Сценарий похорон черчилля

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Operation Hope Not was the code name of a funeral plan for Winston Churchill titled The State Funeral of the Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, K.G., O.M., C.H. that was started in 1953, twelve years before his death.^[1] The detailed plan was prepared in 1958. Churchill led the country to victory in the Second World War (1939–1945) during his first term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. While in his second term he was struck by a major stroke in 1953 that caused concern for his health. The British Government started a meticulous preparation, as officially decreed by Queen Elizabeth II, to be of a commemoration «on a scale befitting his position in history».^[2] As remarked by Lord Mountbatten, Churchill «kept living and the pallbearers kept dying» such that the plan had to be revised several times in the years before his death in 1965.^[3]

The official project was undertaken by the Duke of Norfolk, as the Earl Marshal, to be the grandest state funeral for a person outside the royal family since that of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.^[4] Churchill died on 24 January 1965, and the final plan titled State Funeral of the Late Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, K.G., O.M., C.H. was issued on 26 January and implemented on 30 January 1965.^[5] During the funeral of Churchill, his body lay in state at Westminster Hall. The main funeral service was held at St Paul’s Cathedral. The coffin was transported by a boat MV Havengore on the Thames to Waterloo station, and thence by train to Bladon, Oxfordshire, where it was interred in the St Martin’s Church, Bladon, near his father’s tomb.^[6]

Original copies of the final documents, exceeding 415 pages, issued on 26 January 1965 are held in a number of repositories, and one privately held copy was auctioned in 2017.

Origin and development[edit]

Planning for the funeral of Winston Churchill began after the prime minister had a major stroke in 1953.^[3] The incident at a party at Downing Street was kept secret by the family. Queen Elizabeth II was among the few who were informed. It was the Queen who insisted that a funeral plan should be prepared should the time come.^[7] The venue for lying in state was set in 1957. Writing to the Duke of Norfolk, George Cholmondeley, 5th Marquess of Cholmondeley and the Lord Great Chamberlain, mentioned that Westminster Hall would be the place.^[8] The actual plan was initiated in 1958, as indicated in a letter from Anthony Montague Browne, Churchill’s private secretary, to Lady Churchill in the summer of 1958, which stated:

The Queen has intimated that, if it is in accordance with the wishes of the family, there should be plans for Sir Winston to have a State Funeral, and that the Duke of Norfolk, as Earl Marshal, should be responsible for them.

It is suggested that there should be a Lying in State in Westminster Hall followed by the Service at St Paul’s Cathedral. This is thought to be more fitting than Westminster Abbey, as St Paul’s has the precedents of comparatively recent great national heroes, such as Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson and the Duke of Wellington. Thereafter there would be a small private interment service at Chartwell.

I have not told the Duke of Norfolk of Sir Winston’s wish to be buried at Chartwell, but the Duke was assuming that it would be in the country (he supposed Blenheim [Blenheim Palace was the birthplace and ancestral home of Churchill]) although Westminster Abbey had offered itself.^[9]

Thus the funeral plan was drawn in its elaborate form in 1958, when the then-Prime Minister Harold Macmillan took the initiative. On 21 March 1958, the first draft of the plan, titled Procedure on the Death of Sir Winston Churchill, was produced.^[10] The plan was kept as a personal and confidential document. It was decided that Churchill would be carried from Westminster Hall to St Paul’s by a gun carriage, from Thames to Gravesend in a two-hour sail, and then to Chartwell in a 25-mile journey which would take 73 minutes. In 1959 a steam yacht St. Katharine was initially proposed for transportation on the Thames, but as it was under repair, the Trinity House yacht Patricia was chosen.^[8] The third version of the plan was prepared on 10 February 1960. The boat was changed to MV Havengore, and its exact timing was specified as 12:50 p.m. for departure and 1:05 p.m. for arrival at the destination, now to be adjacent to Waterloo Station.^[11] By October 1960 the general details were approved, including invitations and the funeral procession, as indicated in Browne’s letter to Lady Churchill on 16 October, stating:

It was agreed that Sir Winston should Lie in State in Westminster Hall. It is proposed that Members of both Houses of Parliament should be present at Westminster Hall when the coffin arrives there, as there will not be space for them all in the Abbey [«Abbey» was struck off and overwritten with «St Paul’s?»].
The State Funeral would take place at St. Paul’s Cathedral, thereafter the coffin would be taken to Tower Steps, and thence by river to Waterloo Station where a special train would be waiting to go to Woodstock. The few who would be going to Woodstock would go directly from the Cathedral to Waterloo by car.^[12]

A hearse van was set aside in 1962 specifically for the funeral train and kept out of public view at Stewarts Lane until needed.^[13][14]

Part of the plan was tested on 28 June 1962 after Churchill, staying at the Hôtel de Paris Monte-Carlo, fell and broke his hip. Fearing the injury to be worse than it actually was, he told Montague Browne «Remember, I want to die in England. Promise me that you will see to it.» Montague Browne immediately telephoned Harold Macmillan who activated part of Operation Hope Not. The Royal Air Force returned Churchill to London, against the advice of French doctors that he was not to be moved. Churchill recovered after spending 55 days at Middlesex Hospital.^[15][16]

In July 1962 an elaborate document for the plan was labelled as «Secret». Issued by Major General Sir George Burns from the Horse Guards, it opened with the statement:

1. It has been decided to nominate the senior commander for ‘Hope Not’, and to issue the detailed orders for the operation on a wider distribution than has been done hitherto. The object is to ensure that plans can be quickly and smoothly put into effect, if and when the time comes.
2. The question of security is all-important. The GOC [General Officer Commanding] London District is most anxious that no reference to the plan should appear in the press before the event, for obvious reasons. He directs service personnel, and requests outside organisations, to see that all documents referring to ‘HOPE NOT’ should be kept securely locked up when not in use.^[17]

