч.Ф. Кейну пожизненно сумму…
КЕЙН
Моя стипендия.
ТЕТЧЕР
Ты продолжишь выпускать свои газеты. Это только метод контроля. Метод контроля. Мы будем советоваться с тобой. Этот кризис, я думаю, временный. Есть шанс, что ты умрешь более богатым, чем я.
КЕЙН
Более богатым, чем родился.
ТЕТЧЕР
Мы никогда не теряли все заработанное. Да, но Ваши методы… Чарльз, ты никогда не делал инвестиций, а использовал деньги, чтобы…
КЕЙН
Покупать вещи. Покупать вещи. Выбрать бы маме менее надежного банкира.
(подписывает бумаги)
Что ж. Я высмеиваю тех, кто родился в рубашке. Мистер Берштайн, не будь я так богат…, стал бы по-настоящему великим человеком.
БЕРШТАЙН
Ну, да?
КЕЙН
Я сделал бы максимум возможного.
ТЕТЧЕР
Кем бы хотел быть?
КЕЙН
Тем, кого Вы ненавидите.
ИНТ. ХРАНИЛИЩЕ — МЕМОРИАЛЬНАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА ТЕТЧЕРА — ДЕНЬ
Томпсон за столом. С досадой он закрывает рукопись. Он встает из-за стола и натыкается на мисс Андерсон, которая зашла сюда совсем незаметно.
ТОМПСОН
Прошу прошения, что Вы сказали?
БЕРТА
Вам пора, не так ли?
ТОМПСОН
Да, мэм.
БЕРТА
Это редкая привилегия. Нашли то, что искали?
ТОМПСОН
Нет. Вы ведь не розовый бутон?
БЕРТА
Что?
ТОМПСОН
Ваша фамилия Дженкинс?
БЕРТА
Да, сэр.
ТОМПСОН
Всем до свидания. Спасибо за помощь.
Он надевает свою шляпу, щакуривает и направляется к выходу. Берта наблюдает за ним.
ЗАТМ:
ИЗ ЗАТМ:
ИНТ. ОФИС БЕРНШТАЙНА — НЕБОСКРЕБ ЕНКВАЙЕР — ДЕНЬ — 1940
Крупным планом лицо старого Кейна. Но затем камера отъезжает и мы видим, что это портрет на стене. На портретом скрещены два американских флага.
Под портретом сидит Бернштайн. Его низкорослая челюсть теперь кажется еще меньше, чем в молодости. Он лыс, как яйцо, с невероятно подвижными глазами.
Напротив него стоит Томпсон.
БЕРШТАЙН
(криво усмехается)
Председатель совета занятой человек? Времени у меня полно. Что Вас интересует?
ТОМПСОН
Мистер Берштайн, мы думали, если узнаем про его последние слова.
БЕРШТАЙН
Про розовый бутон. Может это… девушка. Их было много в юности.
ТОМПСОН
Не верится, познакомившись с какой-то девушкой, через 50 лет…
БЕРШТАЙН
О, Вы наивны, мистер…
(вспоминает имя)
мистер Томпсон. Люди помнят такое, о чем трудно догадаться. Я, например, в 1896 году переправлялся на пароме в Джерси. Навстречу плыл другой паром, на котором я увидел девушку.
(медленно)
В белом платье и с белым зонтиком от солнца. Я видел ее секунду. Она меня вообще не заметила. Клянусь, не проходит и месяца, как я вспоминаю ее.
(смеется)
Итак, что вам стало известно о Розовом бутоне, мистер Томсон?
ТОМПСОН
Я опрашиваю людей которые знали Мистера Кейна. Сейчас я хочу расспросить вас.
БЕРШТАЙН
С кем еще встречались?
ТОМПСОН
Я был в Атлантик-Сити.
БЕРШТАЙН
У Сьюзи? Спасибо. После его смерти я позвонил ей. Кто-то ведь должен был.
(грустно)
Не сняла трубку.
ТОМПСОН
Собираюсь еще через пару дней к ней заехать. Насчет розового бутона. Не расскажите ли Вы мне все, что помните. Вы с ним с самого начала.
БЕРШТАЙН
Больше, чем с самого начала. А теперь и после его конца. Еще с кем-нибудь встречались?
ТОМПСОН
Я познакомился с дневником Уолтера Тетчера.
БЕРШТАЙН
Это самый большой кретин, которого я встречал.
ТОМПСОН
Он заработал кучу денег.
БЕРШТАЙН
Немудрено, если вам только и нужно… заработать кучу денег. Например, Кейн. Ему нужны были не деньги. У него было необычное чувство юмора. Тэтчер не понял его, и я не всегда понимал. Как в ту ночь, когда открылось здание оперы в Чикаго… Вы знаете, что оперный театр он построил для Сьюзи, она собиралась стать оперной певицей. Это было несколько лет спустя в 1914 году. Миссис Кейн играла главную роль в опре и она была ужасна. Но никто не осмелился сказать ей об этом — даже критики. Мистер Кейн был большой шишкой в то время. Но только один человек, его друг, Бранфорд Лиланд… Вам нужно повидать мистера Лиланда. Это его близкий друг. Вместе ходили в школу.
ТОМПСОН
В Гарвард?
БЕРШТАЙН
В Гарвардский, Ельский — его исключали из многих университетов. У Лиланда не было ни гроша. У его отца было 10 миллионов. Но пустил пулю в лоб, оставив только долги. Со мной и мистером Кейном он работал в “Инквайер” с первых дней.
ИНТ. КОМНАТА — ОФИС ИНКВАЙЕРА — ДЕНЬ — 1891
Одна большая комната, которая занимает большую часть этажа. Несмотря на то, что на улице светит солнце, в комнате света очень мало, так как солнце попадает сюда мало из-за очень маленьких и узких окон.
В комнате около десятка столов и стульев все они разнообразные от старомодных до современных. Два стола находящиеся немного на возвышении, очевидно принадлежат главным редакторам этой газеты. Слева находится дверь, которая ведет в офис другой газеты.
Кейн и Лиланд заходят в комнату и в этот момент тучный мужчина за возвышенным столом ударяет в колокол и все обитатели этой комнаты — мужчины одного возраста с Кейном, поднимаются и приветствуют вошедшего.
КАРТЕР
Добро пожаловать, мистер Кейн! Добро пожаловать. Я Герберт Картер, главный редактор.
КЕЙН
Спасибо. Это мистер Лиланд.
КАРТЕР
(здоровается)
Здравствуйте!
КЕЙН
Наш новый театральный критик. Ты ведь хотел им быть?
ЛИЛАНД
Да.
КЕЙН
(смотрит на стоящих мужчин)
Они стоят из-за меня?
КАРТЕР
Я думал это будет уместно.
КЕЙН
Попросите всех сесть.
КАРТЕР
Господа, можете продолжить работу.
(к Кейну)
Я не знал Ваших планов…
КЕЙН
И я их не знаю. У меня нет планов.
Он поднимается с Картером на платформу.
КЕЙН
Я хочу выпускать газету.
Слышен ужасный треск в дверях. Они все поворачиваются в сторону шума — у входа стоит Берштайн с постельным бельем, чемоданом и двумя картинами.
КЕЙН
Мистер Берштайн?
БЕРШТАЙН
Да.
Берштайн смотрит на Кейна.
КЕЙН
Мистер Картер, это мистер Берштайн. Мой управляющий.
Берштайн подходит к платформе.
КАРТЕР
Управляющий? Здравствуйте.
БЕРШТАЙН
Мистер Картер…
КЕЙН
Мистер Картер…
КАРТЕР
Да, мистер Берштайн, Кейн.
КЕЙН
Посмотри, Джедидайя, здесь все будет иначе. Идем.
НАТ. УЛИЦА ВОЗЛЕ РЕДАКЦИИ “ИНКВАЙЕРА” — ДЕНЬ
Прекрасное солнечное утро. К зданию редакции подъезжает повозка с одним человеком на борту. Это Берштайн.
Повозка останавливается.
КУЧЕР
Тут комнаты не сдаются. Это редакция.
БЕРШТАЙН
Вам платят за перевозку клиентов.
Он вылазит из повозки.
ИНТ. РЕДАКЦИЯ ГАЗЕТЫ — ДЕНЬ
КЕЙН
Мистер Картер, это Ваш кабинет?
КАРТЕР
Мой маленький кабинет в Вашем распоряжении. Вам понравится.
В кабинет начинают заносить вещи. Картеру это не понятно.
КАРТЕР
Извините. Кажется, я не понимаю.
КЕЙН
Я буду жить в Вашем кабинете, сколько понадобиться.
ЛИЛАНД
Мистер Картер…
КАРТЕР
Жить здесь? Извините. Но утренняя газета, мистер Кейн?
ЛИЛАНД
Извините.
КАРТЕР
Мы закрыты практически 24 часа в день.
КЕЙН
Это придется изменить. Новости должны выходить 24 часа в день.
КАРТЕР
24?
КЕЙН
Именно, мистер Картер.
Порой молодым людям требуется насладиться сексом с безупречно голыми проститутками. Они шикарные шлюхи предлагают вам воспользоваться своими предложениями интимного характера.
ЛИЛАНД
Извините. Извините.
КАРТЕР
Это невозможно.
ЧЕРЕЗ НЕКОТОРОЕ ВРЕИЯ
В кабинете мистера Картера, который уже обставлен по вкусу Кейна.
Заходит Лиланд с большим плакатом.
ЛИЛАНД
Я нарисовал это. Я плохой карикатурист.
КЕЙН
Ничего подобного. Ты театральный критик.
ЛИЛАНД
Все пишешь?
КЕЙН
Я хочу есть.
(рассматривает газету)
Первая полоса “Кроникл” посвящена пропавшей миссис Сильверстоун. Вероятно, она убита. Почему нет подобного в “Инквайере”?
КАРТЕР
Мы выпускаем газету…а не портянку из скандалов.
КЕЙН
Джозеф! Я ужасно хочу есть. Мистер Картер, в “Кроникл” передовица в три колонки, а в “Инквайере”?
КАРТЕР
Не было больших новостей.
КЕЙН
Мистер Картер, если передовица будет большая, то и новости.
БЕРШТАЙН
Это верно.
КЕЙН
Убийство миссис Сильверстоун.
КАРТЕР
Нет доказательств.
КЕЙН
Соседи высказывают подозрения.
КАРТЕР
Не наше дело печатать сплетни. Так мы могли бы выпускать газету дважды в день.
КЕЙН
Отныне только такие вещи будут привлекать нас. Пошлите человека к мистеру Сильверстоуну. Пусть скажет ему, что если он не покажет свою жену, “Инквайер” добъется его ареста. Пусть скажет, что он детектив из центрального управления. Если Сильверстоун попросит показать значок, пусть назовет его убийцей. Громко, чтобы слышали соседи.
(поднимается)
Идем обедать, Джедидайя.
КАРТЕР
Зачем уважающей себя газете…
КЕЙН
Вы были самым понятливым. Большое спасибо.
КАРТЕР
До свидания.
НАТ. У ВХОДА В РЕДАКЦИЮ ГАЗЕТЫ
Мистер Картер стоит со своими вещами на выходе из редакции. Он одевает шляпу и направляется по дороге домой. Проходит возле парня — газетчика.
ГАЗЕТЧИК
Покупайте специальный выпуск. Читайте подробности о том, что утром писала “Кроникл”. Читайте все о тайне женщины, которая пропала в Бруклине.
ИНТ. РЕДАКЦИЯ ГАЗЕТЫ — ТО ЖЕ ВРЕМЯ
Лиланд и Кейн сидят у окна и смотрят как уходит Картер.
ЛИЛАНД
Скоро отдохнем, Чарли. Еще 10 минут.
БЕРШТАЙН
Работали почти 4 часа, но все же сделали.
КЕЙН
Тяжелый день.
БЕРШТАЙН
Да, тяжелый. Вы переделывали передовицу 4 раза.
Он смотрит на Лиланд несколько секунд затем возвращается к своим записям.
Бернштайн подошел и стал рядом с Кейном. Оба стоят и смотрят.
КЕЙН
Я немного изменил передовицу. Этого мало. Я должен кое-что поместить в эту газету. “Инквайер” будет так важен для Нью-Иорка, как газ для лампы.
ЛИЛАНД
Что намерен делать?
Лиланд присоединяется к ним с другой стороны. Их три головы вырисовывались на фоне неба.
КЕЙН
Создать свою “Декларация принципов”. Не смейся. У меня тут все написано.
БЕРШТАЙН
Давая обещания, нужно их сдерживать.
КЕЙН
Я сдержу.
(делает паузу)
Я дам жителям города газету, которая будет честно сообщать им новости.
(пишет что-то; читает написанное)
Также…
ЛИЛАНД
Предложение с “я”.
КЕЙН
(продолжает)
Пусть знают, кто виноват. Люди будут узнавать правду быстро, просто.
(говорит с убеждением)
Ничто не помешает этому. Я стану борцом за гражданские права моих читателей.
Кейн подписывает последнее предложение.
КЕЙН
Соли!
Подходит СОЛИ (30).
СОЛИ
Да, мистер Кейн.
КЕЙН
Помести это заявление на первой полосе.
СОЛИ
На первой полосе утреннего выпуска?
КЕЙН
Именно, а значит нам придется переделать передовицу. Иди вниз и скажи наборщикам.
СОЛИ
Да, мистер Кейн.
Соли хочет уйти, но его останавливает Лиланд.
ЛИЛАНД
Соли, когда закончишь верни мне текст.
Соли кивает и уходит.
ЛИЛАНД
Я бы хотел сохранить этот необычный листок бумаги. Мне кажется он станет очень важной вещью. Документом, подобным Декларации Независимости и моим первым репортерским удостоверением в школе.
Лиланд смотрит на Кейна, Кейн поворачивает голову и смотрит в глаза Лиланду.
Бернштайн закуривает сигарету.
СМЕНА КАДРА:
Первая страница “Enquirer” пестрит большим заголовком:
МОИ ПРИНЦИПЫ — ДЕКЛАРАЦИЯ ЧАРЛЬЗА ФОСТЕРА КЕЙНА
Мы видим, что это верхняя газета в стопке газет. Затем мы видим что эта стопка газет лежит на полу в большом цеху. Это печатный цех, где выпускается газета “Enquirer”.
Также видим, что по всему цеху разбросаны огромные стопки газет, все 26000 копий, готовых к распространению.
Вагон с большой надписью:
“Инквайер” — Тираж 26000
Затем мы переключаемся на улицу города. На деревянном поломанном ящыке на углу дома лежит стопка газет свежего выпуска “Инквайера”. Это бедный район города.
Затем мы видим старую деревянную дверь возле которой стоит старомодный велосипед с огромным передним колесом. Копия газеты “Инквайер” лежит на ступеньке.
Стол для завтрака — красивая скатерть и красивые серебряные приборы — все в этом доме говорит, о том, что это дом богатого человека. Через окно кто-то просунул копию газеты “Инквайер”.
И все эти газеты с одним заголовком на главной странице — МОИ ПРИНЦИПЫ — ДЕКЛАРАЦИЯ ЧАРЛЬЗА ФОСТЕРА КЕЙНА.
Деревянный пол железнодорожной станции, который то освещается то снова покрывается темнотой, в зависимости от того, проезжает рядом поезд или нет. На полу лежит брошенная связка газеты “Нью-Йорк Enquirer». Снова видно заголовок о декларации принципов.
Сельская местность. И снова железнодорожная станция. Проезжают поезда, на одном из них мы замечаем новую надпись “Тираж — 31000”. Затем мы переходим к следующем вагоне на котором уже написано Тираж 40000, затем на следующем поезде надпись — 55000, и вот уже на следующем надпись — 62000.
Каждый раз, как меняется вагон поезда и надпись тиража, мы слышим на заднем фоне шум трафика Нью-Йорка; цокот колес по брусчатке; велосипедные звонок; пение птиц и конечно звук проезжающего поезда.
Последняя надпись “Тираж 62000” уже напечатана на последней странице газеты “Инсквайер” и мы плавно переходим:
НАТ. УЛИЦА И РЕДАКЦИЯ ГАЗЕТЫ — ДЕНЬ — 1895
Угол здания редакции газеты — художник на люльке ставит последний ноль в цифре “62000” на огромном знаке, рекламирующем газету “Инквайер”. На знаке мы читаем:
ИНКВАЙЕР
ВЫБОР НАРОДА
ТИРАЖ 62000
Затем мы плавно переходим на другое здание, на котором мы читаем:
ЧИТАЙТЕ ИНКВАЙЕР
САМЫЙ БОЛЬШОЙ ТИРАЖ АМЕРИКИ
62000
Затем мы снова перемещаемся немного ниже по зданию и оказываемся у главного входа в редакцию газеты “КРОНИКЛ”. В большом стеклянном окне мы видим отображение фигур Лиланда, Кейна и Бернштайна, которые смотрят на вход и жуют орешки.
За окном, в здании, мы видим большой плакат на котором изображены сотрудники газеты “Кроникал” по центру которых сидит Рейли.
Надпись на плакате;
РЕДАКТОРЫ И ИСПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ КОМАНДА ГАЗЕТЫ КРОНИКЛ
Внизу плаката продолжение надписи:
САМОЙ БОЛЬШОЙ ГАЗЕТЫ В МИРЕ
также написан тираж газеты
БЕРШТАЙН
(смотрит на свою надпись, счастливо)
62000
ЛИЛАНД
Звучит вполне не плохо.
КЕЙН
Будем надеяться, что им это будет видно.
БЕРШТАЙН
С этой точки этого здания — наша надпись самая большая из всех, которые они могут увидеть. Будьте уверены — они увидят.
КЕЙН
(указывает на надпись над плакатом)
Посмотрите на это.
ЛИЛАНД
“Кроникл” хорошая газета.
КЕЙН
“Кроникл” — хорошая идея для газеты.
(присматривается к надписи)
Посмотрите на тираж.
БЕРШТАЙН
Тираж 495 тысяч. Но посмотрите, кто работает на “Кроникл”. С ними тираж вполне оправдан.
КЕЙН
Вы правы, мистер Барштайн.
БЕРШТАЙН
Знаете, сколько “Кроникл” шел к этому — 20 лет.
КЕЙН
20 лет? Что ж…
Кейн смеется, хакуривает сигарету.
КЕЙН (ЗК)
Смотря на фотографию самых великих газетчиков, я чувствовал себя мальчишкой у кондитерской. 6 лет спустя, эта кондитерская принадлежит мне.
Кейн продолжает смотреть в окно. Затем мы плавно наезжаем камерой на плакат с редакторами газеты, на фоне которых отображается улыбка Кейна.
ИНТ. РЕДАКЦИЯ ГАЗЕТЫ “ЕНКВАЙЕР” — НОЧЬ — 1895
Девять мужчин, выстроенные в ряд, как на предыдущем плакате, только сейчас с излучающим свет Кейном по центру. Мужчин, кто с бородой, кто с шикарными усами, кто лысый и т.д. легко идентифицировать как-будто это редакторы газеты “Кроникл” с мистером Рейли.
Мы видим, что ни стоят по центру комнаты и готовы фотографироваться. Возле них бегает старый фотограф. Чтобы сделать эту фотографию, поставили столы в угол комнаты. По часам становится ясно, что сейчас 1:30 ночи.
Они стоят возле большого банкетного стола, на котором находятся еще остатки еды. За столом сидит Берштайн и Лиланд, они и еще несколько человек наблюдают за фотосессией.
ФОТОГРАФ
Это все, господа! Спасибо.
Фотограф поднимает все свои прибамбасы.
КЕЙН
(вдруг выдает)
Один экземпляр пошлите в “Кроникл”.
Усмехнувшись и сияя, он направляется к своему месту за банкетным столом. Остальные уже сидят за столом.
Кейн привлекает внимание своих гостей постукиваем ножом по столу.
КЕЙН
Джентльмены “Инквайера”. Думаю будет уместно поприветствовать уважаемых нами журналистов
(указывает на плакат с изображением редакторов “Кроникл”)
и мистера Рейди лично, которые являются последними дополнениями в наши ряды. Они будут счастливы, узнав, что тираж “Инквайера” сегодня утром перевалил за двести тысяч.
БЕРШТАЙН
210 тысяч 647 экземпляров.
Всеобщее аплодисменты.
КЕЙН
Верно. Все вы — новые и старые — Вы все получаете лучшие зарплаты в городе. Ни один из вас не был принят на работу по лояльности или связям. Все из-за вашего таланта, в котором я очень заинтересован, и который сделает “Инквайер” лучшей газетой в мире.
Очередные аплодисменты.
КЕЙН
Однако, я думаю, вы уже достаточно наслушались и газетах и газетном бизнесе этой ночью. В мире есть и другие темы для обсуждения.
Он засовывает два пальца в рот и начинает свистеть. Это сигнал. В комнату заходит группа молодых и очень привлекательных девиц, одетых дерзко, они поют частушки. Остальная часть этого эпизода будет показана позже. Суть его состоит в том, чтобы показать, что Кейн здоровый и счастливый молодой человек, проводивший отлично время.
Одна из девиц подходит к мужчинам и берет одного из них для приватного танца.
РАСТВОРЕНИЕ КАДРА
Плавно кадр появляется из большой надписи:
НЕПРЕВЗОЙДЁННАЯ АМЕРИКАНСКАЯ ГАЗЕТА ВЫШЛА ТИРАЖОМ 274 321
Танцующий Кейн держит девушку за руку и они растворяются в кадре. Мы видим улицу города и на одном из зданий висит плакат:
ЧИТАЙТЕ ИНКВАЙЕР ВЕЛИЧАЙШУЮ ГАЗЕТУ В МИРЕ
Несколько секунд кадры панорамы города.
Думаю, вы простите меня за то, что уезжаю в отпуск за границу. Я обещал приехать своему лечащему врачу, как только смогу.
ДАЛЕЕ СЛЕДУЕТ НАРЕЗКА ЭПИЗОДОВ, ПОКАЗЫВАЮЩИХ ПЕРИОД МЕЖДУ 1891 — 1900 ГГ.
Следуют кадры в которых мы можем понят рост популярности газеты “Инквайер” и личный рост Кейна.
Кадр показывающий факельное шествие молодых парней (парни идут на испано-американскую войну). Факелы отображаются в окне салуна — внутри находится духовой оркестр, исполняющий “Эта горячая пора”.
На окне салуна висит плакат с надписью: “ПОМНИМ МЭЙН”
ВСТАВКА: Рисунок американских парней, похожих на те, что сейчас идут на параде, с надписью “Наши парни”.
Залняя часть автомобиля для наблюдений. Кадр поздравления Кейна Тедди Рузвельтом.
Деревянный пол железнодорожной платформы — из вагона движущего поезда выбрасывается огромная стопка газеты “Инквайер”. Она падает на пол и мы видим огромную фотографию на первой странице: Кейн пожимает руку Тедди. Заголовок сообщает о том, что Куба была сдана.
ИНТ. РЕДАКЦИЯ ИНКВАЙЕРА
Мультфильм, весьма драматический, с подписями, этикетками и символическими фигурами — “Капиталистическая Жадность”. Этот мультфильм почти закончен и находится на чертежной доске, перед которой стоят Кейн и сам художник. Кейн усмехается над предложение, которое он сам сделал.
СМЕНА КАДРА
Мультфильм уже закончен и теперь копируется на страницах газеты “Инквайер” совсем рядом с лицами редакторской группы. Номер газеты выполнен в злом и провокационном стиле.
РЕЗКАЯ СМЕНА КАДРА
ИНТ. РЕДАКЦИЯ ИНКВАЙЕР
Мультипликатор и Кейн работают над комиксом “Монах Джонни”.
СМЕНА
Пол в квартире — Двое детей сидят на полу и расматривают в газете известный нам комикс.
Смена плана
Свежий номер газеты с большой фотографией на главной странице. Номер газеты читает в мужской парикмахерской, мужчина которому делают маникюр, стрижку и так далее. Хныкающая девушка на картинке в газете говорит:
Я НЕ ЗНАЛА, ЧТО ДЕЛАЮ. ВСЕ СТАЛО КРАСНЫМ”.
Далее мы видим — Овальная картинка в виде оружия, входит и выходит в плоть красивой девушки, в картинке надпись: “СМЕРТЕЛЬНОЕ ОРУЖИЕ”
РАСТВОРЕНИЕ КАДРА
УЛИЦА — СНИМОК ВЕДРА ПОЖАРНОЙ БРИГАДЫ
Снимок Кейна, в дорогом вечернем костюме, он в опасном положении, мы видим, что он находится на фоне бущующего огня в многоквартирном доме.
ВСТАВКА: Заголовок в газете о несовершенности современного пожарного оборудования.
СМЕНА КАДРА
ЗВУК НОВОГО ПАРОВОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ РЕВУЩЕГО НА УГЛУ УЛИЦЫ
КРУПНЫЙ ПЛАН РЕШЕТОК НА ОКНЕ. Мы в тюремной камере. Дверь в камеру открыта и мы видим осужденного, священника, надзирателя и нескольких парней из обслуживающего персонала. Дальше по коридору мы видим сестру Кейна, самого Кейна и несколько фотографов. Фотографы делают несколько снимков с могучей старомодной пороховой вспышкой Кейна на фоне камеры осужденного. Смертник (осужденный) ослепляется от такого яркого света.
СМЕНА КАДРА
Копия свежего номера “Исквайера” разложена на столе. На странице газеты написана статья об убийце, а рядом другая статья о новом паровом двигателе.
Рядом с газетой стоит чашка кофе и пончик. Сотрудница работает над выпуском и нечаянно задевает чашку кофе.
Балл Beaux Art. Много дам и господ преклонного возраста собираются на бал. Они все в мехах и дорогих платьях и костюмах. Прислуги помогают снять эти все дорогие меха, прежде чем войти на бал, и напоминают, что нужно быть в маске. Леди и джентльмены охотно соглашаются и надевают свои маски — это выглядит очень забавно. Среди этих всех людей мы видим мистера Тетчера, он лысый. Затем изображение застывает и мы переносимся на страницу газеты, это как-бы репортаж об этом событии.
Над иллюстрированной копией этого номера мы видим свежее кофейное пятно в виде рыбы — ужасное зрелище. Газета скомкана и выброшена в мусорный бак.
Крупный план надписи: “ПРОФЕССИЯ — ЖУРНАЛИСТ”
Камера отъезжает и мы видим открытый паспорт с фотографией Кейна, датой рождения, регистрацией, национальностью. Обложка паспорта закрыта, но понятно, что это американский паспорт.
НАТ. МОРСКОЙ ПОРТ — ТРАПЫ ОКЕАНСКОГО ЛАЙНЕРА — НОЧЬ — 1900
Большой морской порт, много народа, среди них мы видим Кейна, Берштайна и Лиланда. В порту шумиха и суета. Все готовятся подняться на борт шикарного океанского лайнера.
Мы видим надпись “ПЕРВЫЙ КЛАСС”. Кейн и его напарники направляются туда.
Слышны крики стюардов, слышен звук свистка, гонг.
СТЮАРД
О, вы здесь, мистер Кейн. Весь багаж доставлен.
КЕЙН
Спасибо.
Кейн, Лиланд и Берштайн заходят на трап.
СТЮАРД
Хорошего отдыха, мистер Кейн.
КЕЙН
Спасибо.
БЕРШТАЙН
Раз уж Вы даете обещания, в Европе осталась масса не купленных Вами картин и статуй.
КЕЙН
В этом я не виноват. Статуи создавались 2 тысячи лет, а я покупаю их всего 5.
БЕРШТАЙН
Обещайте, мистер Кейн.
КЕЙН
Обещаю.
БЕРШТАЙН
Спасибо.
Кейн оставляет Лиланд и Бернштайна на полпути трапа, оглядывается.
КЕЙН
Мистер Бернштайн, вы думаете, что я сдержу эти обещания?
БЕРШТАЙН
Нет!
Кейн поворачивается и продолжает подниматься по трапу. Лиланд и Берштайн провожают его взглядом.
Кейн скрывается в толпе народа на лайнере.
Берштайна и Лиланд стоят и смотрят на этот красивый лайнер. Затем идут в сторону выхода из порта.
БЕРШТАЙН
Почему Вы не поехали?
ЛИЛАНД
Пусть сам развлекается.
Пауза.
ЛИЛАНД
Мистер Берштайн, я хочу спросить у вас кое-что и хочу получить правдивый ответ.
Они смотрят друг на друга.
ЛИЛАНД
Разве я ничтожество? Лицемер с лошадиной рожей? Сельская учительница?
БЕРШТАЙН
Да.
Такой ответ сильно удивил Лиланд. Он смотрит на Берштайна с удивлением.
БЕРШТАЙН
Ошибаетесь, думая, что я отвечу иначе, чем это сказал мистер Кейн.
ЛИЛАНД
Вы в заговоре против меня. И всегда были.
Он продолжают идти. Звук лайнера звучит очень громко.
ЛИЛАНД
Ладно. Не знал, что Чарли коллекционирует алмазы.
БЕРШТАЙН
Скорее тех, кто коллекционирует алмазы. Он коллекционирует не только статуи. А когда он встречает мисс, то всегда пытается поцеловать ее. Кто-то покупает еду, кто-то покупает выпивку, а кто-то думает, что деньги созданы, чтобы их тратить.
КЕЙН
Сейчас прошу вашего пристального внимания, господа. Мы объявим войну Испании.
ЛИЛАНД
Что? Убейте меня, пока я счастлив.
КЕЙН
Я сказал: мы объявим войну Испании или нет?
БЕРШТАЙН
“Инквайер” уже объявил.
Лиланд в шоке такое услышать.
ЛИЛАНД
(Кейну)
Ты унылый и плохо одетый анархист.
КЕЙН
Разве плохо?
ЛИЛАНД
Бернштайн, посмотрите на его галстук.
К их столику подходят две девушки из группы танцовщиц. Это ДЖОРДЖИ (40) не молодая, но достаточно привлекательная женщина. Она держит за руку молодую, красивую и стеснительную девушку — ЕТЕЛЬ (21).
Джорджи представляет молодую даму Лиланду. На фоне звучит фортепианная музыка.
ДЖОРДЖИ
Етель — этот господин очень хотел встретится с тобой — это Етель.
ЕТЕЛЬ
Здравствуйте, мистер Лиланд.
Оно здороваются.
Затем кто-то в зале кричит на весь зал.
КТО-ТО
А давайте споем песню о Чарли.
ДРУГАЯ ДЕВУШКА
Мистер Кейн. Давайте послушаем.
Все обращают свое внимание на Кейна. Он поворачивается к Берштайну и Лмланду.
КЕЙН
Стоит купить пончиков, и о вас сочиняют песни.
В зале звучит музыка. Девицы поют песню; “Ох, мистер Кейн”.
Все пытаются подпевать. Выходит очень забавно. Песня хорошая и она поднимает настроение не только Кейну.
Затем Кейн подсаживается поближе к Лиланду. Говорит с ним персонально.
КЕЙН
Скажем так, Брэд. У меня есть идея идея.
ЛИЛАНД
Да.
КЕЙН
Точнее у меня есть работка для вас.
ЛИЛАНД
Отлично.
КЕЙН
Вы не желаете воевать с другими корреспондентами — как на счет стать литературным критиком?
ЛИЛАНД
(с усмешкой)
С удовольствием, сэр.
Продолжается песня о Кейне.
НАПЛЫВ
ИНТ. СИТИ РУМ — ИНКВАЙЕР — НОЧЬ — 1895
Вечеринка (продолжение вечеринки с девушками танцовщицами)
В этот раз вечеринка освещается с точки зрения Лиланда, который сидит в конце стола. Кейн говорит свою речь.
КЕЙН
Ни один из вас не был принят на работу по лояльности или связям. Все из-за вашего таланта, в котором я очень заинтересован, и который сделает “Инквайер” лучшей газетой в мире.
АПЛОДИСМЕНТЫ.
Берштайн поворачивается к Лиланду.
БЕРШТАЙН
Великолепная вечеринка, правда?
ЛИЛАНД
Да.
Но затем тон голоса Кейна заставляет его прислушивается к Кейну.
КЕЙН (ЗК)
Однако, я думаю, вы уже достаточно наслушались и газетах и газетном бизнесе этой ночью. В мире есть и другие темы для обсуждения.
Затем Берштайн снова обращает свое внимание на Лиланда.
БЕРШТАЙН
Что такое?
ЛИЛАНД
Мистер Берштайн, люди из “Кроникл” сейчас в “Инквайер”. Эти люди разве не были преданы политике “Кроникл”, как сейчас нашей политике?
БЕРШТАЙН
Конечно. Они такие же, как все. Идут на работу и работают.
(с гордостью)
Это лучшие люди в журналистике.
Слышно свист Кейна. В зал заходят девицу в красивых платьях и поют частушки.
ЛИЛАНД
Мы боремся за те же идеалы, что и “Кроникл”?
БЕРШТАЙН
Конечно, нет. Мистер Кейн обратит их в свою веру за неделю.
ЛИЛАНД
Но есть шанс, что и наоборот. Он и не заметит.
Кейн подходит к Берштайну и Лиланду. Садится рядом и закуривает сигарету.
ИНТ. СИТИ РУМ — РЕДАКЦИЯ ИНКВАЙЕР — ДЕНЬ — 1900
Большая комната, но оформлена со вкусом. В комнате несколько десятков столом, на которых накрыты праздничные закуски и выпивка. За столами сидят сотрудники редакции газеты. В комнате есть огромное окно, через которое в комнату попадает много солнечного света.
Кейн и Берштайн входят в комнату. При входе они останавливаются. Кейн выглядит отлично — он отдохнувший, загорелый, его глаза сияют. Одет в новый костюм английского стиля.
Зайдя в комнату весь персонал поднимается и приветствует Кейна.
БЕРШТАЙН
Добро пожаловать домой. От всех 467-ми сотрудников “Инквайера”.
Сотрудники хлопают и приветствуют Кейна.
КЕЙН
Привет всем!
Берштайн и Кейн проходят к своим столам. Подходят к своему столу — за столом сидят несколько человек, среди них Лиланд. Кейн здоровается с ним. Присматривается к нему.
КЕЙН
У тебя усы?
ЛИЛАНД
Знаю.
КЕЙН
Какой кошмар.
ЛИЛАНД
Никакой не кошмар.
Затем Берштайн представляет незнакомую женщину за столом.
БЕРШТАЙН
Мисс Таунсен, это мистер Кейн.
Мисс Таунсен смотрит вверх и так удивляется увидим незнакомого ей человека рядом с Берштайном.
Затем она начинает поднимается, но ее ноги подкашиваются и она начинает падать, но удержав равновесие он хватается за все попало за столом.
КЕЙН
(приятным голосом)
Мисс Таунсен, меня давно тут не было. Я многое забыл.
Его голос ее успокаивает и она стоит прямо и уверенно.
КЕЙН
У меня маленькое объявление для светской хроники, как и любое другое.
Рн протягивает ей конверт. Она нервничает и берет конверт. Руки трясутся.
КЕЙН
Прочитайте его, мисс Таунсен. И помните — регулярное лечение. Увидимся в девять часов, мистер Берштайн.
Кейн уходит. Берштайн смотрит ему вслед, а затем на конверт в руке. Мисс Таунсен удается открыть конверт. Она с Берштайном изучает написанное.
МИСС ТАУНСЕН
Это объявление
(читает)
“Мистер и миссис Томас Монро Нортон объявляют о помолвке их дочери Эмили с мистером Ч.Ф. Кейном.”
БЕРШТАЙН
Эмили Монро Нортон — племянница президента США.
Он переглядывается с мисс Таунсен.
МИСС ТАУНСЕН
Племянница президента.
Они снова переглядываются. Подходят к окно и смотрят вниз на улицу.
НАТ. УЛИЦА ВОЗЛЕ РЕДАКЦИИ ЕНКВАЙЕРА — ДЕНЬ — 1900
Видно мисс Таунсен и Берштайна выглядывающих из окна редакции. Она смотрят на Кейна, который садится элегантный автомобиль, в котором уже сидит мисс Эмили Нортон. Он целует ее в губы, прежде чем сесть. Она немного удивленна таким поведением Кейна, но затем она смотрит на него с обожанием. Кейн поворачивает голову в сторону окна с которого смотрят на него Берштайн. Он машет им рукой.
ИНТ. РЕДАКЦИЯ ИНКВАЙЕРА — ДЕНЬ — 1900
Берштайн и Мисс Таунсен стоят у окна.
БЕРШТАЙН
Эта девушка, поверьте мне, она счастливица. Племянница президента говорите вы, ха-ха… Она будет женой президента.
Мисс Таунсен смотрит на Берштайна. Затем переводит взгляд на уезжающею влюбленную парочку.
СМЕНА КАДРА
Титульная страница газеты “Инквайер”. На большом фото молодая пара — Кейн и Эмили — они очень счастливы.
СМЕНА КАДРА
ИНТ. ОФИС БЕРШТАЙНА — ИНКВАЙЕР — ДЕНЬ — 1940
Берштайн и Томпсон. Как только появляется кадр слышим голос Берштайна.
БЕРШТАЙН
Нет смысла говорить, что мисс Эмили не была розовым бутоном.
ТОМПСОН
Брак не удался?
БЕРШТАЙН
Да.
(маленькая пауза)
Потом была Сьюзи. И этот тоже.
(пауза; смотрит в глаза Томпсону)
Я вот что подумал. Этот розовый бутон…
ТОМПСОН
Да?
БЕРШТАЙН
Может что-то потерянное? Он потерял почти все, что имел.
(пауза)
Поговорите с Лиландом. Они смотрели на вещи по-разному. Например, испано-американская война. Думаю, Лиланд был прав. Это была война Кейна. Воевать было не за что. А если и было. Думаете, мы бы получили Панамский канал? Где сейчас Лиланд? Давно ничего не слышал о нем. Возможно, он умер?
ТОМПСОН
Он сейчас в городской больнице Ханингтона.
БЕРШТАЙН
А я и не знал.
ТОМПСОН
Ничего особенного. Мне сказали…
БЕРШТАЙН
…состарился.
(смеется)
Это единственная болезнь, от которой нет лекарства.
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
НАТ. БАЛКОН ГОСПИТАЛЯ — ДЕНЬ — 1940
Госпиталь Ханингтона. Томпсон сидит в кресле на балконе и смотрит в небо. Слышим голос Лиланд, но еще его не видно.
ЛИЛАНД (ЗК)
Я абсолютно все помню. Это мое проклятье. Память — самое страшное проклятье рода человеческого. Я был его старинным другом, а он вел себя как свинья. Он не был грубым, просто делал грубые вещи. Если не меня, то кого же назвать другом? Наверное, я был тем, кого называют ”компаньон”.
Теперь Лиланд видно — он сидит в инвалидном кресле закутан в одеяло. Он разговаривает с Томпсоном.
Они находятся на балконе. Также с ними есть несколько других пациентов этой больницы и обслуживающий персонал. Все они греются на солнце.
Лиланд смотрит на Томпсона.
ТОМПСОН
Вы хотели что-то сказать о розовом бутоне.
ЛИЛАНД
У Вас нет хорошей сигары? Врач хочет, чтобы я бросил курить.
ТОМПСОН
Боюсь нет. Извините.
ЛИЛАНД
Я сменил тему. Каким нудным стариком я стал. Вы, журналисты, хотите знать, что я думаю о Чарльзе Кейне. Что ж. В нем было благородство. Но он таил его.
(ухмыляется)
Не открывался до конца. Ничего не отдавал. Оставил нам конец веревки. У него была щедрая душа. Имел множество мнений. Но он всегда верил и полагался только на Чарли Кейна. Думаю, он умер, веря только в себя. Большинство приходит к смерти без представления о ней. Но мы знаем, зачем живем, во что верим.
(смотрит на Томпсона резко)
У Вас точно нет сигары?
ТОМПСОН
Извините, мистер Лиланд.
ЛИЛАНД
Ничего.
ТОМПСОН
Что вы знаете о розовом бутоне?
ЛИЛАНД
О розовом бутоне?
ТОМПСОН
Его предсмертные слова. Я читал об этом в “Инквайере”.
ЛИЛАНД
Давно не верю тому, что пишет “Инквайер”. Что-нибудь еще? Могу рассказать об Эмили. Ходил с ней в танцевальную школу. Мы говорили о первой миссис Кейн.
ТОМПСОН
Какая она была?
ЛИЛАНД
Как все девушки в школе. Очень красивые, но Эмили красивее. Через пару месяцев совместной жизни, он стал редко с ней видеться. Только за завтраком. Их брак не отличался от других.
СМЕНА КАДРА/НАПЛЫВ
ИНТ. ОСОБНЯК КЕЙНА — УТРО
Красивая комната с огромном особняке Кейна. В комнату попадает много солнечного света через огромные окна от пола до потолка.
По центру комнаты стоит не большой стол. За столом сидит ЭМИЛИ, красивая молодая девушка. Он завтракает. Наливает себе кофе.
Заходит Кейн и приносит десерт.
ЭМИЛИ
Чарльз.
КЕЙН
Ты прекрасна.
ЭМИЛИ
Да, что ты.
КЕЙН
Очень красива.
ЭМИЛИ
Не была на 6 вечеринках за вечер. Не ложилась так поздно.
КЕЙН
Привыкнешь.
ЭМИЛИ
Что подумают слуги?
КЕЙН
Что мы веселились. Ведь так?
ЭМИЛИ
Почему тебе нужно быть в редакции?
КЕЙН
Ты напрасно вышла за газетчика. Это хуже, чем за моряка. Обожаю тебя…
ЭМИЛИ
Чарльз, даже газетчикам нужно спать.
КЕЙН
Попрошу отменить дневные встречи. Который час?
ЭМИЛИ
Не знаю. Поздно.
КЕЙН
Рано.
ЧЕРЕЗ НЕКОТОРОЕ ВРЕМЯ
(ДАННОЕ СОБЫТИЕ БУДЕТ ПОКАЗАНО С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПРОЕЗЖАЮЩЕГО БЕЗ ЗВУКА
ПОЕЗДА СО СВЕТЯЩИМИСЯ ВАГОНАМИ)
Кейн выглядит немного иначе- у него другая прическа. Он закуривает трубку.
ЭМИЛИ
Чарльз… Знаешь, сколько я тебя ждала, когда ты ушел в редакцию на 10 минут? Что там делать среди ночи?
КЕЙН
Эмили, дорогая, твой единственный соперник — мой “Инквайер”.
ВСТАВКА
СНОВА ПРОЕЗЖАЮЩИЙ ПОЕЗД/ЧЕРЕЗ НЕКОТОРОЕ ВРЕМЯ
Кейн в дорогом халате сидит в саду.
ЭМИЛИ
Лучше иметь соперника из плоти и крови.
КЕЙН
Я не много времени уделяю газете.
ЭМИЛИ
Дело в том, что ты печатаешь, нападая на президента.
КЕЙН
На дядюшку Джона?
ЭМИЛИ
На президента США.
КЕЙН
Он по-прежнему дядюшка Джон и большой болван. Кто управляет его администрацией?
ЭМИЛИ
Он президент, Чарльз, не ты.
КЕЙН
Это мы исправим на днях.
ВСТАВКА
СНОВА ПРОЕЗЖАЮЩИЙ ПОЕЗД/ЧЕРЕЗ НЕКОТОРОЕ ВРЕМЯ
Эмили в прекрасном вечернем наряде сидит за столом.
ЭМИЛИ
Вчера твой мистер Бернштайн прислал малышу гадость. Не могу оставить ее в детской.
Кейн в строгом деловом черном костюме. Он сама серьёзность.
КЕЙН
Он намерен посетить детскую.
ЭМИЛИ
Это необходимо?
КЕЙН
Да.
ВСТАВКА
СНОВА ПРОЕЗЖАЮЩИЙ ПОЕЗД/ЧЕРЕЗ НЕКОТОРОЕ ВРЕМЯ
ЭМИЛИ
Чарльз, люди подумают, что…
КЕЙН
То, что я им скажу.
ВСТАВКА
СНОВА ПРОЕЗЖАЮЩИЙ ПОЕЗД/ЧЕРЕЗ НЕКОТОРОЕ ВРЕМЯ
На этот раз Кейн и Эмили сидят молча за столом и читают газеты. Не смотрят друг на друга.
НАЗАД К ЛИЛАНДУ И ТОМПСОНУ
ТОМПСОН
Он любил ее?
ЛИЛАНД
Женился по любви. Любовь. Все делал по любви. Пошел в политику. Хотел, чтобы его любили избиратели. Ему нужна была только любовь. Это история Чарли. Ему больше нечего было дать. Конечно, он любил Чарли Кейна. Искренне. И свою мать любил.
ТОМПСОН
А вторую жену?
ЛИЛАНД
Сьюзен Александер? Знаете, как он ее называл? После их знакомства, он рассказал мне о ней. Она была типичной американкой. Думаю, она его чем-то пленила. В их первую ночь, по словам Чарли, у нее была зубная боль.
ПЛАВНЫЙ ПЕРЕХОД
НАТ. УЛИЦА ГОРОДА — УГОЛ ДОМА И АПТЕКИ — ВЕЧЕР — 1909
Ночной город. На улице уже не ходят пешеходы. Кроме одинокого Кейна. Он стоит и курит трубку.
Из аптеки выходит СЬЮЗЕН (21). Она делает несколько шагов, останавливается и трогает свой больной зуб. Затем снова продолжает идти и проходит возле Кейна.
Она смеется и держит в руках таблетки.
Девушка подходит ближе к Кейну. Продолжает смеяться. Это замечает Кейн.
КЕЙН
Почему Вы смеетесь? Что с Вами?
СЬЮЗЕН
Зубная боль.
КЕЙН
Что?
СЬЮЗЕН
Зубная боль.
КЕЙН
Зубная боль. О, так у Вас болят зубы. Что смешного?
СЬЮЗЕН
Вы, мистер. У Вас грязь на лице.
КЕЙН
Глина.
Он с ног до головы испачкан грязью. Вытирается.
СЬЮЗЕН
Может горячей воды? Я тут живу.
КЕЙН
Что такое?
СЬЮЗЕН
Не желаете горячей воды? Могу дать… немного воды.
КЕЙН
Большое спасибо.
Они направляются в квартиру.
ИНТ. КВАРТИРА СЬЮЗЕН — ВЕЧЕР
Красивая уютная квартира. Горит яркий свет. Здесь есть все для нормального проживания — кровать, большой стол. На стене несколько красивых картин.
Сьюзен стоит у зеркала и пытается что-то сделать со своим больным зубом.
Из ванной выходит Кейн, вытирает лицо полотенцем.
КЕЙН
Я выгляжу лучше?
СЬЮЗЕН
Такое лечение впустую.
КЕЙН
Надо не думать о боли.
Кейн закрывает дверь. Но через несколько секунд дверь снова открывается.
СЬЮЗЕН
Домохозяйка требует не закрываться, когда в гостях мужчина.
КЕЙН
Опять зубная боль?
СЬЮЗЕН
Разумеется.
КЕЙН
Посмейтесь надо мной. Я все еще смешной.
СЬЮЗЕН
Вы же не хотите.
КЕЙН
Не хочу, чтобы болели зубы.
КЕЙН
Посмотрите. Видите?
СЬЮЗЕН
Что Вы делаете?
КЕЙН
Шевелю ушами одновременно.
Этот трюк срабатывает и Сьюзен смеется.
КЕЙН
Правильно. Два года учебы в лучшем колледже для мальчиков. Научивший меня — президент Венесуэлы. Вот так.
Кейн играет со Сьюзен в игру “Угадай животного по тени”. Он все еще пытается смешить ее.
Кейн показывает на стене какую-то фигуру.
СЬЮЗЕН
(весело)
Это жираф?
КЕЙН
Нет, не жираф.
СЬЮЗЕН
Нет? Не жираф?
КЕЙН
Нет.
СЬЮЗЕН
Тогда слон.
КЕЙН
Это был петух.
СЬЮЗЕН
Вы случайно не профессиональный фокусник?
КЕЙН
Я не фокусник.
СЬЮЗЕН
Я пошутила.
КЕЙН
Не знаете, кто я?
СЬЮЗЕН
Вы сказали Кейн. Я ужасно невежественная. Миллион раз слышала Вашу фамилию.
КЕЙН
Нравлюсь, хотя Вы не знаете, кто я?
СЬЮЗЕН
Конечно. Вы были великолепны. Не знаю, что бы я без Вас делала. У меня болел зуб, а я тут мало кого знаю.
КЕЙН
Я знаю очень многих. Но мы оба одиноки. Знаете, куда я собирался, пока не испачкал воскресный костюм?
СЬЮЗЕН
Вероятно, у Вас таких много.
КЕЙН
Я пошутил. Я направлялся на склад в западной части Манхеттена в поисках юности. Много лет назад умерла моя мама. Ее вещи отдали туда на хранение. Я решил взглянуть на них. Сентиментальная прогулка.
Смотрят друг на друга. Между ними загорается искра влюбленности.
КЕЙН
Я руковожу парой газет. А Вы?
СЬЮЗЕН
Я?
КЕЙН
Сколько Вам лет Вы сказали?
СЬЮЗЕН
Не говорила.
КЕЙН
Сколько?
СЬЮЗЕН
Будет 22 года.
КЕЙН
Чем занимаетесь?
СЬЮЗЕН
Работаю в отделе пластинок.
КЕЙН
Вам нравится?
СЬЮЗЕН
Нет. Хотела стать певицей. Мама все решила за меня.
КЕЙН
Что случилось?
СЬЮЗЕН
Мама думала, что я буду петь в Гранд-опера. Но голос не такой. Знаете, какие бывают матери.
КЕЙН
Знаю. Есть пианино?
СЬЮЗЕН
Пианино? Да, в гостиной.
КЕЙН
Споете?
СЬЮЗЕН
Не захотите слушать.
КЕЙН
Захочу.
СЬЮЗЕН
Но я…
КЕЙН
Не говорите, что болят зубы.
СЬЮЗЕН
Уже нет.
КЕЙН
Отлично. Идемте.
ИНТ. ГОСТИННАЯ — ВЕЧЕР
Кейн сидит в удобном кресле в гостиной и слушает Сьюзен. Она играет на пианино и поет. Ее голос не очень хорошо звучит, но она старается.
Когда она заканчивает, поворачивается и смотрит на Кейна. Тот хлопает.
ИНТ. ЗАЛ — ДЕНЬ
Не большой зал для демонстраций. Как раз здесь и идет демонстрация. На трибуне выступает человек. Его слушает несколько человек.
Зал обвешан плакатами с портретами Кейна. Толпа хлопает и восторгается таким словам.
ОРАТОР
Только один человек может избавить штат от господства Джима Геттиса. Я говорю о Ч.Ф. Кейне, сражающемся либерале, друге рабочего, следующем губернаторе этого штата.
СМЕНА КАДРА
ИНТ. БОЛЬШОЙ ЗАЛ — ДЕНЬ
Большой зал. На трибуне сам Кейн. В зале несколько СОТЕН человек, которые внимательно слушают его. Это предвыборная речь Кейна.
КЕЙН
Только с одной целью — показать народу бесчестие, подлое коварство политической машины босса Джима Геттиса. Я не давал никаких предвыборных обещаний, потому что еще несколько недель назад я и не надеялся, что меня изберут. Сейчас у меня нечто большее, чем надежда. У Джима Геттиса есть нечто меньшее, чем шанс. Любое голосование, любой независимый список покажет, что изберут меня. А теперь я могу позволить себе дать обещание.
Зал аплодирует.
КЕЙН
Рабочий человек и дети трущоб могут быть уверены, что я сделаю все, что в моих силах. Обычные добропорядочные граждане знают,что я сделаю все, что в моих силах, чтобы защитить непривилегированный класс.
В зале также присутствуют Эмили и сын Кейна. Они внимательно слушают Кейна.
СЫН
Мама, папа уже губернатор?
ЭМИЛИ
Пока нет, малыш.
КЕЙН
Я бы дал свои обещания, не будь занят тем, что держу их. Только одно обещание. Пусть Геттис знает, что я сдержу его. Моим первым распоряжением на посту губернатора будет назначение окружного прокурора для предъявления обвинения боссу Джиму Геттису.
На этой ноте Кейн заканчивает и толпа аплодирует ему еще сильнее. Подходят люди и обнимают Кейна. Он всех приветствует.
Направляется к выходу. Репортеры фотографируют его, люди хотят дотронутся к нему.
БЕРШТАЙН
Сегодня Вы бы получили 100 тысяч голосов.
К Кейну подбегает его сын.
СЫН
Папа!
КЕЙН
Привет, сынок.
Кейн берет сына на руки.
КЕЙН
Это только начало конца Геттиса.
(к сыну)
Тебе понравилось?
СЫН
Я был в ложе и все слышал.
Подходит Эмили.
КЕЙН
Привет, Эмили.
ЭМИЛИ
Прекрасная речь.
КЕЙН
Вызовите такси.
Кейн замечает, что его сын куда-то направляется.
КЕЙН
Куда это малыш?
ЭМИЛИ
Домой с Оливером.
Эмили направляется к машине такси. Садится. Подходит Кейн.
КЕЙН
Эмили… Почему ты отправила сына на такси?
ЭМИЛИ
Съездим кое-куда вместе.
КЕЙН
Подождет.
ЭМИЛИ
Нет.
КЕЙН
В чем дело?
Эмили смотрит на конверт.
ЭМИЛИ
Просто я пытаюсь выяснить.
КЕЙН
Куда ты?
ЭМИЛИ
(читает адрес с конверта)
На 74-ую улицу в дом 185. Если хочешь, поехали.
КЕЙН
Поеду.
НАТ. УЛИЦА — ВЕЧЕР
Кейн с Эмили стоят возле входной двери дома номер 185. Кейн звонит.
КЕЙН
А ты склонна к мелодраме.
Дверь открывает горничная.
ГОРНИЧНАЯ
Заходите, мистер Кейн.
Заходят в дом.
ИНТ. ДОМ — ВЕЧЕР
Кейн и Эмили входят в дом. Вдруг со второго этажа звучит голос женщины.
ГОЛОС
Чарли!
Кейн реагирует на голос, поднимает голову. Это Сьюзен.
СЬЮЗЕН
Он вынудил меня послать это письмо, говорил ужасные…
Кейн и Эмили поднимаются на второй этаж к Сьюзен.
С комнаты выходит таинственный мужчина. Это ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Миссис Кейн. Будем знакомы. Джим Геттис.
Вся эта ситуация очень странная.
ЭМИЛИ
Да?
Эмили заходит в комнату.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Я заставил ее Вам написать письмо. Сначала она не хотела.
СЬЮЗЕН
Он такое сказал…
КЕЙН
Геттис! Не дожидаясь избрания, сверну Вам шею сейчас.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Возможно, да, возможно, нет.
ЭМИЛИ
Чарльз! Тогда это вполне объяснит суть письма.
Она читает записку.
ЭМИЛИ
“Серьезные последствия для мистера Кейна, Вас и сына”.
СЬЮЗЕН
Я хотела…
ЭМИЛИ
Что это значит?
СЬЮЗЕН
Я Cьюзан Александер. Вы думаете…
ЭМИЛИ
Что оно означает?
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Она послала его, потому что я пригрозил.
Кейн подходит поближе к Геттису.
КЕЙН
Этот джентельмен…
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Я не джентльмен. Ваш муж шутит, называя меня так. Я не знаю, кто это. По-моему, джентльмен… Если бы я владел газетой, то боролся бы доступными средствами, не давая карикатур, чтобы жена и дети увидели это.
КЕЙН
Подлый жулик.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
А кто Вы? Я сражаюсь за свою гражданскую жизнь.
СЬЮЗЕН
Если ты не…
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Я так и сказал, что даю ему шанс. Если завтра он не объявит, что ему надо уехать, то в газетах появится мой материал.
ЭМИЛИ
Какой?
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
О нем и мисс Александер.
СЬЮЗЕН
Это не правда.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Замолчите. Есть доказательства, которые произведут эффект бомбы.
(смотрит на Кейна)
Снимите кандидатуру, чтобы мне не пришлось…
СЬЮЗЕН
А как же…
Но он не хочет ее слушать и Сьюзен не продолжает.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
(к миссис Кейн)
Так что?
СЬЮЗЕН
А как же я? Мое имя смешают с грязью. И где бы я не была…
ЭМИЛИ
Остается только одно, Чарльз. Поступи однозначно.
индивидуалки москвы
КЕЙН
Мои избиратели…
ЭМИЛИ
Меня интересуют не избиратели, а наш сын.
СЬЮЗЕН
Если опубликуют…
ЭМИЛИ
Нет.
Ситуация решена. Эмили собирается уходить.
ЭМИЛИ
Спокойной ночи.
Она идет к двери, но останавливается и смотрит на Кейна.
ЭМИЛИ
Ты идешь, Чарльз.
КЕЙН
Нет. Я остаюсь.
Он подходит вплотную к Сьюзен.
КЕЙН
Я сам справлюсь.
ЭМИЛИ
Чарльз. Прислушайся к голос разума.
КЕЙН
Ты… и этого вора не лишите меня любви людей штата.
СЬЮЗЕН
Чарльз, нужно думать о других вещах. Ты же не хочешь, чтобы твой сын…
КЕЙН
Только я буду решать, что мне делать.
Наступает тишина. Все смотрят на Кейна.
ЭМИЛИ
Будем считать, что ты сделал свой выбор.
Эмили покидает комнату. Мужчины провожают ее взглядом.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Вы оказались безумнее.
КЕЙН
Нам не о чем говорить.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Вы проиграли.
КЕЙН
Напишите, если хотите меня видеть.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Я бы сказал, что это хороший урок. Но Вам нужен не один урок. Вы его получите.
Джим Геттис покидает комнату. Кейн разозлен. Он выкрикивает слова вслед уходящего Геттиса.
КЕЙН
Не волнуйтесь за меня. Не волнуйтесь! Я Чарльз Фостер Кейн! А не продажный политикан, спасающийся от последних преступлений! Геттис! Слышите?! Я отправлю Вас в тюрьму! В тюрьму, Геттис!
ННАТ. УЛИЦА — ВЕЧЕР
Джим Геттис с Эмили стоят возле входной двери дома номер 185.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Вы на машине?
ЭМИЛИ
Да, спасибо.
ДЖИМ ГЕТТИС
Спокойной ночи.
Эмили и Геттис расходятся в разные стороны.
НАПЛЫВ
КРУПНИЙ ПЛАН ФОТОГРАФИИ КЕЙНА И СЬЮЗЕН НА ПЕРВОЙ СТРАНИЦЕ В ГАЗЕТЕ
ЗАГОЛОВОК КРУПНЫМИ БУКВАМИ
“Кандидата Кейна застали в любовном гнездышке с певичкой”
ИНТ. САЛУН — ВЕЧЕР
Мужчина стоит возле салуна и смотрит в даль.
Звучит голос мальчика разносчика газет.
ГОЛОС
Газету?
МУЖЧИНА
Нет, спасибо.
Мужчина удаляется во внутрь салуна.
ИНТ. ТИПОГРАФИЯ — УТРО
Большая типография известной газеты. Четверо мужчин стоят возле печатного станка и осматривают пример газеты, которую он будут пускать в печать.
Они смотрят на заголовок.
ОДИН ИЗ МУЖЧИН
Против него уже большинство.
ДРУГОЙ ИЗ МУЖЧИН
А выскажется церковь?
ОДИН ИЗ МУЖЧИН
Боюсь, нет шанса.
НАТ. УЛИЦА ГОРОДА — ВЕЧЕР
Улица города. Народа нет, кроме одного таинственного мужчины и уборщика. Таинственный мужчин рассматривает плакат на стене здания. Там крупными буквами написано:
“Ч.Ф. Кейн разбит на избирательных участках под ноль”.
ИНТ. ОФИС КЕЙНА — НОЧЬ — 1902
Рабочий день давно закончился и последние рабочие забирают свои вещи и уходят по домам.
РЭЙЛИ
(уходя из редакции)
Спокойной ночи.
Кейн выходит из своего кабинета. Он выглядит уставшим. К нему подходит Бернштайн. Они смотрят друг на друга.
БЕРШТАЙН
Я могу чем-нибудь…
КЕЙН
Нет, спасибо. Идите поспите.
БЕРШТАЙН
Вы тоже. Спокойной ночи.
Берштайн уходит.
Кейн хочет размять мязи и ходит по офису. Осматривается. Вдруг в редакцию заходит Лиланд.
КЕЙН
Привет, Джедидайя.
ЛИЛАНД
Я напился.
Лиланд стоит и шатается. Он действительно пьян.
КЕЙН
Если ты напился, чтобы поговорить со мной о мисс Александер, то не старайся.
ЛИЛАНД
Мне не интересно.
КЕЙН
Я предал святое дело реформ. Что ж. Люди сделали свой выбор. Предпочли не меня, а Геттиса.
ЛИЛАНД
Ты говоришь о людях, будто они принадлежат тебе. Помнится, ты обещал бороться за их права. Дать им в подарок свободу, наградить по достоинству.
КЕЙН
Джед!
ЛИЛАНД
Помнишь рабочего?
КЕЙН
Я тоже напьюсь. Если поможет.
ЛИЛАНД
Не поможет. Ты никогда не пьешь. Ты много писал о рабочем человеке.
КЕЙН
Иди домой.
ЛИЛАНД
Он стал организованной силой. Тебе это не очень понравится. Рабочий человек ждет свои права, а не твой подарок, Чарли. Когда непривилегированный класс действительно объединится, и к этому добавится нечто большее, чем твоя привилегия, не знаю, что ты сделаешь. Уплывешь на необитаемый остров править обезьянами?
КЕЙН
Это меня не беспокоит. Найдется парочка обезьян, которая скажет, что я ошибаюсь.
ЛИЛАНД
Не всегда будет везти.
КЕЙН
А ты не всегда будешь пьян.
ЛИЛАНД
Тебе-то что? Тебя интересует только ты сам. Хочешь преследовать людей за то, что они не любят тебя. Чтобы любили по-твоему, чтобы играли по твоим правилам.
(подходит ближе к Кейну)
Позволь мне работать в Чикаго.
КЕЙН
Что?
ЛИЛАНД
Там тебе нужен репортер криминальной хроники. Я пьян. Я поеду а Чикаго.
КЕЙН
Ты нужен тут.
ЛИЛАНД
Тогда остается просить…
КЕЙН
Хорошо, езжай.
ЛИЛАНД
Спасибо.
КЕЙН
Надо все же напиться.
Кейн берет бутылку виски со стола и стакан. Наливает.
КЕЙН
В Чикаго тебе не понравится. С озера дует ветер, и не известно, есть ли там омары.
ЛИЛАНД
Уеду в субботу.
КЕЙН
Когда пожелаешь.
ЛИЛАНД
Спасибо.
Кейн ставит бутылку на место и поднимает стакан.
КЕЙН
Тост: за любовь по-моему. Для каждого — его собственная.
Выпивает содержимое стакана за раз.
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
ОГРОМНАЯ ГАЗЕТНАЯ СТАТЬЯ
ТЕКСТ — “Кейн женится на “певичке”.
НАТ. ВХОД В РЕДАКЦИЮ КЕЙНА — УТРО
Кейн в сопровождении охраны пытается свободно пройти к своей машине, но его обступают журналисты и фотографы. Каждый пытается задать свой вопрос. Начинается толкотня. Кейн прорывается через толпу, но все же их количество огромное и они не дают ему уйти.
РЕПОРТЕР
Мистер Кейн, я из “Инквайера”.
КЕЙН
Дайте пройти. Я тоже был журналистом.
РЕПОРТЕР
Скажите что-нибудь. Вы уходите из политики?
КЕЙН
Что?
РЕПОРТЕР
Вы уходите из политики?
КЕЙН
Я ухожу из политики? Наоборот. Вот оперная дива.
Кейн проталкивается к своему кабриолету и садится рядом со Сьюзен. Она смеется.
РЕПОРТЕР
Вы будете петь в Метрополитен-опере?
КЕЙН
Разумеется.
СЬЮЗЕН
Или Чарли построит оперный театр.
КЕЙН
Нет необходимости.
Они уезжают под одобрительные возгласы толпы.
НАПЛЫВ
Крупная статья в газете.
“Кейн строит оперный театр”
ИНТ. ОПЕРА — ВЕЧЕР
Репетиционный зал оперы. Сьюзен репетирует, а возле нее бегают люди — каждый что-то делает — то поправляют прическу Сьюзен, то костюм, кто-то держит зеркало и т.д. Носят реквизит. Готовится выступление.
Сьюзен начинает петь.
ИНТ. РЕДАКЦИЯ ГАЗЕТЫ ИНКВАЙЕР — ВЕЧЕР
Несколько мужчин стоят и разговаривают. Они не замечают как в комнату заходит Кейн.
БЕРШТАЙН
Лиланд описывает это в художественном аспекте?
РЕПОРТЕР 2
Изымаем?
БЕРШТАЙН
Разумеется. Насчет музыке статья готова?
РЕПОРТЕР
В наборе. Написана отличная рецензия.
БЕРШТАЙН
Вдохновенная?
РЕПОРТЕР
Да.
Кейн подходит к толпе своих сотрудников.
КЕЙН
Мистер Бернштайн.
БЕРШТАЙН
Мистер Кейн, здравствуйте!
КЕЙН
Здравствуйте, джентльмены! Разворот готов. Рецензия на первой полосе?
БЕРШТАЙН
Да. Ждем еще одну новость. Драматическую.
КЕЙН
Драматическую? Вы намекаете на Лиланда.
БЕРШТАЙН
Да. Мы ждем.
КЕЙН
Где он?
БЕРШТАЙН
Вон там.
Берштайн указывает на дверь в другую комнату. Кейн молча направляется туда.
БЕРШТАЙН
Мистер Кейн. Мистер Кейн.
Но Кейн его не слушает и не желает слушать. Идет в комнату и исчезает там.
БЕРШТАЙН
Мистер Лиланд и мистер Кейн много лет не разговаривают.
РЕПОРТЕР
Вы полагаете…
БЕРШТАЙН
Не полагаю.
(удаляется в ту же комнату)
Извините.
Берштайн заходит в кабинет Лиланд. Дверь остается открытой. Лиланд спит лицом вниз на печатной машинке. Возле машинки стоит начатая бутылка виски.
Берштайн пытается его разбудить.
Кейн стоит и смотрит на Лиланда.
КЕЙН
Закройте дверь.
Берштайн закрывает дверь.
БЕРШТАЙН
Раньше он не пил. Никогда. Мы бы знали.
КЕЙН
Что там? В статье. Что написано?
Берштайн пытается читать написанную статью.
БЕРШТАЙН
“Мисс Cьюзан очаровательна, но безнадежно некомпетентна. Вчера она открыла новый оперный театр спектаклем…” Я не могу произнести это имя.
(смотрит на Кейна, продолжает)
“К счастью, ее пение никого не интересует. Про ее игру ничего путного сказать нельзя…”
Берштайн умолкает.
КЕЙН
Продолжайте.
Берштайн не желает продолжает.
КЕЙН
Это все.
Берштайн молчит. Кейн выхватывает рукопись и читает сам.
КЕЙН
“Про ее игру ничего путного сказать нельзя”, она, по мнению этого критика, она была на самом низком уровне.
БЕРШТАЙН
Я этого не видел.
КЕЙН
Я сам продиктую.
БЕРШТАЙН
Но, мистер Кейн.
КЕЙН
Дайте машинку. Я закончу эту статью.
ВСТАВКА.
КЕЙН ПЕЧАТАЕТ НА МАШИНКЕ ПРОДОЛЖЕНИЕ СТАТЬИ
УТРО — КАБИНЕТ ЛИЛАНДА
Лиланд просыпается. Берет сигарету. Напротив него сидит Берштайн и дает огню Лиланду закурить.
ЛИЛАНД
Здравствуйте.
БЕРШТАЙН
Здравствуйте.
Лиланд замечает, что его статья исчезла. Смотрит на столе, пытается ее найти.
ЛИЛАНД
Где статья? Мне нужно ее закончить.
БЕРШТАЙН
(тихо)
Мистер Кейн заканчивает ее.
ЛИЛАНД
(встает)
Чарли? Чарли?
Подходит к двери. Слышны звуки работы печатной машинки. Лиланд прислушивается к этому звуку.
ЛИЛАНД
Чарли здесь?
БЕРШТАЙН
(подходит к нему)
Он все уладит.
ЛИЛАНД
Я знал, что не напишу ее.
БЕРШТАЙН
Заканчивает в том стиле, что Вы начали. Разгромная статья, как Вы и хотели. Он Вам ее покажет.
Лиланд выходит из кабинета и направляется к Кейну.
Кейн усердно печатает статью на машинке. Лиланд подходит и становится рядом с Кейном.
КЕЙН
Привет.
ЛИЛАНД
Привет, Чарли.
(пауза)
Мы разговариваем?
Кейн прекращает печатать. Не оборачивается к нему.
КЕЙН
Конечно, Джедидайя. Ты уволен.
Лиланд удивлен этим фактом. Кейн на него даже не посмотрел. Продолжает печатать. Лиланд спокойно уходит из редакции.
