Three kings day праздник

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Three Kings Day, или Epiphany* (Богоявление) — один из древнейших христианских праздников, он знаменует собой конец 12 дней Рождества. Считается, что в этот день нужно выносить елку (эх, так легко и радостно вешать игрушки на елку, и так тяжело их снимать). Считается, что если не убрать елку после Three Kings Day, весь год будут преследовать неприятности (говорят, что эту страшилку придумали в викторианские времена, чтобы все могли вернуться к работе после праздников).
День 6 января называется Three Kings Day в UK потому, что в этот день три волхва (короля), следуя по пустыне за звездой в течение 12 дней, преподнесли свои дары младенцу Иисусу в яслях. Три короля представляли Европу, Аравию и Африку, и их встреча была символом единства.

Изначально праздник был посвящен воспоминанию трех евангельских событий: рождества Христа, поклонения волхвов, а также крещения Иисуса в Иордане.
В IV—V веках в церкви распространилась практика отдельного празднования Рождества Христова 25 декабря, а Богоявление 6 января стали праздновать как воспоминание прихода трех волхвов и Крещения Господня
Дальнейшая эволюция смысла праздника шла в православии и католицизме разными путями. В православии праздник Богоявления увязывался по смыслу с Крещением, теряя связь с рождественскими событиями. В настоящее время в православии Богоявление и Крещение — разные названия одного праздника.
В католицизме, напротив, праздник Богоявления связывался с евангельскими событиями после Рождества, главным образом, поклонением волхвов.
Волхвы принесли Иисусу подарки. Золото, предложенное одним из них, является признанием царственного положения Иисуса. Ладан указывает на божественную природу существования младенца как «Сына Божьего». А мирра, которой бальзамировали трупы, была символом смертности Иисуса и того, что позже он умрет, чтобы очистить человечество от его грехов.

В средние века вплоть до 19 века было традицией праздновать Рождество в течение 12 дней и заканчивать грандиозной вечеринкой «Двенадцатой ночи». Сейчас никаких особых празднеств в этот день в Великобритании нет, но верующие посещают церковные службы. Для верующих праздник наполнен религиозным смыслом. Для неверующих — повод съесть тортик «Двенадцатая ночь», в который запекают фасоль и горох, или просто вкусный тортик. А еще в этот день принято дарить подарки. Три короля часто приносят больше подарков, чем Санта (не зря же в магазинах скидки).

* Слово Epiphany происходит от греческого, означающего «проявление или открытие», в данном случае явление Христа волхвам (трем королям).

This article is about the Christian feast day. For other uses, see Epiphany.

Epiphany
The Adoration of the Magi by Edward Burne-Jones (1904)
Also called	Baptism of Jesus, Three Kings Day, Denha, Little Christmas, Theophany, Timkat, Reyes
Observed by	Christians
Type	Church service, winter swimming, chalking the door, house blessings, star singing
Significance	In Eastern Christianity: commemoration of the Baptism of Jesus only In Western Christianity: commemoration of the Adoration of the Magi, with subordinate commemorations of the Baptism of Jesus and the Wedding at Cana
Date	January 6 (Gregorian calendar) January 19 (Gregorian equivalent of Julian calendar January 6)
Frequency	Annual
Related to	Epiphanytide Christmastide Christmas Baptism of the Lord Nativity of Christ New Year’s Day

Epiphany ( ə-PIF-ə-nee), (also known as Theophany in Eastern Christian tradition^[1]) is a Christian feast day commemorating the visit of the Magi, the baptism of Christ, and the Miracle at Cana.^[2]

In Western Christianity, the feast commemorates principally (but not solely) the visit of the Magi to the Christ Child, and thus Jesus Christ’s physical manifestation to the Gentiles.^[3][4] It is sometimes called Three Kings’ Day, and in some traditions celebrated as Little Christmas.^[5] Moreover, the feast of the Epiphany, in some denominations, also initiates the liturgical season of Epiphanytide.^[6][7]

Eastern Christians, on the other hand, commemorate the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River, seen as his manifestation to the world as the Son of God.^[2] The spot marked by Al-Maghtas in Jordan, adjacent to Qasr al-Yahud in the West Bank, is considered to be the original site of the baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist.^[8][9]

The traditional date for the feast is January 6. However, since 1970, the celebration is held in some countries on the Sunday after January 1. Those Eastern Churches which are still following the Julian calendar observe the feast on what, according to the internationally used Gregorian calendar, is January 19,^[10] because of the current 13-day difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars.^[11]