In 1963, an official committee was created with the Duke of Norfolk as its chairman.^[3] Churchill himself had little to do with the plan. He did tell Harold Macmillan that there would be lively hymns. As a fan of military bands, he asked Anthony Montague Browne to include many military bands, saying, «Remember, I want lots of military bands.»^[7] The final document completed on 2 November 1964 consisted of 200 pages. The tentative day of the event was marked «D» Day.^[18] It was shelved on 26 January 1965 in an envelope marked «Her Majesty’s Service».^[19]

Details of the plan[edit]

The plan was very detailed; all activities were timed to the second. Churchill would be lying in state at Westminster Hall in the Houses of Parliament. From there he in his coffin would be taken by a gun carriage through the streets of London to St Paul’s Cathedral, where the funeral service would be held. Inserted in the document was a precise map of the route of the entire procession. The procession was to pass through major locations relevant to Churchill’s life, including St Margaret’s Church, where he got married. The procession would be led by four Officers of Arms carrying the achievements of a heraldic funeral such as the spurs, crest, targe, and sword. The Earl Marshal with the heralds were to enter the Great West Door of the Cathedral at 10.49 a.m. The Queen’s movement was also specified. Her Majesty would arrive at the cathedral from Buckingham Palace through Godliman Street to the left of the College of Arms.^[17] Seats were allotted for the royal family, Churchill’s family, the Lord Mayor and family, members of the House of Lords, Foreign Office and privy councillors, ministers, Members of Parliaments, members of the Great Officers of State, judges and legal officers, Knights of the Garter, alderman and representatives of the City of London, members of the civil services, officers and staff of the House of Commons, members of the Royal Navy, members of the Army, members of the Royal Air Force, mayors, Colonial Office, Commonwealth Relations Office, Scottish Office, Northern Ireland Office, London County Council, Merchant Navy, Civil Aviation Authority, industry, the press, and representatives of organisations Churchill was linked to.^[20]

From the cathedral, he would be taken to Thames to board the MV Havengore. The boat assigned for the transportation up Thames was commissioned by the Port of London Authority in 1954 and was in service since 1956. It was to carry Churchill’s coffin from Tower Pier to Festival Pier.^[21] Gun salutes were to be given on the boat exactly for two minutes and 35 seconds. Instructions for music included pipers playing and fading out at exactly two minutes and 45 seconds.^[2][22] Planes would overfly the procession route. From London Waterloo station, the coffin would be transported in a special train to Bladon, the final resting place.^[19]

There would be 575 military officers with 6,508 soldiers. Precise timings were allocated for them to have their refreshments.^[23] Processional troops would assemble at the Horse Guards Parades, Wellington Barracks and Millbank.^[24] Soldiers lining the street would be provided with either tea and buns, or tea and a haversack ration. Evening meal would be provided in the concentration areas or barracks. Pallbearers consisted of two teams from different regiments, the Grenadier Guards and the Queen’s Royal Irish Hussars. The Grenadier Guards would be responsible during the main procession, while the Queen’s Royal Irish Hussars would be responsible for boarding the funeral train and off again and during lowering into the grave. The Earl Marshal’s Office would issue invitations and tickets to the service and receive apologies of absence.^[17]

There were two additional documents. One was a 47-page-long booklet and titled ‘Operation Hope Not’ but contained instructions from the London Metropolitan Police (now Metropolitan Police Service). It directed officers and personnel on duty, the parade timings, traffic control, refreshments and location of canteens, first aid facilities, uniforms, the route to be taken by the Queen and the royal families, and the funeral procession. The other document named Operation Order No 801 was 59 pages long and strictly concerned with traffic systems and security patrols.^[23] Timings for traffic lights, opening, and closing of bridges over Thames, to be monitored by 527 officers were specified. 282 officers would oversee security from the night before the funeral. It also gave exact time table for police duties from morning (2 a.m.) of the funeral day to 1.25 p.m. when the train would leave Waterloo.^[25]

Later modifications[edit]

In the course of time certain details of the plan were modified to suit the changing situations. According to Lord Mountbatten, the changes were necessary because Churchill «kept living and the pallbearers kept dying.»^[26] One change was the place of burial. Churchill originally willed that he be buried in his croquet lawn at Chartwell, in Kent, but since he was to be given a full state funeral, a more respectable graveyard, St Martin’s Church at Bladon, was chosen.^[3] What inspired the change of burial was that Churchill visited Bladon in late 1959, where his ancestors were interred, including his father Lord Randolph Churchill. Tapping over an empty plot he was heard to remark, «This is my place here.» He changed his will for burial on 31 December 1959.^[27]

Before the plan was made, Churchill had originally willed that he be cremated and his ashes be buried at his Chartwell home near the pet cemetery where his two prized dogs Rufus I (died in 1947) and Rufus II (died in 1962) were buried.^[28] In 1964, Lady Churchill suggested as an accomplishment of this will a cremation before the lying in state, but was argued by the Archbishop of Canterbury that embalming would be a more appropriate choice for the public impression.^[29] J. H. Kenyon Ltd. of Paddington, London, the funeral directors to the Royal Household since 1928, were assigned for the embalming.^[30]

When Churchill discussed his plan for burial in Bladon in 1959, the VIP guest list was also prepared. Among the list of invitees was the French President Charles de Gaulle, whom Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, the American President, had distrusted as leader of the French during and after World War II.^[31][32][33] As the Duke of Norfolk read the name of de Gaulle, Churchill objected to the inclusion. Though on the same side during World War II, Churchill felt that de Gaulle had a perennial enmity towards England.^[34][35] To him de Gaulle had been «a man who looks like a female llama surprised in her bath,»^[36] «a bitter foe of Britain» who «hates England and has left a trail of Anglophobia behind him everywhere.»^[37] Supporting Churchill, Roosevelt had remarked de Gaulle as dictatorial and having a «Messianic complex.»^[38] Churchill and Roosevelt had even hatched a plot to overthrow de Gaulle from the French leadership.^[39] It was after an earnest pleading from the Duke of Norfolk to include the French President for political reasons that Churchill finally agreed.^[23] In 1960, the proposal for transporting the coffin from the Thames was at Paddington station, but as a recompense of his wish, Churchill demanded the London Waterloo station,^[40] a more circuitous route, which was accepted.^[23] Churchill’s choice of Waterloo had no particular reason other than his «impish sense of humour;»^[41] being amused with the picture that de Gaulle would have to walk bare-headed under the Waterloo archway that marked Britain’s victory over France in the Battle of Waterloo.^[42]