НАПЛЫВ
НАТ. БАЛКОН В ГОСПИТАЛЕ — ДЕНЬ — 1940
Томпсон и Лиланд сидят на балконе. Стало немного темнее. Солнце понемногу начинает садится.
ЛИЛАНД
Все знают эту историю, но… зачем он сделал это?
ТОМПСОН
Как мог…
ЛИЛАНД
Вы не знаете Чарли. Он думал показать мне, что он честный человек. Он всегда что-то доказывал. Например, с оперным театром для Сьюзи.
(пауза)
А что писали газеты за день до выборов? “Кандидата Кейна застукали в любовном гнездышке с “певичкой”. Он хотел убрать кавычки со слова “певичка”…Медсестра!
(пауза)
5 лет назад он написал мне из своего поместья на юге.
(пытается вспомнить)
Как его? Шангри-ла? Эльдорадо? Слоппи-джо? Как оно называется? Ну, да-да, Ксэнаду. Ведь я помню. Наверное, я стал заговариваться.
(пауза)
Я не ответил на письмо. Может напрасно. Он был одинок в своем Колизее все эти годы. Он не достроил его. Только мою статью сумел закончить за всю свою жизнь. Он построил дворец для нее.
ТОМПСОН
Наверное, любовь?
ЛИЛАНД
Он разочаровался в мире, построил собственный — абсолютную монархию. Нечто большее, чем оперный театр.
(орет)
Медсестра!
МЕДСЕСТРА
Да.
ЛИЛАНД
(Томпсону)
Окажите мне услугу.
ТОМПСОН
Какую?
ЛИЛАНД
Загляните в табачный киоск и купите мне пару сигар.
ТОМПСОН
Охотно.
ЛИЛАНД
Спасибо.
Подходит медсестра.
ЛИЛАНД
В молодости мне все медсестры казались красавицами. Сегодня все иначе. Я провожу.
МЕДСЕСТРА
Хорошо.
Они подходят к двери. Прощаются.
ЛИЛАНД
Не забудьте сигары.
ТОМПСОН
Не забуду.
ЛИЛАНД
(тихо)
Пусть завернут, чтобы напоминало зубную пасту, и оставят на столе. Мой лечащий врач вбил себе в голову, что я должен бросить курить.
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
НАТ. ЭЛЬ РАНЧО КАБАРЕТ В АТЛАНТИК СИТИ — РАНЕЕ УТРО — 1940
Неоновый свет/надпись на крыше
“Эль ранчо”
Cьюзан Александер Кейн.
ДВАЖДЫ ЗА НОЧЬ
Видим эту неоновую надпись снова. Видно, что сейчас ранее утро. Через окно в крыше попадаем во внутрь здания, где уже сидит Томпсон напротив него Сьюзан Кейн.
Играет музыкант на пианино.
ИНТ. ЭЛЬ РАНЧО — РАНЕЕ КТРО — 1940
Сьюзан и Томпсон сидит напротив друг друга. Кабаре почти пустое, лишь несколько человек находится в зале.
Кто-то играет на пианино.
ТОМПСОН
Расскажите все, что придет Вам в голову относительно Вас и мистера Кейна.
СЬЮЗАН
Вы не захотите слушать все, что придет мне в голову.
Пауза.
СЬЮЗАН
Наверное, не стоило петь в нашу первую встречу.
(пауза)
После я чертовски много пела. Для учителей за 100 долларов за час. Их получали учителя.
ТОМПСОН
А Вы?
СЬЮЗАН
Я получала только уроки музыки.
ТОМПСОН
Он женился на Вас?
СЬЮЗАН
Он не говорил о женитьбе, пока все это не появилось в газетах, и он проиграл выборы. А Нортон развелась с ним. Он интересовался моим голосом.
ТОМПСОН
Зачем тогда он купил оперный театр?
СЬЮЗАН
Это его идея. Все идеи были его. Моя — жить с ним.
НАПЛЫВ
ИНТ. ПРИХОЖАЯ В ДОМЕ КЕЙНА В НЬЮ-ЙОРКЕ — ДЕНЬ — 1913
Сьзан поет. МАТИСТИ (35), ее учитель по пению, играет на пианино.
Кейн сидит рядом в шикарном кресле и наблюдает за обучением. Матисти слушает Сьюзан затем останавливается.
МАТИСТИ
(Сьюзан)
Не нервничайте. Начнем сначала.
Матисти подходит к Сьюзан.
МАТИСТИ
Посмотрите на меня, миссис Кейн. Голос должен идти из горла.
(показывает)
Диафрагма.
Он возвращается за пианино и начинает играть.
Сьюзан пытается применить его рекомендации, поет. Заметно, что это не нравится Матисти. Он останавливается играть.
МАТИСТИ
Вы вышли из октавы.
Продолжает играть. Но Сьюзан снова сбивается. Матисти прекращается играть.
МАТИСТИ
(нервничает)
Одни умеют петь, другие нет. Невозможно. Невозможно.
КЕЙН
Вас не просят оценивать ее талант. Вы должны поставить голос. Не более того.
Матисти подходит к окно и смотрит на улицу.
КЕЙН
Садитесь и продолжайте урок.
МАТИСТИ
Но…
КЕЙН
(спокойно)
Пожалуйста.
МАТИСТИ
(потеет)
Я стану посмешищем. Люди подумают…
КЕЙН
Вас волнует то, что подумают люди? Я занимаюсь тем, что думают люди. Например, газеты. Я владею несколькими изданиями.
Кейн подходит к Сьюзан, она расстроена таким поведением и такими обидными словами Матисти.
КЕЙН
Все в порядке, дорогая. В нем нет голоса разума.
Матисти подходит немного ближе к Кейну.
МАТИСТИ
Как убедить Вас.
КЕЙН
Никак.
Матисти понимает, что этот разговор бесполезен. Он сдается. Подходит к пианино.
МАТИСТИ
Начнем сначала. Давайте.
КЕЙН
Все в порядке. Я был уверен.
Матисти играет мелодию, Сьюзан подхватывает и поет. Ее исполнение очень режет слух Матисти. Он срывается.
МАТИСТИ
Нет! Нет! Нет!
ИНТ. ОПЕРА — ЧИКАГО — НОЧЬ — 1914
Это ночь открытия оперы. Занавес еще закрыт и идет подготовка к выходу Сьюзан на сцену. Сьюзан стоит в нарядном красивом и блестящем платье, возле нее стоит ее учитель пения и даёт последние рекомендации.
Костюмеры наводят последние приготовления костюма.
Слышны аплодисменты. Оркестр начинает играть и занавес медленно поднимается.
Сьюзан стоит на сцене перед огромным количеством людей в зале. Она начинает петь.
Видим дирижера, увлечённого своей работой.
Видим людей в зале, которые восхищенно наблюдают за концертом.
Видим Берштайна, который пытается не уснуть.
Видим Лиланда, которому это совсем не нравится и он пытается себя занять чем-то более интересным — например рвать бумагу.
Видим Кейна — он сидит на балконе — его взгляд устремлен на Сьюзан. Он серьёзен. Пытается наслаждается пением Сьюзан.
Музыка набирает тем. Сьюзан пытается взять высокую ноту.
Лицо Сьюзан — она поет, ей нравится ее голос.
Лицо Кейна — слушает и не пытается отвлекается.
Люди в зале слушают пение Сьюзан.
Вдруг концерт заканчивается — стихает музыка, стихает голос Сьюзан.
Зрители поднимаются со своих мест и награждают Сьюзан громкими аплодисментами.
Кейн не хлопает, он как-бы прислушивается к этим приятным для него звукам хлопающих ладоней.
Занавес падает и свет на сцене выключается.
Зрители продолжают хлопать.
Сьюзан стоит на сцене и благодарит за столь приличный приём. Ей тяжело, она очень устала.
Когда аплодисменты стихают, Кейн встает и хлопает очень громко, чтобы весь зал услышал. Он смотрит лишь на Сьюзан. Он пытается хлопать максимально громко.
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
ИНТ. КВАРТИРА КЕЙНА В НЬЮ-ЙОРКЕ — ДЕНЬ — 1914
Несколько недель позже, после выступления Сьюзан в опере. Сьюзан стоит возле окна. Она держит газету в которой рецензия на выступление Сьюзан.
СЬЮЗАН
Друг! Друзья не пишут такие рецензии. Другие газеты критикуют меня, я могу это понять, но чтобы “Инквайер”? Не понимаю.
(стучат в дверь)
Войдите!
Кейн сидит в кресле и тоже читает рецензию.
КЕЙН
Я открою.
Направляется к двери.
СЬЮЗАН
Друг. У меня таких друзей нет. Но я не чета тебе, не училась в престижном колледже.
КЕЙН
(открывает дверь)
Хватит, Cьюзан.
В квартиру заходит ЮНОША. Он передает Кейну письмо.
ЮНОША
От мистера Лиланда. Просил передать лично в руки.
КЕЙН
Спасибо.
Юноша покидает квартиру.
Кейн вскрывает конверт и достает письмо.
СЬЮЗАН
Что-то от него?
Кейн не слушает Сьюзан.
СЬЮЗАН
(кричит)
Чарли! Что касается тебя, то тебе надо лечится. Уволить вместе с чеком на 25 тысяч долларов. Что это за увольнение? Ведь это ты послал ему чек? Как можно, Чарли?
Кейн достает письмо. Также в конверте кусочки порванной бумажки. Кейн высыпает эти кусочки на пол.
КЕЙН
Да. Я послал ему чек.
Кейн раскрывает письмо.
СЬЮЗАН
Что это?
КЕЙН
Декларация принципов.
СЬЮЗАН
Что? Что?
КЕЙН
Антиквариат.
СЬЮЗАН
Считаешь себя умным? Тебе скоро будет не до смеха. Я больше не буду петь. Я никогда не хотела петь.
Кейн рвёт бумагу на мелкие кусочки.
КЕЙН
Ты продолжишь петь. Я не хочу быть посмешищем.
СЬЮЗАН
Не хочешь быть посмешищем? А как же я? Петь буду я, и все будут смеяться надо мной. Оставь меня в покое!
КЕЙН
(в ярости)
Ты не в состоянии понять моих доводов. Повторять не буду.
Сьюзан успокаивается.
КЕЙН
Ты продолжишь петь.
СМЕНА КАДРА
НАРЕЗКА ЭПИЗОДОВ ИЗ СЦЕНИЧНОЙ ЖИЗНИ СЬЮЗЕН
КРУПНЫЙ ПЛАН ТИТУЛЬНОЙ СТРАНИЦЫ “ИНКВАЙЕРА”
НАДПИСЬ “ВАШИНГТОН РУКОПЛЕЩЕТ СЬЮЗАН АЛЕКСАНДР”
ЗАТЕМ ЕЩЕ ОДНА СТАТЬЯ
“СЬЮЗЕН АЛЕКСАНДР ОТКРЫВАЕТ ОПЕРНЫЙ СЕЗОН В САН-ФРАНЦИСКО”
СНОВА СТАТЬЯ В ГАЗЕТЕ “ИНКВАЙЕР СЕНТ-ЛУИС”
“СЬЮЗЕН АЛЕКСАНДР ДЕБЮТИРУЕТ В СЕНТ-ЛУИСЕ”
“В ДЕТРОЙТЕ ПРОДАНЫ ВСЕ БИЛЕТЫ НА СЬЮЗЕН АЛЕКСАНДР”
“НЬЮ-ЙОРК В ВОСТОРГЕ ОТ СЬЮЗЕН АЛЕКСАНДР”
ИНТ. КОМНАТА В ДОМЕ КЕЙНА — КСЭНАДУ — 1925
Сьюзан лежит на кровати в своей комнате. Он спит. В дверь стучат. Несколько раз, каждый раз все сильнее. Затем пытаются войти.
Им удается войти в комнате с третьего раза. Это Кейн. Он подбегает к Сьюзан и трогает ее. Пытается разбудить ее, но она не просыпается.
Кейн подбегает к телефону и набирает номер.
КЕЙН
Доктора Кори.
ЧЕРЕЗ НЕКОТОРОЕ ВРЕМЯ.
Кейн сидит в комнате Сьюзан в кресле и смотрит на спящею жену. Рядом с кроватью стоит доктор. Он окончил осмотр.
КЕЙН
Сьюзи.
ДОКТОР КОРИ
Поправится через пару дней.
КЕЙН
Как она могла совершить такую глупость? Прописанное успокоительное было в большом пузырьке. Думаю, работа утомила ее, и она перепутала пузырьки.
ДОКТОР КОРИ
Согласен с Вами. Не возражаете, если я посижу.
Доктор направляется к выходу.
ДОКТОР КОРИ
Нисколько. Но и сиделка не помешает. Спокойной ночи.
Доктор уходит. Кейн сидит в задумчивости.
ЧЕРЕЗ НЕКОТОРОЕ ВРЕМЯ.
Кейн сидит у кровати Сьюзан. Смотрит на нее. Она приходит в себя. Ей плохо, у нее жар.
СЬЮЗАН
Чарли. Я не показывала, как страдала. Но я больше не смогу петь. Ты не представляешь, что это, когда публика не принимает тебя.
КЕЙН
И ты начала бороться.
Пауза. Смотрят друг на друга.
КЕЙН
Ну, ладно. Больше не придется. Публика проиграла.
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
ВСТАВКА
НАТ. НЕСКОЛЬКО КАДРОВ ТОГО, КАК ИДЕТ СТРОЙКА ДВОРЦА КСЭНАДУ КЕЙНА.
ИНТ. ГРАНД ХОЛЛ В КСЭНАДУ — 1925
На столе лежит разобранный пазл. Рука женщины берет одну штучку и пытается сложить.
Пазл большой. Он на столе, за которым сидит Сьюзан и складывает пазл.
В кресле сидит Кейн. Он сидит ближе к камину. На улице ночь.
КЕЙН
Что делаешь? Картинку собираешь?
Сьюзан прекращает собирать пазл.
СЬЮЗАН
(вздыхает)
Чарли, который час?
КЕЙН
11-30.
СЬЮЗАН
В Нью-Йорке? Который час в Нью-Йорке?
КЕЙН
11-30.
СЬЮЗАН
Ночи?
КЕЙН
Утренний выпуск в печати.
СЬЮЗАН
Рада за утренний выпуск.
(вздыхает)
11-30 — вечер в самом разгаре. Люди идут в рестораны и ночные клубы. Мы другие. Живем во дворце.
КЕЙН
Ты же хотела жить во дворце.
СЬЮЗАН
Здесь можно сойти с ума: не с кем поговорить, посмеяться.
Кейн подходит к Сьюзан.
КЕЙН
Cьюзан.
СЬЮЗАН
49 тысяч акров сплошных статуй. Я тут одинока.
КЕЙН
Если ты заглянешь в западное крыло дворца, Cьюзан, то, вероятно, найдешь там дюжину гостей.
СЬЮЗАН
Ты над всем шутишь. Чарли, я хочу в Нью-Йорк. Я устала быть хозяйкой дома. Хочу веселиться. Пожалуйста, Чарли.
Кейн подходит к огромному камину. Он не обращает внимания на Сьюзан.
СЬЮЗАН
Чарли, прошу тебя.
КЕЙН
Наш дом здесь. Нью-Йорк мне не интересен.
НАПЛЫВ
Сьюзан продолжает складывать пазл. Она уже почти закончила складывать огромную картину. И вот кусочек за кусочком и картина уже сложена.
ВСТАВКА
Затем Сьюзан складывает еще один пазл — с рисунком пляжа;
ВСТАВКА
затем еще один — с рисунком заснеженного леса;
ВСТАВКА
затем еще один огромный пазл — с рисунком дикой природы.
ИНТ. КСЭНАДУ — ГОСТИННАЯ — ДЕНЬ — 1928
Еще один пазл с рисунком заката. Сьюзан сидит за столоМ и складывает пазлы. К ней подходит Кейн. Становится рядом.
КЕЙН
Что делаешь?
Кейн выглядит уже постаревшим. Он набрал вес. Курит трубку.
КЕЙН
Я одно не понимаю, откуда ты знаешь, что еще не собирала их?
Сьюзан смотрит на него со злостью.
СЬЮЗАН
Это логичнее, чем коллекционировать статуи.
КЕЙН
Возможно, ты права. Иногда я думаю, что это вошло у тебя в привычку.
СЬЮЗАН
Это не привычка. Мне нравится.
КЕЙН
Надо завтра устроить пикник.
(пауза)
Надо устроить пикник. Пригласи всех в Эверт-Лейкс.
СЬЮЗАН
Ты имеешь в виду, прикажи. Пусть спят в палатках. А кто захочет, когда есть собственная квартира с хорошей ванной.
Кейн смотрит на нее пристально, не доброжелательно.
КЕЙН
Надо устроить пикник.
ИНТ. САЛОН АВТО — ДЕНЬ — 1928
Сьюзан и Кейн едут в машине. Кейн как всегда с трубкой в зубах.
СЬЮЗАН
Ты отказываешь в том, что мне нравится.
ВСТАВКА
НАТ. ДОРОГА У ОКЕАНА. ПО ДОРОГЕ ДВИЖЕТСЯ ДЛИННЫЙ РЯД АВТОМОБИЛЕЙ ГОСТЕЙ КЕЙНА
ИНТ. БОЛЬШАЯ ПАЛАТКА — ПИКНИК — НОЧЬ — 1928
Большая кровать на которой сидит Сьюзан, рядом большое кресло на котором сидит Кейн. Он уже почти облысел. Выглядит не очень хорошо. Они готовятся ко сну.
Сьюзан угрюмо смотрит на Кейна. Говорит к нему на повышен тоне.
СЬЮЗАН
Подарки мне? Это ничего для тебя не значит.
КЕЙН
Ты в палатке, а не во дворце. Говори нормально, я тебя прекрасно слышу.
СЬЮЗАН
Какая разница: подарить мне браслет или отдать за статую, которая так и простоит не распакованная. Это просто деньги. Они ничего не значат.
КЕЙН
Cьюзан, прекрати.
СЬЮЗАН
Не прекращу.
КЕЙН
Немедленно.
СЬЮЗАН
Ты не давал мне ничего. А пытался купить меня для себя.
Это уже сильно выводит Кейна из себя. Он поднимается и кричит.
КЕЙН
Cьюзан! Я все из любви к тебе.
СЬЮЗАН
Ты не любишь меня, а хочешь, чтобы я любила тебя. Конечно, чтобы ты не пожелал, это уже твое. Но меня ты должен любить.
Кейн не выдерживает и дает пощечину Сьюзан. Смотрят друг на друга.
СЬЮЗАН
Не проси прощения.
КЕЙН
Не буду.
ИНТ. КСЭНАДУ КЕЙНА — ДЕНЬ — 1929
Кейн стоит у большого окна и смотрит на сал. В комнату заходит Рэймонд.
РЭЙМОНД
Миссис Кейн хочет видеть Вас, сэр. Мари собирает ее вещи.
Вместе с Кейном они направляются в комнату Сьюзан.
ИНТ. КОМНАТА СЬЮЗАН — КСЭНАДУ — ДЕНЬ — 1929
Сьюзан стоит у зеркала и поправляет макияж. Ей помогает МАРИ (20). Ее вещи уже собраны и чемоданы стоят у входа.
СЬЮЗАН
Передай, что я готова. Пусть забирают вещи.
МАРИ
Да, мадам.
Кейн стоит у входа и осмтаривает запакованные вещи Сьюзан. Затем смотрит на Сьюзан.
КЕЙН
Ты сошла с ума.
Мари покидает комнату. Кейн и Сьюзан остаются вдвоем.
КЕЙН
А если гости узнают об этом? Собрала вещи и вызвала машину.
СЬЮЗАН
И бросила тебя. Все узнают. Прощаюсь только с тобой. Но вряд ли, что никто не узнает.
КЕЙН
Я не отпущу.
Кейн закрывает ей проход.
СЬЮЗАН
Прощай Чарли.
Сьюзан хочет уйти.
КЕЙН
Cьюзан. Не уходи.
Он пытается дотронутся к ее руке. Он не позволяет ему сделать этого.
СЬЮЗАН
Нет.
КЕЙН
Прошу тебя. Все будет, как пожелаешь. Хотя не думаю, что ты этого хочешь. Как пожелаешь. Ты не должна.
Сьюзан отходит от него подальше.
КЕЙН
Не можешь.
СЬЮЗАН
Понимаю.
Ты не должен так поступать, а никак не я. Я не в счет. Я не могу так поступить?
(резко)
… О, да, еще как могу.
Он открывает дверь и спокойно уходит. Кейн лишь молча провожает ее взглядом.
ИНТ. “ЭЛЬ РАНЧО” — НОЧЬ — 1940
Сьюзан и Томпсон сидят за столом. Между ними повисла пауза. Сьюзан курит.
СЬЮЗАН
Я лишилась денег, а их было много.
ТОМПСОН
Эти 10 лет были трудными.
СЬЮЗАН
Не для меня. Просто лишилась денег.
(пауза)
Поедите в “Ксэнаду”?
ТОМПСОН
В понедельник. Хотим сфотографировать дворец. У нас есть альбом.
СЬЮЗАН
Советую связаться с дворецким. Он знает то, что другим не известно. Очень многое.
Сьюзан дрожит.
ТОМПСОН
Но все же, жаль мистера Кейна.
СЬЮЗАН
А мне не жаль?
Она выпивает остаток напитка в стакане и смотрит вверх. Замечает, что уже рассвело.
СЬЮЗАН
Смотрите, уже рассвело.
Мы покидаем это кабаре также как и попали в него — через окно в потолке.
СЬЮЗАН (ЗК)
Расскажите про свою жизнь.
Надпись “КАБАРЕ ЭЛЬ РАНЧО”
ЗАТМ.
ИЗ ЗАТМ.
ИНТ. КСЭНАДУ — НОЧЬ — 1940
Маленькая комната в которой темно, и даже открытая дверь, через которую сюда попадает свет, не избавляет от темноты.
Томпсон и Рэймонд сидят за столом. Перед ними по бокалу пива и сэндвичи. Рэймонд делает глоток.
РЭЙМОНД
Розовый бутон? Я расскажу Вам. Сколько заплатите?
ТОМПСОН
1000 долларов.
РЭЙМОНД
Договорились. Я расскажу Вам. Он странно вел себя. Знаете?
ТОМПСОН
Нет.
РЭЙМОНД
Иногда он безумно вел себя. Я работал у него 11 лет. Я о нем знаю то, чего многие не знают. Розовый бутон.
(пауза)
Как я говорил, порой старик странно вел себя. Но я умел с ним справляться.
ТОМПСОН
Приходилось попотеть?
РЭЙМОНД
Управлялся. И когда ушла его жена.
ИНТ. СПАЛЬНЯ СЬЮЗАН — 1929
Рэймонд провожает взглядом Сьюзан. Затем идет к двери комнаты Сьюзан где стоит Кейн. Он в растерянности.
Вдруг Кейн начинает трощить комнату Сьюзан.
Кейн ничего не говорит, просто разбрасывает все вещи. Рэймонд стоит у двери и наблюдает за этим.
Кейн выбрасывает ее запакованные чемоданы, срывает постель и швыряет ее, трощит косметички, затем разбивает все зеркала в комнате. Подходит и переворачивает стол, срывает шторы и бросает их на пол, разбивает вазу с цветами. Он устроил настоящий погром в комнате. Но лишь одну вещь не решился разбить — стеклянной шар.
КЕЙН
Розовый бутон.
Он кладет стеклянной шар себе в карман и покидает комнату.
ИНТ. КСЭНАДУ — НОЧЬ — 1940
Назад к Томпсону и Рэймонду.
ТОМПСОН
Понимаю. Это все, что Вы знаете?
РЭЙМОНД
Да. Слышал, он говорил о нем. Просто сказал:… розовый бутон. Потом бросил о пол стеклянный шар. Потом он ничего не говорил. Потом умер. Говорил бессмыслицу.
ТОМПСОН
Вы не сентиментальны.
РЭЙМОНД
И да, и нет.
ТОМПСОН
Это не стоит 1000 долларов.
РЭЙМОНД
А Вы задавайте вопросы.
ТОМПСОН
(холодно)
Сегодня уезжаем, только закончим фотографировать.
Они направляются в другую комнату.
РЭЙМОНД
У вас еще есть время. Поезд останавливается по требованию, но ждать не любит. Раньше ждал, если мистер Кейн так хотел.
Они подходят к большой двери и открывают ее. Это вход в большой зал, где уже работают много человек.
ИНТ. БОЛЬШОЙ ЗАЛ — КСЭНАДУ — НОЧЬ — 1940
Большой и красивейший зал, заполненный разнообразными статуями. Томпсон и Рэймонд спускаются по невероятно красивой лестнице. В зале находятся люди и все они осматривают статуи — их здесь невероятное количество от маленьких до больших, от не красивых и прекрасных, от сломанных до не законченных.
Некоторые статуи еще находятся в запакованном виде, как будто их только сегодня доставили. Также в комнате огромное количество интересных по дизайну стульев, столов.
На стене, кажется что на ней нет свободного месте даже для спичечного коробка, так все густо завешано картинами — большими, маленькими, яркими, однотонными…
По центру холла находятся Фотограф и его Ассистент, которые ходят по залу и все фотографируют. Они пытаются не упустить ни одной вещи, все им нужно запечатлить на камеру.
Также в комнате присутствует Женщина и Мужчина, который носит странную шляпу. Они позируют на фоне этого исторического музея статуй. Их фотографируют.
Некоторые люди просто стоят у картин или статуй и смотрят на них.
ПОСЕТИТЕЛЬ
Рождество. Приписывается Донателло. Куплено во Флоренции.
ФОТОГРАФ
(кричит)
Снято. Следующая. Можно идти вниз?
АССИСТЕНТ
Да.
Фотграф и Ассистент спускаются вниз и направляются к большим статуям. Фотографируют их.
РЭЙМОНД
Сколько, по-вашему, все это стоит, Томпсон?
ТОМПСОН
Миллионы, если это кому-нибудь нужно.
ПОСЕТИТЕЛЬ
Он привез это в Америку.
ВТОРОЙ ПОСЕТИТЕЛЬ
Что это?
ПОСЕТИТЕЛЬ
Венера. 25 000 долларов.
ТРЕТИЙ ПОСЕТИТЕЛЬ
Дороговато за женщину без головы.
Где-то рядом срабатывает вспышка.
ФОТОГРАФ
Банкам не повезло.
АССИСТЕНТ
Не знаю. Они не разоряются.
К Томпсону подходит Репортер газеты. Он уже сделал материал и сейчас лишь рассматривает все вокруг.
РЕПОРТЕР
Ничего не выбрасывал.
(читает)
“Мистеру Кейну от сотрудников “Инквайера”.
Томпсон подходит к большому камину.
ТОМПСОН
Железная печка. Имущество Мери Кейн. Колорадо. Литтл-алем. Соберем все вместе. Он любил коллекционировать?
РЭЙМОНД
Все и вся. Как настоящая ворона.
Они рассматривают пазл, который складывала Сьюзан.
ТОМПСОН
Кажется, мозаика.
РЭЙМОНД
Таких много. Есть даже храм Бурмесса. И все в ящиках. А там часть шотландского замка.
РЕПОРТЕР
Немудрено. Если дворцы, картины, игрушки собрать вместе. Что будет?
Томпсон поворачивается и смотрит в лицо репортеру.
ТОМПСОН
Чарльз Фостер Кейн.
Снова срабатывает вспышка. Фотограф отворачивается от Томпсона при этом скалит зубы.
РЕПОРТЕР
Или розовый бутон?
ДРУГОЙ РЕПОРТЕР
Розовый бутон?
РЕПОРТЕР
Его предсмертные слова.
(к Томпсону)
Узнали, что они означают?
ТОМПСОН
Нет.
РЕПОРТЕР
Что ты раскопал?
ТОМПСОН
Не много.
РЕПОРТЕР
Пора начинать. Что ты делал это время?
ТОМПСОН
Играл в мозаику.
РЕПОРТЕР
Если узнаете, это все объяснит.
ТОМПСОН
Не думаю. Нет. У него было все, потом он это потерял. Возможно, и розовый бутон.
РЕПОРТЕР
Это ничего не объяснит.
ТОМПСОН
Жизнь трудно объяснить словами. Думаю, розовый бутон — кусочек мозаики. Недостающий.
Томпсон рассматривает кусочек мозаики, затем бросает его назад в коробку.
РЕПОРТЕР
Ну, что ж.
ТОМПСОН
Идемте. На поезд. Бросай этот хлам.
Кто-то из людей бросает некоторые вещи в камин, где уже горит сильнейший огонь.
Присутствующие расходятся, берут свои пальта, шляпы и медленно идут к выходу. Через некоторое время этот исторический музей совсем опустевает. Лишь безмолвные статуи наполняют комнату. Пламя в камине разгорается еще сильнее.
НАТ. КСЭНАДУ — НОЧЬ — 1940
Общий план всего замка. Ни одно окно в замке не светится. Замок пуст. Лишь дым из дымохода свидетельствует, что в это замке кто-то недавно был.
Снова те же пейзажи, что и в начале картины, снова тихий сад, снова входные ворота в поместье.
И вот снова табличка на воротах “ВХОД ВОСПРЕЩЕН”
ЗАТЕМНЕНИЕ
КОНЕЦ
-
- Автор сценария:
- Герман Дж. Манкевич
- Орсон Уэллс
- Роджер Денни
- Джон Хаузман
- Молли Кент
-
- Режиссер:
- Орсон Уэллс
Фильм об истории репортера, которому поручено выяснить подробности биографии недавно умершего газетного магната Кейна.
СКАЧАТЬ
Citizen Kane By Herman J. Mankiewicz & Orson Welles PROLOGUE FADE IN: EXT. XANADU - FAINT DAWN - 1940 (MINIATURE) Window, very small in the distance, illuminated. All around this is an almost totally black screen. Now, as the camera moves slowly towards the window which is almost a postage stamp in the frame, other forms appear; barbed wire, cyclone fencing, and now, looming up against an early morning sky, enormous iron grille work. Camera travels up what is now shown to be a gateway of gigantic proportions and holds on the top of it - a huge initial "K" showing darker and darker against the dawn sky. Through this and beyond we see the fairy-tale mountaintop of Xanadu, the great castle a sillhouette as its summit, the little window a distant accent in the darkness. DISSOLVE: A SERIES OF SET -UPS, EACH CLOSER TO THE GREAT WINDOW, ALL TELLING SOMETHING OF: The literally incredible domain of CHARLES FOSTER KANE. Its right flank resting for nearly forty miles on the Gulf Coast, it truly extends in all directions farther than the eye can see. Designed by nature to be almost completely bare and flat - it was, as will develop, practically all marshland when Kane acquired and changed its face - it is now pleasantly uneven, with its fair share of rolling hills and one very good- sized mountain, all man-made. Almost all the land is improved, either through cultivation for farming purposes of through careful landscaping, in the shape of parks and lakes. The castle dominates itself, an enormous pile, compounded of several genuine castles, of European origin, of varying architecture - dominates the scene, from the very peak of the mountain. DISSOLVE: GOLF LINKS (MINIATURE) Past which we move. The greens are straggly and overgrown, the fairways wild with tropical weeds, the links unused and not seriously tended for a long time. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: WHAT WAS ONCE A GOOD-SIZED ZOO (MINIATURE) Of the Hagenbeck type. All that now remains, with one exception, are the individual plots, surrounded by moats, on which the animals are kept, free and yet safe from each other and the landscape at large. (Signs on several of the plots indicate that here there were once tigers, lions, girrafes.) DISSOLVE: THE MONKEY TERRACE (MINIATURE) In the foreground, a great obscene ape is outlined against the dawn murk. He is scratching himself slowly, thoughtfully, looking out across the estates of Charles Foster Kane, to the distant light glowing in the castle on the hill. DISSOLVE: THE ALLIGATOR PIT (MINIATURE) The idiot pile of sleepy dragons. Reflected in the muddy water - the lighted window. THE LAGOON (MINIATURE) The boat landing sags. An old newspaper floats on the surface of the water - a copy of the New York Enquirer." As it moves across the frame, it discloses again the reflection of the window in the castle, closer than before. THE GREAT SWIMMING POOL (MINIATURE) It is empty. A newspaper blows across the cracked floor of the tank. DISSOLVE: THE COTTAGES (MINIATURE) In the shadows, literally the shadows, of the castle. As we move by, we see that their doors and windows are boarded up and locked, with heavy bars as further protection and sealing. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: A DRAWBRIDGE (MINIATURE) Over a wide moat, now stagnant and choked with weeds. We move across it and through a huge solid gateway into a formal garden, perhaps thirty yards wide and one hundred yards deep, which extends right up to the very wall of the castle. The landscaping surrounding it has been sloppy and causal for a long time, but this particular garden has been kept up in perfect shape. As the camera makes its way through it, towards the lighted window of the castle, there are revealed rare and exotic blooms of all kinds. The dominating note is one of almost exaggerated tropical lushness, hanging limp and despairing. Moss, moss, moss. Ankor Wat, the night the last King died. DISSOLVE: THE WINDOW (MINIATURE) Camera moves in until the frame of the window fills the frame of the screen. Suddenly, the light within goes out. This stops the action of the camera and cuts the music which has been accompanying the sequence. In the glass panes of the window, we see reflected the ripe, dreary landscape of Mr. Kane's estate behind and the dawn sky. DISSOLVE: INT. KANE'S BEDROOM - FAINT DAWN - A very long shot of Kane's enormous bed, silhouetted against the enormous window. DISSOLVE: INT. KANE'S BEDROOM - FAINT DAWN - SNOW SCENE. An incredible one. Big, impossible flakes of snow, a too picturesque farmhouse and a snow man. The jingling of sleigh bells in the musical score now makes an ironic reference to Indian Temple bells - the music freezes - KANE'S OLD OLD VOICE Rosebud... The camera pulls back, showing the whole scene to be contained in one of those glass balls which are sold in novelty stores all over the world. A hand - Kane's hand, which has been holding the ball, relaxes. The ball falls out of his hand and bounds down two carpeted steps leading to the bed, the camera following. The ball falls off the last step onto the marble floor where it breaks, the fragments glittering in the first rays of the morning sun. This ray cuts an angular pattern across the floor, suddenly crossed with a thousand bars of light as the blinds are pulled across the window. The foot of Kane's bed. The camera very close. Outlined against the shuttered window, we can see a form - the form of a nurse, as she pulls the sheet up over his head. The camera follows this action up the length of the bed and arrives at the face after the sheet has covered it. FADE OUT: FADE IN: INT. OF A MOTION PICTURE PROJECTION ROOM On the screen as the camera moves in are the words: "MAIN TITLE" Stirring, brassy music is heard on the soundtrack (which, of course, sounds more like a soundtrack than ours.) The screen in the projection room fills our screen as the second title appears: "CREDITS" NOTE: Here follows a typical news digest short, one of the regular monthly or bi-monthly features, based on public events or personalities. These are distinguished from ordinary newsreels and short subjects in that they have a fully developed editorial or storyline. Some of the more obvious characteristics of the "March of Time," for example, as well as other documentary shorts, will be combined to give an authentic impression of this now familiar type of short subject. As is the accepted procedure in these short subjects, a narrator is used as well as explanatory titles. FADE OUT: NEWS DIGEST NARRATOR Legendary was the Xanadu where Kubla Kahn decreed his stately pleasure dome - (with quotes in his voice) "Where twice five miles of fertile ground, with walls and towers were girdled 'round." (DROPPING THE QUOTES) Today, almost as legendary is Florida's XANADU - world's largest private pleasure ground. Here, on the deserts of the Gulf Coast, a private mountain was commissioned, successfully built for its landlord. Here in a private valley, as in the Coleridge poem, "blossoms many an incense-bearing tree." Verily, "a miracle of rare device." U.S.A. CHARLES FOSTER KANE Opening shot of great desolate expanse of Florida coastline (1940 - DAY) DISSOLVE: Series of shots showing various aspects of Xanadu, all as they might be photographed by an ordinary newsreel cameraman - nicely photographed, but not atmospheric to the extreme extent of the Prologue (1940). NARRATOR (dropping the quotes) Here, for Xanadu's landlord, will be held 1940's biggest, strangest funeral; here this week is laid to rest a potent figure of our Century - America's Kubla Kahn - Charles Foster Kane. In journalism's history, other names are honored more than Charles Foster Kane's, more justly revered. Among publishers, second only to James Gordon Bennet the First: his dashing, expatriate son; England's Northcliffe and Beaverbrook; Chicago's Patterson and McCormick; TITLE: TO FORTY-FOUR MILLION U.S. NEWS BUYERS, MORE NEWSWORTHY THAN THE NAMES IN HIS OWN HEADLINES, WAS KANE HIMSELF, GREATEST NEWSPAPER TYCOON OF THIS OR ANY OTHER GENERATION. Shot of a huge, screen-filling picture of Kane. Pull back to show that it is a picture on the front page of the "Enquirer," surrounded by the reversed rules of mourning, with masthead and headlines. (1940) DISSOLVE: A great number of headlines, set in different types and different styles, obviously from different papers, all announcing Kane's death, all appearing over photographs of Kane himself (perhaps a fifth of the headlines are in foreign languages). An important item in connection with the headlines is that many of them - positively not all - reveal passionately conflicting opinions about Kane. Thus, they contain variously the words "patriot," "democrat," "pacifist," "war-monger," "traitor," "idealist," "American," etc. TITLE: 1895 TO 1940 - ALL OF THESE YEARS HE COVERED, MANY OF THESE YEARS HE WAS. Newsreel shots of San Francisco during and after the fire, followed by shots of special trains with large streamers: "Kane Relief Organization." Over these shots superimpose the date - 1906. Artist's painting of Foch's railroad car and peace negotiators, if actual newsreel shot unavailable. Over this shot sumperimpose the date - 1918. NARRATOR Denver's Bonfils and Sommes; New York's late, great Joseph Pulitzer; America's emperor of the news syndicate, another editorialist and landlord, the still mighty and once mightier Hearst. Great names all of them - but none of them so loved, hated, feared, so often spoken - as Charles Foster Kane. The San Francisco earthquake. First with the news were the Kane papers. First with Relief of the Sufferers, First with the news of their Relief of the Sufferers. Kane papers scoop the world on the Armistice - publish, eight hours before competitors, complete details of the Armistice teams granted the Germans by Marshall Foch from his railroad car in the Forest of Compeigne. For forty years appeared in Kane newsprint no public issue on which Kane papers took no stand. No public man whom Kane himself did not support or denounce - often support, then denounce. Its humble beginnings, a dying dailey - Shots with the date - 1898 (to be supplied) Shots with the date - 1910 (to be supplied) Shots with the date - 1922 (to be supplied) Headlines, cartoons, contemporary newreels or stills of the following: 1. WOMAN SUFFRAGE The celebrated newsreel shot of about 1914. 2. PROHIBITION Breaking up of a speakeasy and such. 3. T.V.A. 4. LABOR RIOTS Brief clips of old newreel shots of William Jennings Bryan, Theodore Roosevelt, Stalin, Walter P. Thatcher, Al Smith, McKinley, Landon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and such. Also, recent newsreels of the elderly Kane with such Nazis as Hitler and Goering; and England's Chamberlain and Churchill. Shot of a ramshackle building with old-fashioned presses showing through plate glass windows and the name "Enquirer" in old- fashioned gold letters. (1892) DISSOLVE: NARRATOR Kane's empire, in its glory, held dominion over thirty-seven newpapers, thirteen magazines, a radio network. An empire upon an empire. The first of grocery stores, paper mills, apartment buildings, factories, forests, ocean-liners - An empire through which for fifty years flowed, in an unending stream, the wealth of the earth's third richest gold mine... Famed in American legend is the origin of the Kane fortune... How, to boarding housekeeper Mary Kane, by a defaulting boarder, in 1868 was left the supposedly worthless deed to an abandoned mine shaft: The Colorado Lode. The magnificent Enquirer Building of today. 1891-1911 - a map of the USA, covering the entire screen, which in animated diagram shows the Kane publications spreading from city to city. Starting from New York, minature newboys speed madly to Chicago, Detroit, St. Louis, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, Atlanta, El Paso, etc., screaming "Wuxtry, Kane Papers, Wuxtry." Shot of a large mine going full blast, chimneys belching smoke, trains moving in and out, etc. A large sign reads "Colorado Lode Mining Co." (1940) Sign reading; "Little Salem, CO - 25 MILES." DISSOLVE: An old still shot of Little Salem as it was 70 years ago (identified by copper-plate caption beneath the still). (1870) Shot of early tintype stills of Thomas Foster Kane and his wife, Mary, on their wedding day. A similar picture of Mary Kane some four or five years later with her little boy, Charles Foster Kane. NARRATOR Fifty-seven years later, before a Congressional Investigation, Walter P. Thatcher, grand old man of Wall Street, for years chief target of Kane papers' attack on "trusts," recalls a journey he made as a youth... Shot of Capitol, in Washington D.C. Shot of Congressional Investigating Committee (reproduction of existing J.P. Morgan newsreel). This runs silent under narration. Walter P. Thatcher is on the stand. He is flanked by his son, Walter P. Thatcher Jr., and other partners. He is being questioned by some Merry Andrew congressmen. At this moment, a baby alligator has just been placed in his lap, causing considerable confusion and embarrassment. Newsreel close-up of Thatcher, the soundtrack of which now fades in. THATCHER ... because of that trivial incident... INVESTIGATOR It is a fact, however, is it not, that in 1870, you did go to Colorado? THATCHER I did. INVESTIGATOR In connection with the Kane affairs? THATCHER Yes. My firm had been appointed trustees by Mrs. Kane for the fortune, which she had recently acquired. It was her wish that I should take charge of this boy, Charles Foster Kane. NARRATOR That same month in Union Square - INVESTIGATOR Is it not a fact that on that occasion, the boy personally attacked you after striking you in the stomach with a sled? Loud laughter and confusion. THATCHER Mr. Chairman, I will read to this committee a prepared statement I have brought with me - and I will then refuse to answer any further questions. Mr. Johnson, please! A young assistant hands him a sheet of paper from a briefcase. THATCHER (reading it) "With full awareness of the meaning of my words and the responsibility of what I am about to say, it is my considered belief that Mr. Charles Foster Kane, in every essence of his social beliefs and by the dangerous manner in which he has persistently attacked the American traditions of private property, initiative and opportunity for advancement, is - in fact - nothing more or less than a Communist." Newsreel of Union Square meeting, section of crowd carrying banners urging the boycott of Kane papers. A speaker is on the platform above the crowd. SPEAKER (fading in on soundtrack) - till the words "Charles Foster Kane" are a menace to every working man in this land. He is today what he has always been and always will be - A FASCIST! NARRATOR And yet another opinion - Kane's own. Silent newsreel on a windy platform, flag-draped, in front of the magnificent Enquirer building. On platform, in full ceremonial dress, is Charles Foster Kane. He orates silently. TITLE: "I AM, HAVE BEEN, AND WILL BE ONLY ONE THING - AN AMERICAN." CHARLES FOSTER KANE. Same locale, Kane shaking hands out of frame. Another newsreel shot, much later, very brief, showing Kane, older and much fatter, very tired-looking, seated with his second wife in a nightclub. He looks lonely and unhappy in the midst of the gaiety. NARRATOR Twice married, twice divorced - first to a president's niece, Emily Norton - today, by her second marriage, chatelaine of the oldest of England's stately homes. Sixteen years after that - two weeks after his divorce from Emily Norton - Kane married Susan Alexander, singer, at the Town Hall in Trenton, New Jersey. TITLE: FEW PRIVATE LIVES WERE MORE PUBLIC. Period still of Emily Norton (1900). DISSOLVE: Reconstructed silent newsreel. Kane, Susan, and Bernstein emerging from side doorway of City Hall into a ring of press photographers, reporters, etc. Kane looks startled, recoils for an instance, then charges down upon the photographers, laying about him with his stick, smashing whatever he can hit. NARRATOR For wife two, one-time opera singing Susan Alexander, Kane built Chicago's Municipal Opera House. Cost: three million dollars. Conceived for Susan Alexander Kane, half-finished before she divorced him, the still unfinished Xanadu. Cost: no man can say. Still of architect's sketch with typically glorified "rendering" of the Chicago Municipal Opera House. DISSOLVE: A glamorous shot of the almost-finished Xanadu, a magnificent fairy-tale estate built on a mountain. (1920) Then shots of its preparation. (1917) Shots of truck after truck, train after train, flashing by with tremendous noise. Shots of vast dredges, steamshovels. Shot of ship standing offshore unloading its lighters. In quick succession, shots follow each other, some reconstructed, some in miniature, some real shots (maybe from the dam projects) of building, digging, pouring concrete, etc. NARRATOR One hundred thousand trees, twenty thousand tons of marble, are the ingredients of Xanadu's mountain. Xanadu's livestock: the fowl of the air, the fish of the sea, the beast of the field and jungle - two of each; the biggest private zoo since Noah. Contents of Kane's palace: paintings, pictures, statues, the very stones of many another palace, shipped to Florida from every corner of the earth, from other Kane houses, warehouses, where they mouldered for years. Enough for ten museums - the loot of the world. More shots as before, only this time we see (in miniature) a large mountain - at different periods in its development - rising out of the sands. Shots of elephants, apes, zebras, etc. being herded, unloaded, shipped, etc. in various ways. Shots of packing cases being unloaded from ships, from trains, from trucks, with various kinds of lettering on them (Italian, Arabian, Chinese, etc.) but all consigned to Charles Foster Kane, Xanadu, Florida. A reconstructed still of Xanadu - the main terrace. A group of persons in clothes of the period of 1917. In their midst, clearly recognizable, are Kane and Susan. NARRATOR Kane urged his country's entry into one war, opposed participation in another. Swung the election to one American President at least, was called another's assassin. Thus, Kane's papers might never have survived - had not the President. TITLE: FROM XANADU, FOR THE PAST TWENTY-FIVE YEARS, ALL KANE ENTERPRISES HAVE BEEN DIRECTED, MANY OF THE NATIONS DESTINIES SHAPED. Shots of various authentically worded headlines of American papers since 1895. Spanish-American War shots. (1898) A graveyard in France of the World War and hundreds of crosses. (1919) Old newsreels of a political campaign. Insert of a particularly virulent headline and/or cartoon. HEADLINE: "PRESIDENT SHOT" NARRATOR Kane, molder of mass opinion though he was, in all his life was never granted elective office by the voters of his country. Few U.S. news publishers have been. Few, like one-time Congressman Hearst, have ever run for any office - most know better - conclude with other political observers that one man's press has power enough for himself. But Kane papers were once strong indeed, and once the prize seemed almost his. In 1910, as Independent Candidate for governor, the best elements of the state behind him - the White House seemingly the next easy step in a lightning political career - NIGHT SHOT OF CROWD BURNING CHARLES FOSTER KANE IN EFFIGY. THE DUMMY BEARS A GROTESQUE, COMIC RESEMBLANCE TO KANE. IT IS TOSSED INTO THE FLAMES, WHICH BURN UP - AND THEN DOWN... (1910) FADE OUT: TITLE: IN POLITICS - ALWAYS A BRIDESMAID, NEVER A BRIDE Newsreel shots of great crowds streaming into a building - Madison Square Garden - then shots inside the vast auditorium, at one end of which is a huge picture of Kane. (1910) Shot of box containing the first Mrs. Kane and young Howard Kane, age five. They are acknowledging the cheers of the crowd. (Silent Shot) (1910) Newreel shot of dignitaries on platform, with Kane, alongside of speaker's table, beaming, hand upraised to silence the crowd. (Silent Shot) (1910) NARRATOR Then, suddenly - less than one week before election - defeat! Shameful, ignominious - defeat that set back for twenty years the cause of reform in the U.S., forever cancelled political chances for Charles Foster Kane. Then, in the third year of the Great Depression... As to all publishers, it sometimes must - to Bennett, to Munsey and Hearst it did - a paper closes! For Kane, in four short years: collapse! Eleven Kane papers, four Kane magazines merged, more sold, scrapped - Newreel shot - closeup of Kane delivering a speech... (1910) The front page of a contemporary paper - a screaming headline. Twin phots of Kane and Susan. (1910) Printed title about Depression. Once more repeat the map of the USA 1932-1939. Suddenly, the cartoon goes into reverse, the empire begins to shrink, illustrating the narrator's words. The door of a newspaper office with the signs: "Closed." NARRATOR Then four long years more - alone in his never-finished, already decaying, pleasure palace, aloof, seldom visited, never photographed, Charles Foster Kane continued to direct his falling empire ... vainly attempting to sway, as he once did, the destinies of a nation that has ceased to listen to him ... ceased to trust him... SHOTS OF XANADU. (1940) Series of shots, entirely modern, but rather jumpy and obviously bootlegged, showing Kane in a bath chair, swathed in summer rugs, being perambulated through his rose garden, a desolate figure in the sunshine. (1935) NARRATOR Last week, death came to sit upon the throne of America's Kubla Khan - last week, as it must to all men, death came to Charles Foster Kane. DISSOLVE: Cabinent Photograph (Full Screen) of Kane as an old, old man. This image remains constant on the screen (as camera pulls back, taking in the interior of a dark projection room. INT. PROJECTION ROOM - DAY - A fairly large one, with a long throw to the screen. It is dark. The image of Kane as an old man remains constant on the screen as camera pulls back, slowly taking in and registering Projection Room. This action occurs, however, only after the first few lines of encuring dialogue have been spoken. The shadows of the men speaking appear as they rise from their chairs - black against the image of Kane's face on the screen. NOTE: These are the editors of a "News Digest" short, and of the Rawlston magazines. All his enterprises are represented in the projection room, and Rawlston himself, that great man, is present also and will shortly speak up. During the entire course of this scene, nobody's face is really seen. Sections of their bodies are picked out by a table light, a silhouette is thrown on the screen, and their faces and bodies are themselves thrown into silhouette against the brilliant slanting rays of light from the projection room. A Third Man is on the telephone. We see a corner of his head and the phone. THIRD MAN (at phone) Stand by. I'll tell you if we want to run it again. (hangs up) THOMPSON'S VOICE Well? A short pause. A MAN'S VOICE It's a tough thing to do in a newsreel. Seventy years of a man's life - Murmur of highly salaried assent at this. Rawlston walks toward camera and out of the picture. Others are rising. Camera during all of this, apparently does its best to follow action and pick up faces, but fails. Actually, all set-ups are to be planned very carefully to exclude the element of personality from this scene; which is expressed entirely by voices, shadows, sillhouettes and the big, bright image of Kane himself on the screen. A VOICE See what Arthur Ellis wrote about him in the American review? THIRD MAN I read it. THE VOICE (its owner is already leaning across the table, holding a piece of paper under the desk light and reading from it) Listen: Kane is dead. He contributed to the journalism of his day - the talent of a mountebank, the morals of a bootlegger, and the manners of a pasha. He and his kind have almost succeeded in transforming a once noble profession into a seven percent security - no longer secure. ANOTHER VOICE That's what Arthur Ellis is writing now. Thirty years ago, when Kane gave him his chance to clean up Detroit and Chicago and St. Louis, Kane was the greatest guy in the world. If you ask me - ANOTHER VOICE Charles Foster Kane was a... Then observations are made almost simultaneous. RAWLSTON'S VOICE Just a minute! Camera moves to take in his bulk outlined against the glow from the projection room. RAWLSTON What were Kane's last words? A silence greets this. RAWLSTON What were the last words he said on earth? Thompson, you've made us a good short, but it needs character - SOMEBODY'S VOICE Motivation - RAWLSTON That's it - motivation. What made Kane what he was? And, for that matter, what was he? What we've just seen are the outlines of a career - what's behind the career? What's the man? Was he good or bad? Strong or foolish? Tragic or silly? Why did he do all those things? What was he after? (then, appreciating his point) Maybe he told us on his death bed. THOMPSON Yes, and maybe he didn't. RAWLSTON Ask the question anyway, Thompson! Build the picture around the question, even if you can't answer it. THOMPSON I know, but - RAWLSTON (riding over him like any other producer) All we saw on that screen was a big American - A VOICE One of the biggest. RAWLSTON (without pausing for this) But how is he different from Ford? Or Hearst for that matter? Or Rockefeller - or John Doe? A VOICE I know people worked for Kane will tell you - not only in the newspaper business - look how he raised salaries. You don't want to forget - ANOTHER VOICE You take his labor record alone, they ought to hang him up like a dog. RAWLSTON I tell you, Thompson - a man's dying words - SOMEBODY'S VOICE What were they? Silence. SOMEBODY'S VOICE (hesitant) Yes, Mr. Rawlston, what were Kane's dying words? RAWLSTON (with disgust) Rosebud! A little ripple of laughter at this, which is promptly silenced by Rawlston. RAWLSTON That's right. A VOICE Tough guy, huh? (derisively) Dies calling for Rosebud! RAWLSTON Here's a man who might have been President. He's been loved and hated and talked about as much as any man in our time - but when he comes to die, he's got something on his mind called "Rosebud." What does that mean? ANOTHER VOICE A racehorse he bet on once, probably, that didn't come in - Rosebud! RAWLSTON All right. But what was the race? There is a short silence. RAWLSTON Thompson! THOMPSON Yes, sir. RAWLSTON Hold this thing up for a week. Two weeks if you have to... THOMPSON (feebly) But don't you think if we release it now - he's only been dead four days it might be better than if - RAWLSTON (decisively) Nothing is ever better than finding out what makes people tick. Go after the people that knew Kane well. That manager of his - the little guy, Bernstein, those two wives, all the people who knew him, had worked for him, who loved him, who hated his guts - (pauses) I don't mean go through the City Directory, of course - The Third Man gives a hearty "yes-man" laugh. THOMPSON I'll get to it right away, Mr. Rawlston. RAWLSTON (rising) Good! The camera from behind him, outlines his back against Kane's picture on the screen. RAWLSTON'S VOICE It'll probably turn out to be a very simple thing... FADE OUT: NOTE: Now begins the story proper - the seach by Thompson for the facts about Kane - his researches ... his interviews with the people who knew Kane. It is important to remember always that only at the very end of the story is Thompson himself a personality. Until then, throughout the picture, we photograph only Thompson's back, shoulders, or his shadow - sometimes we only record his voice. He is not until the final scene a "character". He is the personification of the search for the truth about Charles Foster Kane. He is the investigator. FADE IN: EXT. CHEAP CABARET - "EL RANCHO" - ATLANTIC CITY - NIGHT - 1940 (MINIATURE) - RAIN The first image to register is a sign: "EL RANCHO" FLOOR SHOW SUSAN ALEXANDER KANE TWICE NIGHTLY These words, spelled out in neon, glow out of the darkness at the end of the fade out. Then there is lightning which reveals a squalid roof-top on which the sign stands. Thunder again, and faintly the sound of music from within. A light glows from a skylight. The camera moves to this and closes in. Through the splashes of rain, we see through the skylight down into the interior of the cabaret. Directly below us at a table sits the lone figure of a woman, drinking by herself. DISSOLVE: INT. "EL RANCO" CABARET - NIGHT - Medium shot of the same woman as before, finishing the drink she started to take above. It is Susie. The music, of course, is now very loud. Thompson, his back to the camera, moves into the picture in the close foreground. A Captain appears behind Susie, speaking across her to Thompson. THE CAPTAIN (a Greek) This is Mr. Thompson, Miss Alexander. Susan looks up into Thompson's face. She is fifty, trying to look much younger, cheaply blonded, in a cheap, enormously generous evening dress. Blinking up into Thompson's face, she throws a crink into ther mouth. Her eyes, which she thinks is keeping commandingly on his, are bleared and watery. SUSAN (to the Captain) I want another drink, John. Low thunder from outside. THE CAPTAIN (seeing his chance) Right away. Will you have something, Mr. Thompson? THOMPSON (staring to sit down) I'll have a highball. SUSAN (so insistently as to make Thompson change his mind and stand up again) Who told you you could sit down here? THOMPSON Oh! I thought maybe we could have a drink together? SUSAN Think again! There is an awkward pause as Thompson looks from her to the Captain. SUSAN Why don't you people let me alone? I'm minding my own business. You mind yours. THOMPSON If you'd just let me talk to you for a little while, Miss Alexander. All I want to ask you... SUSAN Get out of here! (almost hysterical) Get out! Get out! Thompson looks at the Captain, who shrugs his shoulders. THOMPSON I'm sorry. Maybe some other time - If he thought he would get a response from Susan, who thinks she is looking at him steelily, he realizes his error. He nods and walks off, following the Captain out the door. THE CAPTAIN She's just not talking to anybody from the newspapers, Mr. Thompson. THOMPSON I'm not from a newspaper exactly, I - They have come upon a waiter standing in front of a booth. THE CAPTAIN (to the waiter) Get her another highball. THE WAITER Another double? THE CAPTAIN (after a moment, pityingly) Yes. They walk to the door. THOMPSON She's plastered, isn't she? THE CAPTAIN She'll snap out of it. Why, until he died, she'd just as soon talk about Mr. Kane as about anybody. Sooner. THOMPSON I'll come down in a week or so and see her again. Say, you might be able to help me. When she used to talk about Kane - did she ever happen to say anything - about Rosebud? THE CAPTAIN Rosebud? Thompson has just handed him a bill. The Captain pockets it. THE CAPTAIN Thank you, sir. As a matter of fact, yesterday afternoon, when it was in all the papers - I asked her. She never heard of Rosebud. FADE OUT: FADE IN: INT. THATCHER MEMORIAL LIBRARY - DAY - An excruciatingly noble interpretation of Mr. Thatcher himself executed in expensive marble. He is shown seated on one of those improbable Edwin Booth chairs and is looking down, his stone eyes fixed on the camera. We move down off of this, showing the impressive pedestal on which the monument is founded. The words, "Walter Parks Thatcher" are prominently and elegantly engraved thereon. Immediately below the inscription we encounter, in a medium shot, the person of Bertha Anderson, an elderly, manish spinnster, seated behind her desk. Thompson, his hat in his hand, is standing before her. Bertha is on the phone. BERTHA (into phone) Yes. I'll take him in now. (hangs up and looks at Thompson) The directors of the Thatcher Library have asked me to remind you again of the condition under which you may inspect certain portions of Mr. Thatcher's unpublished memoirs. Under no circumstances are direct quotations from his manuscript to be used by you. THOMPSON That's all right. BERTHA You may come with me. Without watching whether he is following her or not, she rises and starts towards a distant and imposingly framed door. Thompson, with a bit of a sigh, follows. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. THE VAULT ROOM - THATCHER MEMORIAL LIBRARY - DAY - A room with all the warmth and charm of Napolean's tomb. As we dissolve in, the door opens in and we see past Thompson's shoulders the length of the room. Everything very plain, very much made out of marble and very gloomy. Illumination from a skylight above adds to the general air of expensive and classical despair. The floor is marble, and there is a gigantic, mahogany table in the center of everything. Beyond this is to be seen, sunk in the marble wall at the far end of the room, the safe from which a guard, in a khaki uniform, with a revolver holster at his hip, is extracting the journal of Walter P. Thatcher. He brings it to Bertha as if he were the guardian of a bullion shipment. During this, Bertha has been speaking. BERTHA (to the guard) Pages eighty-three to one hundred and forty-two, Jennings. GUARD Yes, Miss Anderson. BERTHA (to Thompson) You will confine yourself, it is our understanding, to the chapter dealing with Mr. Kane. THOMPSON That's all I'm interested in. The guard has, by this time, delivered the precious journal. Bertha places it reverently on the table before Thompson. BERTHA You will be required to leave this room at four-thirty promptly. She leaves. Thompson starts to light a cigarette. The guard shakes his head. With a sigh, Thompson bends over to read the manuscript. Camera moves down over his shoulder onto page of manuscript. Manuscript, neatly and precisely written: "CHARLES FOSTER KANE WHEN THESE LINES APPEAR IN PRINT, FIFTY YEARS AFTER MY DEATH, I AM CONFIDENT THAT THE WHOLE WORLD WILL AGREE WITH MY OPINION OF CHARLES FOSTER KANE, ASSUMING THAT HE IS NOT THEN COMPLETELY FORGOTTEN, WHICH I REGARD AS EXTREMELY LIKELY. A GOOD DEAL OF NONSENSE HAS APPEARED ABOUT MY FIRST MEETING WITH KANE, WHEN HE WAS SIX YEARS OLD... THE FACTS ARE SIMPLE. IN THE WINTER OF 1870..." The camera has not held on the entire page. It has been following the words with the same action that the eye does the reading. On the last words, the white page of the paper DISSOLVES INTO: EXT. MRS. KANE'S BOARDINGHOUSE - DAY - The white of a great field of snow, seen from the angle of a parlor window. In the same position of the last word in above Insert, appears the tiny figure of Charles Foster Kane, aged five (almost like an animated cartoon). He is in the act of throwing a snowball at the camera. It sails toward us and over our heads, out of scene. Reverse angle - on the house featuring a large sign reading: MRS. KANE'S BOARDINGHOUSE HIGH CLASS MEALS AND LODGING INQUIRE WITHIN Charles Kane's snowball hits the sign. INT. PARLOR - MRS. KANE'S BOARDINGHOUSE - DAY - Camera is angling through the window, but the window-frame is not cut into scene. We see only the field of snow again, same angle as in previous scene. Charles is manufacturing another snowball. Now - Camera pulls back, the frame of the window appearing, and we are inside the parlor of the boardinghouse. Mrs. Kane, aged about 28, is looking out towards her son. Just as we take her in she speaks: MRS. KANE (calling out) Be careful, Charles! THATCHER'S VOICE Mrs. Kane - MRS. KANE (Calling out the window almost on top of this) Pull your muffler around your neck, Charles - But Charles, deliriously happy in the snow, is oblivious to this and is running away. Mrs. Kane turns into camera and we see her face - a strong face, worn and kind. THATCHER'S VOICE think we'll have to tell him now - Camera now pulls back further, showing Thatcher standing before a table on which is his stove-pipe hat and an imposing multiplicity of official-looking documents. He is 26 and, as might be expected, a very stuffy young man, already very expensive and conservative looking, even in Colorado. MRS. KANE I'll sign those papers - KANE SR. You people seem to forget that I'm the boy's father. At the sound of Kane Sr.'s voice, both have turned to him and the camera pulls back still further, taking him in. Kane Sr., who is the assistant curator in a livery stable, has been groomed as elegantly as is likely for this meeting ever since daybreak. From outside the window can be heard faintly the wild and cheerful cries of the boy, blissfully cavorting in the snow. MRS. KANE It's going to be done exactly the way I've told Mr. Thatcher - KANE SR. If I want to, I can go to court. father has a right to - THATCHER (annoyed) Mr. Kane, the certificates that Mr. Graves left here are made out to Mrs. Kane, in her name. Hers to do with as she pleases - KANE SR. Well, I don't hold with signing my boy away to any bank as guardian just because - MRS. KANE (quietly) I want you to stop all this nonsense, Jim. THATCHER The Bank's decision in all matters concerning his education, his place of residence and similar subjects will be final. (clears his throat) KANE SR. The idea of a bank being the guardian - Mrs. Kane has met his eye. Her triumph over him finds expression in his failure to finish his sentence. MRS. KANE (even more quietly) I want you to stop all this nonsense, Jim. THATCHER We will assume full management of the Colorado Lode - of which you, Mrs. Kane, are the sole owner. Kane Sr. opens his mouth once or twice, as if to say something, but chokes down his opinion. MRS. KANE (has been reading past Thatcher's shoulder as he talked) Where do I sign, Mr. Thatcher? THATCHER Right here, Mrs. Kane. KANE SR. (sulkily) Don't say I didn't warn you. Mrs. Kane lifts the quill pen. KANE SR. Mary, I'm asking you for the last time - anyon'd think I hadn't been a good husband and a - Mrs. Kane looks at him slowly. He stops his speech. THATCHER The sum of fifty thousand dollars a year is to be paid to yourself and Mr. Kane as long as you both live, and thereafter the survivor - Mrs. Kane puts pen to the paper and signs. KANE SR. Well, let's hope it's all for the best. MRS. KANE It is. Go on, Mr. Thatcher - Mrs. Kane, listening to Thatcher, of course has had her other ear bent in the direction of the boy's voice. Thatcher is aware both of the boy's voice, which is counter to his own, and of Mrs. Kane's divided attention. As he pauses, Kane Sr. genteelly walks over to close the window. EXT. MRS. KANE'S BOARDINGHOUSE - DAY - Kane Jr., seen from Kane Sr.'s position at the window. He is advancing on the snowman, snowballs in his hands, dropping to one knee the better to confound his adversary. KANE If the rebels want a fight boys, let's give it to 'em! He throws two snowballs, missing widely, and gets up and advances another five feet before getting on his knees again. KANE The terms are underconditional surrender. Up and at 'em! The Union forever! INT. PARLOR - MRS. KANE'S BOARDINGHOUSE - DAY - Kane Sr. closes the window. THATCHER (over the boy's voice) Everything else - the principal as well as all monies earned - is to be administered by the bank in trust for your son, Charles Foster Kane, until his twenty-fifth birthday, at which time he is to come into complete possession. Mrs. Kane rises and goes to the window. MRS. KANE Go on, Mr. Thatcher. Thatcher continues as she opens the window. His voice, as before, is heard with overtones of the boy's. EXT. KANE'S BOARDINGHOUSE - DAY - Kane Jr., seen from Mrs. Kane's position at the window. He is now within ten feet of the snowman, with one snowball left which he is holding back in his right hand. KANE You can't lick Andy Jackson! Old Hickory, that's me! He fires his snowball, well wide of the mark and falls flat on his stomach, starting to crawl carefully toward the snowman. THATCHER'S VOICE It's nearly five, Mrs. Kane, don't you think I'd better meet the boy - INT. PARLOR - MRS. KANE'S BOARDINGHOUSE - DAY - Mrs. Kane at the window. Thatcher is now standing at her side. MRS. KANE I've got his trunk all packed - (she chokes a little) I've it packed for a couple of weeks - She can't say anymore. She starts for the hall day. Kane Sr., ill at ease, has no idea of how to comfort her. THATCHER I've arranged for a tutor to meet us in Chicago. I'd have brought him along with me, but you were so anxious to keep everything secret - He stops as he realizes that Mrs. Kane has paid no attention to him and, having opened the door, is already well into the hall that leads to the side door of the house. He takes a look at Kane Sr., tightens his lips and follows Mrs. Kane. Kane, shoulders thrown back like one who bears defeat bravely, follows him. EXT. MRS. KANE'S BOARDINGHOUSE - DAY - Kane, in the snow-covered field. With the snowman between him and the house, he is holding the sled in his hand, just about to make the little run that prefaces a belly-flop. The Kane house, in the background, is a dilapidated, shabby, two-story frame building, with a wooden outhouse. Kane looks up as he sees the single file procession, Mrs. Kane at its head, coming toward him. KANE H'ya, Mom. Mrs. Kane smiles. KANE (gesturing at the snowman) See, Mom? I took the pipe out of his mouth. If it keeps on snowin', maybe I'll make some teeth and - MRS. KANE You better come inside, son. You and I have got to get you all ready for - for - THATCHER Charles, my name is Mr. Thatcher - MRS. KANE This is Mr. Thatcher, Charles. THATCHER How do you do, Charles? KANE SR. He comes from the east. KANE Hello. Hello, Pop. KANE SR. Hello, Charlie! MRS. KANE Mr. Thatcher is going to take you on a trip with him tonight, Charles. You'll be leaving on Number Ten. KANE SR. That's the train with all the lights. KANE You goin', Mom? THATCHER Your mother won't be going right away, Charles - KANE Where'm I going? KANE SR. You're going to see Chicago and New York - and Washington, maybe... Isn't he, Mr. Thatcher? THATCHER (heartily) He certainly is. I wish I were a little boy and going to make a trip like that for the first time. KANE Why aren't you comin' with us, Mom? MRS. KANE We have to stay here, Charles. KANE SR. You're going to live with Mr. Thatcher from now on, Charlie! You're going to be rich. Your Ma figures - that is, re - she and I have decided that this isn't the place for you to grow up in. You'll probably be the richest man in America someday and you ought to - MRS. KANE You won't be lonely, Charles... THATCHER We're going to have a lot of good times together, Charles... Really we are. Kane stares at him. THATCHER Come on, Charles. Let's shake hands. (extends his hand. Charles continues to look at him) Now, now! I'm not as frightening as all that! Let's shake, what do you say? He reaches out for Charles's hand. Without a word, Charles hits him in the stomach with the sled. Thatcher stumbles back a few feet, gasping. THATCHER (with a sickly grin) You almost hurt me, Charles. (moves towards him) Sleds aren't to hit people with. Sleds are to - to sleigh on. When we get to New York, Charles, we'll get you a sled that will - He's near enough to try to put a hand on Kane's shoulder. As he does, Kane kicks him in the ankle. MRS. KANE Charles! He throws himself on her, his arms around her. Slowly Mrs. Kane puts her arms around him. KANE (frightened) Mom! Mom! MRS. KANE It's all right, Charles, it's all right. Thatcher is looking on indignantly, occasionally bending over to rub his ankle. KANE SR. Sorry, Mr. Thatcher! What the kid needs is a good thrashing! MRS. KANE That's what you think, is it, Jim? KANE SR. Yes. Mrs. Kane looks slowly at Mr. Kane. MRS. KANE (slowly) That's why he's going to be brought up where you can't get at him. DISSOLVE: 1870 - NIGHT (STOCK OR MINIATURE) Old-fashioned railroad wheels underneath a sleeper, spinning along the track. DISSOLVE: INT. TRAIN - OLD-FASHIONED DRAWING ROOM - NIGHT - Thatcher, with a look of mingled exasperation, annoyance, sympathy and inability to handle the situation, is standing alongside a berth, looking at Kane. Kane, his face in the pillow, is crying with heartbreaking sobs. KANE Mom! Mom! DISSOLVE OUT: The white page of the Thatcher manuscript. We pick up the words: "HE WAS, I REPEAT, A COMMON ADVENTURER, SPOILED, UNSCRUPULOUS, IRRESPONSIBLE." The words are followed by printed headline on "Enquirer" copy (as in following scene). INT. ENQUIRER CITY ROOM - DAY - Close-up on printed headline which reads: "ENEMY ARMADA OFF JERSEY COAST" Camera pulls back to reveal Thatcher holding the "Enquirer" copy, on which we read the headline. He is standing near the editorial round table around which a section of the staff, including Reilly, Leland and Kane are eating lunch. THATCHER (coldly) Is that really your idea of how to run a newspaper? KANE I don't know how to run a newspaper, Mr. Thatcher. I just try everything I can think of. THATCHER (reading headline of paper he is still holding) "Enemy Armada Off Jersey Coast." You know you haven't the slightest proof that this - this armada - is off the Jersey Coast. KANE Can you prove it isn't? Bernstein has come into the picture. He has a cable in his hand. He stops when he sees Thatcher. KANE Mr. Bernstein, Mr. Thatcher - BERNSTEIN How are you, Mr. Thatcher? THATCHER How do you do? - BERNSTEIN We just had a wire from Cuba, Mr. Kane - (stops, embarrassed) KANE That's all right. We have no secrets from our readers. Mr. Thatcher is one of our most devoted readers, Mr. Bernstein. He knows what's wrong with every issue since I've taken charge. What's the cable? BERNSTEIN (reading) The food is marvelous in Cuba the senoritas are beautiful stop I could send you prose poems of palm trees and sunrises and tropical colors blending in far off landscapes but don't feel right in spending your money for this stop there's no war in Cuba regards Wheeler. THATCHER You see! There hasn't been a true word - KANE I think we'll have to send our friend Wheeler a cable, Mr. Bernstein. Of course, we'll have to make it shorter than his, because he's working on an expense account and we're not. Let me see - (snaps his fingers) Mike! MIKE (a fairly tough customer prepares to take dictation, his mouth still full of food) Go ahead, Mr. Kane. KANE Dear Wheeler - (pauses a moment) You provide the prose poems - I'll provide the war. Laughter from the boys and girls at the table. BERNSTEIN That's fine, Mr. Kane. KANE I rather like it myself. Send it right away. MIKE Right away. BERNSTEIN Right away. Mike and Bernstein leave. Kane looks up, grinning at Thatcher, who is bursting with indignation but controls himself. After a moment of indecision, he decides to make one last try. THATCHER I came to see you, Charles, about your - about the Enquirer's campaign against the Metropolitan Transfer Company. KANE Won't you step into my office, Mr. Thatcher? They cross the City Room together. THATCHER I think I should remind you, Charles, of a fact you seem to have forgotten. You are yourself one of the largest individual stockholders. INT. KANE'S OFFICE - DAY - Kane holds the door open for Thatcher. They come in together. KANE Mr. Thatcher, isn't everything I've been saying in the Enquirer about the traction trust absolutely true? THATCHER (angrily) They're all part of your general attack - your senseless attack - on everything and everybody who's got more than ten cents in his pocket. They're - KANE The trouble is, Mr. Thatcher, you don't realize you're talking to two people. Kane moves around behind his desk. Thatcher doesn't understand, looks at him. KANE As Charles Foster Kane, who has eighty-two thousand, six hundred and thirty-one shares of Metropolitan Transfer - you see, I do have a rough idea of my holdings - I sympathize with you. Charles Foster Kane is a dangerous scoundrel, his paper should be run out of town and a committee should be formed to boycott him. You may, if you can form such a committee, put me down for a contribution of one thousand dollars. THATCHER (angrily) Charles, my time is too valuable for me - KANE On the other hand - (his manner becomes serious) I am the publisher of the Enquirer. As such, it is my duty - I'll let you in on a little secret, it is also my pleasure - to see to it that decent, hard-working people of this city are not robbed blind by a group of money - mad pirates because, God help them, they have no one to look after their interests! I'll let you in on another little secret, Mr. Thatcher. I think I'm the man to do it. You see, I have money and property - Thatcher doesn't understand him. KANE If I don't defend the interests of the underprivileged, somebody else will - maybe somebody without any money or any property and that would be too bad. Thatcher glares at him, unable to answer. Kane starts to dance. KANE Do you know how to tap, Mr. Thatcher? You ought to learn - (humming quietly, he continues to dance) Thatcher puts on his hat. THATCHER I happened to see your consolidated statement yesterday, Charles. Could I not suggest to you that it is unwise for you to continue this philanthropic enterprise - (sneeringly) this Enquirer - that is costing you one million dollars a year? KANE You're right. We did lose a million dollars last year. Thatcher thinks maybe the point has registered. KANE We expect to lost a million next year, too. You know, Mr. Thatcher - (starts tapping quietly) at the rate of a million a year - we'll have to close this place in sixty years. DISSOLVE: INT. THE VAULT ROOM - THATCHER MEMORIAL LIBRARY - DAY Thompson - at the desk. With a gesture of annoyance, he is closing the manuscript. Camera arcs quickly around from over his shoulder to hold on door behind him, missing his face as he rises and turns to confront Miss Anderson, who has come into the room to shoo him out. Very prominent on this wall is an over-sized oil painting of Thatcher in the best Union League Club renaissance style. MISS ANDERSON You have enjoyed a very rare privilege, young man. Did you find what you were looking for? THOMPSON No. Tell me something, Miss Anderson. You're not Rosebud, are you? MISS ANDERSON What? THOMPSON I didn't think you were. Well, thanks for the use of the hall. He puts his hat on his head and starts out, lighting a cigarette as he goes. Miss Anderson, scandalized, watches him. FADE OUT: FADE IN: INT. BERNSTEIN'S OFFICE - ENQUIRER SKYSCRAPER - DAY - Closeup of a still of Kane, aged about sixty-five. Camera pulls back, showing it is a framed photograph on the wall. Over the picture are crossed American flags. Under it sits Bernstein, back of his desk. Bernstein, always an undersized Jew, now seems even smaller than in his youth. He is bald as an egg, spry, with remarkably intense eyes. As camera continues to travel back, the back of Thompson's head and his shoulders come into the picture. BERNSTEIN (wryly) Who's a busy man? Me? I'm Chairman of the Board. I got nothing but time ... What do you want to know? THOMPSON (still explaining) Well, Mr. Bernstein, you were with Mr. Kane from the very beginning - BERNSTEIN From before the beginning, young fellow. And now it's after the end. (turns to Thompson) Anything you want to know about him - about the paper - THOMPSON - We thought maybe, if we can find out what he meant by that last word - as he was dying - BERNSTEIN That Rosebud? Maybe some girl? There were a lot of them back in the early days, and - THOMPSON Not some girl he knew casually and then remembered after fifty years, on his death bed - BERNSTEIN You're pretty young, Mr. - (remembers the name) Mr. Thompson. A fellow will remember things you wouldn't think he'd remember. You take me. One day, back in 1896, I was crossing over to Jersey on a ferry and as we pulled out, there was another ferry pulling in - (slowly) - and on it, there was a girl waiting to get off. A white dress she had on - and she was carrying a white pastrol - and I only saw her for one second and she didn't see me at all - but I'll bet a month hasn't gone by since that I haven't thought of that girl. (triumphantly) See what I mean? (smiles) Well, so what are you doing about this "Rosebud," Mr. Thompson. THOMPSON I'm calling on people who knew Mr. Kane. I'm calling on you. BERNSTEIN Who else you been to see? THOMPSON Well, I went down to Atlantic City - BERNSTEIN Susie? I called her myself the day after he died. I thought maybe somebody ought to... (sadly) She couldn't even come to the 'phone. THOMPSON You know why? She was so - BERNSTEIN Sure, sure. THOMPSON I'm going back there. BERNSTEIN Who else did you see? THOMPSON Nobody else, but I've been through that stuff of Walter Thatcher's. That journal of his - BERNSTEIN Thatcher! That man was the biggest darn fool I ever met - THOMPSON He made an awful lot of money. BERNSTEIN It's not trick to make an awful lot of money if all you want is to make a lot of money. (his eyes get reflective) Thatcher! Bernstein looks out of the window and keeps on looking, seeming to see something as he talks. BERNSTEIN He never knew there was anything in the world but money. That kind of fellow you can fool every day in the week - and twice on Sundays! (reflectively) The time he came to Rome for Mr. Kane's twenty-fifth birthday... You know, when Mr. Kane got control of his own money... Such a fool like Thatcher - I tell you, nobody's business! DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. BERNSTEIN'S OFFICE - DAY - Bernstein speaking to Thompson. BERNSTEIN He knew what he wanted, Mr. Kane did, and he got it! Thatcher never did figure him out. He was hard to figure sometimes, even for me. Mr. Kane was a genius like he said. He had that funny sense of humor. Sometimes even I didn't get the joke. Like that night the opera house of his opened in Chicago... You know, the opera house he built for Susie, she should be an opera singer... (indicates with a little wave of his hand what he thinks of that; sighing) That was years later, of course - 1914 it was. Mrs. Kane took the leading part in the opera, and she was terrible. But nobody had the nerve to say so - not even the critics. Mr. Kane was a big man in those days. But this one fellow, this friend of his, Branford Leland - He leaves the sentence up in the air, as we DISSOLVE: INT. CITY ROOM - CHICAGO ENQUIRER - NIGHT - It is late. The room is almost empty. Nobody is at work at the desks. Bernstein, fifty, is waiting anxiously with a little group of Kane's hirelings, most of them in evening dress with overcoats and hats. Eveybody is tense and expectant. CITY EDITOR (turns to a young hireling; quietly) What about Branford Leland? Has he got in his copy? HIRELING Not yet. BERNSTEIN Go in and ask him to hurry. CITY EDITOR Well, why don't you, Mr. Bernstein? You know Mr. Leland. BERNSTEIN (looks at him for a moment; then slowly) I might make him nervous. CITY EDITOR (after a pause) You and Leland and Mr. Kane - you were great friends back in the old days, I understand. BERNSTEIN (with a smile) That's right. They called us the "Three Musketeers." Somebody behind Bernstein has trouble concealing his laughter. The City Editor speaks quickly to cover the situation. CITY EDITOR He's a great guy - Leland. (another little pause) Why'd he ever leave New York? BERNSTEIN (he isn't saying) That's a long story. ANOTHER HIRELING (a tactless one) Wasn't there some sort of quarrel between - BERNSTEIN (quickly) I had nothing to do with it. (then, somberly) It was Leland and Mr. Kane, and you couldn't call it a quarrel exactly. Better we should forget such things - (turning to City Editor) Leland is writing it up from the dramatic angle? CITY EDITOR Yes. I thought it was a good idea. We've covered it from the news end, of course. BERNSTEIN And the social. How about the music notice? You got that in? CITY EDITOR Oh, yes, it's already made up. Our Mr. Mervin wrote a small review. BERNSTEIN Enthusiastic? CITY EDITOR Yes, very! (quietly) Naturally. BERNSTEIN Well, well - isn't that nice? KANE'S VOICE Mr. Bernstein - Bernstein turns. Medium long shot of Kane, now forty-nine, already quite stout. He is in white tie, wearing his overcoat and carrying a folded opera hat. BERNSTEIN Hello, Mr. Kane. The Hirelings rush, with Bernstein, to Kane's side. Widespread, half-suppressed sensation. CITY EDITOR Mr. Kane, this is a surprise! KANE We've got a nice plant here. Everybody falls silent. There isn't anything to say. KANE Was the show covered by every department? CITY EDITOR Exactly according to your instructions, Mr. Kane. We've got two spreads of pictures. KANE (very, very casually) And the notice? CITY EDITOR Yes - Mr. Kane. KANE (quietly) Is it good? CITY EDITOR Yes, Mr. kane. Kane looks at him for a minute. CITY EDITOR But there's another one still to come - the dramatic notice. KANE (sharply) It isn't finished? CITY EDITOR No, Mr. Kane. KANE That's Leland, isn't it? CITY EDITOR Yes, Mr. Kane. KANE Has he said when he'll finish? CITY EDITOR We haven't heard from him. KANE He used to work fast - didn't he, Mr. Bernstein? BERNSTEIN He sure did, Mr. Kane. KANE Where is he? ANOTHER HIRELING Right in there, Mr. Kane. The Hireling indicates the closed glass door of a little office at the other end of the City Room. Kane takes it in. BERNSTEIN (helpless, but very concerned) MR. KANE - KANE That's all right, Mr. Bernstein. Kane crosses the length of the long City Room to the glass door indicated before by the Hireling. The City Editor looks at Bernstein. Kane opens the door and goes into the office, closing the door behind him. BERNSTEIN Leland and Mr. Kane - they haven't spoke together for ten years. (long pause; finally) Excuse me. (starts toward the door) INT. LELAND'S OFFICE - CHICAGO ENQUIRER - NIGHT - Bernstein comes in. An empty bottle is standing on Leland's desk. He has fallen over his typewriter, his face on the keys. A sheet of paper is in the machine. A paragraph has been typed. Kane is standing at the other side of the desk looking down on him. This is the first time we see murder in Kane's face. Bernstein looks at Kane, then crosses to Leland. He shakes him. BERNSTEIN Hey, Brad! Brad! (he straightens, looks at Kane; pause) He ain't been drinking before, Mr. Kane. Never. We would have heard. KANE (finally; after a pause) What does it say there? Bernstein stares at him. KANE What's he written? Bernstein looks over nearsightedly, painfully reading the paragraph written on the page. BERNSTEIN (reading) "Miss Susan Alexander, a pretty but hopelessly incompetent amateur - (he waits for a minute to catch his breath; he doesn't like it) - last night opened the new Chicago Opera House in a performance of - of -" (looks up miserably) I can't pronounce that name, Mr. Kane. KANE Thais. Bernstein looks at Kane for a moment, then looks back, tortured. BERNSTEIN (reading again) "Her singing, happily, is no concern of this department. Of her acting, it is absolutely impossible to..." (he continues to stare at the page) KANE (after a short silence) Go on! BERNSTEIN (without looking up) That's all there is. Kane snatches the paper from the roller and reads it for himself. Slowly, a queer look comes over his face. Then he speaks, very quietly. KANE Of her acting, it is absolutely impossible to say anything except that it represents a new low... (then sharply) Have you got that, Mr. Bernstein? In the opinion of this reviewer - BERNSTEIN (miserably) I didn't see that. KANE It isn't here, Mr. Bernstein. I'm dictating it. BERNSTEIN (looks at him) I can't take shorthand. KANE Get me a typewriter. I'll finish the notice. Bernstein retreats from the room. QUICK DISSOLVE OUT: QUICK DISSOLVE IN: INT. LELAND'S OFFICE - CHICAGO ENQUIRER - NIGHT - Long shot of Kane in his shirt sleeves, illuminated by a desk light, typing furiously. As the camera starts to pull even farther away from this, and as Bernstein - as narrator - begins to speak - QUICK DISSOLVE: INT. BERNSTEIN'S OFFICE - DAY - Bernstein speaking to Thompson. BERNSTEIN He finished it. He wrote the worst notice I ever read about the girl he loved. We ran it in every paper. THOMPSON (after a pause) I guess Mr. Kane didn't think so well of Susie's art anyway. BERNSTEIN (looks at him very soberly) He thought she was great, Mr. Thompson. He really believed that. He put all his ambition on that girl. After she came along, he never really cared for himself like he used to. Oh, I don't blame Susie - THOMPSON Well, then, how could he write that roast? The notices in the Kane papers were always very kind to her. BERNSTEIN Oh, yes. He saw to that. I tell you, Mr. Thompson, he was a hard man to figure out. He had that funny sense of humor. And then, too, maybe he thought by finishing that piece he could show Leland he was an honest man. You see, Leland didn't think so. I guess he showed him all right. He's a nice fellow, but he's a dreamer. They were always together in those early days when we just started the Enquirer. On these last words, we DISSOLVE: INT. CITY ROOM - ENQUIRER BUILDING - DAY - The front half of the second floor constitutes one large City Room. Despite the brilliant sunshine outside, very little of it is actually getting into the room because the windows are small and narrow. There are about a dozen tables and desks, of the old-fashioned type, not flat, available for reporters. Two tables, on a raised platform at the end of the room, obviously serve the city room executives. To the left of the platform is an open door which leads into the Sanctrum. As Kane and Leland enter the room, an elderly, stout gent on the raised platform, strikes a bell and the other eight occupants of the room - all men - rise and face the new arrivals. Carter, the elderly gent, in formal clothes, rises and starts toward them. CARTER Welcome, Mr. Kane, to the "Enquirer." I am Herbert Carter. KANE Thank you, Mr Carter. This is Mr. Leland. CARTER (bowing) How do you do, Mr. Leland? KANE (pointing to the standing reporters) Are they standing for me? CARTER I thought it would be a nice gesture the new publisher - KANE (grinning) Ask them to sit down. CARTER You may resume your work, gentlemen. (to Kane) I didn't know your plans and so I was unable to make any preparations. KANE I don't my plans myself. They are following Carter to his raised platform. KANE As a matter of fact, I haven't got any. Except to get out a newspaper. There is a terrific crash at the doorway. They all turn to see Bernstein sprawled at the entrance. A roll of bedding, a suitcase, and two framed pictures were too much for him. KANE Oh, Mr. Bernstein! Bernstein looks up. KANE If you would come here a moment, please, Mr. Bernstein? Bernstein rises and comes over, tidying himself as he comes. KANE Mr. Carter, this is Mr. Bernstein. Mr. Bernstein is my general manager. CARTER (frigidly) How do you do, Mr. Bernstein? KANE You've got a private office here, haven't you? The delivery wagon driver has now appeared in the entrance with parts of the bedstead and other furniture. He is looking about, a bit bewildered. CARTER (indicating open door to left of platform) My little sanctum is at your disposal. But I don't think I understand - KANE I'm going to live right here. (reflectively) As long as I have to. CARTER But a morning newspaper, Mr. Kane. After all, we're practically closed twelve hours a day - except for the business offices - KANE That's one of the things I think must be changed, Mr. Carter. The news goes on for twenty-four hours a day. DISSOLVE: INT. KANE'S OFFICE - LATE DAY - Kane, in his shirt sleeves, at a roll-top desk in the Sanctum, is working feverishly on copy and eating a very sizeable meal at the same time. Carter, still formally coated, is seated alongside him. Leland, seated in a corner, is looking on, detached, amused. The furniture has been pushed around and Kane's effects are somewhat in place. On a corner of the desk, Bernstein is writing down figures. No one pays any attention to him. KANE I'm not criticizing, Mr. Carter, but here's what I mean. There's a front page story in the "Chronicle," (points to it) and a picture - of a woman in Brooklyn who is missing. Probably murdered. (looks to make sure of the name) A Mrs. Harry Silverstone. Why didn't the "Enquirer" have that this morning? CARTER (stiffly) Because we're running a newspaper, Mr. Kane, not a scandal sheet. Kane has finished eating. He pushes away his plates. KANE I'm still hungry, Brad. Let's go to Rector's and get something decent. (pointing to the "Chronicle" before him) The "Chronicle" has a two-column headline, Mr. Carter. Why haven't we? CARTER There is no news big enough. KANE If the headline is big enough, it makes the new big enough. The murder of Mrs. Harry Silverstone - CARTER (hotly) As a matter of fact, we sent a man to the Silverstone home yesterday afternoon. (triumphantly) Our man even arrived before the "Chronicle" reporter. And there's no proof that the woman was murdered - or even that she's dead. KANE (smiling a bit) The "Chronicle" doesn't say she's murdered, Mr. Carter. It says the neighbors are getting suspicious. CARTER (stiffly) It's not our function to report the gossip of housewives. If we were interested in that kind of thing, Mr. Kane, we could fill the paper twice over daily - KANE (gently) That's the kind of thing we are going to be interested in from now on, Mr. Carter. Right now, I wish you'd send your best man up to see Mr. Silverstone. Have him tell Mr. Silverstone if he doesn't produce his wife at once, the "Enquirer" will have him arrested. (he gets an idea) Have him tell Mr. Silverstone he's a detective from the Central Office. If Mr. Silverstone asks to see his badge, your man is to get indignant and call Mr. Silverstone an anarchist. Loudly, so that the neighbors can hear. CARTER Really, Mr. Kane, I can't see the function of a respectable newspaper - Kane isn't listening to him. KANE Oh, Mr. Bernstein! Bernstein looks up from his figures. KANE I've just made a shocking discovery. The "Enquirer" is without a telephone. Have two installed at once! BERNSTEIN I ordered six already this morning! Got a discount! Kane looks at Leland with a fond nod of his head at Bernstein. Leland grins back. Mr. Carter, meantime, has risen stiffly. CARTER But, Mr. Kane - KANE That'll be all today, Mr. Carter. You've been most understanding. Good day, Mr. Carter! Carter, with a look that runs just short of apoplexy, leaves the room, closing the door behind him. LELAND Poor Mr. Carter! KANE (shakes his head) What makes those fellows think that a newspaper is something rigid, something inflexible, that people are supposed to pay two cents for - BERNSTEIN (without looking up) Three cents. KANE (calmly) Two cents. Bernstein lifts his head and looks at Kane. Kane gazes back at him. BERNSTEIN (tapping on the paper) This is all figured at three cents a copy. KANE Re-figure it, Mr. Bernstein, at two cents. BERNSTEIN (sighs and puts papers in his pocket) All right, but I'll keep these figures, too, just in case. KANE Ready for dinner, Brad? BERNSTEIN Mr. Leland, if Mr. Kane, he should decide to drop the price to one cent, or maybe even he should make up his mind to give the paper away with a half-pound of tea - you'll just hold him until I get back, won't you? LELAND I'm not guaranteeing a thing, Mr. Bernstein. You people work too fast for me! Talk about new brooms! BERNSTEIN Who said anything about brooms? KANE It's a saying, Mr. Bernstein. A new broom sweeps clean. BERNSTEIN Oh! DISSOLVE: INT.PRIMITIVE COMPOSING AND PRESSROOM - NEW YORK ENQUIRER - NIGHT - The ground floor witht he windows on the street - of the "Enquirer." It is almost midnight by an old-fashioned clock on the wall. Grouped around a large table, on which are several locked forms of type, very old-fashioned of course, but true to the period - are Kane and Leland in elegant evening clothes, Bernstein, unchanged from the afternoon, and Smathers, the composing room foreman, nervous and harassed. SMATHERS But it's impossible, Mr. Kane. We can't remake these pages. KANE These pages aren't made up as I want them, Mr. Smathers. We go to press in five minutes. CARTER (about to crack up) The "Enquirer" has an old and honored tradition, Mr. Kane... The "Enquirer" is not in competition with those other rags. BERNSTEIN We should be publishing such rags, that's all I wish. Why, the "Enquirer" - I wouldn't wrap up the liver for the cat in the "Enquirer" - CARTER (enraged) Mr. Kane, I must ask you to see to it that this - this person learns to control his tongue. Kane looks up. CARTER I've been a newspaperman my whole life and I don't intend - (he starts to sputter) - if it's your intention that I should continue to be harassed by this - this - (he's really sore) I warn you, Mr. Kane, it would go against my grain to desert you when you need me so badly - but I would feel obliged to ask that my resignation be accepted. KANE It is accepted, Mr. Carter, with assurances of my deepest regard. CARTER But Mr. Kane, I meant - Kane turns his back on him, speaks again to the composing room foreman. KANE (quietly) Let's remake these pages, Mr. Smathers. We'll have to publish a half hour late, that's all. SMATHERS (as though Kane were talking Greek) We can't remake them, Mr. Kane. We go to press in five minutes. Kane sighs, unperturbed, as he reaches out his hand and shoves the forms off the table onto the floor, where they scatter into hundreds of bits. KANE You can remake them now, can't you, Mr. Smathers? Smather's mouth opens wider and wider. Bradford and Bernstein are grinning. KANE After the types 've been reset and the pages have been remade according to the way I told you before, Mr. Smathers, kindly have proofs pulled and bring them to me. Then, if I can't find any way to improve them again - (almost as if reluctantly) - I suppose we'll have to go to press. He starts out of the room, followed by Leland. BERNSTEIN (to Smathers) In case you don't understand, Mr. Smathers - he's a new broom. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: EXT. NEW YORK STREET - VERY EARLY DAWN - The picture is mainly occupied by a large building, on the roof of which the lights spell out the word "Enquirer" against the sunrise. We do not see the street or the first few stories of this building, the windows of which would be certainly illuminated. What we do see is the floor on which is located the City Room. Over this scene, newboys are heard selling the Chronicle, their voices growing in volume. As the dissolve complete itself, camera moves toward the one lighted window - the window of the Sanctrum. DISSOLVE: INT. KANE'S OFFICE - VERY EARLY DAWN - The newsboys are still heard from the street below - fainter but very insistent. Kane's office is gas-lit, of course, as is the rest of the Enquirer building. Kane, in his shirt sleeves, stands at the open window looking out. The bed is already made up. On it is seated Bernstein, smoking the end of a cigar. Leland is in a chair. NEWSBOYS' VOICES CHRONICLE! CHRONICLE! H'YA - THE CHRONICLE - GET YA! CHRONICLE! Kane, taking a deep breath of the morning air, closes the window and turns to the others. The voices of the newsboys, naturally, are very much fainter after this. LELAND We'll be on the street soon, Charlie - another ten minutes. BERNSTEIN (looking at his watch) It's three hours and fifty minutes late - but we did it - Leland rises from the chair, stretching painfully. KANE Tired? LELAND It's been a tough day. KANE A wasted day. BERNSTEIN (looking up) Wasted? LELAND (incredulously) Charlie?! BERNSTEIN You just made the paper over four times today, Mr. Kane. That's all - KANE I've changed the front page a little, Mr. Bernstein. That's not enough - There's something I've got to get into this paper besides pictures and print - I've got to make the "New York Enquirer" as important to New York as the gas in that light. LELAND (quietly) What're you going to do, Charlie? Kane looks at him for a minute with a queer smile of happy concentration. KANE My Declaration of Principles - (he says it with quotes around it) Don't smile, Brad - (getting the idea) Take dictation, Mr. Bernstein - BERNSTEIN Can't take shorthand, Mr. Kane - KANE I'll write it myself. Kane grabs a piece of rough paper and a grease crayon. Sitting down on the bed next to Bernstein, he starts to write. BERNSTEIN (looking over his shoulder) You don't wanta make any promises, Mr. Kane, you don't wanta keep. KANE (as he writes) These'll be kept. (stops for a minute and reads what he has written; reading) I'll provide the people of this city with a daily paper that will tell all the news honestly. (starts to write again; reading as he writes) will also provide them - LELAND That's the second sentence you've started with "I" - KANE (looking up) People are going to know who's responsible. And they're going to get the news - the true news - quickly and simply and entertainingly. (he speaks with real conviction) And no special interests will be allowed to interfere with the truth of that news. He looks at Leland for a minute and goes back to his writing, reading as he writes. Bernstein has risen and crossed to one side of Kane. They both stand looking out. Leland joins him on the other side. Their three heads are silhouetted against the sky. Leland's head is seen to turn slightly as he looks into Kane's face - camera very close on this - Kane turns to him and we know their eyes have met, although their faces are almost in sillhouette. Bernstein is still smoking a cigar. DISSOLVE: Front page of the "Enquirer" shows big boxed editorial with heading: MY PRINCIPLES - A DECLARATION BY CHARLES FOSTER KANE Camera continues pulling back and shows newspaper to be on the top of a pile of newspapers. As we draw further back, we see four piles, and as camera contines to pull back, we see six piles and go on back until we see a big field of "Enquirers" - piles of "Enquirers" - all 26,000 copies ready for distribution. A wagon with a huge sign on its side reading "ENQUIRER - CIRCULATION 26,000" passes through foreground, and we wipe to: A pile of "Enquirers" for sale on a broken down wooden box on a street corner, obviously a poor district. A couple of coins fall on the pile. The stoop of a period door with old-fashioned enamel milk can and a bag of rolls. Across the sidewalk before this, moves the shadow of an old-fashioned bicycle with an enormous front wheel. A copy of the "Enquirer" is tossed on the stoop. A breakfast table - beautiful linen and beautiful silver - everything very expensive, gleaming in the sunshine. Into a silver newspaper rack there is slipped a copy of the "Enquirer". Here, as before, the boxed editorial reading MY PRINCIPLES - A DECLARATION BY CHARLES FOSTER KANE, is very prominent on the front page. The wooden floor of a railroad station, flashing light and dark as a train behind the camera rushes by. On the floor, there is tossed a bound bundle of the "New York Enquirer" - the Declaration of Principles still prominent. Rural Delivery - a copy of the "Enquirer"s being put into bins, showing state distribution. The railroad platform again. We stay here for four images. On each image, the speed of the train is faster and the piles of the "Enquirer" are larger. On the first image, we move in to hold on the words "CIRCULATION - 31,000." We are this close for the next pile which reads 40,000; the next one which reads 55,000, and the last which is 62,000. In each instance, the bundles of newspapers are thicker and the speed of the moving train behind the camera is increased. The entire montage above indicated is accompanied by a descriptive complement of sound - the traffic noises of New York in the 1890's; wheels on cobblestones and horses' hooves; bicycle bells; the mooning of cattle and the crowing of roosters (in the RFD shot), and in all cases where the railroad platform is used - the mounting sound of the railroad train. The last figure "62,000" opposite the word "CIRCULATION" on the "Enquirer" masthead changes to: EXT. STREET AND CHRONICLE BUIDING - DAY - Angle up to wall of building - a painter on a cradle is putting the last zero to the figure "62,000" on an enormous sign advertising the "Enquirer." It reads: THE ENQUIRER THE PEOPLE'S NEWSPAPER CIRCULATION 62,000 Camera travels down side of building - takes in another building on which there is a sign which reads: READ THE ENQUIRER AMERICA'S FINEST CIRCULATION 62,000 Camera continues to travel down to sidewalk in front of the Chronicle office. The Chronicle office has a plateglass window in which is reflected traffic moving up and down the street, also the figures of Kane, Leland and Bernstein, who are munching peanuts. Inside the window, almost filling it, is a large photograph of the "Chronicle" staff, with Reilly prominently seated in the center. A sign over the photo reads: EDITORIAL AND EXECUTIVE STAFF OF THE NEW YORK CHRONICLE. A sign beneath it reads: GREATEST NEWSPAPER STAFF IN THE WORLD. The sign also includes the "Chronicle" circulation figure. There are nine men in the photo. BERNSTEIN (looking up at the sign - happily) Sixty-two thousand - LELAND That looks pretty nice. KANE (indicating the Chronicle Building) Let's hope they like it there. BERNSTEIN From the Chronicle Building that sign is the biggest thing you can see - every floor guaranteed - let's hope it bothers them - it cost us enough. KANE (pointing to the sign over the photograph in the window) Look at that. LELAND The "Chronicle" is a good newspaper. KANE It's a good idea for a newspaper. (reading the figures) Four hundred sixy thousand. BERNSTEIN Say, with them fellows - (referring to the photo) - it's no trick to get circulation. KANE You're right, Mr. Bernstein. BERNSTEIN (sighs) You know how long it took the "Chronicle" to get that staff together? Twenty years. KANE I know. Kane, smiling, lights a cigarette, at the same time looking into the window. Camera moves in to hold on the photograph of nine men, still holding the reflection of Kane's smiling face. DISSOLVE: INT. CITY ROOM - THE ENQUIRER - NIGHT - Nine men, arrayed as in the photograph, but with Kane beaming in the center of the first row. The men, variously with mustaches, beards, bald heads, etc. are easily identified as being the same men, Reilly prominent amongst them. As camera pulls back, it is revealed that they are being photographed - by an old-type professional photographer, big box, black hood and all - in a corner of the room. It is 1:30 at night. Desks, etc. have been pushed against the wall. Running down the center of the room is a long banquet table, at which twenty diners have finished their meals. The eleven remaining at their seats - these include Bernstein and Leland - are amusedly watching the photographic ceremonies. PHOTOGRAPHER That's all. Thank you. The photographic subjects rise. KANE (a sudden thought) Make up an extra copy and mail it to the "Chronicle." Chuckling and beaming, he makes his way to his place at the head of the table. The others have already sat down. Kane gets his guests' attention by rapping on the table with a knife. KANE Gentlemen of the "Enquirer"! This has, I think, been a fitting welcome to those distinguished journalists - (indicates the eight men) Mr. Reilly in particular - who are the latest additions to our ranks. It will make them happy to learn that the "Enquirer's" circulation this morning passed the two hundred thousand mark. BERNSTEIN Two hundred and one thousand, six hundred and forty-seven. General applause. KANE All of you - new and old - You're all getting the best salaries in town. Not one of you has been hired because of his loyalty. It's your talent I'm interested in. That talent that's going to make the "Enquirer" the kind of paper I want - the best newspaper in the world! Applause. KANE However, I think you'll agree we've heard enough about newspapers and the newspaper business for one night. There are other subjects in the world. He puts his two fingers in his mouth and lets out a shrill whistle. This is a signal. A band strikes up a lively ditty of the period and enters in advance a regiment of very magnificent maidens, as daringly arrayed as possible in the chorus costumes of the day. The rest of this episode will be planned and staged later. Its essence is that Kane is just a healthy and happy young man having a wonderful time. As some of the girls are detached from the line and made into partners for individual dancing - DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: THE "ENQUIRER" SIGN: THE ENQUIRER AMERICA'S FINEST CIRCULATION 274,321 Dissolve just completes itself - the image of Kane dancing with a girl on each arm just disappears as camera pans down off the Temple Bldg. in the same action as the previous street scene. There is a new sign on the side of the building below. It reads: READ THE ENQUIRER GREATEST STAFF IN THE WORLD Camera continues panning as we DISSOLVE: A montage of various scenes, between the years 1891-1900. The scenes indicate the growth of the "Enquirer" under the impulse of Kane's personal drive. Kane is shown, thus, at various activities: Move down from the sign: READ THE ENQUIRER GREATEST STAFF IN THE WORLD to street in front of saloon with parade passing (boys going off to the Spanish-American War)- A torchlight parade with the torches reflected in the glass window of the saloon - the sound of brass band playing "It's a Hot Time." In the window of the saloon is a large sign or poster "REMEMBER THE MAINE" INSERT: Remington drawing of American boys, similar to the parade above, in which "Our Boys" in the expeditionary hats are seen marching off to war. Back of observation car. Shot of Kane congratulating Teddy Roosevelt (the same shot as in the News Digest - without flickering). The wooden floor of the railroad platform again - a bundle of "Enquirers" - this time an enormous bundle - is thrown down, and the moving shadows of the train behind the camera indicate that it is going like a bat out of hell. A reproduction of Kane and Teddy shaking hands as above is very prominent in the frame and almost hogs the entire front page. The headline indicates the surrender of Cuba. INT. ENQUIRER OFFICE Cartoon, highly dramatic and very involved as to content - lousy with captions, labels, and symbolic figures, the most gruesome and recognizable - "Capitalistic Greed." This cartoon is almost finished and is on a drawing board before which stand Kane and the artist himself. Kane is grinning over some suggestion he has made. DISSOLVE: The cartoon finished and reproduced on the editorial page of the "Enquirer" - in quite close, with an editorial and several faces of caps shown underneath. The entire newspaper is crushed with an angry gesture and thrown down into an expensive-looking wastebasket (which is primarily for ticker tape) tape is pouring. INT. ENQUIRER OFFICE Cartoonist and Kane working on comic strip of "Johnny the Monk." DISSOLVE: Floor of room - Two kids on floor, with newspaper spread out, looking at the same comic strip. Kane's photographic gallery with photographers, stooges, and Kane himself in attendance on a very hot-looking item of the period. A sob sister is interviewing this hot number and Kane is arranging her dress to look more seductive. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: The hot number reproduced and prominently displayed and covering almost half a page of the "Enquirer." It is being read in a barber shop and is seen in an over-shoulder shot of the man who is reading it. He is getting a shine, a manicure, and a haircut. The sob-sister caption over the photograph reveals: "I DIDN'T KNOW WHAT I WAS DOING, SAYS DANCER. EVERYTHING WENT RED." An oval photograph of the gun is included in the lay- out of the pretty lady with a headline which says: "DEATH GUN." STREET - SHOT OF BUCKET BRIGADE Shot of Kane, in evening clothes, in obvious position of danger, grabbing camera from photographer. Before him rages a terrific tenement fire. DISSOLVE: INSERT: Headline about inadequacy of present fire equipment. DISSOLVE: Final shot of a new horse-drawn steam engine roaring around a street corner (Stock). DISSOLVE: A black pattern of iron bars. We are in a prison cell. The door is opened and a condemned man, with priest, warden and the usual attendants, moves into foreground and starts up the hall past a group which includes phtographers, Kane's sob- sister, and Kane. The photographers take pictures with a mighty flash of old-fashioned flash powder. The condemned man in the foreground (in silhouette) is startled by this. DISSOLVE: A copy of the "Enquirer" spread out on a table. A big lay-out of the execution story includes the killer as photographed by Kane's photographers, and nearby on the other page there is a large picture of the new steam fire engine (made from the stock shot) with a headline indicating that the "Enquirer" has won its campaign for better equipment. A cup of coffee and a doughnut are on the newspaper, and a servant girl - over whose shoulder we see the paper - is stirring the coffee. The Beaux Art Ball. A number of elderly swells are jammed into a hallway. Servants suddenly divest them of their furs, overcoats and wraps, revealing them to be in fancy dress costume, pink fleshings, etc., the effect to be very surprising, very lavish and very very ridiculous. We see, among others, Mr. Thatcher himself (as Ben Hur) ribbon around, his bald head and all. At the conclusion of this tableau, the image freezes and we pull back to show it reproduced on the society page of the "New York Enquirer." Over the "Enquirer"'s pictorial version of the Beaux Art Ball is thrown a huge fish - then coffee grounds - altogether a pretty repulsive sight. The whole thing is bundled up and thrown into a garbage can. Extreme close-up of the words: "OCCUPATION - JOUNALIST." Camera pulls back to show passport open to the photograph page which shows Kane, registering birth, race, and nationality. Passport cover is closed, showing it to be an American passport. EXT. CUNARD DOCKS - GANGPLANK AND DECK OF BOAT - NIGHT - As camera pulls back over shoulder of official, taking in Kane, Leland, and Bernstein, we see the bustle and noise of departing ocean liner. Behind the principles can be seen an enormous plain sign which reads: "FIRST CLASS." From offstage can be heard the steward's cry, indispensable in any Mercury production, the old familiar cry, "All Ashore That's Going Ashore!" - gongs, also blasts of the great whistle and all the rest of it. THE OFFICIAL There you are, Mr. Kane. Everything in order. KANE Thank you. Kane and Leland and Bernstein start up the gangplank. THE OFFICIAL (calling) Have a good rest, Mr. Kane. KANE Thanks. BERNSTEIN But please, Mr. Kane, don't buy any more paintings. Nine Venuses already we got, twenty-six Virgins - two whole warehouses full of stuff - KANE I promise not to bring any more Venuses and not to worry - and not to try to get in touch with any of the papers - STEWARD'S VOICE All ashore! KANE - and to forget about the new feature sections - and not to try to think up and ideas for comic sections. STEWARD'S VOICE All ashore that's going ashore! Kane leaves Leland and Bernstein midway up gangplank, as he rushes up to it, calling back with a wave: KANE Goodbye, gents! (at the top of the gangplank, he turns and calls down) Hey! KANE (calling down to them) You don't expect me to keep any of those promises, do you? A band on deck strikes up "Auld Lang Syne." Bernstein and Leland turn to each other. BERNSTEIN Do you, Mr. Leland? LELAND (smiling) Certainly not. They start down the gangplank together. DISSOLVE: LONG SHOT OF THE ENQUIRER BUILDING - NIGHT The pattern of telegraph wires, dripping with rain, through which we see the same old building but now rendered fairly remarkable by tremendous outline sign in gold which reads "THE NEW YORK DAILY ENQUIRER." A couple of lights show in the building. We start toward the window where the lights show, as we - DISSOLVE: EXT. OUTSIDE THE WINDOW AT BERNSTEIN'S DESK - NIGHT The light in the window in the former shot was showing behind the letter "E" of the Enquirer sign. Now the letter "E" is even larger than the frame of the camera. Rain drips disconsolately off the middle part of the figure. We see through this and through the drizzle of the window to Bernstein's desk where he sits working under a blue shaded light. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: Same setup as before except that it is now late afternoon and late in the winter of the year. The outline "E" is hung with icicles which are melting, dripping despairingly between us and Mr. Bernstein, still seated at his desk - still working. DISSOLVE: Same setup as before except that it is spring. Instead of the sad sounds of dripping rain or dripping icicles, we hear the melancholy cry of a hurdy-gurdy in the street below. It is spring and through the letter "E" we can see Bernstein working at his desk. Pigeons are gathering on the "E" and on the sill. Bernstein looks up and sees them. He takes some crumbs from his little homemade lunch which is spread out on the desk before him, carries them to the windows and feeds the pigeons, looking moodily out on the prospect of spring on Park Row. The birds eat the crumbs - the hurdy-gurdy continues to play. DISSOLVE: The same setup again, it is now summer. The window was half- open before .. now it's open all the way and Bernstein has gone so far as to take off his coat. His shirt and his celluloid collar are wringing wet. Camera moves toward the window to tighten on Bernstein and to take in the City Room behind him, which is absolutely deserted. It is clear that there is almost nothing more for Bernstein to do. The hurdy- gurdy in the street is playing as before, but a new tune. DISSOLVE: A beach on Coney Island. Bernstein in a rented period bathing suit sits alone in the sand, reading a copy of the "Enquirer." DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. CITY ROOM - ENQUIRER BUILDING - DAY - The whole floor is now a City Room. It is twice its former size, yet not too large for all the desks and the people using them. The windows have been enlarged, providing a good deal more light and air. A wall calendar says September 9th. Kane and Bernstein enter and stand in the entrance a moment. Kane, who really did look a bit peaked before, is now clear- eyed and tanned. He is wearing new English clothes. As they come into the room, Bernstein practically walking sideways, is doing nothing but beaming and admiring Kane, quelling like a mother at the Carnegie Hall debut of her son. Seeing and recognizing Kane, the entire staff rises to its feet. KANE (referring to the staff; with a smile) Ask them to sit down, Mr. Bernstein. BERNSTEIN Sit down, everybody - for heaven's sake! The order is immediately obeyed, everybody going into business of feverish activity. BERNSTEIN So then, tonight, we go over everything thoroughly, eh? Especially the new papers - KANE We certainly do. Vacation's over - starting right after dinner. But right now - that lady over there - (he indicates a woman at the desk) - that's the new society editor, I take it? You think I could interrupt her a moment, Mr. Bernstein? BERNSTEIN Huh? Oh, I forgot - you've been away so long I forgot about your joking - He trails after Kane as he approaches the Society Editor's desk. The Society Editor, a middle-aged spinster, sees him approaching and starts to quake all over, but tries to pretend she isn't aware of him. An envelope in her hand shakes violently. Kane and Bernstein stop at her desk. BERNSTEIN Miss Townsend - Miss Townsend looks up and is so surprised to see Bernstein with a stranger. MISS TOWNSEND Good afternoon, Mr. Bernstein. BERNSTEIN This is Mr. Kane, Miss Townsend. Miss Townsend can't stick to her plan. She starts to rise, but her legs are none too good under her. She knocks over a tray of copy paper as she rises, and bends to pick it up. KANE (very hesitatingly and very softly) Miss Townsend - At the sound of his voice, she straightens up. She is very close to death from excitement. KANE I've been away for several months, and I don't know exactly how these things are handled now. But one thing I wanted to be sure of is that you won't treat this little announcement any differently than you would any other similar announcement. He hands her an envelope. She has difficulty in holding on to it. KANE (gently) Read it, Miss Townsend. And remember - just the regular treatment! See you at nine o'clock, Mr. Bernstein! Kane leaves. Bernstein looks after him, then at the paper. Miss Townsend finally manages to open the envelope. A piece of flimsy paper, with a few written lines, is her reward. MISS TOWNSEND (reading) Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Moore Norton announce the engagement of their daughter, Emily Monroe Norton, to Mr. Charles Foster Kane. BERNSTEIN (starts to read it) Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Moore Norton announce - MISS TOWNSEND (fluttering - on top of him) She's - she's the niece of - of the President of the United States - BERNSTEIN (nodding proudly) know. Come on, Miss Townsend - From the window, maybe we can get a look. He takes her by the hand and leads her off. Angle toward open window. Bernstein and Miss Townsend, backs to camera, rushing to the window. EXT. STREET OUTSIDE ENQUIRER BUILDING - DAY - High angle downward - what Bernstein and Miss Townsend see from the window. Kane is just stepping into an elegant barouch, drawn up at the curb, in which sits Miss Emily Norton. He kisses her full on the lips before he sits down. She acts a bit taken aback, because of the public nature of the scene, but she isn't really annoyed. As the barouche starts off, she is looking at him adoringly. He, however, has turned his head and is looking adoringly at the "Enquirer." He apparently sees Bernstein and Miss Townsed and waves his hand. INT. CITY ROOM - ENQUIRER - DAY - Bernstein and Miss Townsend at window. BERNSTEIN A girl like that, believe me, she's lucky! Presiden't niece, huh! Say, before he's through, she'll be a Presiden't wife. Miss Townsend is now dewey-eyed. She looks at Bernstein, who has turned away, gazing down at the departing couple. DISSOLVE: Front page of the "Enquirer." Large picture of the young couple - Kane and Emily - occupying four columns - very happy. DISSOLVE: INT. BERNSTEIN'S OFFICE - ENQUIRER - DAY - Bernstein and Thompson. As the dissolve comes, Bernstein's voice is heard. BERNSTEIN The way things turned out, I don't need to tell you - Miss Emily Norton was no rosebud! THOMPSON It didn't end very well, did it? BERNSTEIN (shaking his head) It ended - (a slight pause) Then there was Susie - that ended, too. (shrugs, a pause; then looking up into Thompson's eyes) guess he didn't make her very happy - (A PAUSE) You know, I was thinking - that Rosebud you're trying to find out about - THOMPSON Yes - BERNSTEIN Maybe that was something he lost. Mr. Kane was a man that lost - almost everything he had - (a pause) You ought to talk to Bradford Leland. He could tell you a lot. I wish I could tell you where Leland is, but I don't know myself. He may be out of town somewhere - he may be dead. THOMPSON In case you'd like to know, Mr. Bernstein, he's at the Huntington Memorial Hospital on 180th Street. BERNSTEIN You don't say! Why I had no idea - THOMPSON Nothing particular the matter with him, they tell me. Just - (controls himself) BERNSTEIN Just old age. (smiles sadly) It's the only disease, Mr. Thompson, you don't look forward to being cured of. (pauses) You ought to see Mr. Leland. There's a whole lot of things he could tell you - if he wanted to. FADE OUT: FADE IN: EXT. HOSPITAL ROOF - DAY - Close shot - Thompson. He is tilted back in a chair which seems to be, and is, leaning against a chimney. Leland's voice is heard for a few moments before Leland is seen. LELAND'S VOICE When you get to my age, young man, you don't miss anything. Unless maybe it's a good drink of bourbon. Even that doesn't make much difference, if you remember there hasn't been any good bourbon in this country for twenty years. Camera has pulled back, during above speech, revealing that Leland, wrapped in a blanket, is in a wheel chair, talking to Thompson. They are on the flat roof of a hospital. Other people in wheel chairs can be seen in the background, along with a nurse or two. They are all sunning themselves. THOMPSON Mr. Leland, you were - LELAND You don't happen to have a cigar, do you? I've got a young physician - must remember to ask to see his license - the odds are a hundred to one he hasn't got one - who thinks I'm going to stop smoking... I changed the subject, didn't I? Dear, dear! What a disagreeable old man I've become. You want to know what I think of Charlie Kane? Well - I suppose he has some private sort of greatness. But he kept it to himself. (grinning) He never - gave himself away - He never gave anything away. He just - left you a tip. He had a generous mind. I don't suppose anybody ever had so many opinions. That was because he had the power to express them, and Charlie lived on power and the excitement of using it - But he didn't believe in anything except Charlie Kane. He never had a conviction in his life. I guess he died without one - That must have been pretty unpleasant. Of course, a lot of us check out with no special conviction about death. But we do know what we're leaving ... we believe in something. (looks sharply at Thompson) You're absolutely sure you haven't got a cigar? THOMPSON Sorry, Mr. Leland. LELAND Never mind - Bernstein told you about the first days at the office, didn't he? Well, Charlie was a bad newspaper man even then. He entertained his readers, but he never told them the truth. THOMPSON Maybe you could remember something that - LELAND I can remember everything. That's my curse, young man. It's the greatest curse that's ever been inflicted on the human race. Memory - I was his oldest friend. (slowly) As far as I was concerned, he behaved like swine. Maybe I wasnt' his friend. If I wasn't, he never had one. Maybe I was what nowadays you call a stooge - DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. CITY ROOM - THE ENQUIRER - NIGHT - The party (previously shown in the Bernstein sequence). We start this sequence toward the end of the former one, but from a fresh angle, holding on Leland, who is at the end of the table. Kane is heard off, making a speech. KANE'S VOICE Not one of you has been hired because of his loyalty. It's your talent I'm interested in. That talent that's going to make the "Enquirer" the kind of paper I want - the best newspaper in the world! Applause. During above, Bernstein has come to Leland's side. BERNSTEIN Isn't it wonderful? Such a party! LELAND Yes. His tone causes Bernstein to look at him. KANE'S VOICE However, I think you'll agree we've heard enough about newspapers and the newspaper business for one night. The above speeches are heard under the following dialogue. BERNSTEIN (to Leland) What's the matter? LELAND Mr. Bernstein, these men who are now with the "Enquirer" - who were with the "Chronicle" until yesterday - weren't they just as devoted to the "Chronicle" kind of paper as they are now to - our kind of paper? BERNSTEIN Sure. They're like anybody else. They got work to do. They do it. (proudly) Only they happen to be the best men in the business. KANE (finishing his speech) There are other subjects in the world - Kane whistles. The band and the chorus girls enter and hell breaks loose all around Leland and Bernstein. LELAND (after a minute) Do we stand for the same things that the "Chronicle" stands for, Mr. Bernstein? BERNSTEIN (indignantly) Certainly not. So what's that got to do with it? Mr. Kane, he'll have them changed to his kind of newspapermen in a week. LELAND Probably. There's always a chance, of course, that they'll change Mr. Kane - without his knowing it. Kane has come up to Leland and Bernstein. He sits down next to them, lighting a cigarette. KANE Well, gentlemen, are we going to war? LELAND Our readers are, anyway, I don't know about the rest of the country. KANE (enthusiastically) It'll be our first foreign war in fifty years, Brad. We'll cover it the way the "Hickville Gazette" covers the church social! The names of everybody there; what they wore; what they ate; who won the prizes; who gave the prizes - (gets excited) I tell you, Brad, I envy you. (quoting) By Bradford Leland, the "Enquirer's" Special Correspondent at the Front. I'm almost tempted - LELAND But there is no Front, Charlie. There's a very doubtful civil war. Besides, I don't want the job. KANE All right, Brad, all right - you don't have to be a war correspondent unless you want to - I'd want to. (looking up) Hello, Georgie. Georgie, a very handsome madam has walked into the picture, stands behind him. She leans over and speaks quietly in his ear. GEORGIE Is everything the way you want it, dear? KANE (looking around) If everybody's having fun, that's the way I want it. GEORGIE I've got some other little girls coming over - LELAND (interrupting) Charles, I tell you there is no war! There's a condition that should be remedied - but between that and a - KANE (seriously) How would the "Enquirer" look with no news about this non-existent war - with Benton, Pulitzer and Heart devoting twenty columns a day to it? LELAND They do it only because you do! KANE (grins) And I do it because they do it, and they do it - it's a vicious circle, isn't it? (rises) I'm going over to Georgie's, Brad - you know, Georgie, don't you? Leland nods. GEORGIE (over Kane's next lines) Glad to meet you, Brad. Leland shudders. KANE I told you about Brad, Georgie. He needs to relax. Brad doesn't answer. KANE Some ships with wonderful wines have managed to slip through the enemy fleet that's blockading New York harbor - (grins) Georgie knows a young lady whom I'm sure you'd adore - wouldn't he, Georgie? Why only the other evening I said to myself, if Brad were only here to adore this young lady - this - (snaps his fingers) What's her name again? DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. GEORGIE'S PLACE - NIGHT - Georgie is introducing a young lady to Branford Leland. On sound track we hear piano music. GEORGIE (right on cue from preceding scene) Ethel - this gentlemen has been very anxious to meet you - This is Ethel. ETHEL Hello, Mr. Leland. Camera pans to include Kane, seated at piano, with girls gathered around him. ONE OF THE GIRLS Charlie! Play the song about you. ANOTHER GIRL Is there a song about Charlie? Kane has broken into "Oh, Mr. Kane!" and Charlie and the girls start to sing. Ethel leads the unhappy Leland over to the group. Kane, seeing Leland and taking his eye, motions to the professor who has been standing next to him to take over. The professor does so. The singing continues. Kane rises and crosses to Leland. KANE Say, Brad. (draws him slightly aside) I've got an idea. LELAND Yes? KANE I mean I've got a job for you. LELAND Good. KANE You don't want to be a war correspondent - how about being a dramatic critic? LELAND (sincerely, but not gushing; seriously) I'd like that. Kane starts quietly to dance in time to the music. Leland smiles at him. KANE You start tomorrow night. Richard Carl in "The Spring Chicken." (or supply show) I'll get us some girls. You get tickets. A drama critic gets them free, you know. (grins) Rector's at seven? LELAND Charlie - KANE Yes? LELAND (still smiling) It doesn't make any difference about me, but one of these days you're going to find out that all this charm of yours won't be enough - KANE (has stopped dancing) You're wrong. It does make a difference to you - Rector's, Brad? (starts to dance again) Come to think of it, I don't blame you for not wanting to be a war correspondent. You won't miss anything. It isn't much of a war. Besides, they tell me there isn't a decent restaurant on the whole island. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. RECTOR'S - NIGHT - Leland, Kane, two young ladies at Rector's. Popular music is heard over the soundtrack. Everybody is laughing very, very hard at something Kane has said. The girls are hysterical. Kane can hardly breathe. As Leland's laughter becomes more and more hearty, it only increases the laughter of the others. DISSOLVE: EXT. CUNARD LOCKS - GANGPLANK AND DECK OF BOAT - NIGHT - As told by Bernstein. Kane is calling down to Leland and Bernstein (as before). KANE You don't expect me to keep any of those promises, do you? A band on deck strikes up "Auld Lang Syne" and further ship-to- shore conversation is rendered unfeasible. Bernstein and Leland on deck. BERNSTEIN (turns to Leland) Do you, Mr. Leland? LELAND (smiling) Certainly not. Slight pause. They continue on their way. BERNSTEIN Mr. Leland, why didn't you go to Europe with him? He wanted you to. He said to me just yesterday - LELAND I wanted him to have fun - and with me along - This stops Bernstein. Bernstein looks at him. LELAND Mr. Bernstein, I wish you'd let me ask you a few questions, and answer me truthfully. BERNSTEIN Don't I always? Most of the time? LELAND Mr. Bernstein, am I a stuffed shirt? Am I a horse-faced hypocrite? Am I a New England school-marm? BERNSTEIN Yes. Leland is surprised. BERNSTEIN If you thought I'd answer different from what Mr. Kane tells you - well, I wouldn't. LELAND (good naturedly) You're in a conspiracy against me, you two. You always have been. BERNSTEIN Against me there should be such a conspiracy some time! He pauses. "Auld Lang Syne" can still be heard from the deck of the department steamer. BERNSTEIN (with a hopeful look in his eyes) Well, he'll be coming back in September. The Majestic. I got the reservations. It gets in on the ninth. LELAND September the ninth? Leland puts his hand in his pocket, pulls out a pencil and small engagement book, opens the book and starts to write. Leland's pencil writing on a page in the engagement book open to September 9: "Rector's - 8:30 p.m." DISSOLVE: Front page "Enquirer." Large picture of the young couple - Kane and Emily - occupying four columns - very happy. EXT. HOSPITAL ROOF - DAY - Leland and Thompson. Leland is speaking as we dissolve. LELAND I used to go to dancing school with her. Thompson had handed Leland a paper. LELAND What's this? THOMPSON It's a letter from her lawyers. LELAND (reading aloud from the letter) David, Grobleski & Davis - My dear Rawlston - (looks up) THOMPSON Rawlston is my boss. LELAND Oh, yes. I know about Mr. Rawlston. THOMPSON He knows the first Mrs. Kane socially - That's the answer we got. LELAND (reading) I am in receipt of your favor of yesterday. I beg you to do me the courtesy of accepting my assurance that Mrs. Whitehall cannot be induced to contribute any more information on the career of Charles Foster Kane. She has authorized me to state on previous occasions that she regards their brief marriage as a distateful episode in her life that she prefers to forget. With assurances of the highest esteem - Leland hands the paper back to Thompson. LELAND Brief marriage! Ten years! (sighs) THOMPSON Was he in love? LELAND He married for love - (a little laugh) That's why he did everything. That's why he went into politics. It seems we weren't enough. He wanted all the voters to love him, too. All he really wanted out of life was love. That's Charlie's story - it's the story of how he lost it. You see, he just didn't have any to give. He loved Charlie Kane, of course, very dearly - and his mother, I guess he always loved her. As for Emily - well, all I can tell you is Emily's story as she told it to me, which probably isn't fair - there's supposed to be two sides to every story - and I guess there are. I guess there's more than two sides - DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: Newspaper - Kane's marriage to Emily with still of group on White House lawn, same setup as early newsreel in News Digest. DISSOLVE: Screaming headline: OIL SCANDAL! DISSOLVE: Headline reading: KANE TO SEE PRESIDENT DISSOLVE: Big headline on "Enquirer" front page which reads: KANE TO SEE PRESIDENT Under this, one of those big box signed editorials, typical of Kane, illustrated, on subject of the power of the president, expressed in about nine different cases of type, and illustrated by a cartoon of the White House, on which camera tightens, as we - DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. THE WHITE HOUSE - THE PRESIDENT'S EXECUTIVE OFFICE - DAY - This scene is shot so as never to show the President - or at least never his face. There is present the President's Secretary, sitting on one side of the desk, intently taking notes. Kane is on his feet, in front of the desk, tense and glaring. THE PRESIDENT It is the unanimous opinion of my Cabinent - in which I concur - that the proposed leases are in the best interests of the Governement and the people. (pauses) You are not, I hope, suggesting that these interests are not indentical? KANE I'm not suggesting anything, Mr. President! I've come here to tell you that, unless some action is taken promptly - and you are the only one who can take it - the oil that is the property of the people of this country will be turned over for a song to a gang of high- pressure crooks! THE PRESIDENT (calmly) I must refuse to allow you to continue in this vein, Mr. Kane. KANE (screaming) It's the only vein I know. I tell the facts the way I see them. And any man that knows that facts - THE PRESIDENT I know the facts, Mr. Kane. And I happen to have the incredible insolence to differ with you as to what they mean. (pause) You're a man of great talents, Mr. Kane. KANE Thanks. THE PRESIDENT I understand that you have political ambitions. Unfortunately, you seem incapable of allowing any other opinion but your own - KANE (building to a frenzy) I'm much obliged, Mr. President, for your concern about me. However, I happen to be concerned at this moment with the matter of extensive oil lands belonging to the people of the United States, and I say that if this lease goes through, the property of the people of the United States goes into the hands of - THE PRESIDENT (interrupting) You've made your point perfectly clear, Mr. Kane. Good day. The Secretary rises. Kane, with every bit of will power remotely at his disposal to control what might become an hysterical outburst, manages to bow. KANE Mr. President. He starts out of the office. DISSOLVE: INT. COMPOSING ROOM - ENQUIRER - NIGHT - Kane, Reilly, Leland and a composing room Foreman, in working clothes, bending over a table with several forms of type. They are looking, at this moment, at a made-up headline - but Kane's back is in the way ... so we can't read it. FOREMAN How about it, Mr. Kane? Reilly glances at his wrist watch and makes a face. Kane smiles as he notices this. KANE All right. Let her slide! He turns away, and we can now read the headline. Insert of the headline, which reads: "OIL THEFT BECOMES LAW AS PRESIDENT WITHOLDS VETO" DISSOLVE: Here follows a quick montage (presently to be worked out) of no more than four or five images in which the President, by means of cartoons, editorials, headlines (all faithfully reproduced from period yellow journalism) is violently attacked. The montage ends on the word TREASON. The music cuts. A hand reaches in a side pocket which contains a newspaper - recognizably the "Enquirer." The hand removes a gun. The gun is shot. Many arms seize the hand which is pulled up - gun still firing. As the arm is raised in the air, we see that the other arms holding the arm and struggling with it are uniformed, and we see the White House beyond. DISSOLVE: News ticker which is spelling out the words: "ASSASSINATED 7:45 P.M." NOTE: Under the following - a down shot, below the "Enquirer," shows a crowd forming, looking angrily up toward the camera. Crowd noises on the soundtrack under music. A hand snatches the ticker tape away and as the image of the crowd dissolves out, we pull back to show: INT. OF KANE'S OFFICE - NIGHT - The ticker tape is in Reilly's hand. Reilly has a phone to his ear. REILLY Looks bad for us, Mr. Kane. How shall we handle it? DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. GEORGIE'S PLACE - Kane in shirtsleeves at phone. KANE It's a news story! Get it on the street! DISSOLVE: Headline under "Enquirer" masthead which reads: "PRESIDENT ASSASSINATED" Newsboy is crying the headline at the same time. We pull back to show him and - DISSOLVE: INT. THEATRE - NIGHT The camera is in tight on a box which contains Emily and distinguished elderly ladies and gentlemen, obviously family and friends. On the soundtrack, very limpid opera music. Another elderly gent, in white tie but still wearing an overcoat, comes into the box and whispers to Emily. He has a copy of the "Enquirer" in his hand. Emily rises. He shows the paper to her. DISSOLVE: EXT. STREET OUTSIDE ENQUIRER BUILDING - NIGHT - An angry crowd seen from the window of Kane's office. They make a deep threatening sound which is audible during the following scene. Across the heads of the crowd are two great squares of light from the windows above them. One of these disappears as the blind is pulled. As the dissolve completes itself, the second square of light commences to reduce in size, and then the entire street is cut off by a blind which Leland pulls down, covering the entire frame. INT. KANE'S OFFICE - ENQUIRER - NIGHT - The staff standing around, worried to death, in their shirtsleeves. KANE (to Reilly) Take dictation - Front page editorial - "This afternoon a great man was assassinated. He was the President of the United States -" LELAND Charlie - KANE Yes? LELAND Do you think you're the one who should call him a great man? KANE Why not? LELAND Why not? Well - nobody's a great man in your estimation until he's dead. REILLY (quickly) Maybe we'd better wait for more word on the President's condition. KANE (still looking at Leland) What do you mean by that? LELAND (quietly) Competition. REILLY He may recover - KANE (still holding on Leland) What do you mean by that? LELAND (steadily) Yesterday morning you called the President a traitor. What do you think that crowd is doing down there? They think you murdered him. KANE Because the crackpot who did it had a copy of the "Enquirer" in his pocket? LELAND - and that copy of the "Enquirer" said the President should be killed. KANE I said treason was a capital offense punishable by death - LELAND You've said a lot of things about the President in the last few months. KANE They're true! Everything I said! Witholding that veto was treason! LELAND (interrupting) Charlie! KANE (riding over him) Oil belonging to the people of the United States was leased out for a song to a gang of high-pressure crooks - Nobody can blame me because - LELAND Look out that window. Kane stops - looks at him. LELAND There are the people of the United States, and they are blaming you - Oh, I know it doesn't make any sense, but at least you can learn a lesson from it. KANE (snarling) What lesson? Not to expose fraud when I see it? Not to fight for the right of the people to own their own property? (he turns to Reilly) Run it the way I said, Reilly - "This afternoon a great man was assassinated -" LELAND Charlie! Now you're not making sense. KANE (sharply) I don't have to. I run a newspaper with half a million readers and they're getting a martyred president this morning with their breakfast. I can't help that. Besides, they all know I'm married to his niece. I've got to think of her. LELAND What? KANE I've got to think of Emily - LELAND (after a silence) I'd like to talk to you about that. KANE Go ahead. Leland looks back at Kane, is conscious of the boys standing around. LELAND Finish your editorial. Leland walks out in to the City Room. More staff members in shirt sleeves in a state of panic. Leland goes to his desk, takes out a bottle, pours himself a very stiff drink. A door opens. A Policeman enters with Bernstein. Bernstein is badly battered. The boys crowd around. LELAND (worried) What's happened? BERNSTEIN (smiling) I'm all right, Mr. Leland. Only there was some fellows out front that thought they ought to take things up with me. I learned 'em! Didn't I, officer? THE COP (grinning) You sure did - Say, the Commissioner said I was to stand by and protect Mr. Kane until further orders, no matter how he felt about it. Where is he? LELAND (finishing his drink) In there. BERNSTEIN If you hadn't come along and protected me when you did, I'd have killed them fellows. LELAND (pouring himself another drink) Go and get yourself washed up, Mr. Bernstein. (he looks his face over thoroughly) There doesn't seem to be an serious injury. BERNSTEIN Not to me. But you will let that cop go home with Mr. Kane, won't you? LELAND Yes, Mr. Bernstein. Bernstein leaves the picture with sympathetic attendance. Leland finishes his second drink. DISSOLVE: INT. KANE'S OFFICE - NIGHT - The bottle is finished. The door in the Sanctrum opens. Reilly and the others leave. REILLY (as they go) Goodnight, Mr. Kane. Kane stands in the door, waiting for Leland. Leland gets up and moves toward the office - goes in, sits down across from Kane at the desk. An uncomfortable pause. Then Kane smiles ingratiatingly. Leland tries to cope with this. LELAND First of all - (he can't go on) KANE (not cruelly - genuinely kind) What's wrong, Brad? LELAND I'm drunk. KANE I'll get you some coffee. He rises and goes to the door. LELAND First of all, I will not write a good review of a play because somebody paid a thousand dollars for an advertisement in the "Enquirer." KANE (gently - opening the door) That's just a little promotion scheme. Nobody expects you - (calling) Mike, will you try and get Mr. Leland some coffee? MIKE'S VOICE Sure thing, Mr. Kane. Kane turns back to Leland. Leland doesn't look up at him. LELAND Charlie, it's just no go. We can't agree anymore. I wish you'd let me go to Chicago. KANE Why, Brad? LELAND I want to be transferred to the new paper. You've been saying yourself you wish you had somebody to - (he is heartsick, inarticulate) That's not what I wanted to talk about. Kane goes around behind the desk and sits down. KANE I'll tell you what I'll do, Brad - I'll get drunk, too - maybe that'll help. LELAND No, that won't help. Besides, you never get drunk. I wanted to talk about you and Emily. Kane looks at Leland sharply before he speaks. KANE (quietly) All right. LELAND (without looking at him) She's going to leave you - KANE I don't think so, Brad. We've just had word that the President is out of danger. (ruefully) It seems I didn't kill him after all. LELAND (takes his eye) She was going to leave you anyway - Kane takes this in. LELAND Emily's going south next week with the child. As far as anybody's to know, it's a holiday. When they get back - KANE (sharply) Brad, you are drunk. LELAND Sure I am. She wants full custody of the child no matter what happens. If you won't agree to that, she'll apply for a divorce regardless of the President's wishes. I can't tell her she's wrong, because she isn't wrong - KANE Why is she leaving me? LELAND (it's very hard for him to say all this) She hasn't any friends left sine you started this oil business, and she never sees you. KANE Do you think the "Enquirer" shouldn't have campaigned against the oil leases? LELAND (hesitating) You might have made the whole thing less personal! No answer from Kane. LELAND It isn't just that the President was her uncle - everyone she knows, all the people she's been brought up with, everything she's ever been taught to believe is important - Still no answer from Kane. LELAND There's no reason why this - this savage personal note - KANE The personal note is all there is to it. It's all there ever is to it. It's all there every is to anything! Stupidity in our government, complacency and self- satisfaction and unwillingness to believe that anything done by a certain class of people can be wrong - you can't fight those things impersonally. They're not impersonal crimes against people. They're being done by actual persons - with actual names and positions and - the right of the American people to own their own country is not an academic issue, Brad, that you debate - and then the judges retire to return a verdict and the winners give a dinner for the losers. LELAND You almost convince me. (rising) I'm just drunk enough to tell you the truth. I have to be a little drunk for that because I'm a coward. You know that. That's why you keep me around. (smiles) You only associate with your inferiors, Charlie. I guess that's why you ran away from Emily. Because you can't stand the company of your equals. You don't like to admit they exist - the other big people in your world are dead. I told you that. Kane looks at Leland, but Leland can't be stopped now. He speaks very quietly - no poison in his voice - no personal indignation - as though he were explaining the nature of a disease. LELAND You talk about the people of the United States as though they belonged to you. When you find out they don't think they are, you'll lose interest. You talk about giving them their rights as though you could make a present of liberty. Remember the working man? You used to defend him quite a good deal. Well, he's turning into something called organized labor and you don't like that at all. And listen, when your precious underprivileged really get together - that's going to add up to something bigger than - than your privilege and then I don't know what you'll do - sail away to a desert island, probably, and lord it over the monkeys. KANE Are you finished? LELAND Yes. (looking down) Now, will you let me go to Chicago? KANE (with a little smile) You're not going to like it in Chicago. They wind comes howling in from the lake. And there's practically no opera season at all - and the Lord only knows whether they've ever heard of Lobster Newburg - LELAND That's all right. (he won't be charmed out of his duty) What are you going to do about Emily? KANE (his face hardning a little) Nothing - if she dosen't love me - Leland has risen. He speaks as he turns away, starting towards the door. LELAND You want love on your own terms, don't you, Charlie - (he stops - his back turned to Kane) Love according to your own rules. And if anything goes wrong and you're hurt - then the game stops, and you've got to be soothed and nursed, no matter what else is happening - and no matter who else is hurt! KANE It's simpler than that, Brad. A society girl can't stand the gaff, that's all. Other things are important to her - social position, what they're saying on the front porches at Southampton, is it going to be embarrassing to meet somebody or the other at dinner - Leland has turned, taking his eye again. Now Kane stops and smiles. KANE She can leave me. As a matter of fact, I've already left her. Don't worry, Brad - I'll live. LELAND I know you will. KANE (with all his charm) Hey, Brad! I've been analyzed an awful lot tonight - let's have another brandy. Leland shakes his head. Kane lifts his glass. KANE To love on my terms. Those are the only terms anybody knows ... his own. DISSOLVE: EXT. ENQUIRER BUILDING - NIGHT - Kane, Leland, and a couple of policemen make their way out of the front toward a hansom cab. A VOICE FROM THE CROWD You moiderer! A rock is thrown. It hits Leland on the face. A little blood flows. Kane doesn't see it at first. Then when he's in the hansom cab, he turns and notices it. KANE Are you hurt? Leland has a handkerchief to his face. LELAND No. I wish you'd go home to Emily. She'll be pretty upset by all this - She still loves you - The crowd, pushed by the cops, retreats in the background, but still hard by. KANE You still want to be transferred to the other paper? LELAND Yes. KANE (leaning out of the hansom cab) Well, you've been getting a pretty low salary here in New York. It seems to me that the new dramatic critic of our Chicago paper should get what he's worth. (almost as a question) LELAND (with handkerchief still attached to his face) I couldn't possibly live on as little as that, Charlie. We'll let the salary stay where it is. The hansom cab starts up. We hold on Leland's face as we DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. KANE'S NEW YORK HOME - KANE'S BEDROOM - EARLY MORNING - Emily is in bed, a damp cloth over her temples. Kane is standing at the foot of the bed. The baby's bed is in a corner of the room. The baby's nurse is standing near the crib, a nurse for Emily is near her. Kane is looking fixedly on Emily, who is staring tiredly at the ceiling. KANE (to the nurse) Excuse us a moment, please. The nurse looks at Emily. KANE (peremptorily) I said, excuse us a moment. The nurse, unwilling, leaves. KANE I've been talking to Leland. Emily - You can't leave me now - not now - Silence. KANE It isn't what it would do to my changes in politics, Emily - That isn't it - They were talking of running me for governor, but now, of course, we'll have to wait - It isn't that, Emily - It's just - the president is your uncle and they're saying I killed him. Still silence. KANE That story about the murderer having a copy of the "Enquirer" in his pocket - the "Chronicle" made that up out of whole cloth - Emily, please - He's going to be all right, you know, he's going to recover - (bitterly) If it will make you any happier, we had nine pages of advertising cancelled in the first mail this morning. Bernstein is afraid to open any more letters. He - He stops. He sees that he's getting no place with Emily. KANE (exasperated) What do you expect me to do? What in the world - EMILY (weakly) Charles. He waits for her to continue. EMILY Do you really think - (she can't continue) Those threatening letters, can they really - She sits up and looks at the crib. She almost continues to look at the crib, with almost unseeing eyes. KANE (uncomfortably) They won't do anything to Junior, darling. (contemptuously) Anonymous letter writers - I've got guards in front of the house, and I'm going to arrange - EMILY (turning her face toward him) Please don't talk any more, Charles. Kane is about to say something, but bites his lips instead. Emily keeps staring at him. EMILY Have they heard from father yet? Has he seen - KANE I've tried to tell you, Emily. The President's going to be all right. He had a comfortable night. There's no danger of any kind. Emily nods several times. There is an uncomforable silence. Suddenly there is a cry from the crib. Emily leaps from the bed and rushes to him. She bends over the crib. EMILY (murmuring) Here I am, darling... Darling!... Darling, it's all right... Mother's here. KANE Emily - you musn't leave me now - you can't do that to me. EMILY They won't hurt you, darling. Mother's with you! Mother's looking after you! Kane, unwanted, ignored, looks on. Tightening his lips, he walks out. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. KANE'S OFFICE - NIGHT By the desk light, Kane is seen working with his usual intensity, Reilly standing beside him at the desk. KANE We'll withdraw support completely. Anything else? REILLY Mr. Leland sent back that check. KANE What check? REILLY You made it out to him last week after he left for Chicago. KANE Oh, yes, the bonus. REILLY It was for twenty-five thousand dollars. Kane is perplexed and worried, but we can see in a moment his mind will be on something else. REILLY He sent it back torn up - all torn up into little bits, and he enclosed something else - I can't make it out. Kane doesn't answer. Reilly goes on. He has brought out a piece of paper and is reading it. REILLY It says here, "A Declaration of Principles" - (he still reads) "I will provide the people of this city with a daily paper that will tell all the news honestly" - Kane has looked up sharply. Reilly, sensing his look, stops reading and meets his eye. Slowly, Kane reaches out his hand. Reilly hands him the piece of paper. Without reading it, Kane tears it up, throws it into the wastebasket at his side. DISSOLVE: INT. MADISON SQUARE GARDEN - NIGHT - The evening of the final great rally. These shots remind us of and are identical with and supplementary to the "News Digest" scenes earlier. The vast auditorium with a huge picture of Kane, cheering crowds, etc. Emily and Junior are to be seen in the front of a box. Emily is tired and wears a forced smile on her face. Junior, now aged nine and a half, is eager, bright- eyed and excited. Kane is just finishing his speech. KANE It is no secret that I entered upon this campaign with no thought that I could be elected Governor of this state! It is now no secret that every straw vote, every independent pole, shows that I will be elected. And I repeat to you - my first official act as Governor will be to appoint a special District Attorney to arrange for the indictment, prosecution and conviction of Boss Edward G. Rogers! Terrific screaming and cheering from the audience. DISSOLVE OUT: INT. MADISON SQUARE GARDEN - NIGHT - The Speaker's Platform. Numerous officials and civic leaders are crowding around Kane. Cameramen take flash photographs with old-fashioined flash powder. FIRST CIVIC LEADER Great speech, Mr. Kane. SECOND LEADER (pompous) One of the most notable public utterances ever made by a candidate in this state - KANE Thank you, gentlemen. Thank you. He looks up and notices that the box in which Emily and the boy were sitting is now empty. He starts toward the rear of the platform, through the press of people, Reilly approaches him. REILLY A wonderful speech, Mr. Kane. Kane pats him on the shoulder as he walks along. REILLY I just got word from Buffalo, Mr. Kane. They're going to throw you the organization vote - and take a chance maybe you'll give them a break - This is said almost inquiringly, as if he were hoping that Kane would give him some assurance that McDonald is not making a mistake. There is no answer from Kane. REILLY On an independent ticket there's never been anything like it! If the election were held today, you'd be elected by a hundred thousand votes - and every day between now and November 7th is just going to add to your majority. Kane is very pleased. He continues with Reilly slowly through the crowd - a band playing off. Bernstein joins him. KANE It does seem too good to be true, doesn't it, Mr. Bernstein? REILLY Rogers isn't even pretending. He isn't just scared anymore. He's sick. Frank Norris told me last night he hasn't known Rogers to be that worried in twenty-five years. KANE I think it's beginning to dawn on Mr. Rogers that I mean what I say. With Mr. Rogers out of the way, Reilly, I think we may really begin to hope for a good government in this state. (stopping) Well, Mr. Bernstein? BERNSTEIN (clearly not meaning it) It's wonderful, Mr. Kane. Wonderful. Wonderful. KANE You don't really think so? BERNSTEIN I do. I do. I mean, since you're running for Governor - and you want to be elected - I think it's wonderful you're going to be elected. Only - (interrupts himself) - Can I say something? KANE Please, Mr. Bernstein. BERNSTEIN Well, the way I look at it - (comes out with it) - You want to know what I really think would be wonderful? Kane indicates he is to proceed. BERNSTEIN Well, you're running for Governor and going to be elected - my idea is how wonderful it would be if you don't run at all and don't get elected. DISSOLVE: EXT. ONE OF THE EXITS - MADISON SQUARE GARDEN - NIGHT - Emily and Junior are standing, waiting for Kane. JUNIOR Is Pop Governor yet, Mom? Just then, Kane appears, with Reilly and several other men. Kane rushes toward Emily and Junior, as the men politely greet Emily. KANE Hello, Butch! Did you like your old man's speech? JUNIOR Hello, Pop! I was in a box. I could hear every word. KANE I saw you! (he has his arm around Junior's shoulder) Good night, gentlemen. There are good nights. Kane's car is at the curb and he starts to walk toward it with Junior and Emily. EMILY I'm sending Junior home in the car, Charles - with Oliver - KANE But I'd arranged to go home with you myself. EMILY There's a call I want you to make with me, Charles. KANE It can wait. EMILY No, it can't. (she bends down and kisses Junior) Good night, darling. JUNIOR Good night, Mom. The driver is holding the rear door open as Emily guides Junior in. KANE (as car starts to drive off) What's this all about, Emily? I've had a very tiring day and - EMILY It may not be about anything at all. A cab has pulled up. THE DRIVER Cab? Emily nods to him. EMILY I intend to find out. KANE I insist on being told exactly what you have in mind. EMILY I'm going to - (she looks at a slip of paper in her hand) - 185 West 74th Street. Kane's reaction indicates that the address definitely means something to him. EMILY If you wish, you can come with me... Kane nods. KANE I'll go with you. He opens the door and she enters the cab. He follows her. DISSOLVE: INT. CAB - NIGHT - Kane and Emily. He looks at her, in search of some kind of enlightenment. Her face is set and impassive. DISSOLVE: EXT. AND INT. APARTMENT HOUSE HALLWAY - NIGHT - Kane and Emily, in front of an apartment door. Emily is pressing the bell. KANE I had no idea you had this flair for melodrama, Emiliy. Emily does not answer. The door is opened by a maid, who recognizes Kane. THE MAID Come in, Mr. Kane, come in. They enter, Emily first. INT. SUSAN'S APARTMENT - NIGHT - There is first a tiny reception room, through which an open door shows the living room. Kane and Emily enter from the hallway and cross to the living room. As they enter, Susan rises from a chair. The other person in the room - a big, heavyset man, a little past middle age - stays where he is, leaning back in his chair, regarding Kane intently. SUSAN It wasn't my fault, Charlie. He made me send your wife a note. He said I'd - oh, he's been saying the most terrible things, I didn't know what to do... I - (she catches sight of Emily) ROGERS Good evening, Mr. Kane. (he rises) I don't suppose anybody would introduce us. Mrs. Kane, I am Edward Rogers. EMILY How do you do? (pauses) I came here - and I made Mr. Kane come with me... (she consults the note in her hand without reading it again) because I recieved this note - ROGERS I made Miss - Miss Alexander send you the note. She was a little unwilling at first - (he smiles grimly) but she did it. SUSAN I can't tell you the things he said, Charlie. You haven't got any idea - KANE (turning on Rogers) Rogers, I don't think I will postpone doing something about you until I'm elected. (he starts toward him) To start with, I'll break your neck. ROGERS (not giving way an inch) Maybe you can do it and maybe you can't, Mr. Kane. EMILY Charles! (he stops to look at her) Your - your breaking this man's neck - (she is clearly disgusted) would scarcely explain this note - (glancing at the note) Serious consequences for Mr. Kane - (slowly) for myself, and for my son. What does this note mean, Miss - SUSAN (stiffly) I'm Susan Alexander. (pauses) I know what you think, Mrs. Kane, but - EMILY (ignoring this) What does this note mean, Miss Alexander? ROGERS She doesn't know, Mrs. Kane. She just sent it - because I made her see it wouldn't be smart for her not to send it. KANE In case you don't know, Emily, this - this gentleman - (he puts a world of scorn into the word) is - ROGERS I'm not a gentleman, Mrs. Kane, and your husband is just trying to be funny calling me one. I don't even know what a gentleman is. (tensely, with all the hatred and venom in the world) You see, my idea of a gentleman, Mrs. Kane - well, if I owned a newspaper and if I didn't like the way somebody else was doing things - some politican, say - I'd fight them with everything I had. Only I wouldn't show him in a convict suit, with stripes - so his children could see the picture in the paper. Or his mother. (he has to control himself from hurling himself at Kane) It's pretty clear - I'm not a gentleman. EMILY Oh!! KANE You're a cheap, crooked grafter - and your concern for your children and your mother - ROGERS Anything you say, Mr. Kane. Only we're talking now about what you are. That's what the note is about, Mrs. Kane. Now I'm going to lay all my cards on the table. I'm fighting for my life. Not just my political life. My life. If your husband is elected governor - KANE I'm going to be elected governor. And the first thing I'm going to do - EMILY Let him finish, Charles. ROGERS I'm protecting myself every way I know how, Mrs. Kane. This last week, I finally found out how I can stop your husband from being elected. If the people of this state learn what I found out this week, he wouldn't have a chance to - he couldn't be elected Dog Catcher. Well, what I'm interested in is seeing that he's not elected. I don't care whether they know what I know about him. Let him keep right on being the Great, Noble, Moral - (he stresses the world) Champeen of the people. Just as long as - EMILY I think I understand, Mr. Rogers, but wonder if - (she leaves her sentence unfinished) KANE You can't blackmail me, Rogers, you can't - SUSAN (excitedly) Charlie, he said, unless you withdrew your name - ROGERS That's the chance I'm willing to give you, Mr. Kane. More of a chance than you'd give me. Unless you make up your mind by tomorrow that you're so sick that you've got to go away for a year or two - Monday morning every paper in this State will carry the story I'm going to give them. Kane starts to stare at him intently. EMILY What story, Mr. Rogers? ROGERS The story about him and Miss Alexander, Mrs. Kane. Emily looks at Kane. SUSAN There is no story. It's all lies. Mr. Kane is just - ROGERS (to Susan) Shut up! (to Kane) I've had a dozen men doing nothing but run this thing down - we've got evidence enough to - well, the evidence would stand up in any court of law. You want me to give you the evidence, Mr. Kane? KANE You do anything you want to do. The people of this state can decide which one of us to trust. If you want to know, they've already decided. The election Tuesday'll be only - ROGERS Mrs. Kane, I'm not asking you to believe me. I'd like to show you - EMILY You don't have to show me anything, Mr. Rogers. I believe you. ROGERS I'd rather Mr. Kane withdrew without having to get the story published. Not that I care about him. But I'd be better off that way - (he pauses) - and so would you, Mrs. Kane. SUSAN What about me? (to Kane) He said my name'd be dragged through the mud. He said everywhere I'd go from now on - EMILY There seems to be only one decision you can make, Charles. I'd say that it has been made for you. (pauses) I suppose the details can be arranged tomorrow, Mr. Rogers. About the statements by the doctors - KANE Have you gone completely mad, Emily? Emily looks at him. KANE You don't think I'm going to let this blackmailer intimidate me, do you? EMILY I don't see what else you can do, Charles. If he's right - and the papers publish this story he has - KANE Oh, they'll publish it all right. But that's not going to stop me - EMILY Charles, this - this story - doesn't concern only you. I'll be in it, too, won't I? (quickly) And Junior? KANE (squirming a bit) I suppose so, but - I'm not afraid of the story. You can't tell me that the voters of this state - EMILY I'm not interested in the voters of this state right now. I am interested in - well, Junior, for one thing. SUSAN Charlie! If they publish this story - EMILY They won't. Goodnight, Mr. Rogers. (she starts out) There's nothing more to be said, Charles. KANE Oh yes, there is. EMILY I don't think so. Are you coming, Charles? KANE No. She looks at him. He starts to work himself into a rage. KANE There's only one person in the world to decide what I'm going to do - and that's me. And if you think - if any of you think - EMILY You decided what you were going to do, Charles - some time ago. (she looks at Susan) You can't always have it your own way, regardless of anything else that may have happened. (she sighs) Come on, Charles. KANE Go on! Get out! I can fight this thing all alone! ROGERS You're making a bigger fool of yourself than I thought you would, Mr. Kane. You're licked. Why don't you - KANE (turning on him) Get out! I've got nothing to talk to you about. If you want to see me, have the Warden write me a letter. ROGERS I see! (he starts toward the door) SUSAN (starting to cry) Charlie, you're just excited. You don't realize - KANE I know exactly what I'm doing. (he is screaming) Get out! EMILY (quietly) Charles, if you don't listen to reason, it may be too late - KANE Too late for what? Too late for you and this - (he can't find the adjective) this public thief to take the love of the people of this state away from me? Well, you won't do it, I tell you. You won't do it! SUSAN Charlie, there are other things to think of. (a sly look comes into her eyes) Your son - you don't want him to read in the papers - EMILY It is too late now, Charles. KANE (rushes to the door and opens it) Get out, both of you! SUSAN (rushes to him) Charlie, please don't - KANE What are you waiting here for? Why don't you go? EMILY Goodnight, Charles. She walks out. Rogers stops as he gets directly in front of Kane. ROGERS You're the greatest fool I've ever known, Kane. If it was anybody else, I'd say what's going to happen to you would be a lesson to you. Only you're going to need more than one lesson. And you're going to get more than one lesson. (he walks past Kane) KANE Don't you worry about me. I'm Charles Foster Kane. I'm no cheap, crooked politician, trying to save himself from the consequences of his crimes - INT. APARTMENT HOUSE HALLWAY - NIGHT - Camera angling toward Kane from other end of the hall. Rogers and Emily are already down the hall, moving toward foreground. Kane in apartment doorway background. KANE (screams louder) I'm going to send you to Sing Sing, Rogers. Sing Sing! Kane is trembling with rage as he shakes his fist at Rogers's back. Susan, quieter now, has snuggled into the hollow of his shoulder as they stand in the doorway. DISSOLVE: The "Chronicle" front page with photograph (as in the "News Digest") revealing Kane's relations with Susan. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: Front page of "Chronicle" - Headline which reads: ROGERS ELECTED DISSOLVE: Front page of "Enquirer" - Headline which reads: FRAUD AT POLLS DISSOLVE: INT. LIVING ROOM - NIGHT - Emily is opening the door for Leland. EMILY Hello, Brad - LELAND Emily - He pauses. Leland comes in. Emily closes the door. EMILY I'm sorry I sent for you, Brad - didn't - LELAND Chicago is pretty close to New York nowadays - only twenty hours - She doesn't have anything to say. LELAND I'm glad to see you. She smiles at him and we know that there isn't anybody else in the world for her to smile at. She's too grateful to talk. EMILY Are all the returns in? Leland puts his hat unconsciously on his coat by the newspaper. EMILY Let me see it. Leland takes the newspaper out of his pocket and hands it to her. She takes it. We see the headline, not an insert, but it registers. It reads: "Fraud at Polls." Emily is looking at the paper with unseeing eyes, and a little smile. LELAND (after a pause) Almost two to one - EMILY I'm surprised he got the votes he did. LELAND Emily! EMILY Why should anyone vote for him? He's made it quite clear to the people what he thinks of them. Children - to be told one thing one day, something else the next, as the whim seizes him. And they're supposed to be grateful and love and adore him - because he sees to it that they get cheap ice and only pay a nickel in the street cars. LELAND Emily, you're being - a little unfair - You know what I think of Charles' behavior - about your personal lives - EMILY There aren't any personal lives for people like us. He made that very clear to me nine years ago - If I'd thought of my life with Charles as a personal life, I'd have left him then - LELAND know that, Emily - EMILY (on top of Leland) Maybe I should have - the first time he showed me what a mad dog he really was. LELAND (on the cue "dog") Emily, you - EMILY Brad, I'm - I'm not an old woman yet - LELAND It's - all over - He stops himself. EMILY (after a pause) Know it is, Brad - LELAND He's paying for it, Emily. Those returns tonight - he's finished. Politically - (he thinks) - socially, everywhere, I guess. don't know about the papers, but - EMILY If you're asking me to sympathize with him, Brad, you're wasting your time. (pauses) There's only one person I'm sorry for, as a matter of fact. That - that shabby little girl. I'm really sorry for her, Brad. DISSOLVE: Front page Chicago "Enquirer," with photograph proclaiming that Susan Alexander opens at new Chicago Opera House in "Thais," as in "News Digest." On soundtrack during above we hear the big, expectant murmur of an opening night audience and the noodling of the orchestra. DISSOLVE: INT. CHICAGO OPERA HOUSE - NIGHT - SET FOR "THAIS" - The camera is just inside the curtain, angling upstage. We see the set for "Thais" - the principals in place - stage managers, stage hands, etc., and in the center of all this, in an elaborate costume, looking very small and very lost, is Susan. She is almost hysterical with fright. Maids, singing teacher, and the rest are in attendance. Her throat is sprayed. Applause is heard at the opening of the shot, and now the orchestra starts thunderously. The curtain starts to rise - the camera with it - the blinding glare of the foots moves up Susan's body and hits her face. She squints and starts to sing. Camera continues on up with the curtain, up past Susan, up the full height of the proscenium arch and then on up into the gridiron into a world of ropes, brick walls and hanging canvas - Susan's voice still heard - but faintly. The camera stops at the top of the gridiron as the curtain stops. Two typical stage hands fill the frame. They are looking down on the stage below. Some of the reflected light gleams on their faces. They look at each other. One of them puts his hand to his nose. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. LELAND'S OFFICE - CHICAGO ENQUIRER - NIGHT - Leland, as in the same scene in the Bernstein sequence, is sprawled across his typewriter, his head on the keys. The paper is gone from the roller. Leland stirs and looks up drunkenly, his eyes encountering Bernstein, who stands beside him (also as in the previous scene). BERNSTEIN Hello, Mr. Leland. LELAND Hello, Bernstein. Leland makes a terrific effort to pull himself together. He straightens and reaches for the keys - then sees the paper is gone from the machine. LELAND Where is it - where's my notice? I've got to finish it! BERNSTEIN (quietly) Mr. Kane is finishing it. LELAND Kane? Charlie? (painfully, he rises to his feet) Where is he? During all this, the sound of a typewriter has been heard off - a busy typewriter. Leland's eyes follow the sound. Slowly he registers Kane in the City Room beyond. This is almost the same shot as in the previous Bernstein story. INT. CITY ROOM - CHICAGO ENQUIRER - NIGHT - Kane, in white tie and shirt sleeves, is typing away at a machine, his fingers working briskly and efficiently, his face, seen by the desk light before him, set in a strange half-smile. Leland stands in the door of his office, staring across at him. LELAND I suppose he's fixing it up - I know I'd never get that through. BERNSTEIN (moving to his side) Mr. Kane is finishing your piece the way you started it. Leland turns incredulously to Bernstein. BERNSTEIN He's writing a roast like you wanted it to be - (then suddnely - with a kind of quiet passion rather than a triumph) - I guess that'll show you. Leland picks his way across the City Room to Kane's side. Kane goes on typing, without looking up. After a pause, Kane speaks. KANE Hello, Brad. LELAND Hello, Charlie - (ANOTHER PAUSE) I didn't know we were speaking. Kane stops typing, but doesn't turn. KANE Sure, we're speaking, Brad - you're fired. He starts typing again, the expression on his face doesn't change. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: EXT. HOSPITAL ROOF - DAY - Thompson and Leland on the roof, which is now deserted. It is getting late. The sun has just about gone down. LELAND Well, that's about all there is - and I'm getting chills. Hey, nurse! (pause) Five years ago, he wrote from that place of his down South - (as if trying to think) - you know. Shangri-la? El Dorado? (pauses) Sloppy Joe's? What's the name of that place? You know... All right. Xanadu. I knew what it was all the time. You caught on, didn't you? THOMPSON Yes. LELAND I guess maybe I'm not as hard to see through as I think. Anyway, I never even answered his letter. Maybe I should have. I guess he was pretty lonely down there those last years. He hadn't finished it when she left him - he never finished it - he never finished anything. Of course, he built it for her - THOMPSON That must have been love. LELAND I don't know. He was disappointed in the world. So he built one of his own - An absolute monarchy - It was something bigger than an opera house anyway - (calls) Nurse! (lowers his voice) Say, I'll tell you one thing you can do for me, young fellow. THOMPSON Sure. LELAND On your way out, stop at a cigar store, will you, and send me up a couple of cigars? THOMPSON Sure, Mr. Leland. I'll be glad to. LELAND Hey, Nurse! A Nurse appears. NURSE Hello, Mr. Leland. LELAND I'm ready to go in now. You know when I was a young man, there was an impression around that nurses were pretty. It was no truer then than it is now. NURSE Here, let me take your arm, Mr. Leland. LELAND (testily) All right, all right. (he has begun to move forward on the Nurse's arm; turning to Thompson) You won't forget, will you, about the cigars? And tell them to wrap them up to look like toothpaste, or something, or they'll stop them at the desk. That young doctor I was telling you about, he's got an idea he wants to keep me alive. DISSOLVE: EXT. "EL RANCHO" CABARET IN ATLANTIC CITY - EARLY DAWN - NEON SIGN ON THE ROOF: "EL RANCHO" FLOOR SHOW SUSAN ALEXANDER KANE TWICE NIGHTLY glows on the dark screen as in the previous sequence earlier in the script. Behind the lights and through them, we see a nasty early morning. Camera as before, moves through the lights of the sign and down on the skylight, through which is seen Susan at her regular table, Thompson seated across from her. Very faintly during this, idle piano music playing. DISSOLVE: INT. "EL RANCHO" CABARET - EARLY DAWN - Susan and Thompson are facing each other. The place is almost deserted. Susan is sober. On the other side of the room, somebody is playing a piano. SUSAN How do you want to handle the whole thing - ask questions? THOMPSON I'd rather you just talked. Anything that comes into your mind - about yourself and Mr. Kane. SUSAN You wouldn't want to hear a lot of what comes into my mind about myself and Mr. Charlie Kane. Susan is thinking. THOMPSON How did you meet him? SUSAN I had a toothache. Thompson looks at her. SUSAN That was thiry years ago - and I still remember that toothache. Boy! That toothache was just driving me crazy... DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: EXT. CORNER DRUG STORE AND STREET ON THE WEST SIDE OF NEW YORK - NIGHT - Susan, aged twenty, neatly but cheaply dressed in the style of the period, is leaving the drug store. It's about 8 o'clock at night. With a large, man-sized handkerchief pressed to her cheek, she is in considerable pain. The street is wet - after a recent rain. She walks a few steps towards the middle of the block, and can stand it no longer. She stops, opens a bottle of Oil of Cloves that she has in her hand, applies some to her finger, and rubs her gums. She walks on, the pain only a bit better. Four or five houses farther along, she comes to what is clearly her own doorway - a shabby, old four-story apartment house. She turns toward the doorway, which is up a tiny stoop, about three steps. As she does so, Kane, coming from the opposite direction, almost bumps into her and turns to his left to avoid her. His shoulder bumps hers and she turns. As she does so, Kane, forced to change his course, steps on the loose end of a plank which covers a puddle in the bad sidewalk. The plank rises up and cracks him on the knee, also covering him with mud. KANE (hopping up and down and rubbing his knee) Ow! Susan, taking her handkerchief from her jaw, roars with laughter. KANE It's not funny. He bites his lip and rubs his knee again. Susan tries to control her laughter, but not very successfully. Kane glares at her. SUSAN I'm sorry, mister - but you do look awful funny. Suddenly, the pain returns and she claps her hand to her jaw. SUSAN Ow! KANE What's the matter with you? SUSAN Toothache. KANE Hmm! He has been rubbing his clothes with his handkerchief. SUSAN You've got some on your face. KANE If these sidewalks were kept in condition - instead of the money going to some cheap grafter - Susan starts to laugh again. KANE What's funny now? SUSAN You are. You look like you've been making mud pies. In the middle of her smile, the pain returns. SUSAN Oh! KANE You're no Venus de Milo. SUSAN (points to the downstair window) If you want to come in and wash your face - I can get you some hot water to get that dirt off your trousers - KANE Thanks. Susan starts, with Kane following her. DISSOLVE: INT. SUSAN'S ROOM - NIGHT - It's in moderate disorder. The Mansbach gas lights are on. It's not really a classy room, but it's exactly what you're entitled to in 1910, for $5.00 a week including breakfast. There is a bed, a couple of chairs, a chiffonier, and a few personal belongings on the chiffonier. These include a photograph of a gent and lady, obviously Susan's parents, and a few objets d'art. One, "At the Japanese Rolling Ball Game at Coney Island," and - perhaps this is part of the Japanese loot - the glass globe with the snow scene Kane was holding in his hand in the first sequence. Susan comes into the room, carrying a basin, with towels over her arm. Kane is waiting for her. She doesn't close the door. SUSAN (by way of explanation) My landlady prefers me to keep this door open when I have a gentleman caller. (starts to put the basin down) She's a very decent woman. (making a face) Ow! Kane rushes to take the basin from her, putting it on the chiffonier. To do this, he has to shove the photograph to one side of the basin. Susan grabs the photograph as it is about to fall over. SUSAN Hey, you should be more careful. That's my ma and pa. KANE I'm sorry. They live here, too? SUSAN No. They've passed on. Again she puts her hand to her jaw. KANE Where's the soap? SUSAN In the water. Kane fishes the soap out of the water. It is slippery, however, and slips out of his hand, hitting him in the chest before it falls to the floor. Susan laughs as he bends over. KANE (starting to wash his hands) You're very easily amused. SUSAN I always like to see the funny side of things. No sense crying when you don't have to. And you're so funny. Looking at you, I forget all about my toothache. Her face distorts in pain again. SUSAN Oh! KANE I can't stay here all night chasing your pain away. SUSAN (laughs) I know... But you do look so silly. Kane, with soaped hands, has rubbed his face and now cannot open his eyes, for fear of getting soap in them. KANE Where's the towel? SUSAN On the chiffonier. Here. KANE (rubs his face dry) Thanks. SUSAN (on her way to closet) I've got a brush in the closet. As soon as the mud on your trousers is all dry - you just brush it off. KANE I'll get these streets fixed, if it's the last thing I do. Susan comes out of the closet. She holds out the brush with her left hand, her right hand to her jaw in real distress. KANE (takes the brush) You are in pain, aren't you, you poor kid? Susan can't stand it anymore and sits down in a chair, bent over, whimpering a bit. KANE (brushing himself) Wish there was something I could - He stops and thinks. Susan, her face averted, is still trying hard not to cry. KANE I've got an idea, young lady. (there is no response) Turn around and look at me. (there is still no response) I said, turn around and look at me, young lady. Slowly, Susan turns. KANE Did you ever see anybody wiggle both his ears at the same time? It takes a second for Susan to adapt herself to this. KANE Watch closely! (he wiggles his ears) It took me two solid years at the finest boys' school in the world to learn that trick. The fellow who taught me is President of Venezuela now. He's still wiggling his ears as Susan starts to smile. KANE That's it! Smile! Susan smiles, very broadly. DISSOLVE: INT. SUSAN'S ROOM - NIGHT - Closeup of a duck, camera pulls back showing it to be a shadowgraph on the wall, made by Kane, who is now in his shirt sleeves. It is about an hour later than preceding sequence. SUSAN (hesitatingly) A chicken? KANE No. But you're close. SUSAN A rooster? KANE You're getting farther away all the time. It's a duck. SUSAN Excuse me, Mr. Kane. I know this takes a lot of nerve, but - who are you? I mean - I'm pretty ignorant, guess you caught on to that - KANE (looks squarely at her) You really don't know who I am? SUSAN No. That is, I bet it turns out I've heard your name a million times, only you know how it is - KANE But you like me, don't you? Even though you don't know who I am? SUSAN You've been wonderful! I can't tell you how glad I am you're here, I don't know many people and - (she stops) KANE And I know too many people. Obviously, we're both lonely. (he smiles) Would you like to know where I was going tonight - when you ran into me and ruined my Sunday clothes? SUSAN I didn't run into you and I bet they're not your Sunday clothes. You've probably got a lot of clothes. KANE (as if defending himself from a terrible onslaught) I was only joking! (pauses) This evening I was on my way to the Western Manhattan Warehouses - in search of my youth. Susan is bewildered. KANE You see, my mother died, too - a long time ago. Her things were put into storage out west because I had no place to put them then. I still haven't. But now I've sent for them just the same. And tonight I'd planned to make a sort of sentimental journey - (slowly) - to the scenes of my youth - my childhood, I suppose - to look again at - (he changes mood slightly) and now - Kane doesn't finish. He looks at Susan. Silence. KANE Who am I? Well, let's see. Charles Foster Kane was born in New Salem, Colorado in eighteen six - (he stops on the word "sixty" - obviously a little embarrassed) I run a couple of newspapers. How about you? SUSAN Oh, me - KANE How old did you say you were? SUSAN (very bright) I didn't say. KANE I didn't think you did. If you had, I wouldn't have asked you again, because I'd have remembered. How old? SUSAN Pretty old. I'll be twenty-two in August. KANE (looks at her silently for a moment) That's a ripe old age - What do you do? SUSAN I work at Seligman's. KANE Is that what you want to do? SUSAN I want to be a singer. (she thinks for a moment) I mean, I didn't. Mother did for me. KANE (sympathetically) What happened to the singing? You're not in a show, are you? SUSAN Oh, no! Nothing like that. Mother always thought - she used to talk about Grand Opera for me. Imagine! An American girl, for one thing - and then my voice isn't really that kind anyway, it's just that Mother - you know what mothers are like. A sudden look comes over Kane's face. KANE Yes - SUSAN As a matter of fact, I do sing a little. KANE (points to the piano) Would you sing for me? SUSAN (bashful) Oh, you wouldn't want to hear me sing. KANE Yes, I would. That's why I asked. SUSAN Well, I - KANE Don't tell me your toothache is bothering you again? SUSAN Oh, no, that's all gone. KANE Then you have no alibi at all. Please sing. Susan, with a tiny ladylike hesitancy, goes to the piano and sings a polite song. Sweetly, nicely, she sings with a small, untrained voice. Kane listens. He is relaxed, at ease with the world. DISSOLVE: INT. "EL RANCHO" CABARET - EARLY DAWN - Susan tosses down a drink, then goes on with her story. SUSAN I did a lot of singing after that. I sang for Charlie - I sang for teachers at a hundred bucks an hour - the teachers got that, I didn't - THOMPSON What did you get? SUSAN (glares at him balefully) What do you mean? Thompson doesn't answer. SUSAN I didn't get a thing. Just the music lessons. That's all there was to it. THOMPSON He married you, didn't he? SUSAN He was in love with me. But he never told me so until after it all came out in the papers about us - and he lost the election and that Norton woman divorced him. THOMPSON What about that apartment? SUSAN He wanted me to be comfortable - Oh, why should I bother? You don't believe me, but it's true. It just happens to be true. He was really interested in my voice. (sharply) What are you smiling for? What do you think he built that opera house for? I didn't want it. I didn't want to sing. It was his idea - everything was his idea - except my leaving him. DISSOLVE: INT. LIVING ROOM OF KANE'S HOUSE IN NEW YORK - DAY - Susan is singing. Matisti, her voice teacher, is playing the piano. Kane is seated nearby. Matisti stops. MATISTI Impossible! Impossible! KANE Your job isn't to give Mrs. Kane your opinion of her talents. You're supposed to train her voice. Nothing more. MATISTI (sweating) But, it is impossible. I will be the laughingstock of the musical world! People will say - KANE If you're interested in what people say, Signor Matisti, I may be able to enlighten you a bit. The newspapers, for instance. I'm an authority on what the papers will say, Signor Matisti, because I own eight of them between here and San Francisco... It's all right, dear. Signor Matisti is going to listen to reason. Aren't you, maestro? (he looks him square in the eyes) MATISTI Mr. Kane, how can I persuade you - KANE You can't. There is a silence. Matisti rises. KANE I knew you'd see it my way. DISSOLVE: INT. CHICAGO OPERA HOUSE - NIGHT - It is the same opening night - it is the same moment as before - except taht the camera is now upstage angling toward the audience. The curtain is down. We see the same tableau as before - the terrified and trembling Susan, the apprehensive principals, the maids and singing teachers, the stage hands. As the dissolve commences, there is the sound of applause (exactly as before) and now as the dissolve completes itself, the orchestra breaks frighteningly into opening chords of the music - the stage is cleared - Susan is left alone, terribly alone. The curtain rises. The glare of the footlights jump into the image. The curtain is now out of the picture and Susan starts to sing. Beyond her, we see the prompter's box, containing the anxious face of the prompter. Beyond that, out in the darkness - an apprehensive conductor struggles with his task of coordinating an orchestra and an incompetent singer. Beyond that - dimly white shirt fronts and glistening bosoms for a couple of rows, and then deep and terrible darkness. Closeup of Kane's face - seated in the audience - listening. Sudden but perfectly correct lull in the music reveals a voice from the audience - a few words from a sentence - the kind of thing that often happens in a theatre - THE VOICE - really pathetic. Music crashes in and drowns out the rest of the sentence, but hundreds of people around the voice have heard it (as well as Kane) and there are titters which grow in volume. Closeup of Susan's face - singing. Closeup of Kane's face - listening. There is the ghastly sound of three thousand people applauding as little as possible. Kane still looks. Then, near the camera, there is the sound of about a dozen people applauding very, very loudly. Camera moves back, revealing Bernstein and Reilly and other Kane stooges, seated around him, beating their palms together. The curtain is falling - as we can see by the light which shutters down off their faces. The stage from Kane's angle. The curtain is down - the lights glowing on it. Still, the polite applause dying fast. Nobody comes out for a bow. Closeup of Kane - breathing heavily. Suddenly he starts to applaud furiously. The stage from the audience again. Susan appears for her bow. She can hardly walk. There is a little polite crescendo of applause, but it is sickly. Closeup of Kane - still applauding very, very hard, his eyes on Susan. The stage again. Susan, finishing her bow, goes out through the curtains. The light on the curtain goes out and the houselights go on. Closeup of Kane - still applauding very, very hard. DISSOLVE: INT. STUDY - KANE'S NEW YORK HOME - DAY - Some weeks later. Susan, in a negligee, is at the window. There are the remains of her breakfast tray on a little table. SUSAN You don't propose to have yourself made ridiculous? What about me? I'm the one that has to do the singing. I'm the one that gets the razzberries. (pauses) Last week, when I was shopping, one of the salesgirls did an imitation of me for another girl. She thought I didn't see her, but - Charlie, you might as well make up your mind to it. This is one thing you're not going to have your own way about. I can't sing and you know it - Why can't you just - Kane rises and walks toward her. There is cold menace in his walk. Susan shrinks a little as he draws closer to her. KANE My reasons satisfy me, Susan. You seem unable to understand them. I will not tell them to you again. (he is very close to her) You will continue with your singing. His eyes are relentlessly upon her. She sees something in them that frightens her. She nods her head slowly, indicating surrender. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: Front page of the "San Francisco Enquirer" containing a large portrait of Susan as Thais (as before). It is announced that Susan will open an independent season in San Francisco in "Thais." The picture remains constant but the names of the papers change from New York to St. Louis, to Los Angeles to Cleveland, to Denver to Philadelphia - all "Enquirers." During all this, on the soundtrack, Susan's voice is heard singing her aria very faintly and far away, her voice cracking a little. At the conclusion of this above, Susan has finished her song, and there is the same mild applause as before - over the sound of this, one man loudly applauding. This fades out as we - DISSOLVE: INT. SUSAN'S BEDROOM - KANE'S NEW YORK HOME - LATE NIGHT - The camera angles across the bed and Susan's form towards the door, from the other side of which voices can be heard. KANE'S VOICE Let's have your keys, Raymond. RAYMOND'S VOICE Yes, sir. KANE'S VOICE The key must be in the other side. (pause) We'll knock the door down, Raymond. RAYMOND'S VOICE (calling) Mrs. Kane - KANE'S VOICE Do what I say. The door crashes open, light floods in the room, revealing Susan, fully dressed, stretched out on the bed, one arm dangling over the side. Kane rushes to her. KANE Get Dr. Corey. RAYMOND Yes, sir. He rushes out. Susan is breathing, but heavily. Kane loosens the lace collar at her throat. DISSOLVE: INT. SUSAN'S ROOM - LATE NIGHT - A little later. All the lights are lit. Susan, in a nightgown, is in bed, asleep. Raymond and a nurse are just leaving the room, Raymond closing the door quietly behind him. Dr. Corey rises. DR. COREY She'll be perfectly all right in a day or two, Mr. Kane. Kane nods. He has a small bottle in his hand. DR. COREY The nurse has complete instructions, but if you care to talk to me at any time, I should be only too glad - I shall be here in the morning. KANE Thank you. I can't imagine how Mrs. Kane came to make such a silly mistake. The sedative Dr. Wagner gave her is in a somewhat larger bottle - I suppose the strain of preparing for her trip has excited and confused her. DR. COREY I'm sure that's it. (he starts out) KANE There are no objections to my staying here with her, are there? DR. COREY Not at all. I'd like the nurse to be here, too. KANE Of course. Dr. Corey leaves. Kane settles himself in a chair next to the bed, looking at Susan. In a moment, the nurse enters, goes to a chair in the corner of the room, and sits down. DISSOLVE: INT. SUSAN'S ROOM - DAY - Susan, utterly spent, is lying flat on her back in her bed. Kane is in the chair beside her. The nurse is out of the room. SUSAN (in a voice that comes from far away) I couldn't make you see how I felt, Charlie. I just couldn't - I couldn't go threw with singing again. You don't know what it means to feel - to know that people - that an audience don't want you. That if you haven't got what they want - a real voice - they just don't care about you. Even when they're polite - and they don't laugh or get restless or - you know... They don't want you. They just - KANE (angrily) That's when you've got to fight them. That's when you've got to make them. That's - Susan's head turns and she looks at him silently with pathetic eyes. KANE I'm sorry. (he leans over to pat her hand) You won't have to fight them anymore. (he smiles a little) It's their loss. Gratefully, Susan, with difficulty, brings her other hand over to cover his. DISSOLVE: EXT. ESTABLISHING SHOT OF XANADU - HALF BUILT INT. THE GRAND HALL IN XANADU - Closeup of an enormous jigsaw puzzle. A hand is putting in the last piece. Camera moves back to reveal jigsaw puzzle spread out on the floor. Susan is on the floor before her jigsaw puzzle. Kane is in an easy chair. Behind them towers the massive Renaissance fireplace. It is night and Baroque candelabra illuminates the scene. SUSAN (with a sigh) What time is it? There is no answer. SUSAN Charlie! I said, what time is it? KANE (looks up - consults his watch) Half past eleven. SUSAN I mean in New York. KANE Half past eleven. SUSAN At night? KANE Yes. The bulldog's just gone to press. SUSAN (sarcastically) Hurray for the bulldog! (sighs) Half past eleven! The shows have just let out. People are going to night clubs and restaurants. Of course, we're different. We live in a palace - at the end of the world. KANE You always said you wanted to live in a palace. SUSAN Can't we go back, Charlie? Kane looks at her smilingly and turns back to his work. SUSAN Charlie - There is no answer. SUSAN If I promise to be a good girl! Not to drink - and to entertain all the governors and the senators with dignity - (she puts a slur into the word) Charlie - There is still no answer. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: Another picture puzzle - Susan's hands fitting in a missing piece. DISSOLVE: Another picture puzzle - Susan's hands fitting in a missing piece. DISSOLVE: INT. XANADU - LIVING ROOM - DAY - Another picture puzzle. Camera pulls back to show Kane and Susan in much the same positions as before, except that they are older. KANE One thing I've never been able to understand, Susan. How do you know you haven't done them before? Susan shoots him an angry glance. She isn't amused. SUSAN It makes a whole lot more sense than collecting Venuses. KANE You may be right - I sometimes wonder - but you get into the habit - SUSAN (snapping) It's not a habit. I do it because I like it. KANE I was referring to myself. (pauses) I thought we might have a picnic tomorrow - it might be a nice change after the Wild West party tonight. Invite everybody to go to the Everglades - SUSAN (throws down a piece of the jigsaw puzzle and rises) Invite everybody! Order everybody, you mean, and make them sleep in tents! Who wants to sleep in tents when they have a nice room of their own - with their own bath, where they know where everything is? Kane has looked at her steadily, not hostilely. KANE I thought we might invite everybody to go on a picnic tomorrow. Stay at Everglades overnight. (he pats her lightly on the shoulder) Please see that the arrangements are made, Susan. Kane turns away - to Bernstein. KANE You remember my son, Mr. Bernstein. On the soundtrack we hear the following lines of dialogue: BERNSTEIN'S VOICE (embarrased) Oh, yes. How do you do, Mr. Kane? CHARLIE JR.'S VOICE Hello. During this, camera holds on closeup of Susan's face. She is very angry. DISSOLVE: EXT. THE EVERGLADES CAMP - NIGHT - Long shot - of a number of classy tents. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. LARGE TENT - EVERGLADES CAMP - NIGHT - Two real beds have been set up on each side of the tent. A rather classy dressing table is in the rear, at which Susan is preparing for bed. Kane, in his shirt-sleeves, is in an easy chair, reading. Susan is very sullen. SUSAN I'm not going to put up with it. Kane turns to look at her. SUSAN I mean it. (she catches a slight flicker on Kane's face) Oh, I know I always say I mean it, and then I don't - or you get me so don't do what I say I'm going to - but - KANE (interrupting) You're in a tent, darling. You're not at home. And I can hear you very well if you just talk in a normal tone of voice. SUSAN I'm not going to have my guests insulted, just because you think - (in a rage) - if people want to bring a drink or two along on a picnic, that's their business. You've got no right - KANE (quickly) I've got more than a right as far as you're concerned, Susan. SUSAN Oh, I'm sick and tired of you telling me what I must and what I musn't do! KANE (gently) You're my wife, Susan, and - SUSAN I'm not just your wife, I'm a person all by myself - or I ought to be. I was once. Sometimes you get me to believing I never was. KANE We can discuss all this some other time, Susan. Right now - SUSAN I'll discuss what's on my mind when I want to. You're not going to keep on running my life the way you want it. KANE As far as you're concerned, Susan, I've never wanted anything - I don't want anything now - except what you want. SUSAN What you want me to want, you mean. What you've decided I ought to have - what you'd want if you were me. But you've never given me anything that - KANE Susan, I really think - SUSAN Oh, I don't mean the things you've given me - that don't mean anything to you. What's the difference between giving me a bracelet or giving somebody else a hundred thousand dollars for a statue you're going to keep crated up and never look at? It's only money. It doesn't mean anything. You're not really giving anything that belongs to you, that you care about. KANE (he has risen) Susan, I want you to stop this. And right now! SUSAN Well, I'm not going to stop it. I'm going to say exactly what I think. (she screams) You've never given me anything. You've tried to buy me into giving you something. You're - (a sudden notion) - it's like you were bribing me! That's what it's been from the first moment I met you. No matter how much it cost you - your time, your money - that's what you've done with everybody you've ever known. Tried to bribe them! KANE Susan! She looks at him, with no lessening of her passion. KANE You're talking an incredible amount of nonsense, Susan. (quietly) Whatever I do - I do - because I love you. SUSAN Love! You don't love anybody! Me or anybody else! You want to be loved - that's all you want! I'm Charles Foster Kane. Whatever you want - just name it and it's yours! Only love me! Don't expect me to love you - Without a word, Kane slaps her across the face. They look at each other. SUSAN You - you hit me. Kane continues to look at her. SUSAN You'll never have another chance to hit me again. (pauses) Never knew till this minute - KANE Susan, it seems to me - SUSAN Don't tell me you're sorry. KANE I'm not sorry. SUSAN I'm going to leave you. KANE No, you're not. SUSAN (nods) Yes. They look at each other, fixedly, but she doesn't give way. In fact, the camera on Kane's face shows the beginning of a startled look, as of one who sees something unfamiliar and unbelievable. DISSOLVE: INT. KANE'S STUDY - XANADU - DAY - Kane is a the window looking out. He turns as he hears Raymond enter. RAYMOND Mrs. Kane would like to see you, Mr. Kane. KANE All right. Raymond waits as Kane hesitates. KANE Is Mrs. Kane - (he can't finish) RAYMOND Marie has been packing since morning, Mr. Kane. Kane impetuously walks past him out of the room. INT. SUSAN'S ROOM - XANADU - DAY - Packed suitcases are on the floor, Susan is completely dressed for travelling. Kane bursts into the room. SUSAN Tell Arnold I'm ready, Marie. He can get the bags. MARIE Yes, Mrs. Kane. She leaves. Kane closes the door behind her. KANE Have you gone completely crazy? Susan looks at him. KANE Don't you realize that everybody here is going to know about this? That you've packed your bags and ordered the car and - SUSAN - And left? Of course they'll hear. I'm not saying goodbye - except to you - but I never imagined that people wouldn't know. Kane is standing against the door as if physically barring her way. KANE I won't let you go. SUSAN You can't stop me. Kane keeps looking at her. Susan reaches out her hand. SUSAN Goodbye, Charlie. KANE (suddenly) Don't go, Susan. SUSAN Let's not start all over again, Charlie. We've said everything that can be said. KANE Susan, don't go! Susan, please! He has lost all pride. Susan stops. She is affected by this. KANE You mustn't go, Susan. Everything'll be exactly the way you want it. Not the way I think you want it - by your way. Please, Susan - Susan! She is staring at him. She might weaken. KANE Don't go, Susan! You mustn't go! (almost blubbering) You - you can't do this to me, Susan - It's as if he had thrown ice water into her face. She freezes. SUSAN I see - it's you that this is being done to! It's not me at all. Not how I feel. Not what it means to me. (she laughs) I can't do this to you! (she looks at him) Oh, yes I can. She walks out, past Kane, who turns to watch her go, like a very tired old man. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. "EL RANCHO" CABARET - NIGHT - Susan and Thompson at a table. There is silence between them for a moment. SUSAN In case you've never heard of how I lost all my money - and it was plenty, believe me - THOMPSON The last ten years have been tough on a lot of people. SUSAN They haven't been tough on me. I just lost my money. But when I compare these last ten years with the twenty I spent with him - THOMPSON I feel kind of sorry for him, all the same - SUSAN (harshly) Don't you think I do? (pause) You say you're going down to Xanadu? THOMPSON Monday, with some of the boys from the office. Mr. Rawlston wants the whole place photographed carefully - all that art stuff. We run a picture magazine, you know - SUSAN I know. If you're smart, you'll talk to Raymond. That's the butler. You can learn a lot from him. He knows where the bodies are buried. She shivers. The dawn light from the skylight above has grown brighter, making the artificial light in the night club look particularly ghastly, revealing mercilessly every year of Susan's age. SUSAN Well, what do you know? It's morning already. (looks at him) You must come around and tell me the story of your life sometime. FADE OUT: FADE IN: INT. GREAT HALL - XANADU - NIGHT - An open door shows the pantry, which is dark. Thompson and Raymond are at a table. There is a pitcher of beer and a plate of sandwiches before them. Raymond drinks a glass of beer and settles back. RAYMOND Yes, sir - yes, sir, I knew how to handle the old man. He was kind of queer, but I knew how to handle him. THOMPSON Queer? RAYMOND Yeah. I guess he wasn't very happy those last years - he didn't have much reason to be - DISSOLVE: INT. CORRIDOR AND TELEGRAPH OFFICE - XANADU - NIGHT - Raymond walking rapidly along corridor. He pushes open a door. At a desk in a fairly elaborate telegraph office sits a wireless operator named Fred. Near him at a telephone switchboard sits a female operator named Katherine (not that it matters). RAYMOND (reading) Mr. Charles Foster Kane announced today that Mrs. Charles Foster Kane has left Xanadu, his Florida home, under the terms of a peaceful and friendly agreement with the intention of filing suit for divorce at an early date. Mrs. Kane said that she does not intend to return to the operatic career which she gave up a few years after her marriage, at Mr. Kane's request. Signed, Charles Foster Kane. Fred finishes typing and then looks up. RAYMOND Exclusive for immediate transmission. Urgent priority all Kane papers. FRED Okay. There is the sound of the buzzer on the switchboard. Katherine puts in a plug and answers the call. KATHERINE Yes ... yes... Mrs. Tinsdall - Very well. (turns to Raymond) It's the housekeeper. RAYMOND Yes? KATHERINE She says there's some sort of disturbance up in Mrs. Alexander's room. She's afraid to go in. DISSOLVE: INT. CORRIDOR OUTSIDE SUSAN'S BEDROOM - XANADU - NIGHT - The housekeeper, Mrs. Tinsdall, and a couple of maids are near the door but are too afraid to be in front of it. From inside can be heard a terrible banging and crashing. Raymond hurries into scene, opens the door and goes in. INT. SUSAN'S BEDROOM - XANADU - Kane, in a truly terrible and absolutely silent rage, is literally breaking up the room - yanking pictures, hooks and all off the wall, smashing them to bits - ugly, gaudy pictures - Susie's pictures in Susie's bad taste. Off of occasional tables, bureaus, he sweeps Susie's whorish accumulation of bric-a-brac. Raymond stands in the doorway watching him. Kane says nothing. He continues with tremendous speed and surprising strength, still wordlessly, tearing the room to bits. The curtains (too frilly - overly pretty) are pulled off the windows in a single gesture, and from the bookshelves he pulls down double armloads of cheap novels - discovers a half-empty bottle of liquor and dashes it across the room. Finally he stops. Susie's cozy little chamber is an incredible shambles all around him. He stands for a minute breathing heavily, and his eye lights on a hanging what-not in a corner which had escaped his notice. Prominent on its center shelf is the little glass ball with the snowstorm in it. He yanks it down. Something made of china breaks, but not the glass ball. It bounces on the carpet and rolls to his feet, the snow in a flurry. His eye follows it. He stoops to pick it up - can't make it. Raymond picks it up for him; hands it to him. Kane takes it sheepishly - looks at it - moves painfully out of the room into the corridor. INT. CORRIDOR OUTSIDE SUSAN'S BEDROOM - XANADU - Kane comes out of the door. Mrs. Tinsdall has been joined now by a fairly sizable turnout of servants. They move back away from Kane, staring at him. Raymond is in the doorway behind Kane. Kane looks at the glass ball. KANE (without turning) Close the door, Raymond. RAYMOND Yes, sir. (he closes it) KANE Lock it - and keep it locked. Raymond locks the door and comes to his side. There is a long pause - servants staring in silence. Kane gives the glass ball a gentle shake and starts another snowstorm. KANE Raymond - (he is almost in a trance) RAYMOND Yes, sir - One of the younger servants giggles and is hushed up. Kane shakes the ball again. Another flurry of snow. He watches the flakes settle - then looks up. Finally, taking in the pack of servants and something of the situations, he puts the glass ball in his coat pocket. He speaks very quietly to Raymond, so quietly it only seems he's talking to himself. KANE Keep it locked. He slowly walks off down the corridor, the servants giving way to let him pass, and watching him as he goes. He is an old, old man! DISSOLVE: INT. KANE'S CHAPEL - XANADU - LATE AFTERNOON - As the dissolve completes itself, camera is travellling across the floor of the chapel past the crypts of Kane's father and mother - (marked: James Kane - 18- TO 19-; Mary Kane - 18- TO 19-;) - past a blank crypt, and then holding on the burial of Kane's son. A group of ordinary workmen in ordinary clothes are lowering a very expensive-looking coffin into its crypt. Kane stands nearby with Raymond, looking on. The men strain and grunt as the coffin bangs on the stone floor. The men now place over it a long marble slab on which is cut the words: CHARLES FOSTER KANE II. 1907 - 1938 ONE OF THE WORKMEN Sorry, Mr. Kane, we won't be able to cement it till tommorrow. We - Kane looks right through him. Raymond cuts him short. RAYMOND Okay. The men tip their hats and shuffle out of the chapel. Kane raises his head, looks at the inscription on the wall. It is a little to one side of Junior's grave, directly over the blank place which will be occupied by Kane himself. KANE Do you like poetry, Raymond? RAYMOND Can't say, sir. KANE Mrs. Kane liked poetry - Raymond is now convinced that the old master is very far gone indeed - not to say off his trolley. RAYMOND Yes, Mr. Kane. KANE Not my wife - not either of them. He looks at the grave next to his son's - the grave marked "MARY KANE." RAYMOND (catching on) Oh, yes, sir. KANE (looking back up at the wall) Do you know what that is? RAYMOND (more his keeper than his butler now) It's a wall you bought in China, Mr. Kane. KANE Persia. It belonged to a king. RAYMOND How did you get him to part with it, Mr. Kane? KANE He was dead... That's a poem. Do you know what it means? RAYMOND No, I don't, Mr. Kane. KANE I didn't used to be afraid of it. A short pause. His eyes still on the wall, but looking through it, Kane quotes the translation. KANE The drunkeness of youth has passed like a fever, And yet I saw many things, Seeing my glory in the days of my glory, I thought my power eternal And the days of my life Fixed surely in the years But a whisper came to me From Him who dies not. I called my tributary kings together And those who were proud rulers under me, I opened the boxes of my treasure to them, saying: "Take hills of gold, moutains of silver, And give me only one more day upon the earth." But they stood silent, Looking upon the ground; So that I died And Death came to sit upon my throne. O sons of men You see a stranger upon the road, You call to him and he does not step. He is your life Walking towards time, Hurrying to meet the kings of India and China. (quoting) O sons of men You are caught in the web of the world And the spider Nothing waits behind it. Where are the men with towering hopes? They have changed places with owls, Owls who have lived in tombs And now inhabit a palace. Kane still stares at the wall, through it, and way beyond it. Raymond looks at him. DISSOLVE OUT: DISSOLVE IN: INT. GREAT HALL - XANADU - NIGHT - Thompson and Raymond. Raymond has finished his beer. RAYMOND (callously) That's the whole works, right up to date. THOMPSON Sentimental fellow, aren't you? RAYMOND Yes and no. THOMPSON (getting to his feet) Well, thanks a lot. RAYMOND See what I mean? He was a little gone in the head - the last couple of years, anyway - but I knew how to handle him. (rises) That "Rosebud" - that don't mean anything. I heard him say it. He just said "Rosebud" and then he dropped that glass ball and it broke on the floor. He didn't say anything about that, so I knew he was dead - He said all kind of things I couldn't make out. But I knew how to take care of him. Thompson doesn't answer. RAYMOND You can go on asking questions if you want to. THOMPSON (coldly) We're leaving tonight. As soon as they're through photographing the stuff - Thompson has risen. Raymond gets to his feet and goes to the door, opening it for him. RAYMOND Allow yourself plenty of time. The train stops at the Junction On signal - but they don't like to wait. Not now. I can remember when they'd wait all day ... if Mr. Kane said so. Raymond ushes Thompson into INT. THE GREAT HALL - XANADU - NIGHT - The magnificent tapestries, candelabra, etc., are still there, but now several large packing cases are piled against the walls, some broken open, some shut and a number of objects, great and small, are piled pell mell all over the place. Furniture, statues, paintings, bric-a-brac - things of obviously enormous value are standing beside a kitchen stove, an old rocking chair and other junk, among which is also an old sled, the self-same story. Somewhere in the back, one of the vast Gothic windows of the hall is open and a light wind blows through the scene, rustling the papers. In the center of the hall, a Photographer and his Assistant are busy photographing the sundry objects. The floor is littered with burnt-out flash bulbs. They continue their work throughout the early part of the scene so that now and then a flash bulb goes off. In addition to the Photographer and his Assistant, there are a Girl and Two Newspaperment - the Second and Third Men of the projection room scene - also Thompson and Raymond. The Girl and the Second Man, who wears a hat, are dancing somewhere in the back of the hall to the music of a phonograph. A flash bulb goes off. The Photographer has just photographed a picture, obviously of great value, an Italian primitive. The Assistant consults a label on the back of it. ASSISTANT NO. 9182 The Third Newspaperman starts to jot this information down. ASSISTANT "Nativity" - attributed to Donatello, acquired Florence 1921, cost 45,000 lira. Got that? THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN Yeah. PHOTOGRAPHER All right! Next! Better get that statue over there. ASSISTANT Okay. The Photographer and his Assitant start to move off with their equipment towards a large sculpture in another part of the hall. RAYMOND What do you think all that is worth, Mr. Thompson? THOMPSON Millions - if anybody wants it. RAYMOND The banks are out of luck, eh? THOMPSON Oh, I don't know. They'll clear all right. ASSISTANT "Venus," Fourth Century. Acquired 1911. Cost twenty-three thousand. Got it? THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN Okay. ASSISTANT (patting the statue on the fanny) That's a lot of money to pay for a dame without a head. SECOND ASSISTANT (reading a label) No. 483. One desk from the estate of Mary Kane, Little Salem, Colorado. Value $6.00. THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN Okay. A flashlight bulb goes off. SECOND ASSISTANT We're all set to get everything. The junk as well as the art. Thompson has opened a box and is idly playing with a handful of little pieces of cardboard. THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN What's that? RAYMOND It's a jigsaw puzzle. THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN We got a lot of those. There's a Burmese Temple and three Spanish ceilings down the hall. Raymond laughs. PHOTOGRAPHER Yeah, all in crates. THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN There's a part of a Scotch castle over there, but we haven't bothered to unwrap it. PHOTOGRAPHER I wonder how they put all those pieces together? ASSISTANT (reading a label) Iron stove. Estate of Mary Kane. Value $2.00. PHOTOGRAPHER Put it over by that statue. It'll make a good setup. GIRL (calling out) Who is she anyway? SECOND NEWSPAPERMAN Venus. She always is. THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN He sure liked to collect things, didn't he? RAYMOND He went right on buying - right up to the end. PHOTOGRAPHER Anything and everything - he was a regular crow. THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN wonder - You put all this together - the palaces and the paintings and the toys and everything - what would it spell? Thompson has turned around. He is facing the camera for the first time. THOMPSON Charles Foster Kane. Another flash bulb goes off. The Photographer turns to Thompson with a grin. PHOTOGRAPHER Or Rosebud? How about it, Jerry? THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN (to the dancers) Turn that thing off, will you? It's driving me nuts! What's Rosebud? PHOTOGRAPHER Kane's last words, aren't they, Jerry? (to the Third Newspaperman) That was Jerry's angle, wasn't it, Jerry? Did you ever find out what it means, Jerry? THOMPSON No, I didn't. The music has stopped. The dancers have come over to Thompson. SECOND NEWSPAPERMAN Say, what did you find out about him, anyway, Jerry? THOMPSON Not much. SECOND NEWSPAPERMAN Well, what have you been doing? THOMPSON Playing with a jigsaw puzzle - I talked to a lot of people who knew him. GIRL What do they say? THOMPSON Well - it's become a very clear picture. He was the most honest man who ever lived, with a streak of crookedness a yard wide. He was a liberal and a reactionary; he was tolerant - "Live and Let Live" - that was his motto. But he had no use for anybody who disagreed with him on any point, no matter how small it was. He was a loving husband and a good father - and both his wives left him and his son got himself killed about as shabbily as you can do it. He had a gift for friendship such as few men have - he broke his oldest friend's heart like you'd throw away a cigarette you were through with. Outside of that - THIRD NEWSPAPERMAN Okay, okay. GIRL What about Rosebud? Don't you think that explains anything? THOMPSON No, I don't. Not much anway. Charles Foster Kane was a man who got everything he wanted, and then lost it. Maybe Rosebud was something he couldn't get or lost. No, I don't think it explains anything. I don't think any word explains a man's life. No - I guess Rosebud is just a piece in a jigsaw puzzle - a missing piece. He drops the jigsaw pieces back into the box, looking at his watch. THOMPSON We'd better get along. We'll miss the train. He picks up his overcoat - it has been resting on a little sled - the little sled young Charles Foster Kane hit Thatcher with at the opening of the picture. Camera doesn't close in on this. It just registers the sled as the newspaper people, picking up their clothes and equipment, move out of the great hall. DISSOLVE: INT. CELLAR - XANADU - NIGHT - A large furnace, with an open door, dominates the scene. Two laborers, with shovels, are shovelling things into the furnace. Raymond is about ten feet away. RAYMOND Throw that junk in, too. Camera travels to the pile that he has indicated. It is mostly bits of broken packing cases, excelsior, etc. The sled is on top of the pile. As camera comes close, it shows the faded rosebud and, though the letters are faded, unmistakably the word "ROSEBUD" across it. The laborer drops his shovel, takes the sled in his hand and throws it into the furnace. The flames start to devour it. EXT. XANADU - NIGHT - No lights are to be seen. Smoke is coming from a chimney. Camera reverses the path it took at the beginning of the picture, perhaps omitting some of the stages. It moves finally through the gates, which close behind it. As camera pauses for a moment, the letter "K" is prominent in the moonlight. Just before we fade out, there comes again into the picture the pattern of barbed wire and cyclone fencing. On the fence is a sign which reads: "PRIVATE - NO TRESPASSING" FADE OUT: THE END
Citizen Kane | |
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Theatrical release poster (Style B) by William Rose |
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Directed by | Orson Welles |
Screenplay by |
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Produced by | Orson Welles |
Starring |
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Cinematography | Gregg Toland |
Edited by | Robert Wise |
Music by | Bernard Herrmann |
Production |
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Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
Release dates |
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Running time |
119 minutes[1] |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $839,727[2] |
Box office | $1.8 million (re-release)[3][4] |
Citizen Kane is a 1941 American drama film directed by, produced by, and starring Orson Welles. He also co-wrote the screenplay with Herman J. Mankiewicz. The picture was Welles’ first feature film. Citizen Kane is frequently cited as the greatest film ever made.[5] For 50 consecutive years, it stood at number 1 in the British Film Institute’s Sight & Sound decennial poll of critics, and it topped the American Film Institute’s 100 Years … 100 Movies list in 1998, as well as its 2007 update. The film was nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories and it won for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) by Mankiewicz and Welles. Citizen Kane is praised for Gregg Toland’s cinematography, Robert Wise’s editing, Bernard Herrmann’s music, and its narrative structure, all of which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting.
The quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane, played by Welles, a composite character based on American media barons William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick, as well as aspects of the screenwriters’ own lives. Upon its release, Hearst prohibited the film from being mentioned in his newspapers.[6]
After the Broadway success of Welles’s Mercury Theatre and the controversial 1938 radio broadcast «The War of the Worlds» on The Mercury Theatre on the Air, Welles was courted by Hollywood. He signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939. Although it was unusual for an untried director, he was given freedom to develop his own story, to use his own cast and crew, and to have final cut privilege. Following two abortive attempts to get a project off the ground, he wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane, collaborating with Herman J. Mankiewicz. Principal photography took place in 1940, the same year its innovative trailer was shown, and the film was released in 1941.
Although it was a critical success, Citizen Kane failed to recoup its costs at the box office. The film faded from view after its release, but it returned to public attention when it was praised by French critics such as André Bazin and re-released in 1956. In 1958, the film was voted number 9 on the prestigious Brussels 12 list at the 1958 World Expo. Citizen Kane was selected by the Library of Congress as an inductee of the 1989 inaugural group of 25 films for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being «culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant».[7][8][9]
Plot[edit]
In a mansion called Xanadu, part of a vast palatial estate in Florida, the elderly Charles Foster Kane is on his deathbed. Holding a snow globe, he utters his last word, «Rosebud», and dies. A newsreel obituary tells the life story of Kane, an enormously wealthy newspaper publisher and industrial magnate. Kane’s death becomes sensational news around the world, and the newsreel’s producer tasks reporter Jerry Thompson with discovering the meaning of «Rosebud».
Thompson sets out to interview Kane’s friends and associates. He tries to approach his second wife, Susan Alexander Kane, now an alcoholic who runs her own nightclub, but she refuses to talk to him. Thompson goes to the private archive of the late banker Walter Parks Thatcher. Through Thatcher’s written memoirs, Thompson learns about Kane’s rise from a Colorado boarding house and the decline of his personal fortune.