Implementation[edit]

Churchill died on 24 January 1965. By decree of the Queen, his body lay in state in Westminster Hall for three days from 27 January, before the actual state funeral of Churchill on 30 January.^[10] The funeral plan was implemented by the Duke of Norfolk, Bernard Fitzalan-Howard. The plan detailed the roles of more than 1,000 people, government and military authorities.^[2] The last version of Operation Hope Not was issued under the «London District: Special District Order» by Major-General E.J.B. Nelson, General Officer Commanding London District and Major-General Commanding of the Household Brigade on 26 January.^[19]

The document[edit]

The final document was titled State Funeral of the Late Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, K.G., O.M., C.H. and started with the instructions for «Movement of the military and civilian organisation». It consisted of 115 pages of texts and more than 300 pages of maps. Copies of the documents were kept at Arundel Castle Archives in West Sussex, Churchill Archives Centre of Churchill College, College of Arms in London and the National Archives in Kew. Following the 30-year secrecy policy, they were first displayed for public viewing on 31 January 1995.^[26] One of the original copies belonged to Philip Bainbridge from the B2 team of Scotland Yard. After execution of the plan, Bainbridge gave it to his daughter Janet Burnett for her anniversary present. Burnett gave the documents for auction. Catherine Southon Auctioneers and Valuers sold them for £472 in Farleigh Court Golf Course in Surrey on 22 February 2017.^[43] Responding to why she sold them, Burnett said that she could not decide which of her six grandchildren she would pass them on to.^[44]

Cultural references[edit]

Operation Hope Not was featured in the BBC documentary Churchill: A Nation’s Farewell hosted by Jeremy Paxman in 2015.^[45]

Operation Hope Not was the central theme in David R. Stokes’ historical fiction novel The Churchill Plot published in 2017.^[46]

See also[edit]

• Operation London Bridge, the plan for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Dennys, Rodney (1982). Heraldry and the Heralds. Jonathan Cape. pp. 205–233. ISBN 0224016431.

External links[edit]

• Operation Hope Not and funeral service documents at the College of Arms
• Operation Hope Not & The Palace of Westminster — UK Parliament Living Heritage
• Original BBC footage of Churchill’s funeral
• Documentary pictures at Slideshare

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Operation Hope Not was the code name of a funeral plan for Winston Churchill titled The State Funeral of the Right Honourable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, K.G., O.M., C.H. that was started in 1953, twelve years before his death.^[1] The detailed plan was prepared in 1958. Churchill led the country to victory in the Second World War (1939–1945) during his first term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. While in his second term he was struck by a major stroke in 1953 that caused concern for his health. The British Government started a meticulous preparation, as officially decreed by Queen Elizabeth II, to be of a commemoration «on a scale befitting his position in history».^[2] As remarked by Lord Mountbatten, Churchill «kept living and the pallbearers kept dying» such that the plan had to be revised several times in the years before his death in 1965.^[3]

The official project was undertaken by the Duke of Norfolk, as the Earl Marshal, to be the grandest state funeral for a person outside the royal family since that of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.^[4] Churchill died on 24 January 1965, and the final plan titled State Funeral of the Late Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, K.G., O.M., C.H. was issued on 26 January and implemented on 30 January 1965.^[5] During the funeral of Churchill, his body lay in state at Westminster Hall. The main funeral service was held at St Paul’s Cathedral. The coffin was transported by a boat MV Havengore on the Thames to Waterloo station, and thence by train to Bladon, Oxfordshire, where it was interred in the St Martin’s Church, Bladon, near his father’s tomb.^[6]

Original copies of the final documents, exceeding 415 pages, issued on 26 January 1965 are held in a number of repositories, and one privately held copy was auctioned in 2017.

Origin and development[edit]

Planning for the funeral of Winston Churchill began after the prime minister had a major stroke in 1953.^[3] The incident at a party at Downing Street was kept secret by the family. Queen Elizabeth II was among the few who were informed. It was the Queen who insisted that a funeral plan should be prepared should the time come.^[7] The venue for lying in state was set in 1957. Writing to the Duke of Norfolk, George Cholmondeley, 5th Marquess of Cholmondeley and the Lord Great Chamberlain, mentioned that Westminster Hall would be the place.^[8] The actual plan was initiated in 1958, as indicated in a letter from Anthony Montague Browne, Churchill’s private secretary, to Lady Churchill in the summer of 1958, which stated:

The Queen has intimated that, if it is in accordance with the wishes of the family, there should be plans for Sir Winston to have a State Funeral, and that the Duke of Norfolk, as Earl Marshal, should be responsible for them.

It is suggested that there should be a Lying in State in Westminster Hall followed by the Service at St Paul’s Cathedral. This is thought to be more fitting than Westminster Abbey, as St Paul’s has the precedents of comparatively recent great national heroes, such as Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson and the Duke of Wellington. Thereafter there would be a small private interment service at Chartwell.