In 1871, gold was discovered through a mining deed belonging to Kane’s mother, Mary Kane. She hired Thatcher to establish a trust that would provide for Kane’s education and to assume guardianship of him. While the parents and Thatcher discussed arrangements inside the boarding house, the young Kane played happily with a sled in the snow outside. When Kane’s parents introduced him to Thatcher, the boy struck Thatcher with his sled and attempted to run away.
By the time Kane gained control of his trust at the age of 25, the mine’s productivity and Thatcher’s prudent investing had made him one of the richest men in the world. He took control of the New York Inquirer newspaper and embarked on a career of yellow journalism, publishing scandalous articles that attacked Thatcher’s (and his own) business interests. Kane sold his newspaper empire to Thatcher after the 1929 stock market crash left him short of cash.
Thompson interviews Kane’s personal business manager, Mr. Bernstein. Bernstein recalls that Kane hired the best journalists available to build the Inquirer‘s circulation. Kane rose to power by successfully manipulating public opinion regarding the Spanish–American War and marrying Emily Norton, the niece of the President of the United States.
Thompson interviews Kane’s estranged best friend, Jedediah Leland, in a retirement home. Leland says that Kane’s marriage to Emily disintegrated over the years, and he began an affair with amateur singer Susan Alexander while running for Governor of New York. Both his wife and his political opponent discovered the affair and the public scandal ended his political career. Kane married Susan and forced her into a humiliating operatic career for which she had neither the talent nor the ambition, even building a large opera house for her. After Leland began to write a negative review of Susan’s disastrous opera debut, Kane fired him but finished the negative review and printed it. Susan protested that she never wanted the opera career anyway, but Kane forced her to continue the season.
Susan consents to an interview with Thompson and describes the aftermath of her opera career. She attempted suicide and so Kane finally allowed her to abandon singing. After many unhappy years and after being hit by Kane, she finally decided to leave him. Kane’s butler Raymond recounts that, after Susan left him, he began violently destroying the contents of her bedroom. When he happened upon a snow globe, he grew calm and said «Rosebud». Thompson concludes that he cannot solve the mystery and that the meaning of Kane’s last word will remain a mystery.
Back at Xanadu, Kane’s belongings are cataloged or discarded by the staff. They find the sled on which the eight-year-old Kane was playing on the day that he was taken from his home in Colorado and throw it into a furnace with other items. Behind their backs, the sled slowly burns and its trade name becomes visible through the flames: «Rosebud».
Cast[edit]
Dorothy Comingore and Orson Welles
Ray Collins, Dorothy Comingore, Orson Welles and Ruth Warrick
The beginning of the film’s ending credits state that «Most of the principal actors in Citizen Kane are new to motion pictures. The Mercury Theatre is proud to introduce them.»[10] The cast is listed in the following order:
- Orson Welles as Charles Foster Kane, a wealthy newspaper publisher.[11]
- Joseph Cotten as Jedediah Leland, Kane’s best friend and a reporter for The Inquirer. Cotten also appears (hidden in darkness) in the News on the March screening room.[11]
- Dorothy Comingore as Susan Alexander Kane, Kane’s mistress and second wife.[11]
- Agnes Moorehead as Mary Kane, Kane’s mother.[11]
- Ruth Warrick as Emily Monroe Norton Kane, Kane’s first wife.[11]
- Ray Collins as Jim W. Gettys, Kane’s political rival for the post of Governor of New York.[11]
- Erskine Sanford as Herbert Carter, editor of The Inquirer. Sanford also appears (hidden in darkness) in the News on the March screening room.[11]
- Everett Sloane as Mr. Bernstein, Kane’s friend and employee at The Inquirer.[11]
- William Alland as Jerry Thompson, a reporter for News on the March. Alland also voices the narrator of the News on the March newsreel.[11]
- Paul Stewart as Raymond, Kane’s butler.[11]
- George Coulouris as Walter Parks Thatcher, a banker who becomes Kane’s legal guardian.[11]
- Fortunio Bonanova as Signor Matiste, vocal coach of Susan Alexander Kane.[11]
- Gus Schilling as John, headwaiter at the El Rancho nightclub. Schilling also appears (hidden in darkness) in the News on the March screening room.[11]
- Philip Van Zandt as Mr. Rawlston, News on the March open at the producer.[11]
- Georgia Backus as Bertha Anderson, attendant at the library of Walter Parks Thatcher.[11]
- Harry Shannon as Jim Kane, Kane’s father.[11]
- Sonny Bupp as Charles Foster Kane III, Kane’s son.[11]
- Buddy Swan as Charles Foster Kane, age eight.[11]
Additionally, Charles Bennett appears as the entertainer at the head of the chorus line in the Inquirer party sequence,[12]: 40–41 and cinematographer Gregg Toland makes a cameo appearance as an interviewer depicted in part of the News on the March newsreel.[13][14] Actor Alan Ladd, still unknown at that time, makes a small appearance as a reporter smoking a pipe at the end of the film.[15]
Pre-production[edit]
Development[edit]
Hollywood had shown interest in Welles as early as 1936.[16]: 40 He turned down three scripts sent to him by Warner Bros. In 1937, he declined offers from David O. Selznick, who asked him to head his film company’s story department, and William Wyler, who wanted him for a supporting role in Wuthering Heights. «Although the possibility of making huge amounts of money in Hollywood greatly attracted him,» wrote biographer Frank Brady, «he was still totally, hopelessly, insanely in love with the theater, and it is there that he had every intention of remaining to make his mark.»[17]: 118–119, 130
Following «The War of the Worlds» broadcast of his CBS radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air, Welles was lured to Hollywood with a remarkable contract.[18]: 1–2, 153 RKO Pictures studio head George J. Schaefer wanted to work with Welles after the notorious broadcast, believing that Welles had a gift for attracting mass attention.[19]: 170 RKO was also uncharacteristically profitable and was entering into a series of independent production contracts that would add more artistically prestigious films to its roster.[18]: 1–2, 153 Throughout the spring and early summer of 1939, Schaefer constantly tried to lure the reluctant Welles to Hollywood.[19]: 170 Welles was in financial trouble after failure of his plays Five Kings and The Green Goddess. At first he simply wanted to spend three months in Hollywood and earn enough money to pay his debts and fund his next theatrical season.[19]: 170 Welles first arrived on July 20, 1939,[19]: 168 and on his first tour, he called the movie studio «the greatest electric train set a boy ever had».[19]: 174
Welles signed his contract with RKO on August 21, which stipulated that Welles would act in, direct, produce and write two films. Mercury would get $100,000 for the first film by January 1, 1940, plus 20% of profits after RKO recouped $500,000, and $125,000 for a second film by January 1, 1941, plus 20% of profits after RKO recouped $500,000. The most controversial aspect of the contract was granting Welles complete artistic control of the two films so long as RKO approved both projects’ stories[19]: 169 and so long as the budget did not exceed $500,000.[18]: 1–2, 153 RKO executives would not be allowed to see any footage until Welles chose to show it to them, and no cuts could be made to either film without Welles’s approval.[19]: 169 Welles was allowed to develop the story without interference, select his own cast and crew, and have the right of final cut. Granting final cut privilege was unprecedented for a studio since it placed artistic considerations over financial investment. The contract was deeply resented in the film industry, and the Hollywood press took every opportunity to mock RKO and Welles. Schaefer remained a great supporter[18]: 1–2, 153 and saw the unprecedented contract as good publicity.[19]: 170 Film scholar Robert L. Carringer wrote: «The simple fact seems to be that Schaefer believed Welles was going to pull off something really big almost as much as Welles did himself.»[18]: 1–2, 153
Orson Welles at his Hollywood home in 1939, during the long months it took to launch his first film project
Welles spent the first five months of his RKO contract trying to get his first project going, without success. «They are laying bets over on the RKO lot that the Orson Welles deal will end up without Orson ever doing a picture there,» wrote The Hollywood Reporter.[18]: 15 It was agreed that Welles would film Heart of Darkness, previously adapted for The Mercury Theatre on the Air, which would be presented entirely through a first-person camera. After elaborate pre-production and a day of test shooting with a hand-held camera—unheard of at the time—the project never reached production because Welles was unable to trim $50,000 from its budget.[a][b][20]: 30–31 Schaefer told Welles that the $500,000 budget could not be exceeded; as war loomed, revenue was declining sharply in Europe by the fall of 1939.[17]: 215–216
He then started work on the idea that became Citizen Kane. Knowing the script would take time to prepare, Welles suggested to RKO that while that was being done—»so the year wouldn’t be lost»—he make a humorous political thriller. Welles proposed The Smiler with a Knife, from a novel by Cecil Day-Lewis.[20]: 33–34 When that project stalled in December 1939, Welles began brainstorming other story ideas with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who had been writing Mercury radio scripts. «Arguing, inventing, discarding, these two powerful, headstrong, dazzlingly articulate personalities thrashed toward Kane«, wrote biographer Richard Meryman.[21]: 245–246
Screenplay[edit]
Herman J. Mankiewicz co-wrote the script in early 1940. He and Welles separately re-wrote and revised each other’s work until Welles was satisfied with the finished product.
One of the long-standing controversies about Citizen Kane has been the authorship of the screenplay.[21]: 237 Welles conceived the project with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who was writing radio plays for Welles’s CBS Radio series, The Campbell Playhouse.[18]: 16 Mankiewicz based the original outline on the life of William Randolph Hearst, whom he knew socially and came to hate after being exiled from Hearst’s circle.[21]: 231
In February 1940 Welles supplied Mankiewicz with 300 pages of notes and put him under contract to write the first draft screenplay under the supervision of John Houseman, Welles’s former partner in the Mercury Theatre. Welles later explained, «I left him on his own finally, because we’d started to waste too much time haggling. So, after mutual agreements on storyline and character, Mank went off with Houseman and did his version, while I stayed in Hollywood and wrote mine.»[20]: 54 Taking these drafts, Welles drastically condensed and rearranged them, then added scenes of his own. The industry accused Welles of underplaying Mankiewicz’s contribution to the script, but Welles countered the attacks by saying, «At the end, naturally, I was the one making the picture, after all—who had to make the decisions. I used what I wanted of Mank’s and, rightly or wrongly, kept what I liked of my own.»[20]: 54
The terms of the contract stated that Mankiewicz was to receive no credit for his work, as he was hired as a script doctor.[22]: 487 Before he signed the contract Mankiewicz was particularly advised by his agents that all credit for his work belonged to Welles and the Mercury Theatre, the «author and creator».[17]: 236–237 As the film neared release, however, Mankiewicz began wanting a writing credit for the film and even threatened to take out full-page advertisements in trade papers and to get his friend Ben Hecht to write an exposé for The Saturday Evening Post.[23] Mankiewicz also threatened to go to the Screen Writers Guild and claim full credit for writing the entire script by himself.[19]: 204
After lodging a protest with the Screen Writers Guild, Mankiewicz withdrew it, then vacillated. The question was resolved in January 1941 when the studio, RKO Pictures, awarded Mankiewicz credit. The guild credit form listed Welles first, Mankiewicz second. Welles’s assistant Richard Wilson said that the person who circled Mankiewicz’s name in pencil, then drew an arrow that put it in first place, was Welles. The official credit reads, «Screenplay by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles».[21]: 264–265 Mankiewicz’s rancor toward Welles grew over the remaining twelve years of his life.[24]: 498
Questions over the authorship of the Citizen Kane screenplay were revived in 1971 by influential film critic Pauline Kael, whose controversial 50,000-word essay «Raising Kane» was commissioned as an introduction to the shooting script in The Citizen Kane Book,[20]: 494 published in October 1971.[25] The book-length essay first appeared in February 1971, in two consecutive issues of The New Yorker magazine.[20]: 494 [26]
In the ensuing controversy, Welles was defended by colleagues, critics, biographers and scholars, but his reputation was damaged by its charges.[24]: 394 The essay’s thesis was later questioned and some of Kael’s findings were also contested in later years.[27][28][29]
Questions of authorship continued to come into sharper focus with Carringer’s 1978 thoroughly researched essay, «The Scripts of Citizen Kane«.[30][c] Carringer studied the collection of script records—»almost a day-to-day record of the history of the scripting»—that was then still intact at RKO. He reviewed all seven drafts and concluded that «the full evidence reveals that Welles’s contribution to the Citizen Kane script was not only substantial but definitive.»[30]: 80
Sources[edit]
Hearst was disturbed by the film’s supposed depiction of Marion Davies, but Welles always denied that Susan Alexander Kane was based on Davies.
Welles never confirmed a principal source for the character of Charles Foster Kane. Houseman wrote that Kane is a synthesis of different personalities, with Hearst’s life used as the main source. Some events and details were invented,[32]: 444 and Houseman wrote that he and Mankiewicz also «grafted anecdotes from other giants of journalism, including Pulitzer, Northcliffe and Mank’s first boss, Herbert Bayard Swope.»[32]: 444 Welles said, «Mr. Hearst was quite a bit like Kane, although Kane isn’t really founded on Hearst in particular. Many people sat for it, so to speak».[33]: 78 He specifically acknowledged that aspects of Kane were drawn from the lives of two business tycoons familiar from his youth in Chicago—Samuel Insull and Harold Fowler McCormick.[d][20]: 49
The character of Jedediah Leland was based on drama critic Ashton Stevens, George Stevens’s uncle and Welles’s close boyhood friend.[20]: 66 Some detail came from Mankiewicz’s own experience as a drama critic in New York.[21]: 77–78
Many assumed that the character of Susan Alexander Kane was based on Marion Davies, Hearst’s mistress whose career he managed and whom Hearst promoted as a motion picture actress. This assumption was a major reason Hearst tried to destroy Citizen Kane.[34][e] Welles denied that the character was based on Davies,[36] whom he called «an extraordinary woman—nothing like the character Dorothy Comingore played in the movie.»[20]: 49 He cited Insull’s building of the Chicago Opera House, and McCormick’s lavish promotion of the opera career of his second wife, Ganna Walska, as direct influences on the screenplay.[20]: 49
As a known supporter of President Roosevelt,[37] whom both McCormick and Hearst opposed based on his successful attempts to control the content of radio programs and his ongoing efforts to control print, Welles may have had incentive to use the film to smear both men.[38]
The character of political boss Jim W. Gettys is based on Charles F. Murphy, a leader in New York City’s infamous Tammany Hall political machine.[26]: 61
Welles credited «Rosebud» to Mankiewicz.[20]: 53 Biographer Richard Meryman wrote that the symbol of Mankiewicz’s own damaged childhood was a treasured bicycle, stolen while he visited the public library and not replaced by his family as punishment. He regarded it as the prototype of Charles Foster Kane’s sled.[21]: 300 In his 2015 Welles biography, Patrick McGilligan reported that Mankiewicz himself stated that the word «Rosebud» was taken from the name of a famous racehorse, Old Rosebud. Mankiewicz had a bet on the horse in the 1914 Kentucky Derby, which he won, and McGilligan wrote that «Old Rosebud symbolized his lost youth, and the break with his family». In testimony for the Lundberg suit, Mankiewicz said, «I had undergone psycho-analysis, and Rosebud, under circumstances slightly resembling the circumstances in [Citizen Kane], played a prominent part.»[39]
The News on the March sequence that begins the film satirizes the journalistic style of The March of Time, the news documentary and dramatization series presented in movie theaters by Time Inc.[40][41] From 1935 to 1938[42]: 47 Welles was a member of the uncredited company of actors that presented the original radio version.[43]: 77
Houseman claimed that banker Walter P. Thatcher was loosely based on J. P. Morgan.[44]: 55 Bernstein was named for Dr. Maurice Bernstein, appointed Welles’s guardian;[20]: 65–66 Sloane’s portrayal was said to be based on Bernard Herrmann.[45] Herbert Carter, editor of The Inquirer, was named for actor Jack Carter.[46]: 155
Production[edit]
Casting[edit]
The Mercury Theatre was an independent repertory theatre company founded by Orson Welles and John Houseman in 1937. The company produced theatrical presentations, radio programs, films, promptbooks and phonographic recordings.
Citizen Kane was a rare film in that its principal roles were played by actors new to motion pictures. Ten were billed as Mercury Actors, members of the skilled repertory company assembled by Welles for the stage and radio performances of the Mercury Theatre, an independent theater company he founded with Houseman in 1937.[17]: 119–120 [47] «He loved to use the Mercury players,» wrote biographer Charles Higham, «and consequently he launched several of them on movie careers.»[46]: 155
The film represents the feature film debuts of William Alland, Ray Collins, Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorehead, Erskine Sanford, Everett Sloane, Paul Stewart, and Welles himself.[11] Despite never having appeared in feature films, some of the cast members were already well known to the public. Cotten had recently become a Broadway star in the hit play The Philadelphia Story with Katharine Hepburn[19]: 187 and Sloane was well known for his role on the radio show The Goldbergs.[19]: 187 [f] Mercury actor George Coulouris was a star of the stage in New York and London.[47]
Not all of the cast came from the Mercury Players. Welles cast Dorothy Comingore, an actress who played supporting parts in films since 1934 using the name «Linda Winters»,[48] as Susan Alexander Kane. A discovery of Charlie Chaplin, Comingore was recommended to Welles by Chaplin,[49]: 170 who then met Comingore at a party in Los Angeles and immediately cast her.[50]: 44
Welles had met stage actress Ruth Warrick while visiting New York on a break from Hollywood and remembered her as a good fit for Emily Norton Kane,[19]: 188 later saying that she looked the part.[49]: 169 Warrick told Carringer that she was struck by the extraordinary resemblance between herself and Welles’s mother when she saw a photograph of Beatrice Ives Welles. She characterized her own personal relationship with Welles as motherly.[51]: 14
«He trained us for films at the same time that he was training himself,» recalled Agnes Moorehead. «Orson believed in good acting, and he realized that rehearsals were needed to get the most from his actors. That was something new in Hollywood: nobody seemed interested in bringing in a group to rehearse before scenes were shot. But Orson knew it was necessary, and we rehearsed every sequence before it was shot.»[52]: 9
When The March of Time narrator Westbrook Van Voorhis asked for $25,000 to narrate the News on the March sequence, Alland demonstrated his ability to imitate Van Voorhis and Welles cast him.[53]
Welles later said that casting character actor Gino Corrado in the small part of the waiter at the El Rancho broke his heart. Corrado had appeared in many Hollywood films, often as a waiter, and Welles wanted all of the actors to be new to films.[49]: 171
Other uncredited roles went to Thomas A. Curran as Teddy Roosevelt in the faux newsreel; Richard Baer as Hillman, a man at Madison Square Garden, and a man in the News on the March screening room; and Alan Ladd, Arthur O’Connell and Louise Currie as reporters at Xanadu.[11]
Ruth Warrick (died 2005) was the last surviving member of the principal cast. Sonny Bupp (died 2007), who played Kane’s young son, was the last surviving credited cast member.[54] Kathryn Trosper Popper (died March 6, 2016) was reported to have been the last surviving actor to have appeared in Citizen Kane.[55] Jean Forward (died September 2016), a soprano who dubbed the singing voice of Susan Alexander, was the last surviving performer from the film.[56]
Filming[edit]
Production advisor Miriam Geiger quickly compiled a handmade film textbook for Welles, a practical reference book of film techniques that he studied carefully. He then taught himself filmmaking by matching its visual vocabulary to The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, which he ordered from the Museum of Modern Art,[19]: 173 and films by Frank Capra, René Clair, Fritz Lang, King Vidor[57]: 1172 : 1171 and Jean Renoir.[17]: 209 The one film he genuinely studied was John Ford’s Stagecoach,[20]: 29 which he watched 40 times.[58] «As it turned out, the first day I ever walked onto a set was my first day as a director,» Welles said. «I’d learned whatever I knew in the projection room—from Ford. After dinner every night for about a month, I’d run Stagecoach, often with some different technician or department head from the studio, and ask questions. ‘How was this done?’ ‘Why was this done?’ It was like going to school.»[20]: 29
Welles’s cinematographer for the film was Gregg Toland, described by Welles as «just then, the number-one cameraman in the world.» To Welles’s astonishment, Toland visited him at his office and said, «I want you to use me on your picture.» He had seen some of the Mercury stage productions (including Caesar[24]: 66 ) and said he wanted to work with someone who had never made a movie.[20]: 59 RKO hired Toland on loan from Samuel Goldwyn Productions[44]: 10 in the first week of June 1940.[18]: 40
«And he never tried to impress us that he was doing any miracles,» Welles recalled. «I was calling for things only a beginner would have been ignorant enough to think anybody could ever do, and there he was, doing them.»[20]: 60 Toland later explained that he wanted to work with Welles because he anticipated the first-time director’s inexperience and reputation for audacious experimentation in the theater would allow the cinematographer to try new and innovative camera techniques that typical Hollywood films would never have allowed him to do.[19]: 186 Unaware of filmmaking protocol, Welles adjusted the lights on set as he was accustomed to doing in the theater; Toland quietly re-balanced them, and was angry when one of the crew informed Welles that he was infringing on Toland’s responsibilities.[59]: 5:33–6:06 During the first few weeks of June, Welles had lengthy discussions about the film with Toland and art director Perry Ferguson in the morning, and in the afternoon and evening he worked with actors and revised the script.[18]: 69
Cinematographer Gregg Toland wanted to work with Welles for the opportunity of trying experimental camera techniques that other films did not allow.
On June 29, 1940—a Saturday morning when few inquisitive studio executives would be around—Welles began filming Citizen Kane.[18]: 69 [24]: 107 After the disappointment of having Heart of Darkness canceled,[20]: 30–31 Welles followed Ferguson’s suggestion[g][20]: 57 and deceived RKO into believing that he was simply shooting camera tests. «But we were shooting the picture,» Welles said, «because we wanted to get started and be already into it before anybody knew about it.»[20]: 57
At the time RKO executives were pressuring him to agree to direct a film called The Men from Mars, to capitalize on «The War of the Worlds» radio broadcast. Welles said that he would consider making the project but wanted to make a different film first. At this time he did not inform them that he had already begun filming Citizen Kane.[19]: 186
The early footage was called «Orson Welles Tests» on all paperwork.[18]: 69 The first «test» shot was the News on the March projection room scene, economically filmed in a real studio projection room in darkness that masked many actors who appeared in other roles later in the film.[18]: 69 [20]: 77–78 [h] «At $809 Orson did run substantially beyond the test budget of $528—to create one of the most famous scenes in movie history,» wrote Barton Whaley.[24]: 107
The next scenes were the El Rancho nightclub scenes and the scene in which Susan attempts suicide.[i][18]: 69 Welles later said that the nightclub set was available after another film had wrapped and that filming took 10 to 12 days to complete. For these scenes Welles had Comingore’s throat sprayed with chemicals to give her voice a harsh, raspy tone.[49]: 170–171 Other scenes shot in secret included those in which Thompson interviews Leland and Bernstein, which were also shot on sets built for other films.[53]
During production, the film was referred to as RKO 281. Most of the filming took place in what is now Stage 19 on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood.[61] There was some location filming at Balboa Park in San Diego and the San Diego Zoo.[62] Photographs of German-Jewish investment banker Otto Hermann Kahn’s real-life estate Oheka Castle were used to portray the fictional Xanadu.[63][64]
In the end of July, RKO approved the film and Welles was allowed to officially begin shooting, despite having already been filming «tests» for several weeks. Welles leaked stories to newspaper reporters that the «tests» had been so good that there was no need to re-shoot them. The first «official» scene to be shot was the breakfast montage sequence between Kane and his first wife Emily. To strategically save money and appease the RKO executives who opposed him, Welles rehearsed scenes extensively before actually shooting and filmed very few takes of each shot set-up.[19]: 193 Welles never shot master shots for any scene after Toland told him that Ford never shot them.[49]: 169 To appease the increasingly curious press, Welles threw a cocktail party for selected reporters, promising that they could watch a scene being filmed. When the journalists arrived Welles told them they had «just finished» shooting for the day but still had the party.[19]: 193 Welles told the press that he was ahead of schedule (without factoring in the month of «test shooting»), thus discrediting claims that after a year in Hollywood without making a film he was a failure in the film industry.[19]: 194
Welles fell ten feet (3 m) while shooting the scene in which Kane shouts at the departing Boss Jim W. Gettys; his injuries required him to direct from a wheelchair for two weeks.
Welles usually worked 16 to 18 hours a day on the film. He often began work at 4 a.m. since the special effects make-up used to age him for certain scenes took up to four hours to apply. Welles used this time to discuss the day’s shooting with Toland and other crew members. The special contact lenses used to make Welles look elderly proved very painful, and a doctor was employed to place them into Welles’s eyes. Welles had difficulty seeing clearly while wearing them, which caused him to badly cut his wrist when shooting the scene in which Kane breaks up the furniture in Susan’s bedroom. While shooting the scene in which Kane shouts at Gettys on the stairs of Susan Alexander’s apartment building, Welles fell ten feet; an X-ray revealed two bone chips in his ankle.[19]: 194
The injury required him to direct the film from a wheelchair for two weeks.[19]: 194–195 He eventually wore a steel brace to resume performing on camera; it is visible in the low-angle scene between Kane and Leland after Kane loses the election.[j][20]: 61 For the final scene, a stage at the Selznick studio was equipped with a working furnace, and multiple takes were required to show the sled being put into the fire and the word «Rosebud» consumed. Paul Stewart recalled that on the ninth take the Culver City Fire Department arrived in full gear because the furnace had grown so hot the flue caught fire. «Orson was delighted with the commotion», he said.[52]: 8–9 [65]
When «Rosebud» was burned, Welles choreographed[clarification needed] the scene while he had composer Bernard Herrmann’s cue playing on the set.[66]
Unlike Schaefer, many members of RKO’s board of governors did not like Welles or the control that his contract gave him.[19]: 186 However such board members as Nelson Rockefeller and NBC chief David Sarnoff[57]: 1170 were sympathetic to Welles.[67] Throughout production Welles had problems with these executives not respecting his contract’s stipulation of non-interference and several spies arrived on set to report what they saw to the executives. When the executives would sometimes arrive on set unannounced the entire cast and crew would suddenly start playing softball until they left. Before official shooting began the executives intercepted all copies of the script and delayed their delivery to Welles. They had one copy sent to their office in New York, resulting in it being leaked to press.[19]: 195
Principal shooting wrapped October 24. Welles then took several weeks away from the film for a lecture tour, during which he also scouted additional locations with Toland and Ferguson. Filming resumed November 15[18]: 87 with some re-shoots. Toland had to leave due to a commitment to shoot Howard Hughes’ The Outlaw, but Toland’s camera crew continued working on the film and Toland was replaced by RKO cinematographer Harry J. Wild. The final day of shooting on November 30 was Kane’s death scene.[18]: 85 Welles boasted that he only went 21 days over his official shooting schedule, without factoring in the month of «camera tests».[19]: 195 According to RKO records, the film cost $839,727. Its estimated budget had been $723,800.[11]
Post-production[edit]
Citizen Kane was edited by Robert Wise and assistant editor Mark Robson.[44]: 85 Both would become successful film directors. Wise was hired after Welles finished shooting the «camera tests» and began officially making the film. Wise said that Welles «had an older editor assigned to him for those tests and evidently he was not too happy and asked to have somebody else. I was roughly Orson’s age and had several good credits.» Wise and Robson began editing the film while it was still shooting and said that they «could tell certainly that we were getting something very special. It was outstanding film day in and day out.»[57]: 1210
Welles gave Wise detailed instructions and was usually not present during the film’s editing.[18]: 109 The film was very well planned out and intentionally shot for such post-production techniques as slow dissolves.[53] The lack of coverage made editing easy since Welles and Toland edited the film «in camera» by leaving few options of how it could be put together.[18]: 110 Wise said the breakfast table sequence took weeks to edit and get the correct «timing» and «rhythm» for the whip pans and overlapping dialogue.[53] The News on the March sequence was edited by RKO’s newsreel division to give it authenticity.[18]: 110 They used stock footage from Pathé News and the General Film Library.[11]
During post-production Welles and special effects artist Linwood G. Dunn experimented with an optical printer to improve certain scenes that Welles found unsatisfactory from the footage.[53] Whereas Welles was often immediately pleased with Wise’s work, he would require Dunn and post-production audio engineer James G. Stewart to re-do their work several times until he was satisfied.[18]: 109
Welles hired Bernard Herrmann to compose the film’s score. Where most Hollywood film scores were written quickly, in as few as two or three weeks after filming was completed, Herrmann was given 12 weeks to write the music. He had sufficient time to do his own orchestrations and conducting, and worked on the film reel by reel as it was shot and cut. He wrote complete musical pieces for some of the montages, and Welles edited many of the scenes to match their length.[68]
Trailer[edit]
Written and directed by Welles at Toland’s suggestion, the theatrical trailer for Citizen Kane differs from other trailers in that it did not feature a single second of footage of the actual film itself, but acts as a wholly original, tongue-in-cheek, pseudo-documentary piece on the film’s production.[49]: 230 Filmed at the same time as Citizen Kane itself, it offers the only existing behind-the-scenes footage of the film. The trailer, shot by Wild instead of Toland, follows an unseen Welles as he provides narration for a tour around the film set, introductions to the film’s core cast members, and a brief overview of Kane’s character.[20]: 360 The trailer also contains a number of trick shots, including one of Everett Sloane appearing at first to be running into the camera, which turns out to be the reflection of the camera in a mirror.[69]
At the time, it was almost unprecedented for a film trailer to not actually feature anything of the film itself; and while Citizen Kane is frequently cited as a groundbreaking, influential film, Simon Callow argues its trailer was no less original in its approach. Callow writes that it has «great playful charm … it is a miniature documentary, almost an introduction to the cinema … Teasing, charming, completely original, it is a sort of conjuring trick: Without his face appearing once on the screen, Welles entirely dominates its five [sic] minutes’ duration.»[22]: 558–9
Style[edit]
Film scholars and historians view Citizen Kane as Welles’s attempt to create a new style of filmmaking by studying various forms of it and combining them into one. However, Welles stated that his love for cinema began only when he started working on the film. When asked where he got the confidence as a first-time director to direct a film so radically different from contemporary cinema, he responded, «Ignorance, ignorance, sheer ignorance—you know there’s no confidence to equal it. It’s only when you know something about a profession, I think, that you’re timid or careful.»[33]: 80
David Bordwell wrote that «The best way to understand Citizen Kane is to stop worshipping it as a triumph of technique.» Bordwell argues that the film did not invent any of its famous techniques such as deep focus cinematography, shots of the ceilings, chiaroscuro lighting and temporal jump-cuts, and that many of these stylistics had been used in German Expressionist films of the 1920s, such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. But Bordwell asserts that the film did put them all together for the first time and perfected the medium in one single film.[57]: 1171 In a 1948 interview, D. W. Griffith said, «I loved Citizen Kane and particularly loved the ideas he took from me.»[70]
Arguments against the film’s cinematic innovations were made as early as 1946 when French historian Georges Sadoul wrote, «The film is an encyclopedia of old techniques.» He pointed out such examples as compositions that used both the foreground and the background in the films of Auguste and Louis Lumière, special effects used in the films of Georges Méliès, shots of the ceiling in Erich von Stroheim’s Greed and newsreel montages in the films of Dziga Vertov.[71]
French film critic André Bazin defended the film, writing: «In this respect, the accusation of plagiarism could very well be extended to the film’s use of panchromatic film or its exploitation of the properties of gelatinous silver halide.» Bazin disagreed with Sadoul’s comparison to Lumière’s cinematography since Citizen Kane used more sophisticated lenses,[72]: 232 but acknowledged that it had similarities to such previous works as The 49th Parallel and The Power and the Glory. Bazin stated that «even if Welles did not invent the cinematic devices employed in Citizen Kane, one should nevertheless credit him with the invention of their meaning.»[72]: 233 Bazin championed the techniques in the film for its depiction of heightened reality, but Bordwell believed that the film’s use of special effects contradicted some of Bazin’s theories.[73]: 75
Storytelling techniques[edit]
Citizen Kane rejects the traditional linear, chronological narrative and tells Kane’s story entirely in flashbacks using different points of view, many of them from Kane’s aged and forgetful associates, the cinematic equivalent of the unreliable narrator in literature.[74]: 83 Welles also dispenses with the idea of a single storyteller and uses multiple narrators to recount Kane’s life, a technique not used previously in Hollywood films.[74]: 81 Each narrator recounts a different part of Kane’s life, with each story overlapping another.[75] The film depicts Kane as an enigma, a complicated man who leaves viewers with more questions than answers as to his character, such as the newsreel footage where he is attacked for being both a communist and a fascist.[74]: 82–84
The technique of flashbacks had been used in earlier films, notably The Power and the Glory (1933),[76] but no film was as immersed in it as Citizen Kane. Thompson the reporter acts as a surrogate for the audience, questioning Kane’s associates and piecing together his life.[75]
Films typically had an «omniscient perspective» at the time, which Marilyn Fabe says give the audience the «illusion that we are looking with impunity into a world which is unaware of our gaze». Citizen Kane also begins in that fashion until the News on the March sequence, after which we the audience see the film through the perspectives of others.[74]: 81 The News on the March sequence gives an overview of Kane’s entire life (and the film’s entire story) at the beginning of the film, leaving the audience without the typical suspense of wondering how it will end. Instead, the film’s repetitions of events compels the audience to analyze and wonder why Kane’s life happened the way that it did, under the pretext of finding out what «Rosebud» means. The film then returns to the omniscient perspective in the final scene, when only the audience discovers what «Rosebud» is.[74]: 82–83
Cinematography[edit]
Welles and cinematographer Gregg Toland prepare to film the post-election confrontation between Kane and Leland, shot from an extremely low angle that required cutting into the set floor.
Welles placed Toland’s credit with his own to acknowledge the cinematographer’s contributions.
The most innovative technical aspect of Citizen Kane is the extended use of deep focus,[77] where the foreground, background, and everything in between are all in sharp focus. Cinematographer Toland did this through his experimentation with lenses and lighting. Toland described the achievement in an article for Theatre Arts magazine, made possible by the sensitivity of modern speed film:
New developments in the science of motion picture photography are not abundant at this advanced stage of the game but periodically one is perfected to make this a greater art. Of these I am in an excellent position to discuss what is termed «Pan-focus», as I have been active for two years in its development and used it for the first time in Citizen Kane. Through its use, it is possible to photograph action from a range of eighteen inches from the camera lens to over two hundred feet away, with extreme foreground and background figures and action both recorded in sharp relief. Hitherto, the camera had to be focused either for a close or a distant shot, all efforts to encompass both at the same time resulting in one or the other being out of focus. This handicap necessitated the breaking up of a scene into long and short angles, with much consequent loss of realism. With pan-focus, the camera, like the human eye, sees an entire panorama at once, with everything clear and lifelike.[78]
Another unorthodox method used in the film was the low-angle shots facing upwards, thus allowing ceilings to be shown in the background of several scenes. Every set was built with a ceiling[78] which broke with studio convention, and many were constructed of fabric that concealed microphones.[79] Welles felt that the camera should show what the eye sees, and that it was a bad theatrical convention to pretend that there was no ceiling—»a big lie in order to get all those terrible lights up there,» he said. He became fascinated with the look of low angles, which made even dull interiors look interesting. One extremely low angle is used to photograph the encounter between Kane and Leland after Kane loses the election. A hole was dug for the camera, which required drilling into the concrete floor.[20]: 61–62
Welles credited Toland on the same title card as himself. «It’s impossible to say how much I owe to Gregg,» he said. «He was superb.»[20]: 59 [80] He called Toland «the best director of photography that ever existed.»[81]
Sound[edit]
Citizen Kane‘s sound was recorded by Bailey Fesler and re-recorded in post-production by audio engineer James G. Stewart,[44]: 85 both of whom had worked in radio.[18]: 102 Stewart said that Hollywood films never deviated from a basic pattern of how sound could be recorded or used, but with Welles «deviation from the pattern was possible because he demanded it.»[53] Although the film is known for its complex soundtrack, much of the audio is heard as it was recorded by Fesler and without manipulation.[18]: 102
Welles used techniques from radio like overlapping dialogue. The scene in which characters sing «Oh, Mr. Kane» was especially complicated and required mixing several soundtracks together.[18]: 104 He also used different «sound perspectives» to create the illusion of distances,[18]: 101 such as in scenes at Xanadu where characters speak to each other at far distances.[53] Welles experimented with sound in post-production, creating audio montages,[82]: 94 and chose to create all of the sound effects for the film instead of using RKO’s library of sound effects.[18]: 100
Welles used an aural technique from radio called the «lightning-mix». Welles used this technique to link complex montage sequences via a series of related sounds or phrases. For example, Kane grows from a child into a young man in just two shots. As Thatcher hands eight-year-old Kane a sled and wishes him a Merry Christmas, the sequence suddenly jumps to a shot of Thatcher fifteen years later, completing the sentence he began in both the previous shot and the chronological past. Other radio techniques include using a number of voices, each saying a sentence or sometimes merely a fragment of a sentence, and splicing the dialogue together in quick succession, such as the projection room scene.[83]: 413–412 The film’s sound cost $16,996, but was originally budgeted at $7,288.[18]: 105
Film critic and director François Truffaut wrote that «Before Kane, nobody in Hollywood knew how to set music properly in movies. Kane was the first, in fact the only, great film that uses radio techniques. … A lot of filmmakers know enough to follow Auguste Renoir’s advice to fill the eyes with images at all costs, but only Orson Welles understood that the sound track had to be filled in the same way.»[84] Cedric Belfrage of The Clipper wrote «of all of the delectable flavours that linger on the palate after seeing Kane, the use of sound is the strongest.»[57]: 1171
Make-up[edit]
The make-up for Citizen Kane was created and applied by Maurice Seiderman (1907–1989), a junior member of the RKO make-up department.[85]: 19 He had not been accepted into the union, which recognized him as only an apprentice, but RKO nevertheless used him to make up principal actors.[85]: 19 «Apprentices were not supposed to make up any principals, only extras, and an apprentice could not be on a set without a journeyman present,» wrote make-up artist Dick Smith, who became friends with Seiderman in 1979. «During his years at RKO I suspect these rules were probably overlooked often.»[85]: 19 «Seiderman had gained a reputation as one of the most inventive and creatively precise up-and-coming makeup men in Hollywood,» wrote biographer Frank Brady.[17]: 253
On an early tour of RKO, Welles met Seiderman in the small make-up lab that he created for himself in an unused dressing room.[85]: 19 «Welles fastened on to him at once,» wrote biographer Charles Higham, as Seiderman had developed his own makeup methods «that ensured complete naturalness of expression—a naturalness unrivaled in Hollywood.»[46]: 157 Seiderman developed a thorough plan for aging the principal characters, first making a plaster cast of the face of each of the actors who aged. He made a plaster mold of Welles’s body down to the hips.[86]: 46
«My sculptural techniques for the characters’ aging were handled by adding pieces of white modeling clay, which matched the plaster, onto the surface of each bust,» Seiderman told Norman Gambill. When Seiderman achieved the desired effect, he cast the clay pieces in a soft plastic material[86]: 46 that he formulated himself.[85]: 20 These appliances were then placed onto the plaster bust and a four-piece mold was made for each phase of aging. The castings were then fully painted and paired with the appropriate wig for evaluation.[86]: 46–47
Before the actors went before the cameras each day, the pliable pieces were applied directly to their faces to recreate Seiderman’s sculptural image. The facial surface was underpainted in a flexible red plastic compound;[86]: 43 The red ground resulted in a warmth of tone that was picked up by the panchromatic film. Over that was applied liquid grease paint, and finally a colorless translucent talcum.[86]: 42–43 Seiderman created the effect of skin pores on Kane’s face by stippling the surface with a negative cast made from an orange peel.[86]: 42, 47
Welles often arrived on the set at 2:30 am,[20]: 69 as application of the sculptural make-up took 3½ hours for the oldest incarnation of Kane. The make-up included appliances to age Welles’s shoulders, breast, and stomach.[85]: 19–20 «In the film and production photographs, you can see that Kane had a belly that overhung,» Seiderman said. «That was not a costume, it was the rubber sculpture that created the image. You could see how Kane’s silk shirt clung wetly to the character’s body. It could not have been done any other way.»[86]: 46
Seiderman worked with Charles Wright on the wigs. These went over a flexible skull cover that Seiderman created and sewed into place with elastic thread. When he found the wigs too full, he untied one hair at a time to alter their shape. Kane’s mustache was inserted into the makeup surface a few hairs at a time, to realistically vary the color and texture.[86]: 43, 47 He also made scleral lenses for Welles, Dorothy Comingore, George Coulouris, and Everett Sloane to dull the brightness of their young eyes. The lenses took a long time to fit properly, and Seiderman began work on them before devising any of the other makeup. «I painted them to age in phases, ending with the blood vessels and the arcus senilis of old age.»[86]: 47 Seiderman’s tour de force was the breakfast montage, shot all in one day. «Twelve years, two years shot at each scene,» he said.[86]: 47
Kane ages convincingly in the breakfast montage, make-up artist Maurice Seiderman’s tour de force
The major studios gave screen credit for make-up only to the department head. When RKO make-up department head Mel Berns refused to share credit with Seiderman, who was only an apprentice, Welles told Berns that there would be no make-up credit. Welles signed a large advertisement in the Los Angeles newspaper:[85]: 22 [86]: 48
THANKS TO EVERYBODY WHO GETS SCREEN CREDIT FOR «CITIZEN KANE»
AND THANKS TO THOSE WHO DON’T
TO ALL THE ACTORS, THE CREW, THE OFFICE, THE MUSICIANS, EVERYBODY
AND PARTICULARLY TO MAURICE SEIDERMAN, THE BEST MAKE-UP MAN IN THE WORLD[85]: 20
Sets[edit]
Although credited as an assistant, the film’s art direction was done by Perry Ferguson.[44]: 85 Welles and Ferguson got along during their collaboration.[18]: 37 In the weeks before production began Welles, Toland and Ferguson met regularly to discuss the film and plan every shot, set design and prop. Ferguson would take notes during these discussions and create rough designs of the sets and story boards for individual shots. After Welles approved the rough sketches, Ferguson made miniature models for Welles and Toland to experiment on with a periscope in order to rehearse and perfect each shot. Ferguson then had detailed drawings made for the set design, including the film’s lighting design. The set design was an integral part of the film’s overall look and Toland’s cinematography.[18]: 42
In the original script the Great Hall at Xanadu was modeled after the Great Hall in Hearst Castle and its design included a mixture of Renaissance and Gothic styles.[18]: 50–51 «The Hearstian element is brought out in the almost perverse juxtaposition of incongruous architectural styles and motifs,» wrote Carringer.[18]: 54 Before RKO cut the film’s budget, Ferguson’s designs were more elaborate and resembled the production designs of early Cecil B. DeMille films and Intolerance.[18]: 55 The budget cuts reduced Ferguson’s budget by 33 percent and his work cost $58,775 total,[18]: 65 which was below average at that time.[82]: 93
To save costs Ferguson and Welles re-wrote scenes in Xanadu’s living room and transported them to the Great Hall. A large staircase from another film was found and used at no additional cost.[18]: 56–57 When asked about the limited budget, Ferguson said «Very often—as in that much-discussed ‘Xanadu’ set in Citizen Kane—we can make a foreground piece, a background piece, and imaginative lighting suggests a great deal more on the screen than actually exists on the stage.»[18]: 65–66 According to the film’s official budget there were 81 sets built, but Ferguson said there were between 106 and 116.[18]: 64
Still photographs of Oheka Castle in Huntington, New York, were used in the opening montage, representing Kane’s Xanadu estate.[87][88] Ferguson also designed statues from Kane’s collection with styles ranging from Greek to German Gothic.[18]: 61 The sets were also built to accommodate Toland’s camera movements. Walls were built to fold and furniture could quickly be moved. The film’s famous ceilings were made out of muslin fabric and camera boxes were built into the floors for low angle shots.[18]: 64–65 Welles later said that he was proud that the film production value looked much more expensive than the film’s budget. Although neither worked with Welles again, Toland and Ferguson collaborated in several films in the 1940s.[18]: 65
Special effects[edit]
The film’s special effects were supervised by RKO department head Vernon L. Walker.[44]: 85 Welles pioneered several visual effects to cheaply shoot things like crowd scenes and large interior spaces. For example, the scene in which the camera in the opera house rises dramatically to the rafters, to show the workmen showing a lack of appreciation for Susan Alexander Kane’s performance, was shot by a camera craning upwards over the performance scene, then a curtain wipe to a miniature of the upper regions of the house, and then another curtain wipe matching it again with the scene of the workmen. Other scenes effectively employed miniatures to make the film look much more expensive than it truly was, such as various shots of Xanadu.[89]
Some shots included rear screen projection in the background, such as Thompson’s interview of Leland and some of the ocean backgrounds at Xanadu.[18]: 88 Bordwell claims that the scene where Thatcher agrees to be Kane’s guardian used rear screen projection to depict young Kane in the background, despite this scene being cited as a prime example of Toland’s deep focus cinematography.[73]: 74 A special effects camera crew from Walker’s department was required for the extreme close-up shots such as Kane’s lips when he says «Rosebud» and the shot of the typewriter typing Susan’s bad review.[18]: 88
Optical effects artist Dunn claimed that «up to 80 percent of some reels was optically printed.» These shots were traditionally attributed to Toland for years.[90]: 110 The optical printer improved some of the deep focus shots.[18]: 92 One problem with the optical printer was that it sometimes created excessive graininess, such as the optical zoom out of the snow globe. Welles decided to superimpose snow falling to mask the graininess in these shots.[18]: 94 Toland said that he disliked the results of the optical printer,[18]: 92 but acknowledged that «RKO special effects expert Vernon Walker, ASC, and his staff handled their part of the production—a by no means inconsiderable assignment—with ability and fine understanding.»[73]: 74–75
Any time deep focus was impossible—as in the scene in which Kane finishes a negative review of Susan’s opera while at the same time firing the person who began writing the review—an optical printer was used to make the whole screen appear in focus, visually layering one piece of film onto another.[18]: 92 However, some apparently deep-focus shots were the result of in-camera effects, as in the famous scene in which Kane breaks into Susan’s room after her suicide attempt. In the background, Kane and another man break into the room, while simultaneously the medicine bottle and a glass with a spoon in it are in closeup in the foreground. The shot was an in-camera matte shot. The foreground was shot first, with the background dark. Then the background was lit, the foreground darkened, the film rewound, and the scene re-shot with the background action.[18]: 82
Music[edit]
Incidental music includes the publisher’s theme, «Oh, Mr. Kane», a tune by Pepe Guízar with special lyrics by Herman Ruby.
The film’s music was composed by Bernard Herrmann.[91]: 72 Herrmann had composed for Welles for his Mercury Theatre radio broadcasts.[91]: 63 Because it was Herrmann’s first motion picture score, RKO wanted to pay him only a small fee, but Welles insisted he be paid at the same rate as Max Steiner.[91]: 72
The score established Herrmann as an important new composer of film soundtracks[45] and eschewed the typical Hollywood practice of scoring a film with virtually non-stop music. Instead Herrmann used what he later described as «radio scoring», musical cues typically 5–15 seconds in length that bridge the action or suggest a different emotional response.[91]: 77–78 The breakfast montage sequence begins with a graceful waltz theme and gets darker with each variation on that theme as the passage of time leads to the hardening of Kane’s personality and the breakdown of his first marriage.[92][93]
Herrmann realized that musicians slated to play his music were hired for individual unique sessions; there was no need to write for existing ensembles. This meant that he was free to score for unusual combinations of instruments, even instruments that are not commonly heard. In the opening sequence, for example, the tour of Kane’s estate Xanadu, Herrmann introduces a recurring leitmotif played by low woodwinds, including a quartet of alto flutes.[94]
For Susan Alexander Kane’s operatic sequence, Welles suggested that Herrmann compose a witty parody of a Mary Garden vehicle, an aria from Salammbô.[20]: 57 «Our problem was to create something that would give the audience the feeling of the quicksand into which this simple little girl, having a charming but small voice, is suddenly thrown,» Herrmann said.[91]: 79 Writing in the style of a 19th-century French Oriental opera,[68] Herrmann put the aria in a key that would force the singer to strain to reach the high notes, culminating in a high D, well outside the range of Susan Alexander.[91]: 79–80 Soprano Jean Forward dubbed the vocal part for Comingore.[45] Houseman claimed to have written the libretto, based on Jean Racine’s Athalie and Phedre,[32]: 460–461 although some confusion remains since Lucille Fletcher remembered preparing the lyrics.[91]: 80 Fletcher, then Herrmann’s wife, wrote the libretto for his opera Wuthering Heights.[91]: 11
Music enthusiasts consider the scene in which Susan Alexander Kane attempts to sing the famous cavatina «Una voce poco fa» from Il barbiere di Siviglia by Gioachino Rossini with vocal coach Signor Matiste as especially memorable for depicting the horrors of learning music through mistakes.[95]
In 1972, Herrmann said, «I was fortunate to start my career with a film like Citizen Kane, it’s been a downhill run ever since!» Welles loved Herrmann’s score and told director Henry Jaglom that it was 50 percent responsible for the film’s artistic success.[91]: 84
Some incidental music came from other sources. Welles heard the tune used for the publisher’s theme, «Oh, Mr. Kane», in Mexico.[20]: 57 Called «A Poco No», the song was written by Pepe Guízar and special lyrics were written by Herman Ruby.[96]
«In a Mizz», a 1939 jazz song by Charlie Barnet and Haven Johnson, bookends Thompson’s second interview of Susan Alexander Kane.[18]: 108 [96] «I kind of based the whole scene around that song,» Welles said. «The music is by Nat Cole—it’s his trio.»[20]: 56 Later—beginning with the lyrics, «It can’t be love»—»In a Mizz» is performed at the Everglades picnic, framing the fight in the tent between Susan and Kane.[18]: 108 Musicians including bandleader Cee Pee Johnson (drums), Alton Redd (vocals), Raymond Tate (trumpet), Buddy Collette (alto sax) and Buddy Banks (tenor sax) are featured.[97]
All of the music used in the newsreel came from the RKO music library, edited at Welles’s request by the newsreel department to achieve what Herrmann called «their own crazy way of cutting». The News on the March theme that accompanies the newsreel titles is «Belgian March» by Anthony Collins, from the film Nurse Edith Cavell. Other examples are an excerpt from Alfred Newman’s score for Gunga Din (the exploration of Xanadu), Roy Webb’s theme for the film Reno (the growth of Kane’s empire), and bits of Webb’s score for Five Came Back (introducing Walter Parks Thatcher).[91]: 79 [96]
Editing[edit]
Orson Welles and Ruth Warrick in the breakfast montage
One of the editing techniques used in Citizen Kane was the use of montage to collapse time and space, using an episodic sequence on the same set while the characters changed costume and make-up between cuts so that the scene following each cut would look as if it took place in the same location, but at a time long after the previous cut. In the breakfast montage, Welles chronicles the breakdown of Kane’s first marriage in five vignettes that condense 16 years of story time into two minutes of screen time.[98] Welles said that the idea for the breakfast scene «was stolen from The Long Christmas Dinner by Thornton Wilder … a one-act play, which is a long Christmas dinner that takes you through something like 60 years of a family’s life.»[20]: 51 The film often uses long dissolves to signify the passage of time and its psychological effect of the characters, such as the scene in which the abandoned sled is covered with snow after the young Kane is sent away with Thatcher.[74]: 90–91
Welles was influenced by the editing theories of Sergei Eisenstein by using jarring cuts that caused «sudden graphic or associative contrasts», such as the cut from Kane’s deathbed to the beginning of the News on the March sequence and a sudden shot of a shrieking cockatoo at the beginning of Raymond’s flashback.[74]: 88–89 Although the film typically favors mise-en-scène over montage, the scene in which Kane goes to Susan Alexander’s apartment after first meeting her is the only one that is primarily cut as close-ups with shots and counter shots between Kane and Susan.[44]: 68 Fabe says that «by using a standard Hollywood technique sparingly, [Welles] revitalizes its psychological expressiveness.»[74]: 88
Political themes[edit]
Laura Mulvey explored the anti-fascist themes of Citizen Kane in her 1992 monograph for the British Film Institute. The News on the March newsreel presents Kane keeping company with Hitler and other dictators while he smugly assures the public that there will be no war.[99]: 44 She wrote that the film reflects «the battle between intervention and isolationism» then being waged in the United States; the film was released six months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, while President Franklin D. Roosevelt was laboring to win public opinion for entering World War II. «In the rhetoric of Citizen Kane,» Mulvey writes, «the destiny of isolationism is realised in metaphor: in Kane’s own fate, dying wealthy and lonely, surrounded by the detritus of European culture and history.»[44]: 15
Journalist Ignacio Ramonet has cited the film as an early example of mass media manipulation of public opinion and the power that media conglomerates have on influencing the democratic process. He believes that this early example of a media mogul influencing politics is outdated and that today «there are media groups with the power of a thousand Citizen Kanes.»[100][101] Media mogul Rupert Murdoch is sometimes labeled as a latter-day Citizen Kane.[102][103]
Comparisons have also been made between the career and character of Donald Trump and Charles Foster Kane.[104][105][106] Citizen Kane is reported to be one of Trump’s favorite films, and his biographer Tim O’Brien has said that Trump is fascinated by and identifies with Kane.[107] In an interview with filmmaker Errol Morris, Trump explained his own interpretation of the film’s themes, saying «You learn in ‘Kane’ maybe wealth isn’t everything, because he had the wealth but he didn’t have the happiness. In real life I believe that wealth does in fact isolate you from other people. It’s a protective mechanism — you have your guard up much more so [than] if you didn’t have wealth…Perhaps I can understand that.»[108]
Reception[edit]
Pre-release controversy[edit]
To ensure that Hearst’s life’s influence on Citizen Kane was a secret, Welles limited access to dailies and managed the film’s publicity. A December 1940 feature story in Stage magazine compared the film’s narrative to Faust and made no mention of Hearst.[18]: 111
The film was scheduled to premiere at RKO’s flagship theater Radio City Music Hall on February 14, but in early January 1941 Welles was not finished with post-production work and told RKO that it still needed its musical score.[19]: 205 Writers for national magazines had early deadlines and so a rough cut was previewed for a select few on January 3, 1941[18]: 111 for such magazines as Life, Look and Redbook. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper (an arch-rival of Louella Parsons, the Hollywood correspondent for Hearst papers) showed up to the screening uninvited. Most of the critics at the preview said that they liked the film and gave it good advanced reviews. Hopper wrote negatively about it, calling the film a «vicious and irresponsible attack on a great man» and criticizing its corny writing and old fashioned photography.[19]: 205
Friday magazine ran an article drawing point-by-point comparisons between Kane and Hearst and documented how Welles had led on Parsons.[18]: 111 Up until this Welles had been friendly with Parsons. The magazine quoted Welles as saying that he couldn’t understand why she was so nice to him and that she should «wait until the woman finds out that the picture’s about her boss.» Welles immediately denied making the statement and the editor of Friday admitted that it might be false. Welles apologized to Parsons and assured her that he had never made that remark.[19]: 205
Film columnist and Hearst employee Louella Parsons was humiliated by Citizen Kane and made numerous threats to prevent the film’s release.
Shortly after Friday‘s article, Hearst sent Parsons an angry letter complaining that he had learned about Citizen Kane from Hopper and not her. The incident made a fool of Parsons and compelled her to start attacking Welles and the film. Parsons demanded a private screening of the film and personally threatened Schaefer on Hearst’s behalf, first with a lawsuit and then with a vague threat of consequences for everyone in Hollywood. On January 10 Parsons and two lawyers working for Hearst were given a private screening of the film.[19]: 206 James G. Stewart was present at the screening and said that she walked out of the film.[52]: 11
Soon after, Parsons called Schaefer and threatened RKO with a lawsuit if they released Kane.[18]: 111 She also contacted the management of Radio City Music Hall and demanded that they should not screen it.[19]: 206 The next day, the front page headline in Daily Variety read, «HEARST BANS RKO FROM PAPERS.»[109] Hearst began this ban by suppressing promotion of RKO’s Kitty Foyle,[82]: 94 but in two weeks the ban was lifted for everything except Kane.[18]: 111
When Schaefer did not submit to Parsons she called other studio heads and made more threats on behalf of Hearst to expose the private lives of people throughout the entire film industry.[19]: 206 Welles was threatened with an exposé about his romance with the married actress Dolores del Río, who wanted the affair kept secret until her divorce was finalized.[19]: 207 In a statement to journalists Welles denied that the film was about Hearst. Hearst began preparing an injunction against the film for libel and invasion of privacy, but Welles’s lawyer told him that he doubted Hearst would proceed due to the negative publicity and required testimony that an injunction would bring.[19]: 209
The Hollywood Reporter ran a front-page story on January 13 that Hearst papers were about to run a series of editorials attacking Hollywood’s practice of hiring refugees and immigrants for jobs that could be done by Americans. The goal was to put pressure on the other studios to force RKO to shelve Kane.[18]: 111 Many of those immigrants had fled Europe after the rise of fascism and feared losing the haven of the United States.[19]: 209 Soon afterwards, Schaefer was approached by Nicholas Schenck, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer’s parent company, with an offer on the behalf of Louis B. Mayer and other Hollywood executives to RKO Pictures of $805,000 to destroy all prints of the film and burn the negative.[18]: 111–112 [110]
Once RKO’s legal team reassured Schaefer, the studio announced on January 21 that Kane would be released as scheduled, and with one of the largest promotional campaigns in the studio’s history. Schaefer brought Welles to New York City for a private screening of the film with the New York corporate heads of the studios and their lawyers.[18]: 112 There was no objection to its release provided that certain changes, including the removal or softening of specific references that might offend Hearst, were made.[18]: 112–113 Welles agreed and cut the running time from 122 minutes to 119 minutes. The cuts satisfied the corporate lawyers.[18]: 113
Hearst’s response[edit]
Hearing about Citizen Kane enraged Hearst so much that he banned any advertising, reviewing, or mentioning of it in his papers, and had his journalists libel Welles.[110] Welles used Hearst’s opposition as a pretext for previewing the film in several opinion-making screenings in Los Angeles, lobbying for its artistic worth against the hostile campaign that Hearst was waging.[110] A special press screening took place in early March. Henry Luce was in attendance and reportedly wanted to buy the film from RKO for $1 million to distribute it himself. The reviews for this screening were positive. A Hollywood Review headline read, «Mr. Genius Comes Through; ‘Kane’ Astonishing Picture». The Motion Picture Herald reported about the screening and Hearst’s intention to sue RKO. Time magazine wrote that «The objection of Mr. Hearst, who founded a publishing empire on sensationalism, is ironic. For to most of the several hundred people who have seen the film at private screenings, Citizen Kane is the most sensational product of the U.S. movie industry.» A second press screening occurred in April.[82]: 94
When Schaefer rejected Hearst’s offer to suppress the film, Hearst banned every newspaper and station in his media conglomerate from reviewing—or even mentioning—the film. He also had many movie theaters ban it, and many did not show it through fear of being socially exposed by his massive newspaper empire.[111] The Oscar-nominated documentary The Battle Over Citizen Kane lays the blame for the film’s relative failure squarely at the feet of Hearst. The film did decent business at the box office; it went on to be the sixth highest grossing film in its year of release, a modest success its backers found acceptable. Nevertheless, the film’s commercial performance fell short of its creators’ expectations.[34] Hearst’s biographer David Nasaw points out that Hearst’s actions were not the only reason Kane failed, however: the innovations Welles made with narrative, as well as the dark message at the heart of the film (that the pursuit of success is ultimately futile) meant that a popular audience could not appreciate its merits.[112]: 572–573
Hearst’s attacks against Welles went beyond attempting to suppress the film. Welles said that while he was on his post-filming lecture tour a police detective approached him at a restaurant and advised him not to go back to his hotel. A 14-year-old girl had reportedly been hidden in the closet of his room, and two photographers were waiting for him to walk in. Knowing he would be jailed after the resulting publicity, Welles did not return to the hotel but waited until the train left town the following morning. «But that wasn’t Hearst,» Welles said, «that was a hatchet man from the local Hearst paper who thought he would advance himself by doing it.»[20]: 85–86
In March 1941, Welles directed a Broadway version of Richard Wright’s Native Son (and, for luck, used a «Rosebud» sled as a prop). Native Son received positive reviews, but Hearst-owned papers used the opportunity to attack Welles as a communist.[19]: 213 The Hearst papers vociferously attacked Welles after his April 1941 radio play, «His Honor, the Mayor»,[113] produced for The Free Company radio series on CBS.[43]: 113 [114]
Welles described his chance encounter with Hearst in an elevator at the Fairmont Hotel on the night Citizen Kane opened in San Francisco. Hearst and Welles’s father were acquaintances, so Welles introduced himself and asked Hearst if he would like to come to the opening. Hearst did not respond. «As he was getting off at his floor, I said, ‘Charles Foster Kane would have accepted.’ No reply», recalled Welles. «And Kane would have, you know. That was his style—just as he finished Jed Leland’s bad review of Susan as an opera singer.»[20]: 49–50
In 1945, Hearst journalist Robert Shaw wrote that the film got «a full tide of insensate fury» from Hearst papers, «then it ebbed suddenly. With one brain cell working, the chief realized that such hysterical barking by the trained seals would attract too much attention to the picture. But to this day the name of Orson Welles is on the official son-of-a-bitch list of every Hearst newspaper.»[115]: 102
Despite Hearst’s attempts to destroy the film, since 1941 references to his life and career have usually included a reference to Citizen Kane, such as the headline ‘Son of Citizen Kane Dies’ for the obituary of Hearst’s son.[116] In 2012, the Hearst estate agreed to screen the film at Hearst Castle in San Simeon, breaking Hearst’s ban on the film.[117]
Release[edit]
Theatrical release poster (Style A)
Radio City Music Hall’s management refused to screen Citizen Kane for its premiere. A possible factor was Parsons’s threat that The American Weekly would run a defamatory story on the grandfather of major RKO stockholder Nelson Rockefeller.[18]: 115 Other exhibitors feared being sued for libel by Hearst and refused to show the film.[19]: 216 In March Welles threatened the RKO board of governors with a lawsuit if they did not release the film. Schaefer stood by Welles and opposed the board of governors.[19]: 210 When RKO still delayed the film’s release Welles offered to buy the film for $1 million and the studio finally agreed to release the film on May 1.[19]: 215
Schaefer managed to book a few theaters willing to show the film. Hearst papers refused to accept advertising.[18]: 115 RKO’s publicity advertisements for the film erroneously promoted it as a love story.[19]: 217
Kane opened at the RKO Palace Theatre on Broadway in New York on May 1, 1941,[11] in Chicago on May 6, and in Los Angeles on May 8.[18]: 115 Welles said that at the Chicago premiere that he attended the theater was almost empty.[19]: 216 It did well in cities and larger towns but fared poorly in more remote areas. RKO still had problems getting exhibitors to show the film. For example, one chain controlling more than 500 theaters got Welles’s film as part of a package but refused to play it, reportedly out of fear of Hearst.[18]: 117 Hearst’s disruption of the film’s release damaged its box office performance and, as a result, it lost $160,000 during its initial run.[118]: 164 [119] The film earned $23,878 during its first week in New York. By the ninth week it only made $7,279. Overall it lost money in New York, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., but made a profit in Seattle.[19]: 216
Contemporary responses[edit]
Citizen Kane received acclaim from several critics. New York Daily News critic Kate Cameron called it «one of the most interesting and technically superior films that has ever come out of a Hollywood studio».[120] New York World-Telegram critic William Boehnel said that the film was «staggering and belongs at once among the greatest screen achievements».[121] Time magazine wrote that «it has found important new techniques in picture-making and story-telling.»[19]: 211 Life magazine’s review said that «few movies have ever come from Hollywood with such powerful narrative, such original technique, such exciting photography.»[19]: 211 John C. Mosher of The New Yorker called the film’s style «like fresh air» and raved «Something new has come to the movie world at last.»[115]: 68 Anthony Bower of The Nation called it «brilliant» and praised the cinematography and performances by Welles, Comingore and Cotten.[122] John O’Hara’s Newsweek review called it the best picture he’d ever seen and said Welles was «the best actor in the history of acting.»[19]: 211 Welles called O’Hara’s review «the greatest review that anybody ever had.»[49]: 100
The day following the premiere of Citizen Kane, The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther wrote that «… it comes close to being the most sensational film ever made in Hollywood.»
Count on Mr. Welles: he doesn’t do things by halves. … Upon the screen he discovered an area large enough for his expansive whims to have free play. And the consequence is that he has made a picture of tremendous and overpowering scope, not in physical extent so much as in its rapid and graphic rotation of thoughts. Mr. Welles has put upon the screen a motion picture that really moves.[123]
In the UK C. A. Lejeune of The Observer called it «The most exciting film that has come out of Hollywood in twenty-five years»[124] and Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times said the film’s style was made «with the ease and boldness and resource of one who controls and is not controlled by his medium.»[125]: 63 Edward Tangye Lean of Horizon praised the film’s technical style, calling it «perhaps a decade ahead of its contemporaries.»[126][k]
A few reviews were mixed. Otis Ferguson of The New Republic said it was «the boldest free-hand stroke in major screen production since Griffith and Bitzer were running wild to unshackle the camera», but also criticized its style, calling it a «retrogression in film technique» and stating that «it holds no great place» in film history.[128] Ferguson reacted to some of the film’s celebrated visual techniques by calling them «just willful dabbling» and «the old shell game.» In a rare film review, filmmaker Erich von Stroheim criticized the film’s story and non-linear structure, but praised the technical style and performances, and wrote «Whatever the truth may be about it, Citizen Kane is a great picture and will go down in screen history. More power to Welles!»[129]
Some prominent critics wrote negative reviews. In his 1941 review for Sur, Jorge Luis Borges famously called the film «a labyrinth with no center» and predicted that its legacy would be a film «whose historical value is undeniable but which no one cares to see again.»[130] The Argus Weekend Magazine critic Erle Cox called the film «amazing» but thought that Welles’s break with Hollywood traditions was «overdone».[131] Tatler‘s James Agate called it «the well-intentioned, muddled, amateurish thing one expects from high-brows»[132] and «a quite good film which tries to run the psychological essay in harness with your detective thriller, and doesn’t quite succeed.»[133] Eileen Creelman of The New York Sun called it «a cold picture, unemotional, a puzzle rather than a drama».[46]: 178 Other people who disliked the film were W. H. Auden[49]: 98 and James Agee.[49]: 99 After watching the film on January 29, 1942 Kenneth Williams, then aged 15, writing in his first diary curtly described it as «boshey rot».[134]
Modern critics have given Citizen Kane an even more positive response. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 99% of 125 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 9.70/10. The site’s critical consensus reads: «Orson Welles’s epic tale of a publishing tycoon’s rise and fall is entertaining, poignant, and inventive in its storytelling, earning its reputation as a landmark achievement in film.»[135] In April 2021, it was noted that the addition of an 80-year-old negative review from the Chicago Tribune reduced the film’s rating from 100% to 99% on the site; Citizen Kane held its 100% rating until early 2021.[136] On Metacritic, however, the film still has a rare weighted average score of 100 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating «universal acclaim».[137]
Accolades[edit]
It was widely believed the film would win most of its Academy Award nominations, but it received only the award for Best Original Screenplay. Variety reported that block voting by screen extras deprived Citizen Kane of Best Picture and Best Actor, and similar prejudices were likely to have been responsible for the film receiving no technical awards.[18]: 117 [142]
Legacy[edit]
Citizen Kane was the only film made under Welles’s original contract with RKO Pictures, which gave him complete creative control.[19]: 223 Welles’s new business manager and attorney permitted the contract to lapse. In July 1941,[143][144] Welles reluctantly signed a new and less favorable deal with RKO[19]: 223 under which he produced and directed The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), produced Journey into Fear (1943), and began It’s All True, a film he agreed to do without payment. In the new contract Welles was an employee of the studio[145] and lost the right to final cut, which later allowed RKO to modify and re-cut The Magnificent Ambersons over his objections.[19]: 223 In June 1942, Schaefer resigned the presidency of RKO Pictures and Welles’s contract was terminated by his successor.[67]
Release in Europe[edit]
During World War II, Citizen Kane was not seen in most European countries. It was shown in France for the first time on July 10, 1946, at the Marbeuf theater in Paris.[146]: 34–35 [l] Initially most French film critics were influenced by the negative reviews of Jean-Paul Sartre in 1945 and Georges Sadoul in 1946.[18]: 118 At that time many French intellectuals and filmmakers shared Sartre’s negative opinion that Hollywood filmmakers were uncultured.[148]: 124 Sartre criticized the film’s flashbacks for its nostalgic and romantic preoccupation with the past instead of the realities of the present and said that «the whole film is based on a misconception of what cinema is all about. The film is in the past tense, whereas we all know that cinema has got to be in the present tense.»[149][150]
André Bazin, a then little-known film critic working for Sartre’s Les Temps modernes, was asked to give an impromptu speech about the film after a screening at the Colisée Theatre in the autumn of 1946[146]: 36 and changed the opinion of much of the audience. This speech led to Bazin’s 1947 article «The Technique of Citizen Kane»,[148]: 125 which directly influenced public opinion about the film.[148]: 124 Carringer wrote that Bazin was «the one who did the most to enhance the film’s reputation.»[18]: 118 [m] Both Bazin’s critique of the film and his theories about cinema itself centered around his strong belief in mise-en-scène. These theories were diametrically opposed to both the popular Soviet montage theory[72]: xiii and the politically Marxist and anti-Hollywood beliefs of most French film critics at that time.[146]: 36 Bazin believed that a film should depict reality without the filmmaker imposing their «will» on the spectator, which the Soviet theory supported.[72]: xiii Bazin wrote that Citizen Kane‘s mise-en-scène created a «new conception of filmmaking»[72]: 233 and that the freedom given to the audience from the deep focus shots was innovative by changing the entire concept of the cinematic image.[148]: 128 Bazin wrote extensively about the mise-en-scène in the scene where Susan Alexander attempts suicide, which was one long take while other films would have used four or five shots in the scene.[72]: 234 Bazin wrote that the film’s mise-en-scène «forces the spectator to participate in the meaning of the film» and creates «a psychological realism which brings the spectator back to the real conditions of perception.»[73]: 72
In his 1950 essay «The Evolution of the Language of Cinema», Bazin placed Citizen Kane center stage as a work which ushered in a new period in cinema.[151]: 37 One of the first critics to defend motion pictures as being on the same artistic level as literature or painting, Bazin often used the film as an example of cinema as an art form[148]: 129 and wrote that «Welles has given the cinema a theoretical restoration. He has enriched his filmic repertory with new or forgotten effects that, in today’s artistic context, take on a significance we didn’t know they could have.»[72]: 236 Bazin also compared the film to Roberto Rossellini’s Paisan for having «the same aesthetic concept of realism»[148]: 117–118 and to the films of William Wyler shot by Toland (such as The Little Foxes and The Best Years of Our Lives), all of which used deep focus cinematography that Bazin called «a dialectical step forward in film language.»[73]: 71
Bazin’s praise of the film went beyond film theory and reflected his own philosophy towards life itself.[148]: 125 His metaphysical interpretations about the film reflected humankind’s place in the universe.[148]: 128 Bazin believed that the film examined one person’s identity and search for meaning. It portrayed the world as ambiguous and full of contradictions, whereas films up until then simply portrayed people’s actions and motivations.[148]: 130 Bazin’s biographer Dudley Andrew wrote that:
The world of Citizen Kane, that mysterious, dark, and infinitely deep world of space and memory where voices trail off into distant echoes and where meaning dissolves into interpretation, seemed to Bazin to mark the starting point from which all of us try to construct provisionally the sense of our lives.[148]: 129
Bazin went on to co-found Cahiers du cinéma, whose contributors (including future film directors François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard) also praised the film.[151]: 37 The popularity of Truffaut’s auteur theory helped the film’s and Welles’s reputation.[152]: 263
Re-evaluation[edit]
By 1942 Citizen Kane had run its course theatrically and, apart from a few showings at big city arthouse cinemas, it largely vanished and both the film’s and Welles’s reputation fell among American critics. In 1949 critic Richard Griffith in his overview of cinema, The Film Till Now, dismissed Citizen Kane as «… tinpot if not crackpot Freud.»[18]: 117–118
In the United States, it was neglected and forgotten until its revival on television in the mid-to-late 1950s. Three key events in 1956 led to its re-evaluation in the United States: first, RKO was one of the first studios to sell its library to television, and early that year Citizen Kane started to appear on television; second, the film was re-released theatrically to coincide with Welles’s return to the New York stage, where he played King Lear; and third, American film critic Andrew Sarris wrote «Citizen Kane: The American Baroque» for Film Culture, and described it as «the great American film» and «the work that influenced the cinema more profoundly than any American film since The Birth of a Nation.»[153] Carringer considers Sarris’s essay as the most important influence on the film’s reputation in the US.[18]: 119
During Expo 58, a poll of over 100 film historians named Kane one of the top ten greatest films ever made (the group gave first-place honors to Battleship Potemkin). When a group of young film directors announced their vote for the top six, they were booed for not including the film.[154]: 152
In the decades since, its critical status as one of the greatest films ever made has grown, with numerous essays and books on it including Peter Cowie’s The Cinema of Orson Welles, Ronald Gottesman’s Focus on Citizen Kane, a collection of significant reviews and background pieces, and most notably Kael’s essay, «Raising Kane», which promoted the value of the film to a much wider audience than it had reached before.[18]: 120 Despite its criticism of Welles, it further popularized the notion of Citizen Kane as the great American film. The rise of art house and film society circuits also aided in the film’s rediscovery.[18]: 119 David Thomson said that the film ‘grows with every year as America comes to resemble it.»[57]: 1172
The British magazine Sight & Sound has produced a Top Ten list surveying film critics every decade since 1952, and is regarded as one of the most respected barometers of critical taste.[155] Citizen Kane was a runner up to the top 10 in its 1952 poll but was voted as the greatest film ever made in its 1962 poll,[156] retaining the top spot in every subsequent poll[157][158][159] until 2012, when Vertigo displaced it.[160]
The film has also ranked number one in the following film «best of» lists: Julio Castedo’s The 100 Best Films of the Century,[161] Cahiers du cinéma’s 100 films pour une cinémathèque idéale,[162] Kinovedcheskie Zapiski,[163] Time Out magazine’s Top 100 Films (Centenary),[164] The Village Voice‘s 100 Greatest Films,[165] and The Royal Belgian Film Archive’s Most Important and Misappreciated American Films.[166]
Roger Ebert called Citizen Kane the greatest film ever made: «But people don’t always ask about the greatest film. They ask, ‘What’s your favorite movie?’ Again, I always answer with Citizen Kane.»[167]
In 1998 Time Out conducted a reader’s poll and Citizen Kane was voted 3rd best film of all time.[168] On February 18, 1999, the United States Postal Service honored Citizen Kane by including it in its Celebrate the Century series.[169] The film was honored again February 25, 2003, in a series of U.S. postage stamps marking the 75th anniversary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Art director Perry Ferguson represents the behind-the-scenes craftsmen of filmmaking in the series; he is depicted completing a sketch for Citizen Kane.[170]
Citizen Kane was ranked number one in the American Film Institute’s polls of film industry artists and leaders in 1998[171] and 2007.[172] «Rosebud» was chosen as the 17th most memorable movie quotation in a 2005 AFI poll.[173] The film’s score was one of 250 nominees for the top 25 film scores in American cinema in another 2005 AFI poll.[174] In 2005 the film was included on Time‘s All-Time 100 best movies list.[175]
In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild published a list of the 75 best-edited films of all time based on a survey of its membership. Citizen Kane was listed second.[176] In 2015, Citizen Kane ranked 1st on BBC’s «100 Greatest American Films» list, voted on by film critics from around the world.[177]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 99% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 125 reviews by approved critics, with an average rating of 9.70/10. The website’s critics consensus states: «Orson Welles’s epic tale of a publishing tycoon’s rise and fall is entertaining, poignant, and inventive in its storytelling, earning its reputation as a landmark achievement in film.»[135] On another aggregator site, Metacritic, Citizen Kane has a weighted average score of 100 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating «universal acclaim».[137]
Influence[edit]
Citizen Kane has been called the most influential film of all time.[178] Richard Corliss has asserted that Jules Dassin’s 1941 film The Tell-Tale Heart was the first example of its influence[179] and the first pop culture reference to the film occurred later in 1941 when the spoof comedy Hellzapoppin’ featured a «Rosebud» sled.[180][n] The film’s cinematography was almost immediately influential and in 1942 American Cinematographer wrote «without a doubt the most immediately noticeable trend in cinematography methods during the year was the trend toward crisper definition and increased depth of field.»[182]: 51
The cinematography influenced John Huston’s The Maltese Falcon. Cinematographer Arthur Edeson used a wider-angle lens than Toland and the film includes many long takes, low angles and shots of the ceiling, but it did not use deep focus shots on large sets to the extent that Citizen Kane did. Edeson and Toland are often credited together for revolutionizing cinematography in 1941.[182]: 48–50 Toland’s cinematography influenced his own work on The Best Years of Our Lives. Other films influenced include Gaslight, Mildred Pierce and Jane Eyre.[18]: 85–86 Cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa said that his use of deep focus was influenced by «the camera work of Gregg Toland in Citizen Kane» and not by traditional Japanese art.[183]
Its cinematography, lighting, and flashback structure influenced such film noirs of the 1940s and 1950s as The Killers, Keeper of the Flame, Caught, The Great Man[83]: 425 and This Gun for Hire.[18]: 85–86 David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson have written that «For over a decade thereafter American films displayed exaggerated foregrounds and somber lighting, enhanced by long takes and exaggerated camera movements.» However, by the 1960s filmmakers such as those from the French New Wave and Cinéma vérité movements favored «flatter, more shallow images with softer focus» and Citizen Kane‘s style became less fashionable. American filmmakers in the 1970s combined these two approaches by using long takes, rapid cutting, deep focus and telephoto shots all at once.[152]: 798 Its use of long takes influenced films such as The Asphalt Jungle, and its use of deep focus cinematography influenced Gun Crazy,[152]: 389–390 The Whip Hand, The Devil’s General and Justice Is Done.[152]: 414 The flashback structure in which different characters have conflicting versions of past events influenced La commare secca[152]: 533 and Man of Marble.[152]: 747
The film’s structure influenced the biographical films Lawrence of Arabia and Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters—which begin with the subject’s death and show their life in flashbacks—as well as Welles’s thriller Mr. Arkadin.[154]: 154 Rosenbaum sees similarities in the film’s plot to Mr. Arkadin, as well as the theme of nostalgia for loss of innocence throughout Welles’s career, beginning with Citizen Kane and including The Magnificent Ambersons, Mr. Arkadin and Chimes at Midnight. Rosenbaum also points out how the film influenced Warren Beatty’s Reds. The film depicts the life of Jack Reed through the eyes of Louise Bryant, much as Kane’s life is seen through the eyes of Thompson and the people who he interviews. Rosenbaum also compared the romantic montage between Reed and Bryant with the breakfast table montage in Citizen Kane.[184]: 113–116, 300–302
Akira Kurosawa’s Rashomon is often compared to the film due to both having complicated plot structures told by multiple characters in the film. Welles said his initial idea for the film was «Basically, the idea Rashomon used later on,»[20]: 53 however Kurosawa had not yet seen the film before making Rashomon in 1950.[185]: 78 Nigel Andrews has compared the film’s complex plot structure to Rashomon, Last Year at Marienbad, Memento and Magnolia. Andrews also compares Charles Foster Kane to Michael Corleone in The Godfather, Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull and Daniel Plainview in There Will Be Blood for their portrayals of «haunted megalomaniac[s], presiding over the shards of [their] own [lives].»[186]
The films of Paul Thomas Anderson have been compared to it. Variety compared There Will Be Blood to the film[187] and called it «one that rivals Giant and Citizen Kane in our popular lore as origin stories about how we came to be the people we are.»[188] The Master has been called «movieland’s only spiritual sequel to Citizen Kane that doesn’t shrivel under the hefty comparison».[189] The Social Network has been compared to the film for its depiction of a media mogul and by the character Erica Albright being similar to «Rosebud».[190] The controversy of the Sony hacking before the release of The Interview brought comparisons of Hearst’s attempt to suppress the film.[191] The film’s plot structure and some specific shots influenced Todd Haynes’s Velvet Goldmine.[192] Abbas Kiarostami’s The Traveler has been called «the Citizen Kane of the Iranian children’s cinema.»[193] The film’s use of overlapping dialogue has influenced the films of Robert Altman and Carol Reed.[83]: 412 Reed’s films Odd Man Out, The Third Man (in which Welles and Cotten appeared) and Outcast of the Islands were also influenced by the film’s cinematography.[83]: 425
Many directors have listed it as one of the greatest films ever made, including Woody Allen, Michael Apted, Les Blank, Kenneth Branagh, Paul Greengrass, Satyajit Ray,[194] Michel Hazanavicius, Michael Mann, Sam Mendes, Jiří Menzel, Paul Schrader, Martin Scorsese,[195] Denys Arcand, Gillian Armstrong, John Boorman, Roger Corman, Alex Cox, Miloš Forman, Norman Jewison, Richard Lester, Richard Linklater, Paul Mazursky, Ronald Neame, Sydney Pollack[196] and Stanley Kubrick.[197] Yasujirō Ozu said it was his favorite non-Japanese film and was impressed by its techniques.[198]: 231 François Truffaut said that the film «has inspired more vocations to cinema throughout the world than any other» and recognized its influence in The Barefoot Contessa, Les Mauvaises Rencontres, Lola Montès, and 8 1/2.[199]: 279–280 Truffaut’s Day for Night pays tribute to the film in a dream sequence depicting a childhood memory of the character played by Truffaut stealing publicity photos from the film.[200] Numerous film directors have cited the film as influential on their own films, including Theo Angelopoulos,[201] Luc Besson, the Coen brothers, Francis Ford Coppola, Brian De Palma, John Frankenheimer, Stephen Frears, Sergio Leone, Michael Mann, Ridley Scott, Martin Scorsese, Bryan Singer and Steven Spielberg.[202] Ingmar Bergman disliked the film and called it «a total bore. Above all, the performances are worthless. The amount of respect that movie has is absolutely unbelievable!»[203]
William Friedkin said that the film influenced him and called it «a veritable quarry for filmmakers, just as Joyce’s Ulysses is a quarry for writers.»[204]: 210 The film has also influenced other art forms. Carlos Fuentes’s novel The Death of Artemio Cruz was partially inspired by the film[205] and the rock band The White Stripes paid unauthorized tribute to the film in the song «The Union Forever».[206]
Film memorabilia[edit]
In 1982, film director Steven Spielberg bought a «Rosebud» sled for $60,500; it was one of three balsa sleds used in the closing scenes and the only one that was not burned.[207][208] Spielberg eventually donated the sled to the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures as he stated he felt it belonged in a museum.[209] After the Spielberg purchase, it was reported that retiree Arthur Bauer claimed to own another «Rosebud» sled.[210] In early 1942, when Bauer was 12, he had won an RKO publicity contest and selected the hardwood sled as his prize.[211] In 1996, Bauer’s estate offered the painted pine sled at auction through Christie’s.[211] Bauer’s son told CBS News that his mother had once wanted to paint the sled and use it as a plant stand, but Bauer told her to «just save it and put it in the closet.»[212] The sled was sold to an anonymous bidder for $233,500.[213]
Welles’s Oscar for Best Original Screenplay was believed to be lost until it was rediscovered in 1994. It was withdrawn from a 2007 auction at Sotheby’s when bidding failed to reach its estimate of $800,000 to $1.2 million.[214] Owned by the charitable Dax Foundation,[214] it was auctioned for $861,542 in 2011 to an anonymous buyer.[215] Mankiewicz’s Oscar was sold at least twice, in 1999 and again in 2012, the latest price being $588,455.[216]
In 1989, Mankiewicz’s personal copy of the Citizen Kane script was auctioned at Christie’s. The leather-bound volume included the final shooting script and a carbon copy of American that bore handwritten annotations—purportedly made by Hearst’s lawyers, who were said to have obtained it in the manner described by Kael in «Raising Kane».[217][218] Estimated to bring $70,000 to $90,000,[219] it sold for a record $231,000.[220]
In 2007, Welles’s personal copy of the last revised draft of Citizen Kane before the shooting script was sold at Sotheby’s for $97,000.[214] A second draft of the script titled American, marked «Mr. Welles’ working copy», was auctioned by Sotheby’s in 2014 for $164,692.[221][o] A collection of 24 pages from a working script found in Welles’s personal possessions by his daughter Beatrice Welles was auctioned in 2014 for $15,000.[223]
In 2014, a collection of approximately 235 Citizen Kane stills and production photos that had belonged to Welles was sold at auction for $7,812.[224][225]
Rights and home media[edit]
The composited camera negative of Citizen Kane is believed to be lost forever. The most commonly-reported explanation is that it was destroyed in a New Jersey film laboratory fire in the 1970s. However, in 2021, Nicolas Falacci revealed that he had been told «the real story» by a colleague, when he was one of two employees in the film restoration lab which assembled the 1991 «restoration» from the best available elements. Falacci noted that throughout the process he had daily visits in 1990-1 from an unnamed «older RKO executive showing up every day – nervous and sweating». According to Falacci’s colleague, this elderly man was keen to cover up a clerical error he had made decades earlier when in charge of the studio’s inventory, which had resulted in the original camera negatives being sent to a silver reclamation plant, destroying the nitrate film to extract its valuable silver content. Falacci’s account is impossible to verify, but it would have been fully in keeping with industry standard practice for many decades, which was to destroy prints and negatives of countless older films deemed non-commercially viable, to extract the silver.[226]
Subsequent prints were derived from a master positive (a fine-grain preservation element) made in the 1940s and originally intended for use in overseas distribution.[227] Modern techniques were used to produce a pristine print for a 50th Anniversary theatrical reissue in 1991 which Paramount Pictures released for then-owner Turner Broadcasting System,[228] which earned $1.6 million in North America[229] and $1.8 million worldwide.[3]
In 1955, RKO sold the American television rights to its film library, including Citizen Kane, to C&C Television Corp.[230] In 1960, television rights to the pre-1959 RKO’s live-action library were acquired by United Artists. RKO kept the non-broadcast television rights to its library.[231]
In 1976, when home video was in its infancy, entrepreneur Snuff Garrett bought cassette rights to the RKO library for what United Press International termed «a pittance». In 1978 The Nostalgia Merchant released the film through Media Home Entertainment. By 1980 the 800-title library of The Nostalgia Merchant was earning $2.3 million a year. «Nobody wanted cassettes four years ago,» Garrett told UPI. «It wasn’t the first time people called me crazy. It was a hobby with me which became big business.»[232] RKO Home Video released the film on VHS and Betamax in 1985.[233]
In 1984, The Criterion Collection released the film as its first LaserDisc. It was made from a fine grain master positive provided by the UCLA Film and Television Archive.[234] When told about the then-new concept of having an audio commentary on the disc, Welles was skeptical but said «theoretically, that’s good for teaching movies, so long as they don’t talk nonsense.»[49]: 283 In 1992 Criterion released a new 50th Anniversary Edition LaserDisc. This version had an improved transfer and additional special features, including the documentary The Legacy of Citizen Kane and Welles’s early short The Hearts of Age.[235]
Turner Broadcasting System acquired broadcast television rights to the RKO library in 1986[236] and the full worldwide rights to the library in 1987.[237] The RKO Home Video unit was reorganized into Turner Home Entertainment that year.[238] In 1991 Turner released a 50th Anniversary Edition on VHS and as a collector’s edition that includes the film, the documentary Reflections On Citizen Kane, Harlan Lebo’s 50th anniversary album, a poster and a copy of the original script.[239] In 1996, Time Warner acquired Turner and Warner Home Video absorbed Turner Home Entertainment.[240] In 2011, Warner Bros. Discovery’s Warner Bros. unit had distribution rights for the film.[241]
In 2001, Warner Home Video released a 60th Anniversary Collectors Edition DVD. The two-disc DVD included feature-length commentaries by Roger Ebert and Peter Bogdanovich, as well as a second DVD with the feature length documentary The Battle Over Citizen Kane (1999). It was simultaneously released on VHS.[242][243] The DVD was criticized for being «too bright, too clean; the dirt and grime had been cleared away, but so had a good deal of the texture, the depth, and the sense of film grain.»[244]
In 2003, Welles’s daughter Beatrice Welles sued Turner Entertainment, claiming the Welles estate is the legal copyright holder of the film. She claimed that Welles’s deal to terminate his contracts with RKO meant that Turner’s copyright of the film was null and void. She also claimed that the estate of Orson Welles was owed 20% of the film’s profits if her copyright claim was not upheld. In 2007 she was allowed to proceed with the lawsuit, overturning the 2004 decision in favor of Turner Entertainment on the issue of video rights.[245]
In 2011, it was released on Blu-ray and DVD in a 70th Anniversary Edition.[246] The San Francisco Chronicle called it «the Blu-ray release of the year.»[247] Supplements included everything available on the 2001 Warner Home Video release, including The Battle Over Citizen Kane DVD. A 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector’s Edition added a third DVD with RKO 281 (1999), an award winning TV movie about the making of the film. Its packaging extras included a hardcover book and a folio containing mini reproductions of the original souvenir program, lobby cards, and production memos and correspondence.[248] The transfer for the US releases were scanned as 4K resolution from three different 35mm prints and rectified the quality issues of the 2001 DVD.[244] The rest of the world continued to receive home video releases based on the older transfer. This was partially rectified in 2016 with the release of the 75th Anniversary Edition in both the UK and US, which was a straight repackaging of the main disc from the 70th Anniversary Edition.[249][250]
On August 11, 2021 Criterion announced their first 4K Ultra HD releases, a six-film slate, would include Citizen Kane. Criterion indicated each title was to be available in a combo pack including a 4K UHD disc of the feature film as well as the film and special features on the companion Blu-rays.[251] Citizen Kane was released on November 23, 2021 by the collection as a 4K and 3 Blu-ray disc package. However, the release was recalled because at the half-hour mark on the regular blu-ray, the contrast fell sharply, which resulted in a much darker image compared to what was supposed to occur.[252] However this issue does not apply to the 4K version itself.
Colorization controversy[edit]
In the 1980s, Citizen Kane became a catalyst in the controversy over the colorization of black-and-white films. One proponent of film colorization was Ted Turner,[253] whose Turner Entertainment Company owned the RKO library.[254] A Turner Entertainment spokesperson initially stated that Citizen Kane would not be colorized,[255] but in July 1988 Turner said, «Citizen Kane? I’m thinking of colorizing it.»[256] In early 1989 it was reported that two companies were producing color tests for Turner Entertainment. Criticism increased when filmmaker Henry Jaglom stated that shortly before his death Welles had implored him «don’t let Ted Turner deface my movie with his crayons.»[257]
In February 1989, Turner Entertainment President Roger Mayer announced that work to colorize the film had been stopped due to provisions in Welles’s 1939 contract with RKO that «could be read to prohibit colorization without permission of the Welles estate.»[258] Mayer added that Welles’s contract was «quite unusual» and «other contracts we have checked out are not like this at all.»[259] Turner had only colorized the final reel of the film before abandoning the project. In 1991 one minute of the colorized test footage was included in the BBC Arena documentary The Complete Citizen Kane.[p][260]
The colorization controversy was a factor in the passage of the National Film Preservation Act in 1988 which created the National Film Registry the following year. ABC News anchor Peter Jennings reported that «one major reason for doing this is to require people like the broadcaster Ted Turner, who’s been adding color to some movies and re-editing others for television, to put notices on those versions saying that the movies have been altered».[261]
Bibliography[edit]
- Bazin, André. The Technique of Citizen Kane. Paris, France: Les Temps modernes 2, number 17, 1947. pp. 943–949.
- Biskind, Peter (ed.), Jaglom, Henry and Welles, Orson. My Lunches with Orson: Conversations between Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0-8050-9725-2.
- Bogdanovich, Peter and Welles, Orson. This is Orson Welles. HarperPerennial 1992. ISBN 0-06-092439-X
- Bogdanovich, Peter and Welles, Orson (uncredited). «The Kane Mutiny», in Esquire, October 1972.[q][r]
- Brady, Frank. Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson Welles. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1989. ISBN 0-385-26759-2.
- Callow, Simon. Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995. ISBN 0-224-03852-4
- Carringer, Robert L. The Making of Citizen Kane. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985. ISBN 0-520-05367-2 hardcover; 1996 revised and updated edition ISBN 0-520-20567-7 paperback
- Carringer, Robert L. «The Scripts of Citizen Kane«, in Critical Inquiry No. 5, 1978.[s][t]
- Cook, David A. A History of Narrative Film. W.W. Norton Company, 2004. ISBN 0-393-97868-0
- Gottesman, Ronald (ed.). Focus on Citizen Kane. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976. ISBN 0-13-949214-3
- Gottesman, Ronald (ed.). Perspectives on Citizen Kane. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1996. ISBN 978-0-8161-1616-4
- Heylin, Clinton. Despite the System: Orson Welles Versus the Hollywood Studios, Chicago Review Press, 2005. ISBN 1-55652-547-8
- Howard, James. The Complete Films of Orson Welles. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1991. ISBN 0-8065-1241-5.
- Kael, Pauline, Welles, Orson and Mankiewicz, Herman J. The Citizen Kane Book. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971.[u]
- Leaming, Barbara. Orson Welles, A Biography. New York: Viking Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-618-15446-3.
- Meryman, Richard. Mank: The Wit, World and Life of Herman Mankiewicz. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1978. ISBN 978-0-688-03356-9.
- Mulvey, Laura. Citizen Kane. London: British Film Institute, 1992. ISBN 0-85170-339-9
- Naremore, James (ed.). Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane: A Casebook in Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-515892-2
- Nasaw, David. The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. ISBN 978-0-618-15446-3
- Rippy, Marguerite H. Orson Welles and the Unfinished RKO Projects: A Postmodern Perspective. Southern Illinois University Press, Illinois, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8093-2912-0
- Rosenbaum, Jonathan. «I Missed It at the Movies: Objections to ‘Raising Kane'», in Film Comment, Spring 1972.[v]
- Stern, Sydney Ladensohn. The Brothers Mankiewicz: Hope, Heartbreak, and Hollywood Classics. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2019. ISBN 978-1617032677
Notes[edit]
- ^ «I did a very elaborate production for [Heart of Darkness], such as I’ve never done again—never could,» Welles said. «I shot my bolt on preproduction on that picture. We designed every camera setup and everything else—did enormous research in aboriginal, Stone Age cultures in order to reproduce what the story called for. I’m sorry not to have got the chance to do it.»[20]: 31
- ^ Welles later used the subjective camera in The Magnificent Ambersons, in a sequence that was later all but eliminated because it did not work in that picture. «Heart of Darkness is one of the few stories that it’s very well adapted to, because it relies so heavily on narration,» Welles said. «The camera was going to be Marlow … He’s in the pilot house and he can see himself reflected in the glass through which you see the jungle. So it isn’t that business of a hand-held camera mooching around pretending to walk like a man.»[20]: 31
- ^ First published in Critical Inquiry, «The Scripts of Citizen Kane» was described by Rosenbaum as «the definitive piece of scholarship on the authorship of Kane—and sadly one of the least well known». He wrote that many biographers may wrongly assume that Carringer included all of its facts in his later book, The Making of Citizen Kane.[31]: 18, 247
- ^ Welles states, «There’s all that stuff about McCormick and the opera. I drew a lot from that from my Chicago days. And Samuel Insull.» A known supporter of President Roosevelt, the fact that both McCormick and Hearst were opposed to FDR’s successful attempts to control radio and moderate control of print may have been an incentive for Welles to use his film as a smear against both men.[20]: 49
- ^ Charlie Lederer insisted that Hearst and Davies never saw Citizen Kane and condemned it based on the outrage of trusted friends, wrote his stepdaughter (and Welles’s daughter) Chris Welles Feder. «In Charlie’s view, Hearst was more distressed by the movie’s insinuation … that Marion was a failed and pathetic alcoholic that he was by any unflattering references to himself.»[35]
- ^ According to RKO records, Sloane was paid $2,400 for shaving his head.[11]
- ^ Speaking to Bogdanovich, Welles corrects himself when speaking about who suggested the «test» shooting: «That was Toland’s idea—no, it was Ferguson’s idea, the art director.»[59]: 19:25–19:31
- ^ «I used the whole Mercury cast, heavily disguised by darkness,» Welles said. «And there they all are—if you look carefully, you can see them. Everybody in the movie is in it. … Yes, I’m there.»[20]: 78
- ^ No figures can be found for the cost of filming Susan’s attempted suicide, but filming the nightclub scene was budgeted at $1,038 and cost $1,376.79.[60]: 74
- ^ «It took nerve to shoot from down there, with that steel brace right in front of the camera, but I thought rightly that at that point they’d be looking at Leland and not at me.»[20]: 61–62
- ^ Kevin Brownlow believes that Lean’s brother David was influential on (if not co-writer of) this review. Years later Welles thanked David Lean for the article.[127]: notes
- ^ 871,261 admissions[147]
- ^ Bordwell has hypothesized that Bazin was influenced by publicity about the film’s innovations that were published in France during its first release. These included interviews by Welles and the publication of Toland’s article «The Motion Picture Cameraman» in the January 1947 issue of La Revue du Cinéma. Bordwell believes that Bazin was aware of the legend of film’s innovations before having seen it.[73]: 72–73
- ^ Another early pop culture reference occurred in Welles’s The Magnificent Ambersons, which includes a brief glimpse of a newspaper article written by «Jed Leland».[181]
- ^ The same item had been sold by Christie’s in December 1991, together with a working script from The Magnificent Ambersons, for $11,000.[222]
- ^ The colorized Citizen Kane footage appears at approximately 1:17:00.
- ^ Reprinted in Gottesman, Ronald (ed.). Focus on Citizen Kane. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976. ISBN 0-13-949214-3
- ^ Excerpted in «My Orson», Bogdanovich’s new introduction to the second edition of This is Orson Welles[262]: xxiv–xxvii
- ^ Reprinted in Gottesman, Ronald (ed.). Perspectives on Citizen Kane. New York: G.K. Hall & Co., 1996. ISBN 978-0-8161-1616-4
- ^ Reprinted in Naremore, James (ed.). Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane: A Casebook in Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-515892-2
- ^ Contains Kael’s controversial essay «Raising Kane», originally printed in The New Yorker (February 20 and 27, 1971), as well as the full script by Mankiewicz and Welles.
- ^ Reprinted in Rosenbaum, Jonathan (ed.). Discovering Orson Welles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-25123-6
References[edit]
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External links[edit]
Database[edit]
- Official website
- Citizen Kane at AllMovie
- Citizen Kane at the American Film Institute Catalog
- Citizen Kane at IMDb
- Citizen Kane at Metacritic
- Citizen Kane at Rotten Tomatoes
- Citizen Kane at the TCM Movie Database
Other[edit]
- Citizen Kane: The Once and Future Kane an essay by Bilge Ebiri on The Criterion Collection
- Citizen Kane essay by Godfrey Cheshire on the National Film Registry website [1]
- Citizen Kane essay by Daniel Eagan in America’s Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN 0826429777, pp. 735–737 [2]
- Citizen Kane bibliography via the UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
- The American Film Institute’s «100 Greatest Movies» list
- Citizen Kane and Bernard Herrmann’s film score
- PBS: Citizen Kane (Archived)
- Bright Lights Film Journal Essay
- Roger Ebert: Citizen Kane
- The Unofficial Citizen Kane Page
- Time Magazine Top 100
- Greatest films
- DVD Review
- Scene-by-scene analysis at Movie Movie
Citizen Kane | |
---|---|
Theatrical release poster (Style B) by William Rose |
|
Directed by | Orson Welles |
Screenplay by |
|
Produced by | Orson Welles |
Starring |
|
Cinematography | Gregg Toland |
Edited by | Robert Wise |
Music by | Bernard Herrmann |
Production |
|
Distributed by | RKO Radio Pictures |
Release dates |
|
Running time |
119 minutes[1] |
Country | United States |
Language | English |
Budget | $839,727[2] |
Box office | $1.8 million (re-release)[3][4] |
Citizen Kane is a 1941 American drama film directed by, produced by, and starring Orson Welles. He also co-wrote the screenplay with Herman J. Mankiewicz. The picture was Welles’ first feature film. Citizen Kane is frequently cited as the greatest film ever made.[5] For 50 consecutive years, it stood at number 1 in the British Film Institute’s Sight & Sound decennial poll of critics, and it topped the American Film Institute’s 100 Years … 100 Movies list in 1998, as well as its 2007 update. The film was nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories and it won for Best Writing (Original Screenplay) by Mankiewicz and Welles. Citizen Kane is praised for Gregg Toland’s cinematography, Robert Wise’s editing, Bernard Herrmann’s music, and its narrative structure, all of which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting.
The quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane, played by Welles, a composite character based on American media barons William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick, as well as aspects of the screenwriters’ own lives. Upon its release, Hearst prohibited the film from being mentioned in his newspapers.[6]
After the Broadway success of Welles’s Mercury Theatre and the controversial 1938 radio broadcast «The War of the Worlds» on The Mercury Theatre on the Air, Welles was courted by Hollywood. He signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939. Although it was unusual for an untried director, he was given freedom to develop his own story, to use his own cast and crew, and to have final cut privilege. Following two abortive attempts to get a project off the ground, he wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane, collaborating with Herman J. Mankiewicz. Principal photography took place in 1940, the same year its innovative trailer was shown, and the film was released in 1941.
Although it was a critical success, Citizen Kane failed to recoup its costs at the box office. The film faded from view after its release, but it returned to public attention when it was praised by French critics such as André Bazin and re-released in 1956. In 1958, the film was voted number 9 on the prestigious Brussels 12 list at the 1958 World Expo. Citizen Kane was selected by the Library of Congress as an inductee of the 1989 inaugural group of 25 films for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being «culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant».[7][8][9]
Plot[edit]
In a mansion called Xanadu, part of a vast palatial estate in Florida, the elderly Charles Foster Kane is on his deathbed. Holding a snow globe, he utters his last word, «Rosebud», and dies. A newsreel obituary tells the life story of Kane, an enormously wealthy newspaper publisher and industrial magnate. Kane’s death becomes sensational news around the world, and the newsreel’s producer tasks reporter Jerry Thompson with discovering the meaning of «Rosebud».
Thompson sets out to interview Kane’s friends and associates. He tries to approach his second wife, Susan Alexander Kane, now an alcoholic who runs her own nightclub, but she refuses to talk to him. Thompson goes to the private archive of the late banker Walter Parks Thatcher. Through Thatcher’s written memoirs, Thompson learns about Kane’s rise from a Colorado boarding house and the decline of his personal fortune.
In 1871, gold was discovered through a mining deed belonging to Kane’s mother, Mary Kane. She hired Thatcher to establish a trust that would provide for Kane’s education and to assume guardianship of him. While the parents and Thatcher discussed arrangements inside the boarding house, the young Kane played happily with a sled in the snow outside. When Kane’s parents introduced him to Thatcher, the boy struck Thatcher with his sled and attempted to run away.
By the time Kane gained control of his trust at the age of 25, the mine’s productivity and Thatcher’s prudent investing had made him one of the richest men in the world. He took control of the New York Inquirer newspaper and embarked on a career of yellow journalism, publishing scandalous articles that attacked Thatcher’s (and his own) business interests. Kane sold his newspaper empire to Thatcher after the 1929 stock market crash left him short of cash.
Thompson interviews Kane’s personal business manager, Mr. Bernstein. Bernstein recalls that Kane hired the best journalists available to build the Inquirer‘s circulation. Kane rose to power by successfully manipulating public opinion regarding the Spanish–American War and marrying Emily Norton, the niece of the President of the United States.
Thompson interviews Kane’s estranged best friend, Jedediah Leland, in a retirement home. Leland says that Kane’s marriage to Emily disintegrated over the years, and he began an affair with amateur singer Susan Alexander while running for Governor of New York. Both his wife and his political opponent discovered the affair and the public scandal ended his political career. Kane married Susan and forced her into a humiliating operatic career for which she had neither the talent nor the ambition, even building a large opera house for her. After Leland began to write a negative review of Susan’s disastrous opera debut, Kane fired him but finished the negative review and printed it. Susan protested that she never wanted the opera career anyway, but Kane forced her to continue the season.
Susan consents to an interview with Thompson and describes the aftermath of her opera career. She attempted suicide and so Kane finally allowed her to abandon singing. After many unhappy years and after being hit by Kane, she finally decided to leave him. Kane’s butler Raymond recounts that, after Susan left him, he began violently destroying the contents of her bedroom. When he happened upon a snow globe, he grew calm and said «Rosebud». Thompson concludes that he cannot solve the mystery and that the meaning of Kane’s last word will remain a mystery.
Back at Xanadu, Kane’s belongings are cataloged or discarded by the staff. They find the sled on which the eight-year-old Kane was playing on the day that he was taken from his home in Colorado and throw it into a furnace with other items. Behind their backs, the sled slowly burns and its trade name becomes visible through the flames: «Rosebud».
Cast[edit]
Dorothy Comingore and Orson Welles
Ray Collins, Dorothy Comingore, Orson Welles and Ruth Warrick
The beginning of the film’s ending credits state that «Most of the principal actors in Citizen Kane are new to motion pictures. The Mercury Theatre is proud to introduce them.»[10] The cast is listed in the following order:
- Orson Welles as Charles Foster Kane, a wealthy newspaper publisher.[11]
- Joseph Cotten as Jedediah Leland, Kane’s best friend and a reporter for The Inquirer. Cotten also appears (hidden in darkness) in the News on the March screening room.[11]
- Dorothy Comingore as Susan Alexander Kane, Kane’s mistress and second wife.[11]
- Agnes Moorehead as Mary Kane, Kane’s mother.[11]
- Ruth Warrick as Emily Monroe Norton Kane, Kane’s first wife.[11]
- Ray Collins as Jim W. Gettys, Kane’s political rival for the post of Governor of New York.[11]
- Erskine Sanford as Herbert Carter, editor of The Inquirer. Sanford also appears (hidden in darkness) in the News on the March screening room.[11]
- Everett Sloane as Mr. Bernstein, Kane’s friend and employee at The Inquirer.[11]
- William Alland as Jerry Thompson, a reporter for News on the March. Alland also voices the narrator of the News on the March newsreel.[11]
- Paul Stewart as Raymond, Kane’s butler.[11]
- George Coulouris as Walter Parks Thatcher, a banker who becomes Kane’s legal guardian.[11]
- Fortunio Bonanova as Signor Matiste, vocal coach of Susan Alexander Kane.[11]
- Gus Schilling as John, headwaiter at the El Rancho nightclub. Schilling also appears (hidden in darkness) in the News on the March screening room.[11]
- Philip Van Zandt as Mr. Rawlston, News on the March open at the producer.[11]
- Georgia Backus as Bertha Anderson, attendant at the library of Walter Parks Thatcher.[11]
- Harry Shannon as Jim Kane, Kane’s father.[11]
- Sonny Bupp as Charles Foster Kane III, Kane’s son.[11]
- Buddy Swan as Charles Foster Kane, age eight.[11]
Additionally, Charles Bennett appears as the entertainer at the head of the chorus line in the Inquirer party sequence,[12]: 40–41 and cinematographer Gregg Toland makes a cameo appearance as an interviewer depicted in part of the News on the March newsreel.[13][14] Actor Alan Ladd, still unknown at that time, makes a small appearance as a reporter smoking a pipe at the end of the film.[15]
Pre-production[edit]
Development[edit]
Hollywood had shown interest in Welles as early as 1936.[16]: 40 He turned down three scripts sent to him by Warner Bros. In 1937, he declined offers from David O. Selznick, who asked him to head his film company’s story department, and William Wyler, who wanted him for a supporting role in Wuthering Heights. «Although the possibility of making huge amounts of money in Hollywood greatly attracted him,» wrote biographer Frank Brady, «he was still totally, hopelessly, insanely in love with the theater, and it is there that he had every intention of remaining to make his mark.»[17]: 118–119, 130
Following «The War of the Worlds» broadcast of his CBS radio series The Mercury Theatre on the Air, Welles was lured to Hollywood with a remarkable contract.[18]: 1–2, 153 RKO Pictures studio head George J. Schaefer wanted to work with Welles after the notorious broadcast, believing that Welles had a gift for attracting mass attention.[19]: 170 RKO was also uncharacteristically profitable and was entering into a series of independent production contracts that would add more artistically prestigious films to its roster.[18]: 1–2, 153 Throughout the spring and early summer of 1939, Schaefer constantly tried to lure the reluctant Welles to Hollywood.[19]: 170 Welles was in financial trouble after failure of his plays Five Kings and The Green Goddess. At first he simply wanted to spend three months in Hollywood and earn enough money to pay his debts and fund his next theatrical season.[19]: 170 Welles first arrived on July 20, 1939,[19]: 168 and on his first tour, he called the movie studio «the greatest electric train set a boy ever had».[19]: 174
Welles signed his contract with RKO on August 21, which stipulated that Welles would act in, direct, produce and write two films. Mercury would get $100,000 for the first film by January 1, 1940, plus 20% of profits after RKO recouped $500,000, and $125,000 for a second film by January 1, 1941, plus 20% of profits after RKO recouped $500,000. The most controversial aspect of the contract was granting Welles complete artistic control of the two films so long as RKO approved both projects’ stories[19]: 169 and so long as the budget did not exceed $500,000.[18]: 1–2, 153 RKO executives would not be allowed to see any footage until Welles chose to show it to them, and no cuts could be made to either film without Welles’s approval.[19]: 169 Welles was allowed to develop the story without interference, select his own cast and crew, and have the right of final cut. Granting final cut privilege was unprecedented for a studio since it placed artistic considerations over financial investment. The contract was deeply resented in the film industry, and the Hollywood press took every opportunity to mock RKO and Welles. Schaefer remained a great supporter[18]: 1–2, 153 and saw the unprecedented contract as good publicity.[19]: 170 Film scholar Robert L. Carringer wrote: «The simple fact seems to be that Schaefer believed Welles was going to pull off something really big almost as much as Welles did himself.»[18]: 1–2, 153
Orson Welles at his Hollywood home in 1939, during the long months it took to launch his first film project
Welles spent the first five months of his RKO contract trying to get his first project going, without success. «They are laying bets over on the RKO lot that the Orson Welles deal will end up without Orson ever doing a picture there,» wrote The Hollywood Reporter.[18]: 15 It was agreed that Welles would film Heart of Darkness, previously adapted for The Mercury Theatre on the Air, which would be presented entirely through a first-person camera. After elaborate pre-production and a day of test shooting with a hand-held camera—unheard of at the time—the project never reached production because Welles was unable to trim $50,000 from its budget.[a][b][20]: 30–31 Schaefer told Welles that the $500,000 budget could not be exceeded; as war loomed, revenue was declining sharply in Europe by the fall of 1939.[17]: 215–216
He then started work on the idea that became Citizen Kane. Knowing the script would take time to prepare, Welles suggested to RKO that while that was being done—»so the year wouldn’t be lost»—he make a humorous political thriller. Welles proposed The Smiler with a Knife, from a novel by Cecil Day-Lewis.[20]: 33–34 When that project stalled in December 1939, Welles began brainstorming other story ideas with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who had been writing Mercury radio scripts. «Arguing, inventing, discarding, these two powerful, headstrong, dazzlingly articulate personalities thrashed toward Kane«, wrote biographer Richard Meryman.[21]: 245–246
Screenplay[edit]
Herman J. Mankiewicz co-wrote the script in early 1940. He and Welles separately re-wrote and revised each other’s work until Welles was satisfied with the finished product.
One of the long-standing controversies about Citizen Kane has been the authorship of the screenplay.[21]: 237 Welles conceived the project with screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz, who was writing radio plays for Welles’s CBS Radio series, The Campbell Playhouse.[18]: 16 Mankiewicz based the original outline on the life of William Randolph Hearst, whom he knew socially and came to hate after being exiled from Hearst’s circle.[21]: 231
In February 1940 Welles supplied Mankiewicz with 300 pages of notes and put him under contract to write the first draft screenplay under the supervision of John Houseman, Welles’s former partner in the Mercury Theatre. Welles later explained, «I left him on his own finally, because we’d started to waste too much time haggling. So, after mutual agreements on storyline and character, Mank went off with Houseman and did his version, while I stayed in Hollywood and wrote mine.»[20]: 54 Taking these drafts, Welles drastically condensed and rearranged them, then added scenes of his own. The industry accused Welles of underplaying Mankiewicz’s contribution to the script, but Welles countered the attacks by saying, «At the end, naturally, I was the one making the picture, after all—who had to make the decisions. I used what I wanted of Mank’s and, rightly or wrongly, kept what I liked of my own.»[20]: 54
The terms of the contract stated that Mankiewicz was to receive no credit for his work, as he was hired as a script doctor.[22]: 487 Before he signed the contract Mankiewicz was particularly advised by his agents that all credit for his work belonged to Welles and the Mercury Theatre, the «author and creator».[17]: 236–237 As the film neared release, however, Mankiewicz began wanting a writing credit for the film and even threatened to take out full-page advertisements in trade papers and to get his friend Ben Hecht to write an exposé for The Saturday Evening Post.[23] Mankiewicz also threatened to go to the Screen Writers Guild and claim full credit for writing the entire script by himself.[19]: 204
After lodging a protest with the Screen Writers Guild, Mankiewicz withdrew it, then vacillated. The question was resolved in January 1941 when the studio, RKO Pictures, awarded Mankiewicz credit. The guild credit form listed Welles first, Mankiewicz second. Welles’s assistant Richard Wilson said that the person who circled Mankiewicz’s name in pencil, then drew an arrow that put it in first place, was Welles. The official credit reads, «Screenplay by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles».[21]: 264–265 Mankiewicz’s rancor toward Welles grew over the remaining twelve years of his life.[24]: 498
Questions over the authorship of the Citizen Kane screenplay were revived in 1971 by influential film critic Pauline Kael, whose controversial 50,000-word essay «Raising Kane» was commissioned as an introduction to the shooting script in The Citizen Kane Book,[20]: 494 published in October 1971.[25] The book-length essay first appeared in February 1971, in two consecutive issues of The New Yorker magazine.[20]: 494 [26]
In the ensuing controversy, Welles was defended by colleagues, critics, biographers and scholars, but his reputation was damaged by its charges.[24]: 394 The essay’s thesis was later questioned and some of Kael’s findings were also contested in later years.[27][28][29]
Questions of authorship continued to come into sharper focus with Carringer’s 1978 thoroughly researched essay, «The Scripts of Citizen Kane«.[30][c] Carringer studied the collection of script records—»almost a day-to-day record of the history of the scripting»—that was then still intact at RKO. He reviewed all seven drafts and concluded that «the full evidence reveals that Welles’s contribution to the Citizen Kane script was not only substantial but definitive.»[30]: 80
Sources[edit]
Hearst was disturbed by the film’s supposed depiction of Marion Davies, but Welles always denied that Susan Alexander Kane was based on Davies.
Welles never confirmed a principal source for the character of Charles Foster Kane. Houseman wrote that Kane is a synthesis of different personalities, with Hearst’s life used as the main source. Some events and details were invented,[32]: 444 and Houseman wrote that he and Mankiewicz also «grafted anecdotes from other giants of journalism, including Pulitzer, Northcliffe and Mank’s first boss, Herbert Bayard Swope.»[32]: 444 Welles said, «Mr. Hearst was quite a bit like Kane, although Kane isn’t really founded on Hearst in particular. Many people sat for it, so to speak».[33]: 78 He specifically acknowledged that aspects of Kane were drawn from the lives of two business tycoons familiar from his youth in Chicago—Samuel Insull and Harold Fowler McCormick.[d][20]: 49
The character of Jedediah Leland was based on drama critic Ashton Stevens, George Stevens’s uncle and Welles’s close boyhood friend.[20]: 66 Some detail came from Mankiewicz’s own experience as a drama critic in New York.[21]: 77–78
Many assumed that the character of Susan Alexander Kane was based on Marion Davies, Hearst’s mistress whose career he managed and whom Hearst promoted as a motion picture actress. This assumption was a major reason Hearst tried to destroy Citizen Kane.[34][e] Welles denied that the character was based on Davies,[36] whom he called «an extraordinary woman—nothing like the character Dorothy Comingore played in the movie.»[20]: 49 He cited Insull’s building of the Chicago Opera House, and McCormick’s lavish promotion of the opera career of his second wife, Ganna Walska, as direct influences on the screenplay.[20]: 49
As a known supporter of President Roosevelt,[37] whom both McCormick and Hearst opposed based on his successful attempts to control the content of radio programs and his ongoing efforts to control print, Welles may have had incentive to use the film to smear both men.[38]
The character of political boss Jim W. Gettys is based on Charles F. Murphy, a leader in New York City’s infamous Tammany Hall political machine.[26]: 61
Welles credited «Rosebud» to Mankiewicz.[20]: 53 Biographer Richard Meryman wrote that the symbol of Mankiewicz’s own damaged childhood was a treasured bicycle, stolen while he visited the public library and not replaced by his family as punishment. He regarded it as the prototype of Charles Foster Kane’s sled.[21]: 300 In his 2015 Welles biography, Patrick McGilligan reported that Mankiewicz himself stated that the word «Rosebud» was taken from the name of a famous racehorse, Old Rosebud. Mankiewicz had a bet on the horse in the 1914 Kentucky Derby, which he won, and McGilligan wrote that «Old Rosebud symbolized his lost youth, and the break with his family». In testimony for the Lundberg suit, Mankiewicz said, «I had undergone psycho-analysis, and Rosebud, under circumstances slightly resembling the circumstances in [Citizen Kane], played a prominent part.»[39]
The News on the March sequence that begins the film satirizes the journalistic style of The March of Time, the news documentary and dramatization series presented in movie theaters by Time Inc.[40][41] From 1935 to 1938[42]: 47 Welles was a member of the uncredited company of actors that presented the original radio version.[43]: 77
Houseman claimed that banker Walter P. Thatcher was loosely based on J. P. Morgan.[44]: 55 Bernstein was named for Dr. Maurice Bernstein, appointed Welles’s guardian;[20]: 65–66 Sloane’s portrayal was said to be based on Bernard Herrmann.[45] Herbert Carter, editor of The Inquirer, was named for actor Jack Carter.[46]: 155
Production[edit]
Casting[edit]
The Mercury Theatre was an independent repertory theatre company founded by Orson Welles and John Houseman in 1937. The company produced theatrical presentations, radio programs, films, promptbooks and phonographic recordings.
Citizen Kane was a rare film in that its principal roles were played by actors new to motion pictures. Ten were billed as Mercury Actors, members of the skilled repertory company assembled by Welles for the stage and radio performances of the Mercury Theatre, an independent theater company he founded with Houseman in 1937.[17]: 119–120 [47] «He loved to use the Mercury players,» wrote biographer Charles Higham, «and consequently he launched several of them on movie careers.»[46]: 155
The film represents the feature film debuts of William Alland, Ray Collins, Joseph Cotten, Agnes Moorehead, Erskine Sanford, Everett Sloane, Paul Stewart, and Welles himself.[11] Despite never having appeared in feature films, some of the cast members were already well known to the public. Cotten had recently become a Broadway star in the hit play The Philadelphia Story with Katharine Hepburn[19]: 187 and Sloane was well known for his role on the radio show The Goldbergs.[19]: 187 [f] Mercury actor George Coulouris was a star of the stage in New York and London.[47]
Not all of the cast came from the Mercury Players. Welles cast Dorothy Comingore, an actress who played supporting parts in films since 1934 using the name «Linda Winters»,[48] as Susan Alexander Kane. A discovery of Charlie Chaplin, Comingore was recommended to Welles by Chaplin,[49]: 170 who then met Comingore at a party in Los Angeles and immediately cast her.[50]: 44
Welles had met stage actress Ruth Warrick while visiting New York on a break from Hollywood and remembered her as a good fit for Emily Norton Kane,[19]: 188 later saying that she looked the part.[49]: 169 Warrick told Carringer that she was struck by the extraordinary resemblance between herself and Welles’s mother when she saw a photograph of Beatrice Ives Welles. She characterized her own personal relationship with Welles as motherly.[51]: 14
«He trained us for films at the same time that he was training himself,» recalled Agnes Moorehead. «Orson believed in good acting, and he realized that rehearsals were needed to get the most from his actors. That was something new in Hollywood: nobody seemed interested in bringing in a group to rehearse before scenes were shot. But Orson knew it was necessary, and we rehearsed every sequence before it was shot.»[52]: 9
When The March of Time narrator Westbrook Van Voorhis asked for $25,000 to narrate the News on the March sequence, Alland demonstrated his ability to imitate Van Voorhis and Welles cast him.[53]
Welles later said that casting character actor Gino Corrado in the small part of the waiter at the El Rancho broke his heart. Corrado had appeared in many Hollywood films, often as a waiter, and Welles wanted all of the actors to be new to films.[49]: 171
Other uncredited roles went to Thomas A. Curran as Teddy Roosevelt in the faux newsreel; Richard Baer as Hillman, a man at Madison Square Garden, and a man in the News on the March screening room; and Alan Ladd, Arthur O’Connell and Louise Currie as reporters at Xanadu.[11]
Ruth Warrick (died 2005) was the last surviving member of the principal cast. Sonny Bupp (died 2007), who played Kane’s young son, was the last surviving credited cast member.[54] Kathryn Trosper Popper (died March 6, 2016) was reported to have been the last surviving actor to have appeared in Citizen Kane.[55] Jean Forward (died September 2016), a soprano who dubbed the singing voice of Susan Alexander, was the last surviving performer from the film.[56]
Filming[edit]
Production advisor Miriam Geiger quickly compiled a handmade film textbook for Welles, a practical reference book of film techniques that he studied carefully. He then taught himself filmmaking by matching its visual vocabulary to The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, which he ordered from the Museum of Modern Art,[19]: 173 and films by Frank Capra, René Clair, Fritz Lang, King Vidor[57]: 1172 : 1171 and Jean Renoir.[17]: 209 The one film he genuinely studied was John Ford’s Stagecoach,[20]: 29 which he watched 40 times.[58] «As it turned out, the first day I ever walked onto a set was my first day as a director,» Welles said. «I’d learned whatever I knew in the projection room—from Ford. After dinner every night for about a month, I’d run Stagecoach, often with some different technician or department head from the studio, and ask questions. ‘How was this done?’ ‘Why was this done?’ It was like going to school.»[20]: 29
Welles’s cinematographer for the film was Gregg Toland, described by Welles as «just then, the number-one cameraman in the world.» To Welles’s astonishment, Toland visited him at his office and said, «I want you to use me on your picture.» He had seen some of the Mercury stage productions (including Caesar[24]: 66 ) and said he wanted to work with someone who had never made a movie.[20]: 59 RKO hired Toland on loan from Samuel Goldwyn Productions[44]: 10 in the first week of June 1940.[18]: 40
«And he never tried to impress us that he was doing any miracles,» Welles recalled. «I was calling for things only a beginner would have been ignorant enough to think anybody could ever do, and there he was, doing them.»[20]: 60 Toland later explained that he wanted to work with Welles because he anticipated the first-time director’s inexperience and reputation for audacious experimentation in the theater would allow the cinematographer to try new and innovative camera techniques that typical Hollywood films would never have allowed him to do.[19]: 186 Unaware of filmmaking protocol, Welles adjusted the lights on set as he was accustomed to doing in the theater; Toland quietly re-balanced them, and was angry when one of the crew informed Welles that he was infringing on Toland’s responsibilities.[59]: 5:33–6:06 During the first few weeks of June, Welles had lengthy discussions about the film with Toland and art director Perry Ferguson in the morning, and in the afternoon and evening he worked with actors and revised the script.[18]: 69
Cinematographer Gregg Toland wanted to work with Welles for the opportunity of trying experimental camera techniques that other films did not allow.
On June 29, 1940—a Saturday morning when few inquisitive studio executives would be around—Welles began filming Citizen Kane.[18]: 69 [24]: 107 After the disappointment of having Heart of Darkness canceled,[20]: 30–31 Welles followed Ferguson’s suggestion[g][20]: 57 and deceived RKO into believing that he was simply shooting camera tests. «But we were shooting the picture,» Welles said, «because we wanted to get started and be already into it before anybody knew about it.»[20]: 57
At the time RKO executives were pressuring him to agree to direct a film called The Men from Mars, to capitalize on «The War of the Worlds» radio broadcast. Welles said that he would consider making the project but wanted to make a different film first. At this time he did not inform them that he had already begun filming Citizen Kane.[19]: 186
The early footage was called «Orson Welles Tests» on all paperwork.[18]: 69 The first «test» shot was the News on the March projection room scene, economically filmed in a real studio projection room in darkness that masked many actors who appeared in other roles later in the film.[18]: 69 [20]: 77–78 [h] «At $809 Orson did run substantially beyond the test budget of $528—to create one of the most famous scenes in movie history,» wrote Barton Whaley.[24]: 107
The next scenes were the El Rancho nightclub scenes and the scene in which Susan attempts suicide.[i][18]: 69 Welles later said that the nightclub set was available after another film had wrapped and that filming took 10 to 12 days to complete. For these scenes Welles had Comingore’s throat sprayed with chemicals to give her voice a harsh, raspy tone.[49]: 170–171 Other scenes shot in secret included those in which Thompson interviews Leland and Bernstein, which were also shot on sets built for other films.[53]
During production, the film was referred to as RKO 281. Most of the filming took place in what is now Stage 19 on the Paramount Pictures lot in Hollywood.[61] There was some location filming at Balboa Park in San Diego and the San Diego Zoo.[62] Photographs of German-Jewish investment banker Otto Hermann Kahn’s real-life estate Oheka Castle were used to portray the fictional Xanadu.[63][64]
In the end of July, RKO approved the film and Welles was allowed to officially begin shooting, despite having already been filming «tests» for several weeks. Welles leaked stories to newspaper reporters that the «tests» had been so good that there was no need to re-shoot them. The first «official» scene to be shot was the breakfast montage sequence between Kane and his first wife Emily. To strategically save money and appease the RKO executives who opposed him, Welles rehearsed scenes extensively before actually shooting and filmed very few takes of each shot set-up.[19]: 193 Welles never shot master shots for any scene after Toland told him that Ford never shot them.[49]: 169 To appease the increasingly curious press, Welles threw a cocktail party for selected reporters, promising that they could watch a scene being filmed. When the journalists arrived Welles told them they had «just finished» shooting for the day but still had the party.[19]: 193 Welles told the press that he was ahead of schedule (without factoring in the month of «test shooting»), thus discrediting claims that after a year in Hollywood without making a film he was a failure in the film industry.[19]: 194
Welles fell ten feet (3 m) while shooting the scene in which Kane shouts at the departing Boss Jim W. Gettys; his injuries required him to direct from a wheelchair for two weeks.
Welles usually worked 16 to 18 hours a day on the film. He often began work at 4 a.m. since the special effects make-up used to age him for certain scenes took up to four hours to apply. Welles used this time to discuss the day’s shooting with Toland and other crew members. The special contact lenses used to make Welles look elderly proved very painful, and a doctor was employed to place them into Welles’s eyes. Welles had difficulty seeing clearly while wearing them, which caused him to badly cut his wrist when shooting the scene in which Kane breaks up the furniture in Susan’s bedroom. While shooting the scene in which Kane shouts at Gettys on the stairs of Susan Alexander’s apartment building, Welles fell ten feet; an X-ray revealed two bone chips in his ankle.[19]: 194
The injury required him to direct the film from a wheelchair for two weeks.[19]: 194–195 He eventually wore a steel brace to resume performing on camera; it is visible in the low-angle scene between Kane and Leland after Kane loses the election.[j][20]: 61 For the final scene, a stage at the Selznick studio was equipped with a working furnace, and multiple takes were required to show the sled being put into the fire and the word «Rosebud» consumed. Paul Stewart recalled that on the ninth take the Culver City Fire Department arrived in full gear because the furnace had grown so hot the flue caught fire. «Orson was delighted with the commotion», he said.[52]: 8–9 [65]
When «Rosebud» was burned, Welles choreographed[clarification needed] the scene while he had composer Bernard Herrmann’s cue playing on the set.[66]
Unlike Schaefer, many members of RKO’s board of governors did not like Welles or the control that his contract gave him.[19]: 186 However such board members as Nelson Rockefeller and NBC chief David Sarnoff[57]: 1170 were sympathetic to Welles.[67] Throughout production Welles had problems with these executives not respecting his contract’s stipulation of non-interference and several spies arrived on set to report what they saw to the executives. When the executives would sometimes arrive on set unannounced the entire cast and crew would suddenly start playing softball until they left. Before official shooting began the executives intercepted all copies of the script and delayed their delivery to Welles. They had one copy sent to their office in New York, resulting in it being leaked to press.[19]: 195
Principal shooting wrapped October 24. Welles then took several weeks away from the film for a lecture tour, during which he also scouted additional locations with Toland and Ferguson. Filming resumed November 15[18]: 87 with some re-shoots. Toland had to leave due to a commitment to shoot Howard Hughes’ The Outlaw, but Toland’s camera crew continued working on the film and Toland was replaced by RKO cinematographer Harry J. Wild. The final day of shooting on November 30 was Kane’s death scene.[18]: 85 Welles boasted that he only went 21 days over his official shooting schedule, without factoring in the month of «camera tests».[19]: 195 According to RKO records, the film cost $839,727. Its estimated budget had been $723,800.[11]
Post-production[edit]
Citizen Kane was edited by Robert Wise and assistant editor Mark Robson.[44]: 85 Both would become successful film directors. Wise was hired after Welles finished shooting the «camera tests» and began officially making the film. Wise said that Welles «had an older editor assigned to him for those tests and evidently he was not too happy and asked to have somebody else. I was roughly Orson’s age and had several good credits.» Wise and Robson began editing the film while it was still shooting and said that they «could tell certainly that we were getting something very special. It was outstanding film day in and day out.»[57]: 1210
Welles gave Wise detailed instructions and was usually not present during the film’s editing.[18]: 109 The film was very well planned out and intentionally shot for such post-production techniques as slow dissolves.[53] The lack of coverage made editing easy since Welles and Toland edited the film «in camera» by leaving few options of how it could be put together.[18]: 110 Wise said the breakfast table sequence took weeks to edit and get the correct «timing» and «rhythm» for the whip pans and overlapping dialogue.[53] The News on the March sequence was edited by RKO’s newsreel division to give it authenticity.[18]: 110 They used stock footage from Pathé News and the General Film Library.[11]
During post-production Welles and special effects artist Linwood G. Dunn experimented with an optical printer to improve certain scenes that Welles found unsatisfactory from the footage.[53] Whereas Welles was often immediately pleased with Wise’s work, he would require Dunn and post-production audio engineer James G. Stewart to re-do their work several times until he was satisfied.[18]: 109
Welles hired Bernard Herrmann to compose the film’s score. Where most Hollywood film scores were written quickly, in as few as two or three weeks after filming was completed, Herrmann was given 12 weeks to write the music. He had sufficient time to do his own orchestrations and conducting, and worked on the film reel by reel as it was shot and cut. He wrote complete musical pieces for some of the montages, and Welles edited many of the scenes to match their length.[68]
Trailer[edit]
Written and directed by Welles at Toland’s suggestion, the theatrical trailer for Citizen Kane differs from other trailers in that it did not feature a single second of footage of the actual film itself, but acts as a wholly original, tongue-in-cheek, pseudo-documentary piece on the film’s production.[49]: 230 Filmed at the same time as Citizen Kane itself, it offers the only existing behind-the-scenes footage of the film. The trailer, shot by Wild instead of Toland, follows an unseen Welles as he provides narration for a tour around the film set, introductions to the film’s core cast members, and a brief overview of Kane’s character.[20]: 360 The trailer also contains a number of trick shots, including one of Everett Sloane appearing at first to be running into the camera, which turns out to be the reflection of the camera in a mirror.[69]
At the time, it was almost unprecedented for a film trailer to not actually feature anything of the film itself; and while Citizen Kane is frequently cited as a groundbreaking, influential film, Simon Callow argues its trailer was no less original in its approach. Callow writes that it has «great playful charm … it is a miniature documentary, almost an introduction to the cinema … Teasing, charming, completely original, it is a sort of conjuring trick: Without his face appearing once on the screen, Welles entirely dominates its five [sic] minutes’ duration.»[22]: 558–9
Style[edit]
Film scholars and historians view Citizen Kane as Welles’s attempt to create a new style of filmmaking by studying various forms of it and combining them into one. However, Welles stated that his love for cinema began only when he started working on the film. When asked where he got the confidence as a first-time director to direct a film so radically different from contemporary cinema, he responded, «Ignorance, ignorance, sheer ignorance—you know there’s no confidence to equal it. It’s only when you know something about a profession, I think, that you’re timid or careful.»[33]: 80
David Bordwell wrote that «The best way to understand Citizen Kane is to stop worshipping it as a triumph of technique.» Bordwell argues that the film did not invent any of its famous techniques such as deep focus cinematography, shots of the ceilings, chiaroscuro lighting and temporal jump-cuts, and that many of these stylistics had been used in German Expressionist films of the 1920s, such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari. But Bordwell asserts that the film did put them all together for the first time and perfected the medium in one single film.[57]: 1171 In a 1948 interview, D. W. Griffith said, «I loved Citizen Kane and particularly loved the ideas he took from me.»[70]
Arguments against the film’s cinematic innovations were made as early as 1946 when French historian Georges Sadoul wrote, «The film is an encyclopedia of old techniques.» He pointed out such examples as compositions that used both the foreground and the background in the films of Auguste and Louis Lumière, special effects used in the films of Georges Méliès, shots of the ceiling in Erich von Stroheim’s Greed and newsreel montages in the films of Dziga Vertov.[71]
French film critic André Bazin defended the film, writing: «In this respect, the accusation of plagiarism could very well be extended to the film’s use of panchromatic film or its exploitation of the properties of gelatinous silver halide.» Bazin disagreed with Sadoul’s comparison to Lumière’s cinematography since Citizen Kane used more sophisticated lenses,[72]: 232 but acknowledged that it had similarities to such previous works as The 49th Parallel and The Power and the Glory. Bazin stated that «even if Welles did not invent the cinematic devices employed in Citizen Kane, one should nevertheless credit him with the invention of their meaning.»[72]: 233 Bazin championed the techniques in the film for its depiction of heightened reality, but Bordwell believed that the film’s use of special effects contradicted some of Bazin’s theories.[73]: 75
Storytelling techniques[edit]
Citizen Kane rejects the traditional linear, chronological narrative and tells Kane’s story entirely in flashbacks using different points of view, many of them from Kane’s aged and forgetful associates, the cinematic equivalent of the unreliable narrator in literature.[74]: 83 Welles also dispenses with the idea of a single storyteller and uses multiple narrators to recount Kane’s life, a technique not used previously in Hollywood films.[74]: 81 Each narrator recounts a different part of Kane’s life, with each story overlapping another.[75] The film depicts Kane as an enigma, a complicated man who leaves viewers with more questions than answers as to his character, such as the newsreel footage where he is attacked for being both a communist and a fascist.[74]: 82–84
The technique of flashbacks had been used in earlier films, notably The Power and the Glory (1933),[76] but no film was as immersed in it as Citizen Kane. Thompson the reporter acts as a surrogate for the audience, questioning Kane’s associates and piecing together his life.[75]
Films typically had an «omniscient perspective» at the time, which Marilyn Fabe says give the audience the «illusion that we are looking with impunity into a world which is unaware of our gaze». Citizen Kane also begins in that fashion until the News on the March sequence, after which we the audience see the film through the perspectives of others.[74]: 81 The News on the March sequence gives an overview of Kane’s entire life (and the film’s entire story) at the beginning of the film, leaving the audience without the typical suspense of wondering how it will end. Instead, the film’s repetitions of events compels the audience to analyze and wonder why Kane’s life happened the way that it did, under the pretext of finding out what «Rosebud» means. The film then returns to the omniscient perspective in the final scene, when only the audience discovers what «Rosebud» is.[74]: 82–83
Cinematography[edit]
Welles and cinematographer Gregg Toland prepare to film the post-election confrontation between Kane and Leland, shot from an extremely low angle that required cutting into the set floor.
Welles placed Toland’s credit with his own to acknowledge the cinematographer’s contributions.