I have not told the Duke of Norfolk of Sir Winston’s wish to be buried at Chartwell, but the Duke was assuming that it would be in the country (he supposed Blenheim [Blenheim Palace was the birthplace and ancestral home of Churchill]) although Westminster Abbey had offered itself.^[9]

Thus the funeral plan was drawn in its elaborate form in 1958, when the then-Prime Minister Harold Macmillan took the initiative. On 21 March 1958, the first draft of the plan, titled Procedure on the Death of Sir Winston Churchill, was produced.^[10] The plan was kept as a personal and confidential document. It was decided that Churchill would be carried from Westminster Hall to St Paul’s by a gun carriage, from Thames to Gravesend in a two-hour sail, and then to Chartwell in a 25-mile journey which would take 73 minutes. In 1959 a steam yacht St. Katharine was initially proposed for transportation on the Thames, but as it was under repair, the Trinity House yacht Patricia was chosen.^[8] The third version of the plan was prepared on 10 February 1960. The boat was changed to MV Havengore, and its exact timing was specified as 12:50 p.m. for departure and 1:05 p.m. for arrival at the destination, now to be adjacent to Waterloo Station.^[11] By October 1960 the general details were approved, including invitations and the funeral procession, as indicated in Browne’s letter to Lady Churchill on 16 October, stating:

It was agreed that Sir Winston should Lie in State in Westminster Hall. It is proposed that Members of both Houses of Parliament should be present at Westminster Hall when the coffin arrives there, as there will not be space for them all in the Abbey [«Abbey» was struck off and overwritten with «St Paul’s?»].
The State Funeral would take place at St. Paul’s Cathedral, thereafter the coffin would be taken to Tower Steps, and thence by river to Waterloo Station where a special train would be waiting to go to Woodstock. The few who would be going to Woodstock would go directly from the Cathedral to Waterloo by car.^[12]

A hearse van was set aside in 1962 specifically for the funeral train and kept out of public view at Stewarts Lane until needed.^[13][14]

Part of the plan was tested on 28 June 1962 after Churchill, staying at the Hôtel de Paris Monte-Carlo, fell and broke his hip. Fearing the injury to be worse than it actually was, he told Montague Browne «Remember, I want to die in England. Promise me that you will see to it.» Montague Browne immediately telephoned Harold Macmillan who activated part of Operation Hope Not. The Royal Air Force returned Churchill to London, against the advice of French doctors that he was not to be moved. Churchill recovered after spending 55 days at Middlesex Hospital.^[15][16]

In July 1962 an elaborate document for the plan was labelled as «Secret». Issued by Major General Sir George Burns from the Horse Guards, it opened with the statement:

1. It has been decided to nominate the senior commander for ‘Hope Not’, and to issue the detailed orders for the operation on a wider distribution than has been done hitherto. The object is to ensure that plans can be quickly and smoothly put into effect, if and when the time comes.
2. The question of security is all-important. The GOC [General Officer Commanding] London District is most anxious that no reference to the plan should appear in the press before the event, for obvious reasons. He directs service personnel, and requests outside organisations, to see that all documents referring to ‘HOPE NOT’ should be kept securely locked up when not in use.^[17]

In 1963, an official committee was created with the Duke of Norfolk as its chairman.^[3] Churchill himself had little to do with the plan. He did tell Harold Macmillan that there would be lively hymns. As a fan of military bands, he asked Anthony Montague Browne to include many military bands, saying, «Remember, I want lots of military bands.»^[7] The final document completed on 2 November 1964 consisted of 200 pages. The tentative day of the event was marked «D» Day.^[18] It was shelved on 26 January 1965 in an envelope marked «Her Majesty’s Service».^[19]

Details of the plan[edit]

The plan was very detailed; all activities were timed to the second. Churchill would be lying in state at Westminster Hall in the Houses of Parliament. From there he in his coffin would be taken by a gun carriage through the streets of London to St Paul’s Cathedral, where the funeral service would be held. Inserted in the document was a precise map of the route of the entire procession. The procession was to pass through major locations relevant to Churchill’s life, including St Margaret’s Church, where he got married. The procession would be led by four Officers of Arms carrying the achievements of a heraldic funeral such as the spurs, crest, targe, and sword. The Earl Marshal with the heralds were to enter the Great West Door of the Cathedral at 10.49 a.m. The Queen’s movement was also specified. Her Majesty would arrive at the cathedral from Buckingham Palace through Godliman Street to the left of the College of Arms.^[17] Seats were allotted for the royal family, Churchill’s family, the Lord Mayor and family, members of the House of Lords, Foreign Office and privy councillors, ministers, Members of Parliaments, members of the Great Officers of State, judges and legal officers, Knights of the Garter, alderman and representatives of the City of London, members of the civil services, officers and staff of the House of Commons, members of the Royal Navy, members of the Army, members of the Royal Air Force, mayors, Colonial Office, Commonwealth Relations Office, Scottish Office, Northern Ireland Office, London County Council, Merchant Navy, Civil Aviation Authority, industry, the press, and representatives of organisations Churchill was linked to.^[20]

From the cathedral, he would be taken to Thames to board the MV Havengore. The boat assigned for the transportation up Thames was commissioned by the Port of London Authority in 1954 and was in service since 1956. It was to carry Churchill’s coffin from Tower Pier to Festival Pier.^[21] Gun salutes were to be given on the boat exactly for two minutes and 35 seconds. Instructions for music included pipers playing and fading out at exactly two minutes and 45 seconds.^[2][22] Planes would overfly the procession route. From London Waterloo station, the coffin would be transported in a special train to Bladon, the final resting place.^[19]

There would be 575 military officers with 6,508 soldiers. Precise timings were allocated for them to have their refreshments.^[23] Processional troops would assemble at the Horse Guards Parades, Wellington Barracks and Millbank.^[24] Soldiers lining the street would be provided with either tea and buns, or tea and a haversack ration. Evening meal would be provided in the concentration areas or barracks. Pallbearers consisted of two teams from different regiments, the Grenadier Guards and the Queen’s Royal Irish Hussars. The Grenadier Guards would be responsible during the main procession, while the Queen’s Royal Irish Hussars would be responsible for boarding the funeral train and off again and during lowering into the grave. The Earl Marshal’s Office would issue invitations and tickets to the service and receive apologies of absence.^[17]

There were two additional documents. One was a 47-page-long booklet and titled ‘Operation Hope Not’ but contained instructions from the London Metropolitan Police (now Metropolitan Police Service). It directed officers and personnel on duty, the parade timings, traffic control, refreshments and location of canteens, first aid facilities, uniforms, the route to be taken by the Queen and the royal families, and the funeral procession. The other document named Operation Order No 801 was 59 pages long and strictly concerned with traffic systems and security patrols.^[23] Timings for traffic lights, opening, and closing of bridges over Thames, to be monitored by 527 officers were specified. 282 officers would oversee security from the night before the funeral. It also gave exact time table for police duties from morning (2 a.m.) of the funeral day to 1.25 p.m. when the train would leave Waterloo.^[25]

Later modifications[edit]

In the course of time certain details of the plan were modified to suit the changing situations. According to Lord Mountbatten, the changes were necessary because Churchill «kept living and the pallbearers kept dying.»^[26] One change was the place of burial. Churchill originally willed that he be buried in his croquet lawn at Chartwell, in Kent, but since he was to be given a full state funeral, a more respectable graveyard, St Martin’s Church at Bladon, was chosen.^[3] What inspired the change of burial was that Churchill visited Bladon in late 1959, where his ancestors were interred, including his father Lord Randolph Churchill. Tapping over an empty plot he was heard to remark, «This is my place here.» He changed his will for burial on 31 December 1959.^[27]

Before the plan was made, Churchill had originally willed that he be cremated and his ashes be buried at his Chartwell home near the pet cemetery where his two prized dogs Rufus I (died in 1947) and Rufus II (died in 1962) were buried.^[28] In 1964, Lady Churchill suggested as an accomplishment of this will a cremation before the lying in state, but was argued by the Archbishop of Canterbury that embalming would be a more appropriate choice for the public impression.^[29] J. H. Kenyon Ltd. of Paddington, London, the funeral directors to the Royal Household since 1928, were assigned for the embalming.^[30]

When Churchill discussed his plan for burial in Bladon in 1959, the VIP guest list was also prepared. Among the list of invitees was the French President Charles de Gaulle, whom Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, the American President, had distrusted as leader of the French during and after World War II.^[31][32][33] As the Duke of Norfolk read the name of de Gaulle, Churchill objected to the inclusion. Though on the same side during World War II, Churchill felt that de Gaulle had a perennial enmity towards England.^[34][35] To him de Gaulle had been «a man who looks like a female llama surprised in her bath,»^[36] «a bitter foe of Britain» who «hates England and has left a trail of Anglophobia behind him everywhere.»^[37] Supporting Churchill, Roosevelt had remarked de Gaulle as dictatorial and having a «Messianic complex.»^[38] Churchill and Roosevelt had even hatched a plot to overthrow de Gaulle from the French leadership.^[39] It was after an earnest pleading from the Duke of Norfolk to include the French President for political reasons that Churchill finally agreed.^[23] In 1960, the proposal for transporting the coffin from the Thames was at Paddington station, but as a recompense of his wish, Churchill demanded the London Waterloo station,^[40] a more circuitous route, which was accepted.^[23] Churchill’s choice of Waterloo had no particular reason other than his «impish sense of humour;»^[41] being amused with the picture that de Gaulle would have to walk bare-headed under the Waterloo archway that marked Britain’s victory over France in the Battle of Waterloo.^[42]

Implementation[edit]

Churchill died on 24 January 1965. By decree of the Queen, his body lay in state in Westminster Hall for three days from 27 January, before the actual state funeral of Churchill on 30 January.^[10] The funeral plan was implemented by the Duke of Norfolk, Bernard Fitzalan-Howard. The plan detailed the roles of more than 1,000 people, government and military authorities.^[2] The last version of Operation Hope Not was issued under the «London District: Special District Order» by Major-General E.J.B. Nelson, General Officer Commanding London District and Major-General Commanding of the Household Brigade on 26 January.^[19]

The document[edit]

The final document was titled State Funeral of the Late Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill, K.G., O.M., C.H. and started with the instructions for «Movement of the military and civilian organisation». It consisted of 115 pages of texts and more than 300 pages of maps. Copies of the documents were kept at Arundel Castle Archives in West Sussex, Churchill Archives Centre of Churchill College, College of Arms in London and the National Archives in Kew. Following the 30-year secrecy policy, they were first displayed for public viewing on 31 January 1995.^[26] One of the original copies belonged to Philip Bainbridge from the B2 team of Scotland Yard. After execution of the plan, Bainbridge gave it to his daughter Janet Burnett for her anniversary present. Burnett gave the documents for auction. Catherine Southon Auctioneers and Valuers sold them for £472 in Farleigh Court Golf Course in Surrey on 22 February 2017.^[43] Responding to why she sold them, Burnett said that she could not decide which of her six grandchildren she would pass them on to.^[44]

Cultural references[edit]

Operation Hope Not was featured in the BBC documentary Churchill: A Nation’s Farewell hosted by Jeremy Paxman in 2015.^[45]

Operation Hope Not was the central theme in David R. Stokes’ historical fiction novel The Churchill Plot published in 2017.^[46]

See also[edit]

• Operation London Bridge, the plan for the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Dennys, Rodney (1982). Heraldry and the Heralds. Jonathan Cape. pp. 205–233. ISBN 0224016431.

External links[edit]

• Operation Hope Not and funeral service documents at the College of Arms
• Operation Hope Not & The Palace of Westminster — UK Parliament Living Heritage
• Original BBC footage of Churchill’s funeral
• Documentary pictures at Slideshare

Похороны премьер-министра Великобритании

Похоронная процессия в Лондоне, 1965 год

Сэр Уинстон Черчилль умер 24 января 1965 года в возрасте 90 лет. Это были первые государственные похороны члена королевской семьи после лорда Карсона в 1935 году, и по состоянию на 2020 год они остаются самыми недавние государственные похороны в Соединенном Королевстве. Официальные похороны длились четыре дня. Планирование похорон, известное как операция «Надежда не », началось за 12 лет до смерти Черчилля. Оно было начато после инсульта Черчилля в 1953 году, когда он находился на втором сроке в качестве премьер-министра Соединенного Королевства. После нескольких исправлений из-за того, что Черчилль продолжал выжить, план был опубликован 26 января 1965 года, через два дня после его смерти.