The most innovative technical aspect of Citizen Kane is the extended use of deep focus,[77] where the foreground, background, and everything in between are all in sharp focus. Cinematographer Toland did this through his experimentation with lenses and lighting. Toland described the achievement in an article for Theatre Arts magazine, made possible by the sensitivity of modern speed film:
New developments in the science of motion picture photography are not abundant at this advanced stage of the game but periodically one is perfected to make this a greater art. Of these I am in an excellent position to discuss what is termed «Pan-focus», as I have been active for two years in its development and used it for the first time in Citizen Kane. Through its use, it is possible to photograph action from a range of eighteen inches from the camera lens to over two hundred feet away, with extreme foreground and background figures and action both recorded in sharp relief. Hitherto, the camera had to be focused either for a close or a distant shot, all efforts to encompass both at the same time resulting in one or the other being out of focus. This handicap necessitated the breaking up of a scene into long and short angles, with much consequent loss of realism. With pan-focus, the camera, like the human eye, sees an entire panorama at once, with everything clear and lifelike.[78]
Another unorthodox method used in the film was the low-angle shots facing upwards, thus allowing ceilings to be shown in the background of several scenes. Every set was built with a ceiling[78] which broke with studio convention, and many were constructed of fabric that concealed microphones.[79] Welles felt that the camera should show what the eye sees, and that it was a bad theatrical convention to pretend that there was no ceiling—»a big lie in order to get all those terrible lights up there,» he said. He became fascinated with the look of low angles, which made even dull interiors look interesting. One extremely low angle is used to photograph the encounter between Kane and Leland after Kane loses the election. A hole was dug for the camera, which required drilling into the concrete floor.[20]: 61–62
Welles credited Toland on the same title card as himself. «It’s impossible to say how much I owe to Gregg,» he said. «He was superb.»[20]: 59 [80] He called Toland «the best director of photography that ever existed.»[81]
Sound[edit]
Citizen Kane‘s sound was recorded by Bailey Fesler and re-recorded in post-production by audio engineer James G. Stewart,[44]: 85 both of whom had worked in radio.[18]: 102 Stewart said that Hollywood films never deviated from a basic pattern of how sound could be recorded or used, but with Welles «deviation from the pattern was possible because he demanded it.»[53] Although the film is known for its complex soundtrack, much of the audio is heard as it was recorded by Fesler and without manipulation.[18]: 102
Welles used techniques from radio like overlapping dialogue. The scene in which characters sing «Oh, Mr. Kane» was especially complicated and required mixing several soundtracks together.[18]: 104 He also used different «sound perspectives» to create the illusion of distances,[18]: 101 such as in scenes at Xanadu where characters speak to each other at far distances.[53] Welles experimented with sound in post-production, creating audio montages,[82]: 94 and chose to create all of the sound effects for the film instead of using RKO’s library of sound effects.[18]: 100
Welles used an aural technique from radio called the «lightning-mix». Welles used this technique to link complex montage sequences via a series of related sounds or phrases. For example, Kane grows from a child into a young man in just two shots. As Thatcher hands eight-year-old Kane a sled and wishes him a Merry Christmas, the sequence suddenly jumps to a shot of Thatcher fifteen years later, completing the sentence he began in both the previous shot and the chronological past. Other radio techniques include using a number of voices, each saying a sentence or sometimes merely a fragment of a sentence, and splicing the dialogue together in quick succession, such as the projection room scene.[83]: 413–412 The film’s sound cost $16,996, but was originally budgeted at $7,288.[18]: 105
Film critic and director François Truffaut wrote that «Before Kane, nobody in Hollywood knew how to set music properly in movies. Kane was the first, in fact the only, great film that uses radio techniques. … A lot of filmmakers know enough to follow Auguste Renoir’s advice to fill the eyes with images at all costs, but only Orson Welles understood that the sound track had to be filled in the same way.»[84] Cedric Belfrage of The Clipper wrote «of all of the delectable flavours that linger on the palate after seeing Kane, the use of sound is the strongest.»[57]: 1171
Make-up[edit]
The make-up for Citizen Kane was created and applied by Maurice Seiderman (1907–1989), a junior member of the RKO make-up department.[85]: 19 He had not been accepted into the union, which recognized him as only an apprentice, but RKO nevertheless used him to make up principal actors.[85]: 19 «Apprentices were not supposed to make up any principals, only extras, and an apprentice could not be on a set without a journeyman present,» wrote make-up artist Dick Smith, who became friends with Seiderman in 1979. «During his years at RKO I suspect these rules were probably overlooked often.»[85]: 19 «Seiderman had gained a reputation as one of the most inventive and creatively precise up-and-coming makeup men in Hollywood,» wrote biographer Frank Brady.[17]: 253
On an early tour of RKO, Welles met Seiderman in the small make-up lab that he created for himself in an unused dressing room.[85]: 19 «Welles fastened on to him at once,» wrote biographer Charles Higham, as Seiderman had developed his own makeup methods «that ensured complete naturalness of expression—a naturalness unrivaled in Hollywood.»[46]: 157 Seiderman developed a thorough plan for aging the principal characters, first making a plaster cast of the face of each of the actors who aged. He made a plaster mold of Welles’s body down to the hips.[86]: 46
«My sculptural techniques for the characters’ aging were handled by adding pieces of white modeling clay, which matched the plaster, onto the surface of each bust,» Seiderman told Norman Gambill. When Seiderman achieved the desired effect, he cast the clay pieces in a soft plastic material[86]: 46 that he formulated himself.[85]: 20 These appliances were then placed onto the plaster bust and a four-piece mold was made for each phase of aging. The castings were then fully painted and paired with the appropriate wig for evaluation.[86]: 46–47
Before the actors went before the cameras each day, the pliable pieces were applied directly to their faces to recreate Seiderman’s sculptural image. The facial surface was underpainted in a flexible red plastic compound;[86]: 43 The red ground resulted in a warmth of tone that was picked up by the panchromatic film. Over that was applied liquid grease paint, and finally a colorless translucent talcum.[86]: 42–43 Seiderman created the effect of skin pores on Kane’s face by stippling the surface with a negative cast made from an orange peel.[86]: 42, 47
Welles often arrived on the set at 2:30 am,[20]: 69 as application of the sculptural make-up took 3½ hours for the oldest incarnation of Kane. The make-up included appliances to age Welles’s shoulders, breast, and stomach.[85]: 19–20 «In the film and production photographs, you can see that Kane had a belly that overhung,» Seiderman said. «That was not a costume, it was the rubber sculpture that created the image. You could see how Kane’s silk shirt clung wetly to the character’s body. It could not have been done any other way.»[86]: 46
Seiderman worked with Charles Wright on the wigs. These went over a flexible skull cover that Seiderman created and sewed into place with elastic thread. When he found the wigs too full, he untied one hair at a time to alter their shape. Kane’s mustache was inserted into the makeup surface a few hairs at a time, to realistically vary the color and texture.[86]: 43, 47 He also made scleral lenses for Welles, Dorothy Comingore, George Coulouris, and Everett Sloane to dull the brightness of their young eyes. The lenses took a long time to fit properly, and Seiderman began work on them before devising any of the other makeup. «I painted them to age in phases, ending with the blood vessels and the arcus senilis of old age.»[86]: 47 Seiderman’s tour de force was the breakfast montage, shot all in one day. «Twelve years, two years shot at each scene,» he said.[86]: 47
Kane ages convincingly in the breakfast montage, make-up artist Maurice Seiderman’s tour de force
The major studios gave screen credit for make-up only to the department head. When RKO make-up department head Mel Berns refused to share credit with Seiderman, who was only an apprentice, Welles told Berns that there would be no make-up credit. Welles signed a large advertisement in the Los Angeles newspaper:[85]: 22 [86]: 48
THANKS TO EVERYBODY WHO GETS SCREEN CREDIT FOR «CITIZEN KANE»
AND THANKS TO THOSE WHO DON’T
TO ALL THE ACTORS, THE CREW, THE OFFICE, THE MUSICIANS, EVERYBODY
AND PARTICULARLY TO MAURICE SEIDERMAN, THE BEST MAKE-UP MAN IN THE WORLD[85]: 20
Sets[edit]
Although credited as an assistant, the film’s art direction was done by Perry Ferguson.[44]: 85 Welles and Ferguson got along during their collaboration.[18]: 37 In the weeks before production began Welles, Toland and Ferguson met regularly to discuss the film and plan every shot, set design and prop. Ferguson would take notes during these discussions and create rough designs of the sets and story boards for individual shots. After Welles approved the rough sketches, Ferguson made miniature models for Welles and Toland to experiment on with a periscope in order to rehearse and perfect each shot. Ferguson then had detailed drawings made for the set design, including the film’s lighting design. The set design was an integral part of the film’s overall look and Toland’s cinematography.[18]: 42
In the original script the Great Hall at Xanadu was modeled after the Great Hall in Hearst Castle and its design included a mixture of Renaissance and Gothic styles.[18]: 50–51 «The Hearstian element is brought out in the almost perverse juxtaposition of incongruous architectural styles and motifs,» wrote Carringer.[18]: 54 Before RKO cut the film’s budget, Ferguson’s designs were more elaborate and resembled the production designs of early Cecil B. DeMille films and Intolerance.[18]: 55 The budget cuts reduced Ferguson’s budget by 33 percent and his work cost $58,775 total,[18]: 65 which was below average at that time.[82]: 93
To save costs Ferguson and Welles re-wrote scenes in Xanadu’s living room and transported them to the Great Hall. A large staircase from another film was found and used at no additional cost.[18]: 56–57 When asked about the limited budget, Ferguson said «Very often—as in that much-discussed ‘Xanadu’ set in Citizen Kane—we can make a foreground piece, a background piece, and imaginative lighting suggests a great deal more on the screen than actually exists on the stage.»[18]: 65–66 According to the film’s official budget there were 81 sets built, but Ferguson said there were between 106 and 116.[18]: 64
Still photographs of Oheka Castle in Huntington, New York, were used in the opening montage, representing Kane’s Xanadu estate.[87][88] Ferguson also designed statues from Kane’s collection with styles ranging from Greek to German Gothic.[18]: 61 The sets were also built to accommodate Toland’s camera movements. Walls were built to fold and furniture could quickly be moved. The film’s famous ceilings were made out of muslin fabric and camera boxes were built into the floors for low angle shots.[18]: 64–65 Welles later said that he was proud that the film production value looked much more expensive than the film’s budget. Although neither worked with Welles again, Toland and Ferguson collaborated in several films in the 1940s.[18]: 65
Special effects[edit]
The film’s special effects were supervised by RKO department head Vernon L. Walker.[44]: 85 Welles pioneered several visual effects to cheaply shoot things like crowd scenes and large interior spaces. For example, the scene in which the camera in the opera house rises dramatically to the rafters, to show the workmen showing a lack of appreciation for Susan Alexander Kane’s performance, was shot by a camera craning upwards over the performance scene, then a curtain wipe to a miniature of the upper regions of the house, and then another curtain wipe matching it again with the scene of the workmen. Other scenes effectively employed miniatures to make the film look much more expensive than it truly was, such as various shots of Xanadu.[89]
Some shots included rear screen projection in the background, such as Thompson’s interview of Leland and some of the ocean backgrounds at Xanadu.[18]: 88 Bordwell claims that the scene where Thatcher agrees to be Kane’s guardian used rear screen projection to depict young Kane in the background, despite this scene being cited as a prime example of Toland’s deep focus cinematography.[73]: 74 A special effects camera crew from Walker’s department was required for the extreme close-up shots such as Kane’s lips when he says «Rosebud» and the shot of the typewriter typing Susan’s bad review.[18]: 88
Optical effects artist Dunn claimed that «up to 80 percent of some reels was optically printed.» These shots were traditionally attributed to Toland for years.[90]: 110 The optical printer improved some of the deep focus shots.[18]: 92 One problem with the optical printer was that it sometimes created excessive graininess, such as the optical zoom out of the snow globe. Welles decided to superimpose snow falling to mask the graininess in these shots.[18]: 94 Toland said that he disliked the results of the optical printer,[18]: 92 but acknowledged that «RKO special effects expert Vernon Walker, ASC, and his staff handled their part of the production—a by no means inconsiderable assignment—with ability and fine understanding.»[73]: 74–75
Any time deep focus was impossible—as in the scene in which Kane finishes a negative review of Susan’s opera while at the same time firing the person who began writing the review—an optical printer was used to make the whole screen appear in focus, visually layering one piece of film onto another.[18]: 92 However, some apparently deep-focus shots were the result of in-camera effects, as in the famous scene in which Kane breaks into Susan’s room after her suicide attempt. In the background, Kane and another man break into the room, while simultaneously the medicine bottle and a glass with a spoon in it are in closeup in the foreground. The shot was an in-camera matte shot. The foreground was shot first, with the background dark. Then the background was lit, the foreground darkened, the film rewound, and the scene re-shot with the background action.[18]: 82
Music[edit]
Incidental music includes the publisher’s theme, «Oh, Mr. Kane», a tune by Pepe Guízar with special lyrics by Herman Ruby.
The film’s music was composed by Bernard Herrmann.[91]: 72 Herrmann had composed for Welles for his Mercury Theatre radio broadcasts.[91]: 63 Because it was Herrmann’s first motion picture score, RKO wanted to pay him only a small fee, but Welles insisted he be paid at the same rate as Max Steiner.[91]: 72
The score established Herrmann as an important new composer of film soundtracks[45] and eschewed the typical Hollywood practice of scoring a film with virtually non-stop music. Instead Herrmann used what he later described as «radio scoring», musical cues typically 5–15 seconds in length that bridge the action or suggest a different emotional response.[91]: 77–78 The breakfast montage sequence begins with a graceful waltz theme and gets darker with each variation on that theme as the passage of time leads to the hardening of Kane’s personality and the breakdown of his first marriage.[92][93]
Herrmann realized that musicians slated to play his music were hired for individual unique sessions; there was no need to write for existing ensembles. This meant that he was free to score for unusual combinations of instruments, even instruments that are not commonly heard. In the opening sequence, for example, the tour of Kane’s estate Xanadu, Herrmann introduces a recurring leitmotif played by low woodwinds, including a quartet of alto flutes.[94]
For Susan Alexander Kane’s operatic sequence, Welles suggested that Herrmann compose a witty parody of a Mary Garden vehicle, an aria from Salammbô.[20]: 57 «Our problem was to create something that would give the audience the feeling of the quicksand into which this simple little girl, having a charming but small voice, is suddenly thrown,» Herrmann said.[91]: 79 Writing in the style of a 19th-century French Oriental opera,[68] Herrmann put the aria in a key that would force the singer to strain to reach the high notes, culminating in a high D, well outside the range of Susan Alexander.[91]: 79–80 Soprano Jean Forward dubbed the vocal part for Comingore.[45] Houseman claimed to have written the libretto, based on Jean Racine’s Athalie and Phedre,[32]: 460–461 although some confusion remains since Lucille Fletcher remembered preparing the lyrics.[91]: 80 Fletcher, then Herrmann’s wife, wrote the libretto for his opera Wuthering Heights.[91]: 11
Music enthusiasts consider the scene in which Susan Alexander Kane attempts to sing the famous cavatina «Una voce poco fa» from Il barbiere di Siviglia by Gioachino Rossini with vocal coach Signor Matiste as especially memorable for depicting the horrors of learning music through mistakes.[95]
In 1972, Herrmann said, «I was fortunate to start my career with a film like Citizen Kane, it’s been a downhill run ever since!» Welles loved Herrmann’s score and told director Henry Jaglom that it was 50 percent responsible for the film’s artistic success.[91]: 84
Some incidental music came from other sources. Welles heard the tune used for the publisher’s theme, «Oh, Mr. Kane», in Mexico.[20]: 57 Called «A Poco No», the song was written by Pepe Guízar and special lyrics were written by Herman Ruby.[96]
«In a Mizz», a 1939 jazz song by Charlie Barnet and Haven Johnson, bookends Thompson’s second interview of Susan Alexander Kane.[18]: 108 [96] «I kind of based the whole scene around that song,» Welles said. «The music is by Nat Cole—it’s his trio.»[20]: 56 Later—beginning with the lyrics, «It can’t be love»—»In a Mizz» is performed at the Everglades picnic, framing the fight in the tent between Susan and Kane.[18]: 108 Musicians including bandleader Cee Pee Johnson (drums), Alton Redd (vocals), Raymond Tate (trumpet), Buddy Collette (alto sax) and Buddy Banks (tenor sax) are featured.[97]
All of the music used in the newsreel came from the RKO music library, edited at Welles’s request by the newsreel department to achieve what Herrmann called «their own crazy way of cutting». The News on the March theme that accompanies the newsreel titles is «Belgian March» by Anthony Collins, from the film Nurse Edith Cavell. Other examples are an excerpt from Alfred Newman’s score for Gunga Din (the exploration of Xanadu), Roy Webb’s theme for the film Reno (the growth of Kane’s empire), and bits of Webb’s score for Five Came Back (introducing Walter Parks Thatcher).[91]: 79 [96]
Editing[edit]
Orson Welles and Ruth Warrick in the breakfast montage
One of the editing techniques used in Citizen Kane was the use of montage to collapse time and space, using an episodic sequence on the same set while the characters changed costume and make-up between cuts so that the scene following each cut would look as if it took place in the same location, but at a time long after the previous cut. In the breakfast montage, Welles chronicles the breakdown of Kane’s first marriage in five vignettes that condense 16 years of story time into two minutes of screen time.[98] Welles said that the idea for the breakfast scene «was stolen from The Long Christmas Dinner by Thornton Wilder … a one-act play, which is a long Christmas dinner that takes you through something like 60 years of a family’s life.»[20]: 51 The film often uses long dissolves to signify the passage of time and its psychological effect of the characters, such as the scene in which the abandoned sled is covered with snow after the young Kane is sent away with Thatcher.[74]: 90–91
Welles was influenced by the editing theories of Sergei Eisenstein by using jarring cuts that caused «sudden graphic or associative contrasts», such as the cut from Kane’s deathbed to the beginning of the News on the March sequence and a sudden shot of a shrieking cockatoo at the beginning of Raymond’s flashback.[74]: 88–89 Although the film typically favors mise-en-scène over montage, the scene in which Kane goes to Susan Alexander’s apartment after first meeting her is the only one that is primarily cut as close-ups with shots and counter shots between Kane and Susan.[44]: 68 Fabe says that «by using a standard Hollywood technique sparingly, [Welles] revitalizes its psychological expressiveness.»[74]: 88
Political themes[edit]
Laura Mulvey explored the anti-fascist themes of Citizen Kane in her 1992 monograph for the British Film Institute. The News on the March newsreel presents Kane keeping company with Hitler and other dictators while he smugly assures the public that there will be no war.[99]: 44 She wrote that the film reflects «the battle between intervention and isolationism» then being waged in the United States; the film was released six months before the attack on Pearl Harbor, while President Franklin D. Roosevelt was laboring to win public opinion for entering World War II. «In the rhetoric of Citizen Kane,» Mulvey writes, «the destiny of isolationism is realised in metaphor: in Kane’s own fate, dying wealthy and lonely, surrounded by the detritus of European culture and history.»[44]: 15
Journalist Ignacio Ramonet has cited the film as an early example of mass media manipulation of public opinion and the power that media conglomerates have on influencing the democratic process. He believes that this early example of a media mogul influencing politics is outdated and that today «there are media groups with the power of a thousand Citizen Kanes.»[100][101] Media mogul Rupert Murdoch is sometimes labeled as a latter-day Citizen Kane.[102][103]
Comparisons have also been made between the career and character of Donald Trump and Charles Foster Kane.[104][105][106] Citizen Kane is reported to be one of Trump’s favorite films, and his biographer Tim O’Brien has said that Trump is fascinated by and identifies with Kane.[107] In an interview with filmmaker Errol Morris, Trump explained his own interpretation of the film’s themes, saying «You learn in ‘Kane’ maybe wealth isn’t everything, because he had the wealth but he didn’t have the happiness. In real life I believe that wealth does in fact isolate you from other people. It’s a protective mechanism — you have your guard up much more so [than] if you didn’t have wealth…Perhaps I can understand that.»[108]
Reception[edit]
Pre-release controversy[edit]
To ensure that Hearst’s life’s influence on Citizen Kane was a secret, Welles limited access to dailies and managed the film’s publicity. A December 1940 feature story in Stage magazine compared the film’s narrative to Faust and made no mention of Hearst.[18]: 111
The film was scheduled to premiere at RKO’s flagship theater Radio City Music Hall on February 14, but in early January 1941 Welles was not finished with post-production work and told RKO that it still needed its musical score.[19]: 205 Writers for national magazines had early deadlines and so a rough cut was previewed for a select few on January 3, 1941[18]: 111 for such magazines as Life, Look and Redbook. Gossip columnist Hedda Hopper (an arch-rival of Louella Parsons, the Hollywood correspondent for Hearst papers) showed up to the screening uninvited. Most of the critics at the preview said that they liked the film and gave it good advanced reviews. Hopper wrote negatively about it, calling the film a «vicious and irresponsible attack on a great man» and criticizing its corny writing and old fashioned photography.[19]: 205
Friday magazine ran an article drawing point-by-point comparisons between Kane and Hearst and documented how Welles had led on Parsons.[18]: 111 Up until this Welles had been friendly with Parsons. The magazine quoted Welles as saying that he couldn’t understand why she was so nice to him and that she should «wait until the woman finds out that the picture’s about her boss.» Welles immediately denied making the statement and the editor of Friday admitted that it might be false. Welles apologized to Parsons and assured her that he had never made that remark.[19]: 205
Film columnist and Hearst employee Louella Parsons was humiliated by Citizen Kane and made numerous threats to prevent the film’s release.
Shortly after Friday‘s article, Hearst sent Parsons an angry letter complaining that he had learned about Citizen Kane from Hopper and not her. The incident made a fool of Parsons and compelled her to start attacking Welles and the film. Parsons demanded a private screening of the film and personally threatened Schaefer on Hearst’s behalf, first with a lawsuit and then with a vague threat of consequences for everyone in Hollywood. On January 10 Parsons and two lawyers working for Hearst were given a private screening of the film.[19]: 206 James G. Stewart was present at the screening and said that she walked out of the film.[52]: 11
Soon after, Parsons called Schaefer and threatened RKO with a lawsuit if they released Kane.[18]: 111 She also contacted the management of Radio City Music Hall and demanded that they should not screen it.[19]: 206 The next day, the front page headline in Daily Variety read, «HEARST BANS RKO FROM PAPERS.»[109] Hearst began this ban by suppressing promotion of RKO’s Kitty Foyle,[82]: 94 but in two weeks the ban was lifted for everything except Kane.[18]: 111
When Schaefer did not submit to Parsons she called other studio heads and made more threats on behalf of Hearst to expose the private lives of people throughout the entire film industry.[19]: 206 Welles was threatened with an exposé about his romance with the married actress Dolores del Río, who wanted the affair kept secret until her divorce was finalized.[19]: 207 In a statement to journalists Welles denied that the film was about Hearst. Hearst began preparing an injunction against the film for libel and invasion of privacy, but Welles’s lawyer told him that he doubted Hearst would proceed due to the negative publicity and required testimony that an injunction would bring.[19]: 209
The Hollywood Reporter ran a front-page story on January 13 that Hearst papers were about to run a series of editorials attacking Hollywood’s practice of hiring refugees and immigrants for jobs that could be done by Americans. The goal was to put pressure on the other studios to force RKO to shelve Kane.[18]: 111 Many of those immigrants had fled Europe after the rise of fascism and feared losing the haven of the United States.[19]: 209 Soon afterwards, Schaefer was approached by Nicholas Schenck, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer’s parent company, with an offer on the behalf of Louis B. Mayer and other Hollywood executives to RKO Pictures of $805,000 to destroy all prints of the film and burn the negative.[18]: 111–112 [110]
Once RKO’s legal team reassured Schaefer, the studio announced on January 21 that Kane would be released as scheduled, and with one of the largest promotional campaigns in the studio’s history. Schaefer brought Welles to New York City for a private screening of the film with the New York corporate heads of the studios and their lawyers.[18]: 112 There was no objection to its release provided that certain changes, including the removal or softening of specific references that might offend Hearst, were made.[18]: 112–113 Welles agreed and cut the running time from 122 minutes to 119 minutes. The cuts satisfied the corporate lawyers.[18]: 113
Hearst’s response[edit]
Hearing about Citizen Kane enraged Hearst so much that he banned any advertising, reviewing, or mentioning of it in his papers, and had his journalists libel Welles.[110] Welles used Hearst’s opposition as a pretext for previewing the film in several opinion-making screenings in Los Angeles, lobbying for its artistic worth against the hostile campaign that Hearst was waging.[110] A special press screening took place in early March. Henry Luce was in attendance and reportedly wanted to buy the film from RKO for $1 million to distribute it himself. The reviews for this screening were positive. A Hollywood Review headline read, «Mr. Genius Comes Through; ‘Kane’ Astonishing Picture». The Motion Picture Herald reported about the screening and Hearst’s intention to sue RKO. Time magazine wrote that «The objection of Mr. Hearst, who founded a publishing empire on sensationalism, is ironic. For to most of the several hundred people who have seen the film at private screenings, Citizen Kane is the most sensational product of the U.S. movie industry.» A second press screening occurred in April.[82]: 94
When Schaefer rejected Hearst’s offer to suppress the film, Hearst banned every newspaper and station in his media conglomerate from reviewing—or even mentioning—the film. He also had many movie theaters ban it, and many did not show it through fear of being socially exposed by his massive newspaper empire.[111] The Oscar-nominated documentary The Battle Over Citizen Kane lays the blame for the film’s relative failure squarely at the feet of Hearst. The film did decent business at the box office; it went on to be the sixth highest grossing film in its year of release, a modest success its backers found acceptable. Nevertheless, the film’s commercial performance fell short of its creators’ expectations.[34] Hearst’s biographer David Nasaw points out that Hearst’s actions were not the only reason Kane failed, however: the innovations Welles made with narrative, as well as the dark message at the heart of the film (that the pursuit of success is ultimately futile) meant that a popular audience could not appreciate its merits.[112]: 572–573
Hearst’s attacks against Welles went beyond attempting to suppress the film. Welles said that while he was on his post-filming lecture tour a police detective approached him at a restaurant and advised him not to go back to his hotel. A 14-year-old girl had reportedly been hidden in the closet of his room, and two photographers were waiting for him to walk in. Knowing he would be jailed after the resulting publicity, Welles did not return to the hotel but waited until the train left town the following morning. «But that wasn’t Hearst,» Welles said, «that was a hatchet man from the local Hearst paper who thought he would advance himself by doing it.»[20]: 85–86
In March 1941, Welles directed a Broadway version of Richard Wright’s Native Son (and, for luck, used a «Rosebud» sled as a prop). Native Son received positive reviews, but Hearst-owned papers used the opportunity to attack Welles as a communist.[19]: 213 The Hearst papers vociferously attacked Welles after his April 1941 radio play, «His Honor, the Mayor»,[113] produced for The Free Company radio series on CBS.[43]: 113 [114]
Welles described his chance encounter with Hearst in an elevator at the Fairmont Hotel on the night Citizen Kane opened in San Francisco. Hearst and Welles’s father were acquaintances, so Welles introduced himself and asked Hearst if he would like to come to the opening. Hearst did not respond. «As he was getting off at his floor, I said, ‘Charles Foster Kane would have accepted.’ No reply», recalled Welles. «And Kane would have, you know. That was his style—just as he finished Jed Leland’s bad review of Susan as an opera singer.»[20]: 49–50
In 1945, Hearst journalist Robert Shaw wrote that the film got «a full tide of insensate fury» from Hearst papers, «then it ebbed suddenly. With one brain cell working, the chief realized that such hysterical barking by the trained seals would attract too much attention to the picture. But to this day the name of Orson Welles is on the official son-of-a-bitch list of every Hearst newspaper.»[115]: 102
Despite Hearst’s attempts to destroy the film, since 1941 references to his life and career have usually included a reference to Citizen Kane, such as the headline ‘Son of Citizen Kane Dies’ for the obituary of Hearst’s son.[116] In 2012, the Hearst estate agreed to screen the film at Hearst Castle in San Simeon, breaking Hearst’s ban on the film.[117]
Release[edit]
Theatrical release poster (Style A)
Radio City Music Hall’s management refused to screen Citizen Kane for its premiere. A possible factor was Parsons’s threat that The American Weekly would run a defamatory story on the grandfather of major RKO stockholder Nelson Rockefeller.[18]: 115 Other exhibitors feared being sued for libel by Hearst and refused to show the film.[19]: 216 In March Welles threatened the RKO board of governors with a lawsuit if they did not release the film. Schaefer stood by Welles and opposed the board of governors.[19]: 210 When RKO still delayed the film’s release Welles offered to buy the film for $1 million and the studio finally agreed to release the film on May 1.[19]: 215
Schaefer managed to book a few theaters willing to show the film. Hearst papers refused to accept advertising.[18]: 115 RKO’s publicity advertisements for the film erroneously promoted it as a love story.[19]: 217
Kane opened at the RKO Palace Theatre on Broadway in New York on May 1, 1941,[11] in Chicago on May 6, and in Los Angeles on May 8.[18]: 115 Welles said that at the Chicago premiere that he attended the theater was almost empty.[19]: 216 It did well in cities and larger towns but fared poorly in more remote areas. RKO still had problems getting exhibitors to show the film. For example, one chain controlling more than 500 theaters got Welles’s film as part of a package but refused to play it, reportedly out of fear of Hearst.[18]: 117 Hearst’s disruption of the film’s release damaged its box office performance and, as a result, it lost $160,000 during its initial run.[118]: 164 [119] The film earned $23,878 during its first week in New York. By the ninth week it only made $7,279. Overall it lost money in New York, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Washington, D.C., but made a profit in Seattle.[19]: 216
Contemporary responses[edit]
Citizen Kane received acclaim from several critics. New York Daily News critic Kate Cameron called it «one of the most interesting and technically superior films that has ever come out of a Hollywood studio».[120] New York World-Telegram critic William Boehnel said that the film was «staggering and belongs at once among the greatest screen achievements».[121] Time magazine wrote that «it has found important new techniques in picture-making and story-telling.»[19]: 211 Life magazine’s review said that «few movies have ever come from Hollywood with such powerful narrative, such original technique, such exciting photography.»[19]: 211 John C. Mosher of The New Yorker called the film’s style «like fresh air» and raved «Something new has come to the movie world at last.»[115]: 68 Anthony Bower of The Nation called it «brilliant» and praised the cinematography and performances by Welles, Comingore and Cotten.[122] John O’Hara’s Newsweek review called it the best picture he’d ever seen and said Welles was «the best actor in the history of acting.»[19]: 211 Welles called O’Hara’s review «the greatest review that anybody ever had.»[49]: 100
The day following the premiere of Citizen Kane, The New York Times critic Bosley Crowther wrote that «… it comes close to being the most sensational film ever made in Hollywood.»
Count on Mr. Welles: he doesn’t do things by halves. … Upon the screen he discovered an area large enough for his expansive whims to have free play. And the consequence is that he has made a picture of tremendous and overpowering scope, not in physical extent so much as in its rapid and graphic rotation of thoughts. Mr. Welles has put upon the screen a motion picture that really moves.[123]
In the UK C. A. Lejeune of The Observer called it «The most exciting film that has come out of Hollywood in twenty-five years»[124] and Dilys Powell of The Sunday Times said the film’s style was made «with the ease and boldness and resource of one who controls and is not controlled by his medium.»[125]: 63 Edward Tangye Lean of Horizon praised the film’s technical style, calling it «perhaps a decade ahead of its contemporaries.»[126][k]
A few reviews were mixed. Otis Ferguson of The New Republic said it was «the boldest free-hand stroke in major screen production since Griffith and Bitzer were running wild to unshackle the camera», but also criticized its style, calling it a «retrogression in film technique» and stating that «it holds no great place» in film history.[128] Ferguson reacted to some of the film’s celebrated visual techniques by calling them «just willful dabbling» and «the old shell game.» In a rare film review, filmmaker Erich von Stroheim criticized the film’s story and non-linear structure, but praised the technical style and performances, and wrote «Whatever the truth may be about it, Citizen Kane is a great picture and will go down in screen history. More power to Welles!»[129]
Some prominent critics wrote negative reviews. In his 1941 review for Sur, Jorge Luis Borges famously called the film «a labyrinth with no center» and predicted that its legacy would be a film «whose historical value is undeniable but which no one cares to see again.»[130] The Argus Weekend Magazine critic Erle Cox called the film «amazing» but thought that Welles’s break with Hollywood traditions was «overdone».[131] Tatler‘s James Agate called it «the well-intentioned, muddled, amateurish thing one expects from high-brows»[132] and «a quite good film which tries to run the psychological essay in harness with your detective thriller, and doesn’t quite succeed.»[133] Eileen Creelman of The New York Sun called it «a cold picture, unemotional, a puzzle rather than a drama».[46]: 178 Other people who disliked the film were W. H. Auden[49]: 98 and James Agee.[49]: 99 After watching the film on January 29, 1942 Kenneth Williams, then aged 15, writing in his first diary curtly described it as «boshey rot».[134]
Modern critics have given Citizen Kane an even more positive response. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 99% of 125 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 9.70/10. The site’s critical consensus reads: «Orson Welles’s epic tale of a publishing tycoon’s rise and fall is entertaining, poignant, and inventive in its storytelling, earning its reputation as a landmark achievement in film.»[135] In April 2021, it was noted that the addition of an 80-year-old negative review from the Chicago Tribune reduced the film’s rating from 100% to 99% on the site; Citizen Kane held its 100% rating until early 2021.[136] On Metacritic, however, the film still has a rare weighted average score of 100 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating «universal acclaim».[137]
Accolades[edit]
It was widely believed the film would win most of its Academy Award nominations, but it received only the award for Best Original Screenplay. Variety reported that block voting by screen extras deprived Citizen Kane of Best Picture and Best Actor, and similar prejudices were likely to have been responsible for the film receiving no technical awards.[18]: 117 [142]
Legacy[edit]
Citizen Kane was the only film made under Welles’s original contract with RKO Pictures, which gave him complete creative control.[19]: 223 Welles’s new business manager and attorney permitted the contract to lapse. In July 1941,[143][144] Welles reluctantly signed a new and less favorable deal with RKO[19]: 223 under which he produced and directed The Magnificent Ambersons (1942), produced Journey into Fear (1943), and began It’s All True, a film he agreed to do without payment. In the new contract Welles was an employee of the studio[145] and lost the right to final cut, which later allowed RKO to modify and re-cut The Magnificent Ambersons over his objections.[19]: 223 In June 1942, Schaefer resigned the presidency of RKO Pictures and Welles’s contract was terminated by his successor.[67]
Release in Europe[edit]
During World War II, Citizen Kane was not seen in most European countries. It was shown in France for the first time on July 10, 1946, at the Marbeuf theater in Paris.[146]: 34–35 [l] Initially most French film critics were influenced by the negative reviews of Jean-Paul Sartre in 1945 and Georges Sadoul in 1946.[18]: 118 At that time many French intellectuals and filmmakers shared Sartre’s negative opinion that Hollywood filmmakers were uncultured.[148]: 124 Sartre criticized the film’s flashbacks for its nostalgic and romantic preoccupation with the past instead of the realities of the present and said that «the whole film is based on a misconception of what cinema is all about. The film is in the past tense, whereas we all know that cinema has got to be in the present tense.»[149][150]
André Bazin, a then little-known film critic working for Sartre’s Les Temps modernes, was asked to give an impromptu speech about the film after a screening at the Colisée Theatre in the autumn of 1946[146]: 36 and changed the opinion of much of the audience. This speech led to Bazin’s 1947 article «The Technique of Citizen Kane»,[148]: 125 which directly influenced public opinion about the film.[148]: 124 Carringer wrote that Bazin was «the one who did the most to enhance the film’s reputation.»[18]: 118 [m] Both Bazin’s critique of the film and his theories about cinema itself centered around his strong belief in mise-en-scène. These theories were diametrically opposed to both the popular Soviet montage theory[72]: xiii and the politically Marxist and anti-Hollywood beliefs of most French film critics at that time.[146]: 36 Bazin believed that a film should depict reality without the filmmaker imposing their «will» on the spectator, which the Soviet theory supported.[72]: xiii Bazin wrote that Citizen Kane‘s mise-en-scène created a «new conception of filmmaking»[72]: 233 and that the freedom given to the audience from the deep focus shots was innovative by changing the entire concept of the cinematic image.[148]: 128 Bazin wrote extensively about the mise-en-scène in the scene where Susan Alexander attempts suicide, which was one long take while other films would have used four or five shots in the scene.[72]: 234 Bazin wrote that the film’s mise-en-scène «forces the spectator to participate in the meaning of the film» and creates «a psychological realism which brings the spectator back to the real conditions of perception.»[73]: 72
In his 1950 essay «The Evolution of the Language of Cinema», Bazin placed Citizen Kane center stage as a work which ushered in a new period in cinema.[151]: 37 One of the first critics to defend motion pictures as being on the same artistic level as literature or painting, Bazin often used the film as an example of cinema as an art form[148]: 129 and wrote that «Welles has given the cinema a theoretical restoration. He has enriched his filmic repertory with new or forgotten effects that, in today’s artistic context, take on a significance we didn’t know they could have.»[72]: 236 Bazin also compared the film to Roberto Rossellini’s Paisan for having «the same aesthetic concept of realism»[148]: 117–118 and to the films of William Wyler shot by Toland (such as The Little Foxes and The Best Years of Our Lives), all of which used deep focus cinematography that Bazin called «a dialectical step forward in film language.»[73]: 71
Bazin’s praise of the film went beyond film theory and reflected his own philosophy towards life itself.[148]: 125 His metaphysical interpretations about the film reflected humankind’s place in the universe.[148]: 128 Bazin believed that the film examined one person’s identity and search for meaning. It portrayed the world as ambiguous and full of contradictions, whereas films up until then simply portrayed people’s actions and motivations.[148]: 130 Bazin’s biographer Dudley Andrew wrote that:
The world of Citizen Kane, that mysterious, dark, and infinitely deep world of space and memory where voices trail off into distant echoes and where meaning dissolves into interpretation, seemed to Bazin to mark the starting point from which all of us try to construct provisionally the sense of our lives.[148]: 129
Bazin went on to co-found Cahiers du cinéma, whose contributors (including future film directors François Truffaut and Jean-Luc Godard) also praised the film.[151]: 37 The popularity of Truffaut’s auteur theory helped the film’s and Welles’s reputation.[152]: 263
Re-evaluation[edit]
By 1942 Citizen Kane had run its course theatrically and, apart from a few showings at big city arthouse cinemas, it largely vanished and both the film’s and Welles’s reputation fell among American critics. In 1949 critic Richard Griffith in his overview of cinema, The Film Till Now, dismissed Citizen Kane as «… tinpot if not crackpot Freud.»[18]: 117–118
In the United States, it was neglected and forgotten until its revival on television in the mid-to-late 1950s. Three key events in 1956 led to its re-evaluation in the United States: first, RKO was one of the first studios to sell its library to television, and early that year Citizen Kane started to appear on television; second, the film was re-released theatrically to coincide with Welles’s return to the New York stage, where he played King Lear; and third, American film critic Andrew Sarris wrote «Citizen Kane: The American Baroque» for Film Culture, and described it as «the great American film» and «the work that influenced the cinema more profoundly than any American film since The Birth of a Nation.»[153] Carringer considers Sarris’s essay as the most important influence on the film’s reputation in the US.[18]: 119
During Expo 58, a poll of over 100 film historians named Kane one of the top ten greatest films ever made (the group gave first-place honors to Battleship Potemkin). When a group of young film directors announced their vote for the top six, they were booed for not including the film.[154]: 152
In the decades since, its critical status as one of the greatest films ever made has grown, with numerous essays and books on it including Peter Cowie’s The Cinema of Orson Welles, Ronald Gottesman’s Focus on Citizen Kane, a collection of significant reviews and background pieces, and most notably Kael’s essay, «Raising Kane», which promoted the value of the film to a much wider audience than it had reached before.[18]: 120 Despite its criticism of Welles, it further popularized the notion of Citizen Kane as the great American film. The rise of art house and film society circuits also aided in the film’s rediscovery.[18]: 119 David Thomson said that the film ‘grows with every year as America comes to resemble it.»[57]: 1172
The British magazine Sight & Sound has produced a Top Ten list surveying film critics every decade since 1952, and is regarded as one of the most respected barometers of critical taste.[155] Citizen Kane was a runner up to the top 10 in its 1952 poll but was voted as the greatest film ever made in its 1962 poll,[156] retaining the top spot in every subsequent poll[157][158][159] until 2012, when Vertigo displaced it.[160]
The film has also ranked number one in the following film «best of» lists: Julio Castedo’s The 100 Best Films of the Century,[161] Cahiers du cinéma’s 100 films pour une cinémathèque idéale,[162] Kinovedcheskie Zapiski,[163] Time Out magazine’s Top 100 Films (Centenary),[164] The Village Voice‘s 100 Greatest Films,[165] and The Royal Belgian Film Archive’s Most Important and Misappreciated American Films.[166]
Roger Ebert called Citizen Kane the greatest film ever made: «But people don’t always ask about the greatest film. They ask, ‘What’s your favorite movie?’ Again, I always answer with Citizen Kane.»[167]
In 1998 Time Out conducted a reader’s poll and Citizen Kane was voted 3rd best film of all time.[168] On February 18, 1999, the United States Postal Service honored Citizen Kane by including it in its Celebrate the Century series.[169] The film was honored again February 25, 2003, in a series of U.S. postage stamps marking the 75th anniversary of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Art director Perry Ferguson represents the behind-the-scenes craftsmen of filmmaking in the series; he is depicted completing a sketch for Citizen Kane.[170]
Citizen Kane was ranked number one in the American Film Institute’s polls of film industry artists and leaders in 1998[171] and 2007.[172] «Rosebud» was chosen as the 17th most memorable movie quotation in a 2005 AFI poll.[173] The film’s score was one of 250 nominees for the top 25 film scores in American cinema in another 2005 AFI poll.[174] In 2005 the film was included on Time‘s All-Time 100 best movies list.[175]
In 2012, the Motion Picture Editors Guild published a list of the 75 best-edited films of all time based on a survey of its membership. Citizen Kane was listed second.[176] In 2015, Citizen Kane ranked 1st on BBC’s «100 Greatest American Films» list, voted on by film critics from around the world.[177]
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 99% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 125 reviews by approved critics, with an average rating of 9.70/10. The website’s critics consensus states: «Orson Welles’s epic tale of a publishing tycoon’s rise and fall is entertaining, poignant, and inventive in its storytelling, earning its reputation as a landmark achievement in film.»[135] On another aggregator site, Metacritic, Citizen Kane has a weighted average score of 100 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating «universal acclaim».[137]
Influence[edit]
Citizen Kane has been called the most influential film of all time.[178] Richard Corliss has asserted that Jules Dassin’s 1941 film The Tell-Tale Heart was the first example of its influence[179] and the first pop culture reference to the film occurred later in 1941 when the spoof comedy Hellzapoppin’ featured a «Rosebud» sled.[180][n] The film’s cinematography was almost immediately influential and in 1942 American Cinematographer wrote «without a doubt the most immediately noticeable trend in cinematography methods during the year was the trend toward crisper definition and increased depth of field.»[182]: 51
The cinematography influenced John Huston’s The Maltese Falcon. Cinematographer Arthur Edeson used a wider-angle lens than Toland and the film includes many long takes, low angles and shots of the ceiling, but it did not use deep focus shots on large sets to the extent that Citizen Kane did. Edeson and Toland are often credited together for revolutionizing cinematography in 1941.[182]: 48–50 Toland’s cinematography influenced his own work on The Best Years of Our Lives. Other films influenced include Gaslight, Mildred Pierce and Jane Eyre.[18]: 85–86 Cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa said that his use of deep focus was influenced by «the camera work of Gregg Toland in Citizen Kane» and not by traditional Japanese art.[183]
Its cinematography, lighting, and flashback structure influenced such film noirs of the 1940s and 1950s as The Killers, Keeper of the Flame, Caught, The Great Man[83]: 425 and This Gun for Hire.[18]: 85–86 David Bordwell and Kristin Thompson have written that «For over a decade thereafter American films displayed exaggerated foregrounds and somber lighting, enhanced by long takes and exaggerated camera movements.» However, by the 1960s filmmakers such as those from the French New Wave and Cinéma vérité movements favored «flatter, more shallow images with softer focus» and Citizen Kane‘s style became less fashionable. American filmmakers in the 1970s combined these two approaches by using long takes, rapid cutting, deep focus and telephoto shots all at once.[152]: 798 Its use of long takes influenced films such as The Asphalt Jungle, and its use of deep focus cinematography influenced Gun Crazy,[152]: 389–390 The Whip Hand, The Devil’s General and Justice Is Done.[152]: 414 The flashback structure in which different characters have conflicting versions of past events influenced La commare secca[152]: 533 and Man of Marble.[152]: 747
The film’s structure influenced the biographical films Lawrence of Arabia and Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters—which begin with the subject’s death and show their life in flashbacks—as well as Welles’s thriller Mr. Arkadin.[154]: 154 Rosenbaum sees similarities in the film’s plot to Mr. Arkadin, as well as the theme of nostalgia for loss of innocence throughout Welles’s career, beginning with Citizen Kane and including The Magnificent Ambersons, Mr. Arkadin and Chimes at Midnight. Rosenbaum also points out how the film influenced Warren Beatty’s Reds. The film depicts the life of Jack Reed through the eyes of Louise Bryant, much as Kane’s life is seen through the eyes of Thompson and the people who he interviews. Rosenbaum also compared the romantic montage between Reed and Bryant with the breakfast table montage in Citizen Kane.[184]: 113–116, 300–302
Akira Kurosawa’s Rashomon is often compared to the film due to both having complicated plot structures told by multiple characters in the film. Welles said his initial idea for the film was «Basically, the idea Rashomon used later on,»[20]: 53 however Kurosawa had not yet seen the film before making Rashomon in 1950.[185]: 78 Nigel Andrews has compared the film’s complex plot structure to Rashomon, Last Year at Marienbad, Memento and Magnolia. Andrews also compares Charles Foster Kane to Michael Corleone in The Godfather, Jake LaMotta in Raging Bull and Daniel Plainview in There Will Be Blood for their portrayals of «haunted megalomaniac[s], presiding over the shards of [their] own [lives].»[186]
The films of Paul Thomas Anderson have been compared to it. Variety compared There Will Be Blood to the film[187] and called it «one that rivals Giant and Citizen Kane in our popular lore as origin stories about how we came to be the people we are.»[188] The Master has been called «movieland’s only spiritual sequel to Citizen Kane that doesn’t shrivel under the hefty comparison».[189] The Social Network has been compared to the film for its depiction of a media mogul and by the character Erica Albright being similar to «Rosebud».[190] The controversy of the Sony hacking before the release of The Interview brought comparisons of Hearst’s attempt to suppress the film.[191] The film’s plot structure and some specific shots influenced Todd Haynes’s Velvet Goldmine.[192] Abbas Kiarostami’s The Traveler has been called «the Citizen Kane of the Iranian children’s cinema.»[193] The film’s use of overlapping dialogue has influenced the films of Robert Altman and Carol Reed.[83]: 412 Reed’s films Odd Man Out, The Third Man (in which Welles and Cotten appeared) and Outcast of the Islands were also influenced by the film’s cinematography.[83]: 425
Many directors have listed it as one of the greatest films ever made, including Woody Allen, Michael Apted, Les Blank, Kenneth Branagh, Paul Greengrass, Satyajit Ray,[194] Michel Hazanavicius, Michael Mann, Sam Mendes, Jiří Menzel, Paul Schrader, Martin Scorsese,[195] Denys Arcand, Gillian Armstrong, John Boorman, Roger Corman, Alex Cox, Miloš Forman, Norman Jewison, Richard Lester, Richard Linklater, Paul Mazursky, Ronald Neame, Sydney Pollack[196] and Stanley Kubrick.[197] Yasujirō Ozu said it was his favorite non-Japanese film and was impressed by its techniques.[198]: 231 François Truffaut said that the film «has inspired more vocations to cinema throughout the world than any other» and recognized its influence in The Barefoot Contessa, Les Mauvaises Rencontres, Lola Montès, and 8 1/2.[199]: 279–280 Truffaut’s Day for Night pays tribute to the film in a dream sequence depicting a childhood memory of the character played by Truffaut stealing publicity photos from the film.[200] Numerous film directors have cited the film as influential on their own films, including Theo Angelopoulos,[201] Luc Besson, the Coen brothers, Francis Ford Coppola, Brian De Palma, John Frankenheimer, Stephen Frears, Sergio Leone, Michael Mann, Ridley Scott, Martin Scorsese, Bryan Singer and Steven Spielberg.[202] Ingmar Bergman disliked the film and called it «a total bore. Above all, the performances are worthless. The amount of respect that movie has is absolutely unbelievable!»[203]
William Friedkin said that the film influenced him and called it «a veritable quarry for filmmakers, just as Joyce’s Ulysses is a quarry for writers.»[204]: 210 The film has also influenced other art forms. Carlos Fuentes’s novel The Death of Artemio Cruz was partially inspired by the film[205] and the rock band The White Stripes paid unauthorized tribute to the film in the song «The Union Forever».[206]
Film memorabilia[edit]
In 1982, film director Steven Spielberg bought a «Rosebud» sled for $60,500; it was one of three balsa sleds used in the closing scenes and the only one that was not burned.[207][208] Spielberg eventually donated the sled to the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures as he stated he felt it belonged in a museum.[209] After the Spielberg purchase, it was reported that retiree Arthur Bauer claimed to own another «Rosebud» sled.[210] In early 1942, when Bauer was 12, he had won an RKO publicity contest and selected the hardwood sled as his prize.[211] In 1996, Bauer’s estate offered the painted pine sled at auction through Christie’s.[211] Bauer’s son told CBS News that his mother had once wanted to paint the sled and use it as a plant stand, but Bauer told her to «just save it and put it in the closet.»[212] The sled was sold to an anonymous bidder for $233,500.[213]
Welles’s Oscar for Best Original Screenplay was believed to be lost until it was rediscovered in 1994. It was withdrawn from a 2007 auction at Sotheby’s when bidding failed to reach its estimate of $800,000 to $1.2 million.[214] Owned by the charitable Dax Foundation,[214] it was auctioned for $861,542 in 2011 to an anonymous buyer.[215] Mankiewicz’s Oscar was sold at least twice, in 1999 and again in 2012, the latest price being $588,455.[216]
In 1989, Mankiewicz’s personal copy of the Citizen Kane script was auctioned at Christie’s. The leather-bound volume included the final shooting script and a carbon copy of American that bore handwritten annotations—purportedly made by Hearst’s lawyers, who were said to have obtained it in the manner described by Kael in «Raising Kane».[217][218] Estimated to bring $70,000 to $90,000,[219] it sold for a record $231,000.[220]
In 2007, Welles’s personal copy of the last revised draft of Citizen Kane before the shooting script was sold at Sotheby’s for $97,000.[214] A second draft of the script titled American, marked «Mr. Welles’ working copy», was auctioned by Sotheby’s in 2014 for $164,692.[221][o] A collection of 24 pages from a working script found in Welles’s personal possessions by his daughter Beatrice Welles was auctioned in 2014 for $15,000.[223]
In 2014, a collection of approximately 235 Citizen Kane stills and production photos that had belonged to Welles was sold at auction for $7,812.[224][225]
Rights and home media[edit]
The composited camera negative of Citizen Kane is believed to be lost forever. The most commonly-reported explanation is that it was destroyed in a New Jersey film laboratory fire in the 1970s. However, in 2021, Nicolas Falacci revealed that he had been told «the real story» by a colleague, when he was one of two employees in the film restoration lab which assembled the 1991 «restoration» from the best available elements. Falacci noted that throughout the process he had daily visits in 1990-1 from an unnamed «older RKO executive showing up every day – nervous and sweating». According to Falacci’s colleague, this elderly man was keen to cover up a clerical error he had made decades earlier when in charge of the studio’s inventory, which had resulted in the original camera negatives being sent to a silver reclamation plant, destroying the nitrate film to extract its valuable silver content. Falacci’s account is impossible to verify, but it would have been fully in keeping with industry standard practice for many decades, which was to destroy prints and negatives of countless older films deemed non-commercially viable, to extract the silver.[226]
Subsequent prints were derived from a master positive (a fine-grain preservation element) made in the 1940s and originally intended for use in overseas distribution.[227] Modern techniques were used to produce a pristine print for a 50th Anniversary theatrical reissue in 1991 which Paramount Pictures released for then-owner Turner Broadcasting System,[228] which earned $1.6 million in North America[229] and $1.8 million worldwide.[3]
In 1955, RKO sold the American television rights to its film library, including Citizen Kane, to C&C Television Corp.[230] In 1960, television rights to the pre-1959 RKO’s live-action library were acquired by United Artists. RKO kept the non-broadcast television rights to its library.[231]
In 1976, when home video was in its infancy, entrepreneur Snuff Garrett bought cassette rights to the RKO library for what United Press International termed «a pittance». In 1978 The Nostalgia Merchant released the film through Media Home Entertainment. By 1980 the 800-title library of The Nostalgia Merchant was earning $2.3 million a year. «Nobody wanted cassettes four years ago,» Garrett told UPI. «It wasn’t the first time people called me crazy. It was a hobby with me which became big business.»[232] RKO Home Video released the film on VHS and Betamax in 1985.[233]
In 1984, The Criterion Collection released the film as its first LaserDisc. It was made from a fine grain master positive provided by the UCLA Film and Television Archive.[234] When told about the then-new concept of having an audio commentary on the disc, Welles was skeptical but said «theoretically, that’s good for teaching movies, so long as they don’t talk nonsense.»[49]: 283 In 1992 Criterion released a new 50th Anniversary Edition LaserDisc. This version had an improved transfer and additional special features, including the documentary The Legacy of Citizen Kane and Welles’s early short The Hearts of Age.[235]
Turner Broadcasting System acquired broadcast television rights to the RKO library in 1986[236] and the full worldwide rights to the library in 1987.[237] The RKO Home Video unit was reorganized into Turner Home Entertainment that year.[238] In 1991 Turner released a 50th Anniversary Edition on VHS and as a collector’s edition that includes the film, the documentary Reflections On Citizen Kane, Harlan Lebo’s 50th anniversary album, a poster and a copy of the original script.[239] In 1996, Time Warner acquired Turner and Warner Home Video absorbed Turner Home Entertainment.[240] In 2011, Warner Bros. Discovery’s Warner Bros. unit had distribution rights for the film.[241]
In 2001, Warner Home Video released a 60th Anniversary Collectors Edition DVD. The two-disc DVD included feature-length commentaries by Roger Ebert and Peter Bogdanovich, as well as a second DVD with the feature length documentary The Battle Over Citizen Kane (1999). It was simultaneously released on VHS.[242][243] The DVD was criticized for being «too bright, too clean; the dirt and grime had been cleared away, but so had a good deal of the texture, the depth, and the sense of film grain.»[244]
In 2003, Welles’s daughter Beatrice Welles sued Turner Entertainment, claiming the Welles estate is the legal copyright holder of the film. She claimed that Welles’s deal to terminate his contracts with RKO meant that Turner’s copyright of the film was null and void. She also claimed that the estate of Orson Welles was owed 20% of the film’s profits if her copyright claim was not upheld. In 2007 she was allowed to proceed with the lawsuit, overturning the 2004 decision in favor of Turner Entertainment on the issue of video rights.[245]
In 2011, it was released on Blu-ray and DVD in a 70th Anniversary Edition.[246] The San Francisco Chronicle called it «the Blu-ray release of the year.»[247] Supplements included everything available on the 2001 Warner Home Video release, including The Battle Over Citizen Kane DVD. A 70th Anniversary Ultimate Collector’s Edition added a third DVD with RKO 281 (1999), an award winning TV movie about the making of the film. Its packaging extras included a hardcover book and a folio containing mini reproductions of the original souvenir program, lobby cards, and production memos and correspondence.[248] The transfer for the US releases were scanned as 4K resolution from three different 35mm prints and rectified the quality issues of the 2001 DVD.[244] The rest of the world continued to receive home video releases based on the older transfer. This was partially rectified in 2016 with the release of the 75th Anniversary Edition in both the UK and US, which was a straight repackaging of the main disc from the 70th Anniversary Edition.[249][250]
On August 11, 2021 Criterion announced their first 4K Ultra HD releases, a six-film slate, would include Citizen Kane. Criterion indicated each title was to be available in a combo pack including a 4K UHD disc of the feature film as well as the film and special features on the companion Blu-rays.[251] Citizen Kane was released on November 23, 2021 by the collection as a 4K and 3 Blu-ray disc package. However, the release was recalled because at the half-hour mark on the regular blu-ray, the contrast fell sharply, which resulted in a much darker image compared to what was supposed to occur.[252] However this issue does not apply to the 4K version itself.
Colorization controversy[edit]
In the 1980s, Citizen Kane became a catalyst in the controversy over the colorization of black-and-white films. One proponent of film colorization was Ted Turner,[253] whose Turner Entertainment Company owned the RKO library.[254] A Turner Entertainment spokesperson initially stated that Citizen Kane would not be colorized,[255] but in July 1988 Turner said, «Citizen Kane? I’m thinking of colorizing it.»[256] In early 1989 it was reported that two companies were producing color tests for Turner Entertainment. Criticism increased when filmmaker Henry Jaglom stated that shortly before his death Welles had implored him «don’t let Ted Turner deface my movie with his crayons.»[257]
In February 1989, Turner Entertainment President Roger Mayer announced that work to colorize the film had been stopped due to provisions in Welles’s 1939 contract with RKO that «could be read to prohibit colorization without permission of the Welles estate.»[258] Mayer added that Welles’s contract was «quite unusual» and «other contracts we have checked out are not like this at all.»[259] Turner had only colorized the final reel of the film before abandoning the project. In 1991 one minute of the colorized test footage was included in the BBC Arena documentary The Complete Citizen Kane.[p][260]
The colorization controversy was a factor in the passage of the National Film Preservation Act in 1988 which created the National Film Registry the following year. ABC News anchor Peter Jennings reported that «one major reason for doing this is to require people like the broadcaster Ted Turner, who’s been adding color to some movies and re-editing others for television, to put notices on those versions saying that the movies have been altered».[261]
Bibliography[edit]
- Bazin, André. The Technique of Citizen Kane. Paris, France: Les Temps modernes 2, number 17, 1947. pp. 943–949.
- Biskind, Peter (ed.), Jaglom, Henry and Welles, Orson. My Lunches with Orson: Conversations between Henry Jaglom and Orson Welles. New York: Metropolitan Books, 2013. ISBN 978-0-8050-9725-2.
- Bogdanovich, Peter and Welles, Orson. This is Orson Welles. HarperPerennial 1992. ISBN 0-06-092439-X
- Bogdanovich, Peter and Welles, Orson (uncredited). «The Kane Mutiny», in Esquire, October 1972.[q][r]
- Brady, Frank. Citizen Welles: A Biography of Orson Welles. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1989. ISBN 0-385-26759-2.
- Callow, Simon. Orson Welles: The Road to Xanadu. London: Jonathan Cape, 1995. ISBN 0-224-03852-4
- Carringer, Robert L. The Making of Citizen Kane. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985. ISBN 0-520-05367-2 hardcover; 1996 revised and updated edition ISBN 0-520-20567-7 paperback
- Carringer, Robert L. «The Scripts of Citizen Kane«, in Critical Inquiry No. 5, 1978.[s][t]
- Cook, David A. A History of Narrative Film. W.W. Norton Company, 2004. ISBN 0-393-97868-0
- Gottesman, Ronald (ed.). Focus on Citizen Kane. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976. ISBN 0-13-949214-3
- Gottesman, Ronald (ed.). Perspectives on Citizen Kane. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1996. ISBN 978-0-8161-1616-4
- Heylin, Clinton. Despite the System: Orson Welles Versus the Hollywood Studios, Chicago Review Press, 2005. ISBN 1-55652-547-8
- Howard, James. The Complete Films of Orson Welles. New York: Carol Publishing Group, 1991. ISBN 0-8065-1241-5.
- Kael, Pauline, Welles, Orson and Mankiewicz, Herman J. The Citizen Kane Book. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1971.[u]
- Leaming, Barbara. Orson Welles, A Biography. New York: Viking Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-618-15446-3.
- Meryman, Richard. Mank: The Wit, World and Life of Herman Mankiewicz. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1978. ISBN 978-0-688-03356-9.
- Mulvey, Laura. Citizen Kane. London: British Film Institute, 1992. ISBN 0-85170-339-9
- Naremore, James (ed.). Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane: A Casebook in Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-515892-2
- Nasaw, David. The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. ISBN 978-0-618-15446-3
- Rippy, Marguerite H. Orson Welles and the Unfinished RKO Projects: A Postmodern Perspective. Southern Illinois University Press, Illinois, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8093-2912-0
- Rosenbaum, Jonathan. «I Missed It at the Movies: Objections to ‘Raising Kane'», in Film Comment, Spring 1972.[v]
- Stern, Sydney Ladensohn. The Brothers Mankiewicz: Hope, Heartbreak, and Hollywood Classics. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2019. ISBN 978-1617032677
Notes[edit]
- ^ «I did a very elaborate production for [Heart of Darkness], such as I’ve never done again—never could,» Welles said. «I shot my bolt on preproduction on that picture. We designed every camera setup and everything else—did enormous research in aboriginal, Stone Age cultures in order to reproduce what the story called for. I’m sorry not to have got the chance to do it.»[20]: 31
- ^ Welles later used the subjective camera in The Magnificent Ambersons, in a sequence that was later all but eliminated because it did not work in that picture. «Heart of Darkness is one of the few stories that it’s very well adapted to, because it relies so heavily on narration,» Welles said. «The camera was going to be Marlow … He’s in the pilot house and he can see himself reflected in the glass through which you see the jungle. So it isn’t that business of a hand-held camera mooching around pretending to walk like a man.»[20]: 31
- ^ First published in Critical Inquiry, «The Scripts of Citizen Kane» was described by Rosenbaum as «the definitive piece of scholarship on the authorship of Kane—and sadly one of the least well known». He wrote that many biographers may wrongly assume that Carringer included all of its facts in his later book, The Making of Citizen Kane.[31]: 18, 247
- ^ Welles states, «There’s all that stuff about McCormick and the opera. I drew a lot from that from my Chicago days. And Samuel Insull.» A known supporter of President Roosevelt, the fact that both McCormick and Hearst were opposed to FDR’s successful attempts to control radio and moderate control of print may have been an incentive for Welles to use his film as a smear against both men.[20]: 49
- ^ Charlie Lederer insisted that Hearst and Davies never saw Citizen Kane and condemned it based on the outrage of trusted friends, wrote his stepdaughter (and Welles’s daughter) Chris Welles Feder. «In Charlie’s view, Hearst was more distressed by the movie’s insinuation … that Marion was a failed and pathetic alcoholic that he was by any unflattering references to himself.»[35]
- ^ According to RKO records, Sloane was paid $2,400 for shaving his head.[11]
- ^ Speaking to Bogdanovich, Welles corrects himself when speaking about who suggested the «test» shooting: «That was Toland’s idea—no, it was Ferguson’s idea, the art director.»[59]: 19:25–19:31
- ^ «I used the whole Mercury cast, heavily disguised by darkness,» Welles said. «And there they all are—if you look carefully, you can see them. Everybody in the movie is in it. … Yes, I’m there.»[20]: 78
- ^ No figures can be found for the cost of filming Susan’s attempted suicide, but filming the nightclub scene was budgeted at $1,038 and cost $1,376.79.[60]: 74
- ^ «It took nerve to shoot from down there, with that steel brace right in front of the camera, but I thought rightly that at that point they’d be looking at Leland and not at me.»[20]: 61–62
- ^ Kevin Brownlow believes that Lean’s brother David was influential on (if not co-writer of) this review. Years later Welles thanked David Lean for the article.[127]: notes
- ^ 871,261 admissions[147]
- ^ Bordwell has hypothesized that Bazin was influenced by publicity about the film’s innovations that were published in France during its first release. These included interviews by Welles and the publication of Toland’s article «The Motion Picture Cameraman» in the January 1947 issue of La Revue du Cinéma. Bordwell believes that Bazin was aware of the legend of film’s innovations before having seen it.[73]: 72–73
- ^ Another early pop culture reference occurred in Welles’s The Magnificent Ambersons, which includes a brief glimpse of a newspaper article written by «Jed Leland».[181]
- ^ The same item had been sold by Christie’s in December 1991, together with a working script from The Magnificent Ambersons, for $11,000.[222]
- ^ The colorized Citizen Kane footage appears at approximately 1:17:00.
- ^ Reprinted in Gottesman, Ronald (ed.). Focus on Citizen Kane. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976. ISBN 0-13-949214-3
- ^ Excerpted in «My Orson», Bogdanovich’s new introduction to the second edition of This is Orson Welles[262]: xxiv–xxvii
- ^ Reprinted in Gottesman, Ronald (ed.). Perspectives on Citizen Kane. New York: G.K. Hall & Co., 1996. ISBN 978-0-8161-1616-4
- ^ Reprinted in Naremore, James (ed.). Orson Welles’s Citizen Kane: A Casebook in Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-515892-2
- ^ Contains Kael’s controversial essay «Raising Kane», originally printed in The New Yorker (February 20 and 27, 1971), as well as the full script by Mankiewicz and Welles.
- ^ Reprinted in Rosenbaum, Jonathan (ed.). Discovering Orson Welles. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-25123-6
References[edit]
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as Leaming, Barbara (1985). Orson Welles, A Biography. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-618-15446-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Welles, Orson; Bogdanovich, Peter; Rosenbaum, Jonathan (1992). This is Orson Welles. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-016616-9.
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On Oct. 28, Atlantic–Little, Brown will publish The Citizen Kane Book, an outsize volume that will include not only ‘Raising Kane’ but also, as Miss Kael had always intended, the complete, original text of the Mankiewicz–Welles shooting script, published here for the first time.
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- ^ «DVDCompare.net: Citizen Kane (1941) Blu-ray». Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
- ^ Machkovech, Sam (August 11, 2021). «Criterion announces support for 4K UHD Blu-ray, beginning with Citizen Kane». Ars Technica. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
- ^ «How to Get Your Citizen Kane Blu-ray Disc 1 Replaced». Criterion. November 24, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2021.
- ^ Molotsky, Irwin (November 4, 1986). «Council Opposes Coloring Old Films». The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 21, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
- ^ «TBS acquires rights to RKO film and television library». Business Wire. December 9, 1987.
- ^ O’Toole, Lawrence (December 18, 1987). «No computer coloring for ‘Kane’«. The Globe and Mail.
- ^ Bawden, James (July 28, 1988). «Colorful Turner sees Citizen Kane in a different light». Toronto Star.
- ^ «Turner Says It’s Testing To Colorize ‘Citizen Kane’«. Associated Press. January 30, 1989. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
- ^ Antczyk, John (February 14, 1989). «We’ll Never Know If Rosebud Was Red». Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved January 5, 2014.
- ^ «Turner won’t colorize ‘Kane’«. United Press International. February 14, 1989.
- ^ «The Complete Citizen Kane’ documentary is now online». Wellesnet. May 13, 2013. Archived from the original on January 1, 2015. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
- ^ Jennings, Peter (September 19, 1989). «World News Tonight». ABC News Transcripts, American Broadcasting Company.
- ^ Welles, Orson; Bogdanovich, Peter; Rosenbaum, Jonathan (1998). «My Orson [new introduction by Peter Bogdanovich]». This is Orson Welles (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. pp. vii–xxxix. ISBN 978-0-306-80834-0.
External links[edit]
Database[edit]
- Official website
- Citizen Kane at AllMovie
- Citizen Kane at the American Film Institute Catalog
- Citizen Kane at IMDb
- Citizen Kane at Metacritic
- Citizen Kane at Rotten Tomatoes
- Citizen Kane at the TCM Movie Database
Other[edit]
- Citizen Kane: The Once and Future Kane an essay by Bilge Ebiri on The Criterion Collection
- Citizen Kane essay by Godfrey Cheshire on the National Film Registry website [1]
- Citizen Kane essay by Daniel Eagan in America’s Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry, A&C Black, 2010 ISBN 0826429777, pp. 735–737 [2]
- Citizen Kane bibliography via the UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
- The American Film Institute’s «100 Greatest Movies» list
- Citizen Kane and Bernard Herrmann’s film score
- PBS: Citizen Kane (Archived)
- Bright Lights Film Journal Essay
- Roger Ebert: Citizen Kane
- The Unofficial Citizen Kane Page
- Time Magazine Top 100
- Greatest films
- DVD Review
- Scene-by-scene analysis at Movie Movie
Авторство сценарий для Гражданин Кейн, американский фильм 1941 года, ознаменовавший дебют в художественном фильме из Орсон Уэллс, было одним из давних споров в отношении фильма. Имея историю, охватывающую 60 лет, квазибиографический фильм исследует жизнь и наследие Чарльз Фостер Кейн, которого играет Уэллс, вымышленный персонаж, частично основанный на американском газетном магнате Уильям Рэндольф Херст и чикагские магнаты Сэмюэл Инсулл и Гарольд МакКормик. Фильм, вобравший в себя богатый опыт и знания своих авторов, заслужил признание. Премия Оскар за лучший сценарий (оригинальный сценарий) за Герман Дж. Манкевич и Уэллс.
Манкевич как соавтор
Герман Дж. Манкевич соавтором сценария в начале 1940 года. Он и Уэллс по отдельности переписывали и исправляли работы друг друга, пока Уэллс не остался доволен готовым продуктом.
Еще больше предположений… было написано о создании сценария для Гражданин Кейн чем Орсон и Герман когда-либо могли втиснуться между этими синими крышками.
Сценарист Герман Дж. Манкевич был известной личностью в Голливуде.[2]:12 «Его поведение, публичное и личное, было скандалом», — писал Джон Хаусман. «Невротический алкоголик и заядлый игрок, он был также одним из самых умных, информированных, остроумных, гуманных и очаровательных людей, которых я когда-либо знал».[3]:447 Орсон Уэллс сказал Петр Богданович что «Никто не был более убогий, более горький, и смешнее чем Манк … идеальный памятник самоуничтожения. Но, знаете, когда горечь не была направлена прямо на вас, он был лучшей компанией в мире ».[4]:52–53
Уэллс восхищался Манкевичем и познакомился с ним в Нью-Йорке в 1938 году.[5]:234 во время Театр Меркурий Успехи на Бродвее. В сентябре 1939 г.[6]:244 Уэллс посетил Манкевича, когда он был госпитализирован в Лос-Анджелесе после автомобильной аварии, и предложил ему работу по написанию сценариев для шоу Mercury Theatre на радио CBS. Театр Кэмпбелла. «Я чувствовал, что это будет бесполезно, — сказал позже Уэллс, — из-за того, что Мэнк много раз бесполезен в студии. Но я подумал:« Посмотрим, что он придумает »». Манкевич оказался очень полезным, особенно работая с Хаусман как редактор,[6]:240–242 и написал пять скриптов для Кэмпбелл Плейхаус шоу транслировалось с 12 ноября 1939 года по 17 марта 1940 года.[а][7]:98 Хаусман и Уэллс были партнерами в Театре Меркьюри,[4]:55 но когда Mercury productions переехала из Нью-Йорка в Калифорнию, партнерство прекратилось, и Хаусман стал сотрудником, работая главным образом главным редактором радиошоу.[8]:88 В декабре 1939 года после ожесточенной ссоры с Уэллсом по поводу финансов Хаусман подал в отставку и вернулся в Нью-Йорк.[4]:356 Для Уэллса его уход стал облегчением.[7]:504–505[9]:235–236
В конце декабря исполнительный совет Фотографии РКО все, кроме заказанного начальника студии Джордж Шефер прекратить выплачивать зарплату персоналу Mercury Productions до тех пор, пока Уэллс не представит приемлемый сценарий и не установит дату начала съемок.[5]:235 В течение следующих пяти недель Уэллс провел много долгих вечеров, обдумывая идеи сюжета в спальне небольшого арендованного дома, где Манкевич находился в тиске с разбитой ногой.[6]:245–246 Манкевич дал показания в суде несколько лет спустя.[уточнить ] что идея фильма началась с Марш времени -стилевый эпизод, в котором излагается жизнь конкретного персонажа, жизнь которого затем станет предметом фильма.[5]:235 Позже Уэллс сказал, что изначальная идея заключалась в том, чтобы создать посмертный портрет человека с разных точек зрения, в воспоминаниях тех, кто его знал.[b][5]:246 «Я вынашивал старую идею, — сказал Уэллс Богдановичу, — идею повторять одно и то же несколько раз — и показывать одно и то же с совершенно разных точек зрения. По сути, идея Расомон используется позже. Манку это понравилось, поэтому мы начали искать человека, о котором собирались рассказывать. Какой-то крупный американский деятель — не может быть политиком, потому что вам нужно его точно определить. Говард Хьюз была первая идея. Но мы довольно быстро добрались до лордов прессы ».[4]:53
Уэллс и Манкевич вскоре решили использовать газетного магната. Уильям Рэндольф Херст как их центральный персонаж.[10]:484 К концу января их разногласия по поводу деталей сюжета стали более частыми, а их сотрудничество менее творческим. «Вот почему я, наконец, оставил его одного, — сказал позже Уэллс, — потому что мы начали тратить слишком много времени на торговлю».[4]:54 В феврале 1940 г.[3]:444, 448 Уэллс устроил обед в нью-йоркском 21 клуб и убедил Хаусмана вернуться в Калифорнию. Его наняли для наблюдения за Манкевичем, когда он писал черновик на бумаге.[9]:185
19 февраля 1940 года Манкевич подписал контракт с Mercury Productions на работу над сценарием.[4]:359 Он будет получать 1000 долларов в неделю за свою работу до тех пор, пока он не будет «выведен из строя по болезни или по каким-либо другим причинам»,[5]:236 и получит бонус в размере 5000 долларов за доставку сценария.[11]:17 Манкевич не должен был получить признание за свою работу, так как он был нанят в качестве доктор сценария; аналогичная оговорка присутствовала в договорах писателей на Театр Кэмпбелла.[10]:487 Манкевича посоветовали его агенты, Columbia Management of California, и перед тем, как он подписал контракт, снова было ясно, что вся заслуга в его работе принадлежит Уэллсу и Театру Меркьюри, «автору и создателю».[5]:236–237 Уэллс не решился официально согласиться отдать должное Манкевичу. В его контракте с RKO говорилось, что фильм будет продюсером, режиссером, исполнителем и написан Уэллсом, а его образ «чудо-мальчика» имел большое значение для рекламы для студии.[5]:236 Адвокат Уэллса, Арнольд Вайсбергер, не хотел давать RKO никаких оснований для разрыва контракта Уэллса, если они захотят продвигать фильм как исключительно его работу. В контракте с Манкевичем вопрос о получении кредита оставался открытым; Переписка Уэллса с его адвокатом показала, что он не желал отказывать в признании Манкевичу.[9]:202
Манкевич и Хаусман работали в уединении на историческом ранчо в Викторвилле, Калифорния, в течение 12 недель.
После того, как он пришел к соглашению с Уэллсом по сюжетной линии и персонажу,[4]:54 Манкевичу было поручено написать первый черновик, который Уэллс мог переработать.[9]:185 В последнюю неделю февраля или первую неделю марта 1940 г.[11]:17 Манкевич отступил на историческое ранчо North Verde[c] на реке Мохаве в Викторвилл, Калифорния, чтобы начать работу над сценарием.[2]:32[13]:221 Уэллс хотел, чтобы работа была сделана как можно незаметнее.[11]:17 а ранчо предлагало дополнительное преимущество — запрет на алкоголь. Манкевича сопровождали медсестра, секретарь Рита Александер, Хаусман и 300-страничный черновой сценарий проекта, который написал Уэллс. Предварительная работа состояла из диалога и некоторых инструкций камеры.[5]:237[6]:252 Автор Клинтон Хейлин написал, что Манкевич «… вероятно, полагал, что Уэллс не имел большого опыта в качестве сценариста оригинального сценария… [и], возможно, даже чувствовал, что Джон Ситизен, США, Рабочее название Уэллса, было проектом, который он мог сделать самостоятельно ».[14]:43
Манкевич и Хаусман работали вместе в уединении на ранчо в течение 12 недель.[5]:237 Кэррингер отметил, что Хаусман должен был выступать в качестве редактора, «но часть его работы заключалась в том, чтобы скакать стадом на Манкевиче, о чьих привычках к употреблению алкоголя ходили легенды и чьи навыки написания сценариев, к сожалению, не включали репутацию человека, который все видел до конца». С Уэллсом было постоянное общение,[15]:81 и Хаусман часто ездил в Лос-Анджелес, чтобы посовещаться с ним. Уэллс время от времени посещал ранчо, чтобы проверить их прогресс и предложить направление.[5]:237 Вместе со своим секретарем Кэтрин Троспер Уэллс переделывал черновики в Голливуде. Эти страницы были переданы руководителю сценария RKO Амалии Кент, которая разбила материал в непрерывной форме для производственных единиц.[15]:81–82 Уэллс уважал ее за ее службу на неизведанном Сердце тьмы сценарий.[15]:119 Уэллс начал подозревать, что Хаусман настроил против него Манкевича.[9]:213 «Когда Мэнк уехал в Викторвилль, мы были друзьями. Когда он вернулся, мы были врагами», — сказал Уэллс биографу. Ричард Мериман. «Манку всегда был нужен злодей».[6]:260
Идеи и сотрудничество
Некоторое время Манкевич хотел написать сценарий об общественном деятеле — возможно, гангстере, — историю которого рассказали бы люди, которые его знали.[10]:484 В середине 1930-х годов Манкевич написал первый акт не поставленной пьесы о Джон Диллинджер под названием Дерево будет расти.[7]:132 «Это было то, о чем [Манкевич] думал в течение многих лет, — писал Хаусман, — об идее рассказать о частной жизни человека (желательно такой, которая предполагала бы узнаваемую американскую фигуру) сразу после его смерти через интимные и часто несовместимые показания. тех, кто знал его в разное время и в разных обстоятельствах ».[3]:448–449
Сам Уэллс работал с этой концепцией. Подростком в 1932 году он написал пьесу о жизни аболиционистов. Джон Браун называется Походная песня. Как это Гражданин Кейн, сюжет пьесы построен вокруг попытки журналиста понять Брауна, беря интервью у людей, которые его знали и имеют разные точки зрения на него. Сюжетный замысел невидимого журналиста Томпсона в Гражданин Кейн также напоминает невидимого Марлоу в предложенном Уэллсом фильме Сердце тьмы, в котором рассказчик и аудитория разделяют точку зрения.[9]:55, 184–185 «Орсон был из Чикаго», — сказал представитель Mercury Theatre Ричард Уилсон, «и я считаю, что на него не меньшее влияние оказали Сэмюэл Инсул и полковник Роберт Маккормик как он был фигурой Херста «.[16]:6 Роджер Хилл, руководитель Семинария Тодда для мальчиков и наставник и давний друг Уэллса, написал, что Уэллс однажды рассказал ему о проекте, который он рассматривал: «За много лет до этого он изложил мне план постановки пьесы, основанной на жизни американского магната, который будет представлять собой смесь Инсул, Маккормик и Херст «.[17]:111 Хилл сказал, что даже будучи мальчиком Уэллс интересовался жизнями скандальных магнатов: «Даже тогда он чувствовал театральное воздействие, которое можно было получить, напав на гигантов и, возможно, свергнув их», — писал Брэди.[5]:230
Уэллс не знал Херста, но многое знал о нем благодаря драматическому критику. Эштон Стивенс.[4]:44 Он также сказал, что его отец и Херст знали друг друга.[4]:66[5]:230 Когда Уэллс прибыл в Голливуд в 1939 году, все говорили о Олдос Хаксли новая книга, После многих летних дней умирает лебедь, роман о киноколонии, казалось, портрет Херста. Уэллса пригласили отпраздновать день рождения Хаксли на вечеринке, на которой все согласились, что по книге никогда нельзя будет экранизировать фильм из-за влияния Херста.[5]:218–219 Насколько книга Хаксли повлияла на выбор Уэллса темы, неизвестно; Брэди писал, что «однако, более личное совпадение могло способствовать этой идее». Первая жена Уэллса Вирджиния переехала в Лос-Анджелес вскоре после их развода.[5]:231–232[18] и 18 мая 1940 года она вышла замуж за сценариста Чарльз Ледерер, любимый племянник любовницы Херста Мэрион Дэвис.[9]:204–205[19][d]
Манкевича приветствовали в личном кабинете Херста в Сан-Симеоне, где он пообщался с Артур Брисбен и Уолтер Винчелл в то время как Херст руководил своей империей.[6]:230
В первые годы работы журналистом Манкевич искал политических репортеров, которые поддерживали его в сплетнях о Херсте, и он даже начал писать о нем пьесу.[6]:53, 72 Вскоре после переезда в Голливуд в 1926 г.[6]:215 Манкевич познакомился с Херстом и Дэвисом благодаря дружбе с Ледерером.[20]:20 «В Голливуде было две касты, — писал Мериман, — те, кто были гостями в Сан-Симеоне, и те, кто нет». Манкевич и его жена были частью общества, приглашенного на Замок Херста несколько раз.[6]:215 Им всегда давали одни и те же апартаменты в гостевом коттедже La Casa del Monte.[6]:214— «Как в нашем собственном замке», — сказала Сара Манкевич.[6]:227 Известный остроумие, Манкевич ценился за его беседу и сидел рядом с хозяевами за обедом. Он уважал знания Херста и удостоился чести быть приглашенным в его личный кабинет, где общался с редакторами и обозревателями Херста.[6]:230 «Впервые голливудское удовольствие Германа слилось с его политической ученостью», — писал Мериман.[6]:212
Описал биограф Саймон Кэллоу как «страстный исследователь власти и ее злоупотреблений»,[10]:484 Манкевич был очарован Херстом,[6]:212 а Херста, в свою очередь, интересовал бывший журналист, обладающий такими обширными политическими знаниями.[6]:230 Манкевич и Ледерер с удовольствием придумывали факсимильные газеты, которые раздражали Херста и его публикации, для развлечения Херста и Дэвиса.[6]:212–213 К 1936 году, однако, Манкевича больше не приветствовали в кругу Херста из-за его пьянства и политических аргументов.[6]:231 «Манкевич, лелея свое негодование, впоследствии стал одержим Херстом и Дэвисом, — писал Кэллоу, — собирая рассказы о них, как маленькие мальчики собирают марки».[10]:484
Сценарии
Джон Хаусман помогал писать черновики сценария, а позже зашел так далеко, что сказал, что Уэллс «никогда не писал ни слова».[9]:204[e]
В марте, апреле и начале мая 1940 года Манкевич продиктовал сценарий под названием Американец.[4]:359[11]:17–18 Уэллс переписал и отредактировал предоставленный ему неполный первый черновик от 16 апреля и отправил его обратно в Викторвилл.[9]:185 Сорок четыре страницы редакции от 28 апреля были переданы Уэллсу.[11]:23 Манкевич и Хаусман представили второй вариант, на котором написано от руки дата: 9 мая.[15]:99 Уэллсу после окончания работы в Викторвилле. Манкевич немедленно приступил к работе над другим проектом для MGM,[f][11]:24 и Хаусман уехал в Нью-Йорк четыре дня спустя.[6]:257
«Несмотря на то, что Хаусман описал себя и Германа, избавляясь от лишнего Американец, это было 325 страниц и возмутительно перезаписано, даже для первого черновика, «написал Мериман.» Хаусман вежливо игнорирует этот факт. Он подразумевает, что Американецбыло снято только обычное количество полировки ».[6]:257[грамм] Уэллс редактировал и переписывал страницы сценария в Беверли-Хиллз. Имея в руках сценарий Victorville, он сократил его примерно на 75 страниц и добавил или отредактировал более 170 страниц.[11]:26–27 «Безусловно, самая серьезная драматическая проблема в Американец — это его лечение Кейна », — написал Каррингер.[15]:21 Юридический отдел RKO предупредил Уэллса, что это слишком похоже на портрет Херста и что, если сценарий не будет изменен, почти наверняка будет возбужден иск о клевете или вторжении в частную жизнь.[5]:244
«В фильме есть качество — гораздо больше, чем расплывчатый аромат, — которым был Мэнк, и я дорожил им», — сказал Уэллс. «Это была своего рода контролируемая, жизнерадостная злоба… Мне лично нравился Кейн, но я пошел с этим. И это, вероятно, придало картине определенную напряженность, поскольку один из авторов ненавидел Кейна, а другой любил его. Но в его ненависти. Херста, или кем бы он ни был, Мэнк не имел достаточно четкого представления о том, кто человек был. Мэнк видел его просто монстром-эгоистом со всеми этими людьми вокруг него «.[6]:260 Манкевич изучал Херста в течение многих лет и знал не понаслышке, будучи одним из своих частых гостей в Сан-Симеоне; но он также опирался на опубликованные отчеты о Херсте для сценария. «Он всегда отрицал это, — писал Карринджер, — но совпадения между Американец и Фердинанд Лундберг с Империал Херст трудно объяснить ». Уэллс удалил большую часть материала Манкевича Херста, но Лундберг, тем не менее, в конечном итоге подал иск.[час][11]:21, 23
Четвертый черновик от 18 июня первым получил название Гражданин Кейн.[7]:102 Название было внесено руководителем студии RKO Джордж Шефер,[4]:82 Кто был обеспокоен тем, что назвал фильм Американец казались бы циничными и слишком тесно отождествляли себя с Херстом, чьи газеты включали Американский Еженедельник и New York Journal-American.[я][5]:246 Манкевича и Хаусмана вернули на зарплату Меркьюри[6]:262 18 июня — 27 июля, г.[11]:29–30 и продолжал помогать доработать сценарий.[5]:238 Датированный 16 июля 1940 года окончательный сценарий съемок составлял 156 страниц.[15]:82, 114 «После семи полных доработок Уэллс наконец получил то, что хотел», — написал Брэди.[5]:244 Карринджер резюмировал:
Манкевич (с помощью Хаусмана и при участии Уэллса) написал первые два черновика. Его основными вкладами стали сюжетная рамка, набор персонажей, различные отдельные сцены и хорошая часть диалога. … Уэллс добавил яркость повествования — визуальное и вербальное остроумие, стилистическую плавность и такие потрясающе оригинальные штрихи, как газетные монтажи и последовательность за завтраком. Он также превратил Кейна из картонной беллетристики Херста в фигуру тайны и эпического великолепия. Гражданин Кейн — единственный крупный фильм Уэллса, автор сценария которого разделяется. Неслучайно именно в фильме Уэллса самая сильная история, наиболее полно реализованные персонажи и наиболее тщательно продуманные диалоги. Манкевич изменил ситуацию.[11]:35
Уэллс назвал вклад Манкевича в сценарий «огромным».[4]:52–53 Он резюмировал процесс написания сценария: «Первоначальные идеи для этого фильма и его основная структура были результатом прямого сотрудничества между нами; после этого мы расстались, и было два сценария: один написан г-ном Манкевичем в Викторвилле, а другой — в Беверли-Хиллз, один … Окончательная версия сценария … была взята из обоих источников ».[4]:500[21]
В 1969 году, когда он дал интервью официальному журналу Гильдия режиссеров Америки Хаусман согласился с описанием Уэллса процесса написания сценария: «Он [Уэллс] сам добавил много материала, а позже у них с Германом произошла ужасная скандальная ссора по поводу экранного кредита. Насколько я могу судить, совместный биллинг был правильно. Гражданин Кейн сценарий был продуктом их обоих «.[16]:6
Но в то же время Хаусман вызвал споры, обедая с кинокритиком. Полин Кель и отдавая должное Манкевичу за создание сценария для Гражданин Кейн.[2]:32[7]:471[22] Каррингер писал, что «в своем пространном отчете об интерлюдии в Викторвилле Хаусман производит впечатление, что Манкевич начал с чистого листа, и что практически все в черновиках Викторвилля является оригинальным изобретением Манкевича».[j][11]:18 Хаусман открыто сказал бы, что Манкевич заслужил единоличную заслугу в написании фильма на протяжении многих лет.[23]— вплоть до самой смерти — без объяснения противоречий даже в его личных бумагах.[4]:499–500[9]:204
Одно из давних споров о Гражданин Кейн является авторством сценария.[6]:237 Манкевич пришел в ярость, когда колонна августа 1940 г. Луэлла Парсонс процитировал слова Уэллса: «… и поэтому я написал Гражданин Кейн.»[9]:201[10]:517 Когда RKO выпустила фильм в мае 1941 года, сувенирная программа включала разворот на две страницы, на котором Уэллс изображался как «четверка самых характерных персонажей кинофильмов… автор, продюсер, режиссер, звезда».[6]:270[24] Манкевич писал своему отцу: «Я особенно зол на невероятно дерзкое описание того, как Орсон написал свой шедевр. Дело в том, что на картине нет ни одной строчки, которая не была написана — написана мной и мной — еще до того, как камера повернулась. «[6]:270
Незадолго до этого Манкевич видел кадры фильма и сказал, что он недоволен отснятым материалом. Однако оценка видеозаписи Манкевичем была полна противоречий. Он сказал Уэллсу, что «не соблюдается достаточно стандартных правил кино» и что ему не нравится театральность и отсутствие крупных планов в фильме. Но Манкевич также назвал отснятый материал «великолепным» и сказал, что он ему понравился «с аскетической точки зрения». Он также сказал, что думал, что зрители не поймут фильм.[9]:204
Манкевич начал угрожать Уэллсу, чтобы он получил признание за фильм. Это включало угрозы опубликовать объявления на всю страницу в торговых бумагах и уговоры его друга Бен Хехт написать разоблачение своего сотрудничества в Субботняя вечерняя почта. Манкевич также пригрозил пойти в Гильдия сценаристов и претендовать на полную заслугу в написании всего сценария самостоятельно. Биограф Уэллса Барбара Лиминг считает, что Манкевич отреагировал таким образом из-за страха вообще лишиться кредита.[9]:204
Подав протест в Гильдию сценаристов, Манкевич отозвал его, а затем колебался. Вопрос был решен в январе 1941 года, когда РКО присвоило Манкевичу кредит. В бланке кредита гильдии первым был указан Уэллс, затем Манкевич. Помощник Уэллса Ричард Уилсон сказал, что человек, который обвел карандашом имя Манкевича, а затем нарисовал стрелку, поставившую его на первое место, был Уэллс. Официальный кредит гласит: «Сценарий Германа Манкевича и Орсона Уэллса».[6]:264–265
Злоба Манкевича к Уэллсу росла за оставшиеся 12 лет его жизни. Раздражение Уэллса на Манкевича быстро прошло, и он отзывался о нем с нежностью.[7]:498
«Одной из вещей, которые связывали с ним его друзей, была его чрезвычайная уязвимость, — сказал Уэллс биографу Манкевича. «Ему понравилось внимание, которое он привлек как великая, монументальная машина самоуничтожения. Это была его роль, и он сыграл ее до конца. Он был исполнителем, как, я думаю, все очень успешные личности. Он не мог быть ласковым или любовь за пределами его семьи. Вы никогда не чувствовали, что купаетесь в тепле его дружбы. Так что именно его уязвимость вызвала теплоту среди друзей. И люди любили его. Любил ему. Эта ужасная уязвимость. Это ужасное крушение «.[6]:168
Далее Уэллс сказал биографу Манкевича: «В моей жизни есть только один настоящий враг, о котором я знаю, и это Джон Хаусман. Все начинается и заканчивается той враждебностью, которая стоит за мандариновой доброжелательностью».[6]:255
«Воспитание Кейна»
Кинокритик Полин Кель Эссе 1971 года вызвало споры, заявив, что Манкевич заслужил полную заслугу в написании сценария.
Вопросы по авторству Гражданин Кейн сценарий был возрожден в 1971 году влиятельным кинокритиком Полин Кель,[4]:494 чье противоречивое эссе объемом 50 000 слов «Воспитание Кейна «был напечатан в двух последовательных выпусках журнала Житель Нью-Йорка и впоследствии как длинное введение в сценарий съемок в Книга Гражданина Кейна.[20] Непризнанным первоисточником Келя был Хаусман.[k][9]:203–204
«Основное внимание в эссе Келя уделяется защите и прославлению сценариста Германа Манкевича как главной, игнорируемой творческой силы, стоящей за Кейн, «написал кинокритик Джонатан Розенбаум. «По словам Каэля, сценарий был почти полностью написан Манкевичем, и Уэллс активно планировал лишить его права на экран».[4]:494 Основная пресса приняла яркое, но необоснованное эссе Кель — продолжение ее спора с Эндрю Саррис и авторская теория — на основании ее авторитета как одного из ведущих кинокритиков страны.[26]:206–207
«Воспитание Кейна» вызвало гнев многих критиков, в первую очередь Богдановича, близкого друга Уэллса, который опроверг утверждения Келя в «Мятеж Кейна», октябрьской статье 1972 года для Esquire.[l][м][28] Статья включала откровение о том, что Кель использовал исследования и интервью доктора Говарда Субера, доцента Калифорнийского университета в Лос-Анджелесе, где она тогда была приглашенным лектором, не поверив ему.[29]:30
Другие опровержения включали статьи Сарриса,[30] Джозеф МакБрайд[31] и Розенбаум,[32] интервью с Джордж Кулурис и Бернард Херрманн что появилось в Зрение и звук,[33] исчерпывающее исследование скриптов Каррингером[15] и примечания в биографиях Уэллса Leaming[9]:203–204 и Брэди.[5]:553–554 Розенбаум также рассмотрел противоречие в примечаниях своего редактора к Это Орсон Уэллс (1992).[4]:494–501
«Орсона энергично защищали, — писал биограф Бартон Уэйли, — но в менее заметных статьях; так что, опять же, ущерб был огромным и постоянным».[7]:394
К моменту смерти Келя, через 30 лет после публикации, «Raising Kane» был дискредитирован.[34][35]
«Сценарии гражданина Кейна»
Любой вопрос об авторстве был решен в эссе Каррингера 1978 года «Сценарии гражданина Кейна».[15][n] Каррингер изучил коллекцию записей сценариев — «почти ежедневную запись истории создания сценариев», которая тогда еще оставалась нетронутой в RKO. Он просмотрел все семь проектов и пришел к выводу, что «все доказательства показывают, что вклад Уэллса в Гражданин Кейн сценарий был не только содержательным, но и окончательным ».[15]:80
Каррингер обнаружил, что проблемы, поднятые Келем, основывались на свидетельствах раннего проекта сценария, в основном написанного Манкевичем,[15]:80 который «разработал логику сюжета и очертил общие контуры истории, установил главных героев и предоставил множество сцен и строк, которые в конечном итоге в той или иной форме появятся в фильме».[15]:115 На этом этапе сценария Кейн был скорее карикатурой на Херста, чем полностью разработанным персонажем финального фильма.[15]:98, 116 Каррингер обнаружил во втором наброске ключи к разгадке того, что Уэллс руководил сценарием, а в третьем он задокументировал прямое участие Уэллса.[15]:105 и ответственность за первые серьезные изменения.[15]:109–110 «На то, что последующие партии также в основном приписываются Уэллсу, указывают как обстоятельства, так и характер исправлений», — написал Каррингер.[15]:116
Каррингер заметил, что Гражданин Кейн — один из немногих проектов Уэллса, основанный на оригинальной сюжетной идее, а не на адаптации существующих работ. «Манкевича наняли, чтобы он снабдил его тем, что любой хороший первый писатель должен был предоставить в таком случае: прочной, прочной структурой рассказа, на которой он мог бы строиться», — писал Каррингер. Затем Уэллс «адаптировал его с той же свободой и пренебрежением авторитетом, с какой он адаптировал пьесу Шекспира или триллер Николаса Блейка».[15]:117
Похвалы
Сценарий для Гражданин Кейн получил Академическая награда за Лучший сценарий (оригинальный сценарий), разделяемый Германом Дж. Манкевичем и Орсоном Уэллсом.[37]
Примечания
- ^ В эфир вышли только четыре сценария из пяти: «Убийство Роджера Экройда», «Додсворт», «Ярмарка тщеславия» и «Гекльберри Финн».[6]:242
- ^ Джеральдин Фицджеральд утверждал, что предложил Уэллсу структуру с множеством точек зрения. Вскоре после Гражданин Кейн был освобожден, она, как сообщается, сказала ему: «Знаешь, это взято из той идеи, которую я тебе дал», на что Уэллс ответил: «Я не хочу, чтобы ты об этом говорил».[5]:246
- ^ В 1943 году ранчо Victorville, где работали Манкевич и Хаусман, изменилось с ранчо North Verde на его нынешнее название — Kemper Campbell Ranch.[12]
- ^ Позже Уэллс и Ледерер стали большими друзьями.[9]:343
- ^ «[Уэллс] утверждает, что написал параллельный сценарий», — сказал Хаусман Лимингу. «Это все чушь собачья. Он никогда не писал ни слова. Могу сказать вам определенно, что он не писал». Обращаясь к заметкам: «Это утверждение покажется странным любому, кто изучал личные документы Хаусмана, хранящиеся в UCLA».[9]:204
- ^ В течение следующих пяти недель Манкевич написал первый набросок сценария для MGM. Товарищ икс и не получил кредита на экран. Он также продолжил работу над сценарием для картины Уэллса, отправив в начале июня частично переработанный сценарий, который не использовался. В это время он получил копию черновика Уэллса и отправил ее со своими жалобами Хаусману в Нью-Йорк. 16 июня Хаусман ответил, что ему понравилось большинство новых сцен Уэллса.[11]:155
- ^ Для сравнения автор Харлан Лебо резюмирует сюжет оригинального сценария, который «сильно отличается от законченного фильма».[2]:18–26
- ^ В 1947 году Фердинанд Лундберг подал в суд на создателей Гражданин Кейн за нарушение авторских прав. В своих показаниях в ноябре 1950 года Манкевич открыто заявил, что читал Империал Херст (1937), но настаивал на том, что он не понаслышке знал о вещах, которые появились только в книге. Суд закончился присяжными. РКО урегулировал во внесудебном порядке.[15]:120
- ^ Уэллс сказал: «Гражданин Кейн пришел от Джорджа Шефера… Это отличное название. Мы месяцами сидели и пытались придумать для него название. Манкевич не мог, я не мог, никто из актеров — у нас был конкурс. Секретарь придумал такой плохой, что я никогда его не забуду: Море перевернутых лиц.»[4]:82
- ^ Акт третий автобиографии Хаусмана 1972 года Пробежать посвящен «памяти Германа Манкевича».[3]:445–461
- ^ В мае 1969 года Хаусман записал в своем дневнике, что он долго обедал с Кель, которая «кажется очень взволнована своим« открытием »Германа Манкевича. Я предоставил ей всю имеющуюся у меня информацию и пришлю ей еще».[25]:389
- ^ «В подписи было только мое имя, — позже писал Богданович, — но Орсон приложил все усилия, чтобы пересмотреть и переписать. Почему бы и нет? Он боролся за свою жизнь».[27]:xxiv
- ^ «Мятеж Кейна» также появляется в Сосредоточьтесь на Орсоне Уэллсе (1976), отредактированный Рональдом Готтесманом, и отрывок из нового введения Богдановича к изданию 1998 г. Это Орсон Уэллс.
- ^ Впервые опубликовано в Критический запрос, «Сценарии гражданина Кейна» были описаны Розенбаумом как «окончательная статья об авторстве Кейн— и, к сожалению, один из наименее известных ». Он написал, что многие биографы могут ошибочно полагать, что Каррингер включил все факты в свою более позднюю книгу, Создание гражданина Кейна.[36]:18, 247
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- ^ а б c d Лебо, Харлан (1990). Гражданин Кейн: альбом к пятидесятилетию. Нью-Йорк: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-41473-9.
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- ^ Тарбокс, Тодд, Орсон Уэллс и Роджер Хилл: дружба в трех действиях. Олбани, Джорджия: BearManor Media, 2013 г., ISBN 1-59393-260-X.
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- ^ «Интервью Джозефа Кэмпбелла и Джин Де Бласис». Устные истории исторического общества Мохаве. История пустыни Мохаве. В архиве из оригинала от 09.02.2016. Получено 2016-02-04.
- ^ Килбурн, Дон (1984). «Герман Манкевич (1897–1953)». В Morsberger, Robert E .; Меньший, Стивен О .; Кларк, Рэндалл (ред.). Литературно-биографический словарь. Том 26: Американские сценаристы. Детройт: Компания Gale Research. стр.218–224. ISBN 978-0-8103-0917-3.
- ^ Хейлин, Клинтон (2006). Несмотря на систему: Орсон Уэллс против голливудских студий. Чикаго, Иллинойс: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-556-52547-6.
- ^ а б c d е ж грамм час я j k л м п о п q Каррингер, Роберт Л. (2004) [впервые опубликовано в 1978 году]. «Сценарии Гражданин Кейн«. В Нареморе, Джеймс (ред.). Гражданин Орсона Уэллса Кейн: история болезни. Oxford University Press. С. 79–121. ISBN 978-0-19-515892-2.
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- ^ Хилл, Роджер (1977). Время и шанс одного человека, воспоминания восьмидесяти лет с 1895 по 1975 год. Вудсток, Иллинойс: частная печать; Коллекция Публичной библиотеки Вудстока, оцифрованная Государственной библиотекой Иллинойса. В архиве из оригинала 7 сентября 2014 г.. Получено 8 декабря, 2014.
- ^ «Орсон Уэллс развелся с женой». Ассошиэйтед Пресс (Вечерняя независимая ), 1 февраля 1940 г. В архиве из оригинала 9 сентября 2015 г.. Получено 14 декабря, 2014.
- ^ «Бывшие жены Орсона Уэллса». Ассошиэйтед Пресс (Пресс-секретарь-обозреватель ), 18 мая 1940 г. В архиве из оригинала 29 апреля 2016 г.. Получено 14 декабря, 2014.
- ^ а б Кель, Полина; Уэллс, Орсон; Манкевич, Герман Дж. (1971). «Воспитание Кейна Полин Кель». Книга Гражданина Кейна. Бостон: Маленький, коричневый и компания. С. 1–84. OCLC 301527105. В архиве с оригинала от 20 июня 2006 г.. Получено 4 декабря, 2014.
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- ^ «Джон Хаусман в сериале« Что случилось с Орсоном Уэллсом »?‘«. Wellesnet.com. 21 августа 2008 г. В архиве из оригинала 22 мая 2012 г.. Получено 7 декабря, 2014.
- ^ Рубио, Хуан Кобос Мигель; Прунэда, Хосе Антонио (апрель 1965 г.). «Интервью с Орсоном Уэллсом». Париж, Франция: Cahiers du Cinéma, номер 165.
- ^ Сувенирная программа Citizen Kane. Нью-Йорк: RKO Pictures / Винклер и Рамен. 1941 г.
- ^ Хаусман, Джон (1983). Финальное платье. Нью-Йорк: Саймон и Шустер. ISBN 0671420313.
- ^ Робертс, Джерри (2010). Полная история американской кинокритики. Санта-Моника, Калифорния: ООО «Санта-Моника Пресс». ISBN 978-1-595-80049-7.
- ^ Уэллс, Орсон; Богданович Петр; Розенбаум, Джонатан (1998). «Мой Орсон [новое введение Петра Богдановича]». Это Орсон Уэллс (2-е изд.). Кембридж, Массачусетс: Da Capo Press. стр. vii – xxxix. ISBN 9780306808340.
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- ^ Саррис, Эндрю (15 апреля 1971 г.). «Фильмы в фокусе». Деревенский голос. В архиве с оригинала 7 декабря 2014 г.. Получено 4 декабря, 2014.
- ^ Макбрайд, Джозеф (осень 1971 г.). «Грубые сани с Полиной Кель». Фильм Наследие. Дейтон, Огайо: Дейтонский университет: 13–16, 32.
- ^ Розенбаум, Джонатан. «Я пропустил это в фильмах: возражения против воспитания Кейна»‘«. Комментарий к фильму (Весна 1972 г.). В архиве с оригинала 7 декабря 2014 г.. Получено 3 декабря, 2014.
- ^ Гиллинг, Тед (весна 1972 г.). «[Интервью с Джорджем Кулурисом и Бернардом Херрманном] Книга Гражданина Кейна«. Зрение и звук: 71–73.
- ^ Маккарти, Тодд (22 августа 1997 г.). «Сценарий Уэллса рассказывает историю Х’вуда». Разнообразие. В архиве с оригинала 12 января 2015 г.. Получено 7 января, 2015.
- ^ Паттерсон, Джон (6 сентября 2001 г.). «Женщина-топорщик: почему Полин Кель была плохой для мирового кино». Хранитель. В архиве с оригинала 7 января 2015 г.. Получено 6 января, 2015.
- ^ Розенбаум, Джонатан (редактор) (2007). Открытие Орсона Уэллса. Беркли, Калифорния: Калифорнийский университет Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25123-6.CS1 maint: дополнительный текст: список авторов (связь)
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С выходом «Манка» Дэвида Финчера (с 4 декабря на Netflix) всем неизбежно придется вернуться к эпохальному и скандальному тексту Полин Кейл «Воспитание Кейна», в котором рассматривается проблема авторства «Гражданина Кейна». О том, стоит ли безоглядно доверяться оптике Полин Кейл, рассказывает Инна Кушнарева.
1.
В 1971 году Полина Кейл была, если не на вершине славы, то близка к ней. Она уже четыре сезона отработала штатным кинокритиком в «Нью-Йоркере», считаясь самым влиятельным кинокритиком Америки и получая профессиональные награды наравне с такими мастодонтами журналистики, как Уолтер Кронкайт. В феврале 1971 года в двух номерах журнала вышла ее фундаментальная статья о «Гражданине Кейне» Орсона Уэллса, готовившаяся несколько лет.
История началась с того, что издательство Bantam Books задумало выпустить сценарий «Гражданина Кейна», предложив Кейл написать вводную статью. В сентябре 1968 года, получив от издательства аванс, Кейл засела за статью. По контракту она оставляла за собой право первой публикации в «Нью-Йоркере».
Кейл часто писала длинные тексты. Но тут превзошла себя: «Воспитание Кейна» — это практически самостоятельная книга, жанр которой не поддается однозначному определению. Расследовательская журналистика, цель которой — исправить историческую несправедливость? Попытка переписать историю кино? Полемика? Или импрессионистское эссе в духе «Вот смотрю я на этот ваш шедевр свежим взглядом и вижу совсем не то, что видите вы»?
Уэллс просто поставил свою подпись под сценарием и в дальнейшем, якобы, даже предлагал Манкевичу деньги, чтобы тот снял свою.
Она действительно видела по-своему. Начать с того, что Кейл пишет для фильма совсем иную, чем принято думать, генеалогию. Особенно с учетом последующего творчества Уэллса:
«Кейн» ближе к комедии, чем к трагедии, хотя он настолько вычурный по стилю, что это почти готическая комедия. […] Он происходит из совершенно иной традиции — […] традиции коммерческой комедии […]
Задача эссе — показать, что «Гражданин Кейн» не настолько оригинален, как стало казаться, когда он вошел в кинематографический канон. Он — часть долгой традиции комедий о газетчиках, расцвет которой приходится на 1930-е. Он не так уж далек от «Первой полосы» (Front Page, 1931) или ее переделки Хоуксом «Его девушка Пятница» (His Girl Friday, 1940). Даже его знаменитая структура, которую Кейл называет «призматической», по ее мнению, — не новость. Она уже использовалась в фильме «Сила и слава» (The Power and the Glory, 1933) Престона Стёрджеса о жизни железнодорожного магната со Спенсером Трейси в главной роли. Стёрджес принадлежал к той же когорте сценаристов, что и сценарист «Кейна» Герман Манкевич, только ему удалось пробиться в режиссеры.
Ее главная мишень не только и не столько Орсон Уэллс, сколько «теория автора».
Если у «Гражданина Кейна» и было какое-то особое достоинство в момент его выхода на экраны, заключалось оно по мнению Кейл в его сенсационности. Уэллс искал для своего голливудского дебюта скандальный материал. Манкевич был хорошо знаком с Хёрстом, вхож в его дом, и только он мог ввести в фильм инсайдерскую информацию, которой не хватало Уэллсу:
Он [Орсон Уэллс] никогда не будет снова работать со столь животрепещущей и значимой темой, как в «Кейне». […] Сам особый журналистский нюх на то, что может стать скандалом, как и хорошим сюжетом, и способность этот сюжет расписать принадлежала не Уэллсу, а его сегодня почти забытому соавтору Герману Дж. Манкевичу, который написал сценарий фильма.
В этом основной тезис Кейл: «Гражданина Кейна» не было бы без Манкевича, которого все забыли. Вроде бы в этом стремлении восстановить историческую справедливость нет ничего плохого. Но Кейл на этом не останавливается. Сначала она доказывает, что главное в «Кейне» — это сценарий, а потом, что Уэллс не имеет к этому сценарию отношения:
Уэллс, вероятно, что-то подсказывал в ранних разговорах с Манкевичем, и, поскольку он еженедельно получал копии работы, которая шла в Викторвилле, мог давать советы по телефону или в письмах. Позднее он почти наверняка подсказывал сокращения, которые помогли Манкевичу отточить сценарий, и известно, что Уэллс внес некоторые изменения на съемках. Но миссис Александер, которой Манкевич диктовал все от первого до последнего абзаца и которая затем, когда первый вариант был закончен и они все уехали в Лос-Анжелес, выполняла секретарскую работу в доме Манкевича, переписывая и внося сокращения, а позднее работала со сценарием на студии вплоть до того, как фильм был снят, говорит, что Уэллс не написал (или не продиктовал) ни единой строчки сценария «Гражданина Кейна».
Уэллс просто поставил свою подпись под сценарием и в дальнейшем, якобы, даже предлагал Манкевичу деньги, чтобы тот снял свою. Неясно, отказался Манкевич от предложения или согласился, но его фамилия все-таки осталась. По версии Кейл, у Манкевича были доказательства авторства, и он отнес их в Гильдию сценаристов, подняв такой шум, что Уэллсу пришлось разделить с ним авторство. Во многом единственный «Оскар», полученный «Гражданином Кейном» — за сценарий — дали именно Манкевичу как ветерану индустрии.
В «Воспитании Кейна» от Полин Кейл досталось всем.
И здесь мы подходим к основному мотиву, стоящему за текстом Кейл. Ее главная мишень не только и не столько Орсон Уэллс, сколько «теория автора», с которой она воевала со времен статьи «Кружки и квадраты» (1963). Уэллс — олицетворение автора, как его представляли сторонники этой теории: творец, в одиночку воплощающий в фильме свое уникальное видение мира. И в данном случае, по мнению Кейл, бессознательная склонность самого Уэллса присваивать себе чужие заслуги счастливо совпадает с интересами индустрии. С одной стороны:
До того, как Mercury Theatre нашел спонсора для еженедельного радио-шоу, с точки зрения рекламы считалось полезно публично идентифицироваться с именем Уэллса, так что ему приписывалось почти что все и в эфире его называли «автором передач Mercury».
С другой:
Бывшие товарищи часто называют претензии Уэллса на авторство его «слабым местом». В те дни Уэллс мог заниматься столькими вещами одновременно, что кажется почти случайностью, если он не делал вещи, которые он себе приписывает. Режиссеры в театре и в кино по сути своих задач (а часто по характеру) с пренебрежением относятся к работе других людей, а Уэллс был настолько талантливее и притягательнее большинства режиссеров — и настолько моложе — что люди, которых он обобрал, не указав в титрах, продолжали работать с ним годами.
Орсон Уэллс по версии Кейл оказывается кем-то вроде сегодняшнего раскрученного видеоблогера или инстаграмщика, на которых работает целая команда копирайтеров, фотографов, операторов и пр. Статья прекрасно вписывается в современные ревизионистские проекты, стремящиеся показать, что за тем или иным признанным гением часто скрываются люди, делавшие за него «черную» работу: жена, печатавшая рукописи на машинке, выполняя редакторскую или продюсерскую работу, ассистенты, стажеры и так далее. В кино такой притесненной и ущемленной группой оказываются сценаристы. Кейл пытается переписать историю кино с их точки зрения.
Понятно, чем Кейл приглянулась фигура Манкевича. Он обладал качествами, которые она ценила выше всего — остроумием и здоровым цинизмом. Они противостояли тому, что Кейл больше всего ненавидела в искусстве — пафосу и претенциозности. Кейл не верила в то, что высокое искусство можно получить напрямую, тем более в кино. Искусство может получиться только случайно, только как побочный продукт другой, отнюдь не возвышенной деятельности. Манкевич и другие завсегдатаи нью-йоркского кружка записных острословов Algonquin Round Table подались в Голливуд на заработки, и в результате родились бойкие, говорливые комедии 1930-х годов, наконец-то, по мнению Кейл, принесшие кинозрителям долгожданное избавление от сентиментальности, невыносимой «медлительности» и утомительной «поэтичности» немого кино:
Заурядность — даже пошлость — этих картин была таким отдохновением ото всей этой немой «поэзии». […] Трудно объяснить людям, которые не жили во время этого перехода, насколько тошнотворными и неприятными были многие из этих «высокохудожественных» немых фильмов — как хотелось содрать с них весь этот туман и чувства!
Конечно, только не понимающие английского и не способные оценить остроумие американских комедий европейцы могли увлекаться тупыми вестернами. Только подражающие им местные синефилы могли с придыханием толковать о какой-то там «визуальности» и «мизансцене». В «Воспитании Кейна» от Полин Кейл досталось всем.
2.
Когда читаешь «Воспитание Кейна», статья кажется проработанной и основательной. Ясно, что в 1971 году стандарты фактчекинга были не настолько строги, однако «Нью-Йоркер» ими всегда славился. Равно как и тщательной работой редактора с авторами, порой немало затягивающей процесс публикации.
Ресерч действительно был сделан, но не Кейл. В конце 1960-х идея издать сценарий «Гражданина Кейна» витала в воздухе. Пара академических ученых уже собиралась опубликовать сценарий и предложила написать вступительное эссе Говарду Саберу, младшему преподавателю киноведческого факультета UCLA. Он долгое время вел семинары по фильму, на них выступали люди, работавшие с Уэллсом. Кейл была частым гостем в UCLA. Узнав о том, что у Сабера есть готовые материалы, она предложила ему не размениваться и отдать их в Bantam Books, пообещав, что его статью опубликуют вместе с ее собственной. Обрадованный Сабер быстро дописал статью и отправил Кейл. Она прислала ему 375 долларов аванса, те самые, что получила сама. О том, что Кейл использовала его материалы, Сабер узнал, когда открыл номер «Нью-Йоркера». Его имя в статье не упоминалось.
Хотя Манкевич умер в 1953 году, Уэллс был жив и активен, но Кейл решила, что обойдется без него.
Возможно, Кейл могла провести ресерч и сама. Во всяком случае она интервьюировала секретаршу Манкевича Риту Александер. Общалась с партнером Уэллса по Mercury Theatre Джоном Хаусманом, приставленным Уэллсом к Манкевичу, когда тот писал на вилле в Калифорнии. Но материалы, собранные Сабером, подошли ей идеально. Большую их часть составляла интервью жены Манкевича Сары, рассказавшей ему многое об отношениях Манкевича с Хёрстом и его любовницей актрисой Мэрион Дэвис. Все это хорошо встраивалось в концепцию Кейл. Кроме того, некоторые герои истории, проинтервьюированные Сабером, могли отказаться говорить с Кейл — например, Дороти Коминьоре, исполнявшая роль Сюзан Александер. В беседе с биографом Кейл Брайаном Келлоу Сабер приводит забавную деталь. Кейл не смогла разгадать загадку, которую он загадывал студентам: как герои узнают, что последними словами Кейна перед смертью были «розовый бутон»? Как и все, Кейл ответила, что его подслушали. Сабер указывает на то, что это невозможно: когда Кейн умирает, в комнате никого нет. То есть, вся история строится вокруг пустой загадки. «Тривиально», — сказала Кейл. Но не забыла упомянуть об этом в статье.
Сам Сабер не делал смелых выводов об авторстве сценария, к которым пришла Кейл — он был лишь начинающим ученым в ожидании штатной должности и не стал делать предавать огласке эту историю, испугавшись последствий.
Если бы история с присвоением чужих исследовательских материалов вскрылась сегодня, то Кейл скорей всего немедленно бы уволили.
Формат «Нью-Йоркера» не предполагает ссылок по академическому образцу. Однако в архиве Кейл, хранящемся в библиотеке университета Индианы, как утверждает ее биограф Келлоу, нет расшифровок интервью с Ритой Александр, Хаусманом или главой студии Джорджем Шефером. Есть только копии интервью, проведенных Сабером.
3.
Если бы история с присвоением чужих исследовательских материалов вскрылась сегодня, то Кейл скорей всего немедленно бы уволили. Но в «Воспитании Кейна» она совершила еще одно грубое нарушение журналисткой этики — не удосужилась выслушать другую сторону. Хотя Манкевич умер в 1953 году, Уэллс был жив и активен, но Кейл решила, что обойдется без него.
Уэллс, впрочем, нашел способ донести свою точку зрения до внимания публики, хотя и не под своим именем. В журнале Esquire вышла пространная статья Питера Богдановича под названием «Мятеж на „Кейне“». Уэллс не указан в качестве ее автора, но в синефильских кругах всегда ходили слухи о том, что писалась она не только с подачи Уэллса, но и при его активном участии. Джонатан Розенбаум находит косвенное подтверждение этой гипотезе в том, что Богданович так и не включил ее в полном виде ни в один из своих сборников. А Ричард Броуди, нынешний штатный кинокритик «Нью-Йоркера», получил от Богдановича подтверждение по мейлу — да, Уэллс многое добавил к тексту.
Кейл не стала отвечать Богдановичу. Якобы, так ей посоветовал поступить Вуди Аллен.
Богданович прежде всего приводит отрывки из своих бесед с Уэллсом, в которых тот очень благожелательно отзывается о Манкевиче. Все они, по его утверждению, были записаны до того, как Кейл опубликовала свою статью. По версии Уэллса, прототипом Кейна был не один только Хёрст, это собирательный образ. Идея с историей, рассказанной с нескольких точек зрения, вопреки утверждениям Кейл, была его собственной, а вот «Розовый бутон» действительно придумал Манкевич:
Я вынашивал старую идею — рассказать одну и ту же историю несколько раз — и показать, как по-разному одна и та же сцена выглядит с разных точек зрения. Как позднее это было сделано в «Расемоне»… Манку понравилась моя идея, и мы стали думать, о ком рассказать. Какая-нибудь крупная американская фигура […] в первую очередь на ум пришел Говард Хьюз. Но очень быстро мы пришли к газетным магнатам.
Не было какого-то одного сценария, который был бы целиком написан одним Манкевичем. У обоих были свои варианты:
Богданович: Как вы решали ваши разногласия по сценарию перед тем, как начались съемки?
Уэллс: Поэтому-то в итоге я оставил его в покое — мы стали слишком много времени терять на пререкания. Договорившись о сюжете и главном герое, Манк с Хаусманом уехали и написали свой вариант, а я остался в Голливуде и написал мой. В конце концов, это я снимал картину — я принимал решения. Я использовал то, что хотел из сценария Манка, и то, что мне нравилось, из своего.
Манкевич фактически написал roman à clef, и Уэллс осознавал, какие у этого будут юридические последствия.
Богданович также перечисляет всех, к кому Кейл могла бы обратиться за разъяснениями, помимо Уэллса. Среди них друг Манкевича сценарист Чарльз Ледерер, возмущенный утверждениями Кейл о том, что это он, якобы, слил данный ему Манкевичем сценарий Хёрсту, после чего картину начали преследовать еще до выхода на экраны. Ричард Барр, который был старшим помощником режиссера на «Кейне» и давал показания под присягой о том, что Манкевич был нанят в качестве «ассистента» для написания сценария. Секретарша самого Уэллса Кэтрин Троспер, наконец:
Орсон постоянно писал и переписывал. Я видела, как некоторые сцены писались во время съемок. Он диктовал диалоги, даже когда его гримировали.
Богданович опровергает утверждения Кейл о том, что для режиссеров и продюсеров было обычной практикой записывать себя в авторы сценария. Такая практика действительно когда-то существовала и именно для борьбы с ней была создана Гильдия сценаристов. Эта борьба оказалась вполне эффективной — в результате в 1940 году из 590 фильмов, вышедших на экраны в США, лишь в пяти среди сценаристов значился режиссер или продюсер. По свидетельству Чарльза Ледерера «„Гражданин Кейн“ никогда не представал перед советом Гильдии. Если бы „Кейн“ стал предметом арбитража, Орсон наверняка бы выиграл, и Манку это должно было быть известно».
Богданович поймал Кейл и на других неточностях, натяжках и домыслах. Как например, «Ночь в опере» братьев Маркс, над сценарием которой работал Манкевич, не была источником сцены в оперном театре. Эта деталь страшно возмутила композитора Бернарда Херрмана. Предполагалось, что Сюзи должна запеть, как только поднимется занавес, но, как считал Уэллс, подходящей оперы, начинающейся с партии сопрано, нет, поэтому он предложил Херрману написать музыку к вымышленной опере «Саламбо», что тот и сделал.
Кейл не стала отвечать Богдановичу. Якобы, так ей посоветовал поступить Вуди Аллен.
4.
Тем не менее остается вопрос. Пусть Кейл присвоила чужие материалы, нарушила журналистскую этику и допустила множество фактических неточностей. Но может быть, в главном она права, и сценарий «Гражданина Кейна» все-таки написал Манкевич?
Точку в этой истории поставил в 1975 году киновед Роберт Кэрринджер статьей «Сценарии „Гражданина Кейна“», позднее вошедшей в книгу «Как создавался «Гражданин Кейн» (The Making of Citizen Kane). Кэрринджеру удалось получить доступ к архиву студии R. K. O. Вариантов сценария «Кейна» было семь. Только первые два были написаны Манкевичем под присмотром Хаусмана в Калифорнии. Самый первый носил название «Американец». Уже с третьего варианта в тексте чувствуется рука Уэллса. На момент создания пятого варианта видно, как сценарий существенно корректируется по ходу начавшихся к тому времени съемок. Одной из главных проблем первого варианта сценария было то, что Манкевич действительно списал Кейна с Хёрста. Опирался он при этом, как считает Кэрринджер, не столько на инсайдерскую информацию, сколько на две книги о Хёрсте: одну комплементарную биографию, другую — разоблачительную за авторством Фердинанда Лундберга. Лундберг позднее подаст в суд на Уэллса за нарушение авторских прав. Манкевич фактически написал roman à clef, и Уэллс осознавал, какие у этого будут юридические последствия. Но это не единственная причина, по которой он старательно «вымарывал» Хёрста из окончательной версии. Вариант Манкевича был слишком рыхлым, образ главного героя — драматически неубедительным.
Для Кейл же кино в сущности было не визуальным искусством, а разновидностью литературы.
Уже в третьем по счету варианте Уэллс, например, убрал 75 страниц, при помощи монтажа представив экспозиционные сцены и пространные диалоги в конденсированном виде. Постепенно из сценария исчезают отдельные эпизоды, персонажи, сюжетные линии, реплики перераспределяются, дописываются и переписываются. И это все работа Уэллса. Показательный пример — то, как он в итоге обошелся с первым браком Кейна, с которым Манкевич долго и нудно возился в своем варианте. Уэллс придумал то, что станет знаменитой «Сценой за завтраком»: девять лет смонтированы из фрагментов, разыгранных в одних и тех же декорациях, меняются только костюмы и возраст Кейна и его жены, которые постепенно стареют.
«Гражданин Кейн». Реж. Орсон Уэллс. 1941
«Гражданин Кейн». Реж. Орсон Уэллс. 1941
Общий вывод, к которому приходит Кэрринджер (ему, кстати сказать, аргументы Богдановича показались не более убедительными, чем доводы Кейл):
Сторонники Манкевича хотят заставить нас поверить, что к концу пребывания в Викторвилле основная часть сценария была завершена. Но на самом деле все наоборот. […] На этом этапе Чарльз Фостер Кейн — всего лишь серия поз, списанных с Хёрста. […] Варианты из Викторвилля содержат десятки страниц скучного, вялого материала, который в итоге будет либо отброшен, либо полностью заменен. И что самое показательное, в нем нет практически ничего от того стилистического остроумия и текучести, которые так захватывают в самом фильме. […] Фундаментальное изменение характера многих сцен […] может быть описано как переход от сцен, разыгранных непрерывно, к сценам, фрагментированным в соответствии с монтажными концепциями. Другое изменение — эволюция Чарльза Фостера Кейна как героя. Принципиальная стратегия состояла в том, чтобы снова и снова проигрывать отдельные ситуации и моменты его жизни, чтобы раскрыть его характер.
Кейл, таким образом, ошибалась, когда приписала хваленую «бойкость» и «скорость» заслугам Манкевича. Проблема скорости решается в «Гражданине Кейне» на другом уровне. Для этого не требовалось набивать руку на работающих как часы комедиях, как она утверждала в начале своей статьи. Нужно было уметь видеть так, как это умел Уэллс. Для Кейл же кино в сущности было не визуальным искусством, а разновидностью литературы. И она ненавидела нахватавшихся французских мод синефилов за то, что те смотрят кино.
Литература
Pauline Kael. Raising Kane // NewYorker. 20/02/1971.
Brian Kellow. Pauline Kael. A Life in The Dark. Penguin Books, 2011.
Peter Bogdanovich. The Kane Mutiny // Esquire. October 1972
Jonathan Rosenbaum. I Missed It at the Movies: Objections to «Raising KANE» // Film Comment Spring 1972
Richard Brody. Herman Mankiewicz, Pauline Kael, and the Battle Over «Citizen Kane» // New Yorker. 14/11/2020
Robert L. Carringer. The Scripts of «Citizen Kane» // Critical Inquiry Volume 5, Number 2 Winter, 1978
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Если вы вдруг зададитесь целью отыскать фильм, который чаще других нарекали лучшим за все время существования кинематографа, то, вероятнее всего, им окажется дебютная картина Орсона Уэллса – «Гражданин Кейн». Так уж вышло, что большинство именитых и не очень изданий практически машинально возносят этот байопик на недосягаемые высоты. Дошло даже до того, что наделавшую массу шума «TheLastofUs», нарекли не иначе как «Гражданином Кейном от мира видеоигр». В свете всей этой шумихи возникает резонный вопрос – а насколько оправдан этот культ?
Что связывает Уэллса с магией вуду
В 1915-ом году в небольшом портовом городке Кеноша, затаившемся близ Чикаго, на свет появился Джордж Орсон Уэллс. Его отец был далеко не самым удачливым изобретателем, а мать – пианисткой. Но ввиду того, что в 1919-ом они разошлись, раннее детство Орсон провел в компании матери. Именно с ее легкой руки, будучи еще совсем маленьким, он пристрастился к творчеству Шекспира. К 5 годам у него уже было личное собрание сочинений великого англичанина. Также он увлекался живописью, играл на рояле, скрипке и даже давал небольшие концерты. Но в 1923-ем мать Уэллса скончалась, забрав вместе с собой его увлечение музыкой, но не любовь к Шекспиру, которая расцвела много лет спустя.
Отец Орсона, забросивший изобретательскую деятельность и пристрастившийся к алкоголю, проследовал за женой в 1930-ом. Так в возрасте 15-ти лет будущий актер и режиссер оказался на попечении у Морриса Берстайна, близкого друга его родителей. В действительности же он остался совсем один, лишенный крепкого родительского плеча и вынужденный полагаться исключительно на собственные силы.
Вскоре стало предельно ясно, что Уэллс парень не промах. Через год после смерти отца он без разрешения опекуна решил отправиться в путешествие по Европе, но денег ему хватило лишь на дорогу до Чикаго. Тем не менее, каким-то образом он не только умудрился укрыться от разыскивавшей его полиции, но и сумел раздобыть необходимую для путешествия сумму. И это во времена жуткого экономического кризиса, когда ни у кого не было работы.
Во время европейского турне, длившегося несколько лет, Уэллс отработал полноценный театральный сезон в одном из дублинских театров, побродил по улочкам Марокко, а также отличился написанием детективов и участием в корриде на ее исторической родине под прозвищем «Эль Американо».
«Лучшие произведения создают до 30-ти и после 70-ти. Главный враг общества – средний класс, а жизни – средний возраст».
— Орсон Уэллс
Вернувшись в Америку, Уэллс вел спокойную по его меркам жизнь, играя самые разные роли в труппе небезызвестной театральной актрисы Кэтрин Корнелл, колесившей в то время по всей стране. Но в 1934-ом ему улыбнулась удача: на деньги Джона Хаусмана, американского режиссера и продюсера средней руки, они открыли совместный театр в Нью-Йорке. Недолго думая, Уэллс обратился к горячо любимому творчеству Шекспира и поставил собственного «Макбета».
Место действия пьесы было перенесено на Таити, а задействовали в ней исключительно чернокожих актеров, что по тем временам было просто немыслимо. Но и этот факт был лишь верхушкой айсберга: Орсону удалось привезти из Африки настоящих жриц культа вуду, которые прямо на сцене проводили взаправдашние ритуалы, свежуя в процессе живых овец. Это мероприятие, как и поставленный пару лет спустя «Юлий Цезарь», в котором Цезарь был загримирован под Муссолини, наделало много шума, но не принесло Уэллсу должной популярности.
«Борьба с традицией нам необходима, но, если мы ее совсем уничтожим, исчезнет напряжение, и тогда не останется ничего… ни авангарда, ни экспериментального искусства. Вне традиции всякое экспериментаторство теряет смысл…»
— Орсон Уэллс
Но 30 октября 1938-го года, в канун Дня всех святых, грянул гром. Именно в этот вечер в радиоэфир вышла постановка «Войны миров», созданная Уэллсом на основе знаменитого романа его однофамильца. К середине «представления», первая половина которого довольно убедительно имитировала репортаж с непосредственного места событий, несколько районов Соединенных Штатов охватила истерия. Люди искренне поверили в подлинность нападения марсиан. Обернулось это дело чередой самоубийств, нервных срывов и побегов из городов в близлежащие леса и горы. Это был настоящий фурор, в одночасье сделавший Уэллса настоящей знаменитостью и открывший для него дорогу в Голливуд.
Причем, «фабрика грез» выдала ему неслыханный по тем временам подарок: согласно заключенному с компанией RKO контракту, Уэллс должен был снимать по одной картине в год, исполняя обязанности режиссера, продюсера и актера. При этом студия не могла ни коим образом влиять на его работу, ей даже не позволялось просматривать отснятый материал. Немыслимая роскошь, в сиянии которой и был рожден «Гражданин Кейн», вознесший 25-летнего режиссера на удивительную высоту.
Нельзя сказать, что вся последующая жизнь Уэллса была невыносимой, но на нее выдалось множество неприятностей: изгнание из Голливуда по причине развода с Ритой Хейворт, вынужденная миграция в Европу и безуспешные поиски финансирования. Но Уэллс был настоящим стоиком и бойцом, не опустившим руки даже после всего вылитого на него дерьма. Он прекрасно осознавал свое превосходство над окружающими и нисколько не боялся выставлять его на показ.
«Лично я никогда не был киноманом и даже в детстве ходил в кино не слишком часто. Слава Богу, меня кинематограф интересует в разумных пределах. Танцор или певец, способный мыслить лишь категориями своего искусства, на самом деле — глупец, ему просто нечего сказать людям.»
— Орсон Уэллс
Массовая «депрессия» длинною в десятилетие
Первая четверть прошлого столетия выдалась для Соединенных Штатов крайне удачной. За эти годы ее промышленность и экономика совершили внушительный рывок вперед. В первую очередь благодаря повсеместному внедрению новых технологий и удаленности от событий Первой мировой. Так, в период с 1917-го по 1927-ой год национальный доход США вырос почти в 3 раза. Благосостояние простых людей росло, а вместе с ним и вера в светлое будущее.
В ревущие двадцатые приподнятое расположение духа достигло своего апогея. Американцы массово перебирались из глубинки в крупные города, отчаянно содрогавшиеся под громогласные возгласы джаза и галлонами уплетавшие алкоголь. Даже властвовавший в те годы «Сухой закон» не мог им помешать. Это была беззаботная, оптимистичная пора, во время которой каждый американец свято верил в нерушимость и могущество своей родины.
Ясное дело, бесконечно так продолжаться не могло. Рано или поздно любой пир подходит к концу, обрушивая на его участников жуткое похмелье и сожаления о содеянном. Для Соединенных Штатов, а заодно и для остального цивилизованного мира, таким похмельем стала «Великая депрессия» – экономический кризис, началом которого считается 29 октября 1929-го года. Именно в этот день после непродолжительной агонии рухнул фондовый рынок США, утянув за собой на дно всю мировую экономику.
Самым страшным в «Великой депрессии» оказалось то, что к ней никто не был готов и в первую очередь морально. Люди нищали не постепенно и не по причине чьих-то неверных решений, так или иначе лежавших на поверхности. Большинство лишилось всего в мгновение ока, совершенно не понимая истоков этой напасти. В первые дни десятки тысяч ошеломленных американцев наложили на себя руки, настолько силен был шок и последовавший за ним ужас.
Также за время кризиса разорились тысячи предприятий. Сельское хозяйство, и без того пребывавшее не в лучшей форме, столкнулось с еще большими проблемами, а банки полопались словно мыльные пузыри на солнце. Как следствие, резкое сокращение рабочих мест лишило обнищавшее население возможности исправить сложившуюся ситуацию.
К началу тридцатых число безработных превышало 15 миллионов человек (и это не считая жен, детей и недееспособных стариков, повисших на их шеях) при общем населении в 120 миллионов. Кто-то из числа этих несчастных изо дня в день околачивал пороги близлежащих предприятий, кто-то беспробудно пил, а кто-то путешествовал по стране, за копейки помогая чужим хозяйствам. Но в лучшем случае это позволяло им и их семьям не умереть с голоду.
«Люди, которые батрачат на чужих ранчо, самые одинокие на свете. У них нет семьи. У них нет дома. Придут они на ранчо, отработают свое, а потом – в город, денежки проматывать, и глядишь, уж снова плетутся куда-нибудь на другое ранчо. И в будущем у них ничего нет.»
— Джон Стейнбек, «О мышах и людях»
Некоторые умудрялись отчаяться до такой степени, что отправлялись в Советский Союз, который всегда страдал от нехватки рабочих рук, но никак не от нехватки заоблачных амбиций. Более того, тридцатые являются единственным периодом в истории, когда отток населения из Соединенных Штатов, заслуженно именуемых страной иммигрантов, превысил его приток.
За то полное отчаяния и мучений десятилетие, что длилась «Великая депрессия», Америка откатилась в своем развитии к уровню 1911-го года. Но, как бы там ни было, благодаря разносторонним реформам Делано Рузвельта, к 1939-му году кризис официально сошел на нет. Американский народ выстоял и наконец-то мог спокойно вздохнуть.
В свою очередь, май 1941-го года, на который пришелся выход «Гражданина Кейна», был едва ли не самым подходящим для этого моментом. Годы жутких страданий и лишений остались позади, экономика и промышленность снова были на подъеме, а до нападения японцев на Перл-Харбор, вынудившего Соединенные Штаты вступить во Вторую мировую войну, оставалось еще 8 месяцев.
Богатые тоже плачут
В «Гражданине Кейне» Орсон Уэллс попытался создать разностороннего и в меру глубокого героя, не только способного запомниться зрителю своими выходками, но и пробудить в нем эмоции. Для этого он сосредоточил все свое внимание на судьбе Чарльза Фостера Кейна, в основу образа которого лег современник Уэллса – первый в истории медиамагнат Уильям Херст. Кстати говоря, еще до выхода фильма об этом факте прознал не только весь Голливуд, но и сам Херст.
Сказать, что его не обрадовала оказанная честь, значит изрядно преуменьшить размах проблемы. Херст, не желая выставлять на показ свою личную жизнь, приложил максимум усилий, дабы не дать Уэллсу завершить съемки. И хотя молодому режиссеру это все-таки удалось, должного проката «Гражданин Кейн» не получил, поскольку многие кинотеатры не решились перечить Херсту и проигнорировали показ. Тем не менее, фильму как-то удалось принести своим создателям прибыль, пусть и не внушительную.
История Чарльза Кейна начинается с того, что в совсем юном возрасте его отдают на попечение банку, в прямом смысле этого слова. Дело в том, что в один прекрасный день его мать становится сказочно богатой. И дабы на это богатство не наложил руки ее бестолковый муж, она расстается с сыном, попутно переписывая на него весь свой капитал. Банк, в свою очередь, заинтересован в благополучии Чарльза исключительно потому, что именно в его закромах таятся деньги юного миллионера. В определенном смысле Кейн, как и Уэллс когда-то, остается один на один с жизнью.
В дальнейшем выясняется, что Кейн далеко не так прост: в возрасте 25 лет, получив наконец возможность распоряжаться своим состоянием, он плюет на будущее десятка подвластных ему предприятий и обращает взор на чахлую газетенку. В первый год она приносит ему убытки в размере миллиона долларов, но его это мало беспокоит и он полностью отдается собственной страсти. Газета понемногу крепчает, а Кейн подобно Херсту становится праотцом «желтой прессы».
А ведь в этом сумасбродном, на первый взгляд, интересе к прессе кроется вся суть личности Кейна. Это — строптивый, самоуверенный и отчаянно пытающийся ухватиться за предназначенное ему счастье человек. Ради собственной выгоды он готов пойти на что угодно, даже развязывание двух мировых войн не кажется ему перебором. Что уж говорить о более мелких прихотях, на которых и акцентирует внимание Уэллс.
Честно говоря, при всей пристойности сценария, написанного Уэллсом в соавторстве со страдавшим от алкоголической зависимости Манкевичем, история кажется чрезвычайно знакомой. По сути, это очередная интерпретация поисков счастья человеком, обремененным умом и богатством. С предсказуемыми взлетами и падениями, равно как и вытекающим из них финалом. Так или иначе, все это мы уже видели и далеко не раз.
С художественной точки зрения «Гражданин Кейн» также не производит сегодня неизгладимого впечатления. Первая половина фильма отличается невероятно высоким темпом, из-за которого большинство фраз попросту наскакивают друг на друга без веской на то причины. И все это на повышенных тонах. Создается впечатление, что перед тобой проносится огромный шумный экспресс, взобраться на который не представляется возможным. Но в то самое мгновение, когда желание уйти становится невыносимым, он начинает вещать на два тона тише и вдруг замедляет ход, позволяя запрыгнуть на подножку одного из своих сияющих вагонов.
Благодаря снижению темпа, игра актеров перестает походить на шумный балаган, а Кейн (в исполнении Уэллса) начинает обретать в меру яркие черты, оставляя в итоге глубокое впечатление. Хотя проникнуться его бедами в полном объеме довольно сложно, и виновата в этом их упомянутая вторичность. Зато постановка некоторых сцен и изобретательность операторской работы приятно удивляют даже сегодня, особенно если не выпускать из памяти нависшие над ними годы.
Нужно ли смотреть это сейчас
При всей своей «громогласности» на сегодняшний день «Гражданин Кейн» вызывает очень противоречивые чувства. Это достаточно неровная, но не лишенная шарма, картина. Так что рассматривать ее лучше всего из академического интереса и обязательно в контексте времени, иначе можно изрядно разочароваться в этом кинематографическом идоле.