Указом королевы Елизаветы II его тело лежало в состоянии в Вестминстер-холле в течение трех дней с 26 января. 30 января в соборе Святого Павла состоялась церемония похорон. Оттуда тело перевезли по Темзе на станцию ​​Ватерлоо в сопровождении военных приветствий. Днем он был похоронен на кладбище Святого Мартина в Бладоне, где упокоились его предки и его брат. Присутствовали представители 120 стран, 6000 человек и, что необычно, королева, более 1000 сотрудников полиции и службы безопасности, включая девять военных оркестров, 18 военных батальонов, 16 Королевских ВВС English Electric Lightning истребителей, специальный катер MV Havengore и поезд, который тащил Уинстон Черчилль, дань уважения отдали 321 360 человек и засвидетельствовали более 350 миллионов человек, это были крупнейшие государственные похороны. в истории.

Содержание

• 1 Предпосылки и план похорон
• 2 Болезнь и смерть
• 3 Похоронная программа
  • 3.1 Ложь в состоянии
  • 3.2 Порядок обслуживания
  • 3.3 Похороны
• 4 Высокопоставленные лица
• 5 Последствия
• 6 Наследие после смерти
• 7 См. Также
• 8 Ссылки
• 9 Внешние ссылки

Предыстория и план похорон

Проголосовали как величайший британец в опросе BBC в 2002 году, сэр Уинстон Черчилль известен тем, что привел свою страну (с союзниками ) к победе в качестве премьер-министра Соединенного Королевства. во время Второй мировой войны. В июне 1953 года, во время своего второго срока на посту премьер-министра, у него случился тяжелый удар на званом обеде на Даунинг-стрит. Неизвестный для гостей, он потерял сознание и остался частично парализованным. Семья держала инцидент в секрете. Среди немногих, кто был проинформирован об этой новости, была королева Елизавета II, занимавшая трон всего год. Она проинструктировала 16-го герцога Норфолкского, который, как граф Маршал, отвечал за государственные похороны, подготовиться к случаю смерти Черчилля, которая должна быть «в подобающем масштабе. его положение в истории ». Был подготовлен тщательно продуманный и конфиденциальный план под названием «Операция« Надежда не ». Черчилль пережил следующие 12 лет, в течение которых постоянно вносились необходимые изменения. Заключительные документы озаглавлены «Государственные похороны покойного сэра Уинстона Леонарда Спенсера Черчилля, K.G., O.M., C.H. были выпущены 26 января 1965 года, через два дня после смерти Черчилля. Документы продиктовали весь ход похорон до мельчайших деталей.

Болезнь и смерть

Черчилль умер утром в воскресенье, 24 января 1965 года, в своем доме по адресу 28 Гайд-парк. Ворота, Лондон. Его врач лорд Моран объявил о смерти в 8:35. С 1949 года он перенес восемь инсультов. Последнее было 15 января 1965 года, от которого он так и не оправился. Большую часть времени он был в коме, и его последние слова были зятю Кристоферу Сомсу : «Мне все это надоело». BBC объявил о смерти в 9:00. Королева немедленно отправила письмо с соболезнованиями леди Черчилль, в котором говорилось:

Весь мир стал беднее из-за потери его многогранного гения, в то время как выживание этой страны и братских народов Содружество наций перед лицом величайшей опасности, которая когда-либо угрожала им, будет вечным памятником его лидерству, его дальновидности и неукротимой храбрости.

На следующий день члены Палаты общин отдали дань уважения.

Похоронная программа

Лежит в состоянии

Похороны начались 26 января 1965 года. К 8:30 утра полиция и сотрудники службы безопасности заняли свои позиции в Daily Telegraph сообщила, что это «самая масштабная операция по обеспечению безопасности такого рода, когда-либо проводившаяся в Англии». В 9:15. Тело Черчилля было перевезено из его лондонского дома в Вестминстер-холл для лежания в штате. Его возглавлял Камерон Кобболд, 1-й барон Кобболд, лорд Чемберлен в компании членов семьи. Его поместили на катафалке перед леди Черчилль и графом Маршаллом. В 21:00. первые вахты начали в холле гренадер и гвардия Колдстрима. В последующие дни Королевский флот и пять полков пешей гвардии также сменяли друг друга.

Вестминстер-холл оставался открытым в течение 23 часов ежедневно с 26 по 29 января. На уборку был отведен час. Очередь в большинстве случаев была больше мили, а время ожидания составляло около трех часов; 321 360 человек пришли засвидетельствовать свое почтение.

Порядок обслуживания

Панихида в субботу 30 января началась с звона Биг-Бена в 9:45. Часы были отключены до конца дня. По Гайд-парку было произведено девяносто пушечных салютов в ознаменование девяноста лет жизни Черчилля. Гроб поместили на лафет и задрапировали флагом Союза, на котором на черной подушке был изображен знак Ордена Подвязки. Его несла из холла группа из восьми охранников из 2-го гренадерского гвардейского батальона. Процессия началась под барабанный бой Королевского флота, а затем во главе с Королевскими военно-воздушными силами и пешими гвардейцами. За лафетом следовала леди Черчилль в городской карете королевы и ее сын Рэндольф Черчилль пешком; за ними следуют члены семьи и личный секретарь Черчилля Энтони Монтегю Браун. Марш проходил через Уайтхолл, Трафальгарскую площадь, Стрэнд, Флит-стрит и поднимался на Ладгейт-Хилл. Маршевый оркестр состоял из трех офицеров и 96 солдат 2-го батальона Шотландской гвардии. Знамена датского движения сопротивления были опущены в знак уважения на Кенотафе. Всего в шествии приняли участие 2500 солдат и мирных жителей, а четыре полуроты солдат выстроились вдоль улиц. Четыре майора Королевских ирландских гусар были назначены нести медали, ордена и награды Черчилля.

Через час служба была проведена в соборе Святого Павла. Присутствовало 3500 человек, включая королеву, которая обычно не посещала похороны простолюдинов. Протокол также требовал, чтобы королева прибыла на мероприятие последней, но в этом случае она отказалась от королевского этикета и прибыла раньше, чем гроб Черчилля был в церкви. В соборе было 12 носильщиков гроб, в том числе Луи Маунтбеттен, 1-й граф Маунтбеттен Бирмы, премьер-министр Австралии Роберт Мензис и бывшие премьер-министры Великобритании Клемент Эттли, Энтони Иден и Гарольд Макмиллан. Это было крупнейшее собрание высокопоставленных лиц в истории до похорон Иосипа Броз Тито 1980 и похорон Папы Иоанна Павла II в 2005 , на котором присутствовали официальные лица из более чем 112 стран. Среди гостей были президент Франции Шарль де Голль, премьер-министр Канады Лестер Б. Пирсон, премьер-министр Родезия Ян Смит, бывший президент США Дуайт Д. Эйзенхауэр и многие другие бывшие и нынешние главы государств и правительств, и члены нескольких королевских семей. Сэр Роберт Мензис, который на тот момент дольше всех занимал пост премьер-министра Содружества, который хорошо знал Черчилля во время войны, почтил память своего коллеги в рамках похоронной трансляции, как и президент Эйзенхауэр. Были спеты любимые гимны Черчилля, в том числе «Боевой гимн Республики «.

. На Дне благодарения Мензис произнес панегирик:

Во всей записанной истории это [Вторая мировая война ] был, как я полагаю, единственным случаем, когда один человек с одним витающим воображением, с одним горящим в нем огнем и с одной непревзойденной способностью передавать его другим, одержал решающую победу не только для Сил (поскольку их было много героев в те дни), но за дух свободы человека. Итак, в этот день мы благодарим его, и мы благодарим за него Бога «.

Погребение

М.В. Хавенгоре, которое несло гроб из Тауэрский пирс до станции Ватерлоо Траурный поезд Уинстона Черчилля проезжает Клэпхэм-Джанкшен

После церковной службы гроб Черчилля был перенесен в лондонский Тауэр. Несущую партию возглавили 60 волынщиков. Королевская артиллерия выпустила салют из 19 орудий, подтверждая позиции Черчилля (главы правительства и лорда-хранителя портов Чинкве ). Процессия двинулась к Тауэрскому пирсу на Фестивальном пирсе, где гроб был доставлен на борт MV Havengore. Военно-морские рейтинги «выступили на стороне», и оркестр Royal Marine отыграл музыкальный салют в честь бывшего Первого лорда Адмиралтейства Правителя Британии. Когда его гроб плыл по реке Темзе, более 36 докеров опустили свои кран стрелы в знак приветствия, когда судно прошло. Это была необдуманная процедура. Лондонским докерам заплатили за то, чтобы они спустили краны. Шестнадцать истребителей Royal Air Force English Electric Lightning также летели в строю во время отплытия лодки.

От станции Ватерлоо гроб нес специально подготовленный поезд, локомотив которого был названный Уинстон Черчилль, до конечного пункта назначения в Оксфордшире. Катафалк № S2464S был выделен в 1962 году специально для похоронного поезда. В полях вдоль маршрута и на станциях, через которые проходил поезд, тысячи людей стояли в тишине, чтобы засвидетельствовать свое последнее почтение. Черчилль был похоронен на кладбище Святого Мартина на частной семейной церемонии. Он был похоронен в могиле рядом с его родителями и братом.

Высокопоставленные лица

Похороны Черчилля были крупнейшим собранием мировых лидеров в 1960-х годах и в истории того времени. На мероприятии присутствовали представители 112 стран и многих организаций, в том числе 5 королей, 2 королевы, 1 император, 1 великий князь, 2 супруги королевы, 15 президентов, 14 премьер-министров и 10 бывших лидеров. Единственным заметным отсутствующим был Линдон Б. Джонсон, президент Соединенных Штатов, который был болен в то время. Официальным представителем Соединенных Штатов был Эрл Уоррен, Верховный судья США. Китай был единственной страной, которая не прислала представители на похороны.

Среди гостей были:

• У Тан, Генеральный секретарь Организации Объединенных Наций
• Рене Маэ, Генеральный директор из ЮНЕСКО
• Арнольд Смит, Генеральный секретарь Содружества
• Жан Рей, Президент Европейской Комиссии
• Королева Елизавета II, Ее Королевское Высочество Герцог Эдинбургский, принц Чарльз и Достопочтенный Гарольд Уилсон, Премьер-министр Соединенного Королевства
• Бывшие премьер-министры Достопочтенный лорд Эттли. Достопочтенный граф Эйвон, Достопочтенный Гарольд Макмиллан и Достопочтенный сэр Алек Дуглас-Хоум
• Иамон де Валера, президент Ирландии и танайст Фрэнк Эйкен, TD, министр иностранных дел
• сэр Александр Бустаманте, премьер-министр Ямайка
• Бахи Ладкам, Премьер-министр Туниса
• Достопочтенный сэр Роберт Мензис, Премьер-министр Австралии
• Достопочтенный Кейт Холиоук, Премьер-министр Новой Зеландии
• Фредерик, король Дании и Йенс Отто Краг, премьер-министр Дании
• Олав, Король Норвегии и Харальд, наследный принц Норвегии
• бригадный генерал Шарль де Голль, президент Франции
• Альфонс Горбах, Канцлер Австрии
• Ханс-Петер Чуди, Президент Швейцарии
• Джузеппе Сарагат, Президент Италии
• Урхо Кекконен, Президент Финляндии
• Людвиг Э. Рхард, канцлер Западной Германии
• Вальтер Ульбрихт, председатель Государственного совета Восточной Германии
• Бодуэн, король бельгийцев
• Константин, король эллинов, Анна Мария, королева эллинов Фредерика, вдовствующая королева Эллины
• Юлиана, королева Нидерландов и Бернхард, принц-консорт Нидерландов
• Жан, великий герцог Люксембург
• Майкл, король Румынии
• Петар Стамболич, премьер-министр Югославии
• архиепископ Эгидио Вагноцци, Апостольский делегат из Ватикана
• Залман Шазар, президент Израиля
• Достопочтенный Лестер Б. Пирсон, премьер-министр Канады
• C. Р. Сварт, Государственный президент ЮАР
• Хабиб Бургиба, Президент Туниса
• Анастас Микоян, Премьер Советского Союза
• Хайле Селассие I, Император Эфиопии
• Таге Эрландер, премьер-министр Швеции
• Генерал Агустин Муньос Грандес, заместитель Премьер-министр из Испании
• Контр-адмирал Америко Томаш, президент Португалии
• Ян Смит, премьер-министр Южной Родезии
• Кеннет Каунда, Президент Замбии
• Генерал Исмет Иненю, Премьер-министр Турции
• , Президент Алжира
• Нгуен Ван Тхиу, Президент Южного Вьетнама
• Хаято Икеда, Премьер-министр Японии
• Генерал Пак Чун Хи, Президент Южная Корея
• Диосдадо Макапагал, президент Филиппин
• принц Нородом Кантол, премьер-министр Камбоджи
• генерал армии Дуайт Д. Эйзенхауэр, бывший президент Соединенных Штатов

Кроме того, на похоронах присутствовали делегации около 150 послов и дипломатов низкого уровня.

Последствия

Когда леди Черчилль ложилась спать, она сказала своей дочери Мэри (леди Сомс, баронесса Сомс): «Это были не похороны, Мэри… это был триумф ».

Дайджест шотландского гвардейского батальона сообщил, что« без сомнения, государственные похороны 30 января были самым волнующим парадом, в котором большинство батальона когда-либо принимало участие или наблюдали. Идеальное время, детальная репетиция и большее достоинство — все вместе сделало это прекрасным событием для гордости ».

В течение недели могилу посетили более 100 000 человек. В 1998 году надгробие Черчилля пришлось заменить из-за большого количества посетителей, которые за эти годы разрушили его и его окрестности. Новый камень был освящен в 1998 году на церемонии, на которой присутствовали члены семьи Спенсер-Черчилль.

Потому что похороны состоялись 30 января, также в годовщину Франклина Д. Рузвельта ‘ С момента рождения люди в Соединенных Штатах отметили его, воздав должное дружбе Черчилля и Рузвельта. Те, кто присутствовал на службе у могилы Рузвельта в его доме в Гайд-парке, штат Нью-Йорк, слышали, как выступавшие на службе говорили о совпадении даты в записях двух лидеров, разделяющих историю.

Имущество на момент смерти

9 февраля 1965 года в Лондоне завещание было предоставлено в имении Черчилля леди Черчилль, Мэри Сомс и Джону Руперту. Колвилл, с оценкой завещания в 304044 фунтов стерлингов, что эквивалентно 5930235 фунтов стерлингов в 2019 году.

См. Также

• Смерть и похороны Маргарет Тэтчер

Ссылки

Внешние ссылки

• Оригинальные кадры BBC с похорон Черчилля
• Похороны Черчилля — Порядок обслуживания — Живое наследие парламента Великобритании
• «Похороны Уинстона Черчилля — в фотографиях »The Guardian
• Похоронный профиль в церкви Святого Павла
• « Последнее путешествие Черчилля »в Железнодорожном музее

ВикиЧтение

Черчилль без лжи. За что его ненавидят
Бейли Борис

В сюжете
«British Pathé» о похоронах Уинстона Черчилля, состоявшихся 30 января 1965 года, мелькает маршал Конев, что, естественно, тут же вызывает вопрос, как именно Советский Союз был представлен на этом мероприятии.
Быстрый поиск тут же выдаёт, что, помимо упомянутого военачальника, в официальную делегацию входили заместитель председателя Совета Министров Руднев и посол в Великобритании Солдатов.
Если брать страны, которые являлись основными фигурантами событий «самого славного часа» в карьере Черчилля, то от США был Эйзенхауэр, от Франции – де Голль, от Германии – канцлер Эрхард.
Можно было бы, конечно, напуститься на советских товарищей, который на столь важное событие – похороны одного из членов Большой тройки – откликнулись фактически вторым составом, но этого не стоит делать, ибо у них, по большому счёту, не было особого выбора.
Если брать, что называется, персон «в уровень», т.е. тех, кто либо исполнял обязанности главы правительства одновременно с Черчиллем, либо был лидером государства, либо высокопоставленным военным, то обнаружится следующее: по состоянию на январь 1965 Молотов находится в опале, Маленков – в опале, Булганин – в опале, Хрущёв – в опале, Жуков – в опале.
Этот список (четыре почти последовательно сменяющих друг друга премьера) производит сильное впечатление: из актуальной политической истории оказываются вычеркнутыми, если добавить ещё репрессированного Рыкова и разоблачённого Сталина, ровно четыре десятилетия – от Ленина, последнего главы правительства, к которому нет упрёков, до действующего Косыгина.
И, соответственно, делает Советский Союз поистине уникальным, в сравнении с западными державами, образованием: у Франции или Западной Германии тоже есть скелеты в шкафу, но чтобы в таком количестве живые ещё политики были напрочь изъяты из светской жизни…
Нынешняя Россия в этом плане сделала большой шаг вперёд.