In many Western Churches, the eve of the feast is celebrated as Twelfth Night (Epiphany Eve).^[12][13] The Monday after Epiphany is known as Plough Monday.^[14]

Popular Epiphany customs include Epiphany singing, chalking the door, having one’s house blessed, consuming Three Kings Cake, winter swimming, as well as attending church services.^[15] It is customary for Christians in many localities to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve (Twelfth Night),^[16] although those in other Christian countries historically remove them on Candlemas, the conclusion of Epiphanytide.^[17][18] According to the first tradition, those who fail to remember to remove their Christmas decorations on Epiphany Eve must leave them untouched until Candlemas, the second opportunity to remove them; failure to observe this custom is considered inauspicious.^[19][20]

Etymology and original word usage[edit]

The word Epiphany is from Koine Greek ἐπιφάνεια, epipháneia, meaning manifestation or appearance. It is derived from the verb φαίνειν, phainein, meaning «to appear».^[21] In classical Greek it was used for the appearance of dawn, of an enemy in war, but especially of a manifestation of a deity to a worshiper (a theophany). In the Septuagint the word is used of a manifestation of the God of Israel (2 Maccabees 15:27).^[22] In the New Testament the word is used in 2 Timothy 1:10 to refer either to the birth of Christ or to his appearance after his resurrection, and five times to refer to his Second Coming.^[22]

Alternative names for the feast in Greek include τα Θεοφάνεια, ta Theopháneia «Theophany» (a neuter plural rather than feminine singular), η Ημέρα των Φώτων, i Iméra ton Fóton (modern Greek pronunciation), «The Day of the Lights», and τα Φώτα, ta Fóta, «The Lights».^[23]

History[edit]

Epiphany may have originated in the Greek-speaking eastern half of the Roman Empire as a feast to honor the baptism of Jesus. Around 200, Clement of Alexandria wrote that, «But the followers of [the early Christian Gnostic religious teacher] Basilides celebrate the day of His Baptism too, spending the previous night in readings. And they say that it was the 15th of the month Tybi of the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar. And some say that it was observed the 11th of the same month.» The Egyptian dates given correspond to January 6 and 10.^[24] The Basilides were a Gnostic sect.

The reference to «readings» suggests that the Basilides were reading the Gospels. In ancient gospel manuscripts, the text is arranged to indicate passages for liturgical readings. If a congregation began reading Mark at the beginning of the year, it might arrive at the story of the Baptism on January 6, thus explaining the date of the feast.^[25][26] If Christians read Mark in the same format the Basilides did, the two groups could have arrived at the January 6 date independently.^[27]

The earliest reference to Epiphany as a Christian feast was in A.D. 361, by Ammianus Marcellinus.^[28] The holiday is listed twice, which suggests a double feast of baptism and birth.^[24] The baptism of Jesus was originally assigned to the same date as the birth because Luke 3:23 was misread to mean that Jesus was exactly 30 when he was baptized.

Epiphanius of Salamis says that January 6 is Christ’s «Birthday; that is, His Epiphany» (hemera genethlion toutestin epiphanion).^[29] He also asserts that the Miracle at Cana occurred on the same calendar day.^[30] Epiphanius assigns the Baptism to November 6.^[24]

The scope to Epiphany expanded to include the commemoration of his birth; the visit of the magi, all of Jesus’ childhood events, up to and including the Baptism by John the Baptist; and even the miracle at the wedding at Cana in Galilee.^[31]

In the Latin-speaking West, the holiday emphasized the visit of the magi. The magi represented the non-Jewish peoples of the world, so this was considered a «revelation to the gentiles.»^[32] In this event, Christian writers also inferred a revelation to the Children of Israel. John Chrysostom identified the significance of the meeting between the magi and Herod’s court: «The star had been hidden from them so that, on finding themselves without their guide, they would have no alternative but to consult the Jews. In this way the birth of Jesus would be made known to all.»^[33]

In 385, the pilgrim Egeria (also known as Silvia) described a celebration in Jerusalem and Bethlehem, which she called «Epiphany» that commemorated the Nativity.^[34] Even at this early date, there was an octave associated with the feast.

In a sermon delivered on December 25, 380, St. Gregory of Nazianzus referred to the day as «the Theophany» (ta theophania, formerly the name of a pagan festival at Delphi),^[35] saying expressly that it is a day commemorating «the holy nativity of Christ» and told his listeners that they would soon be celebrating the baptism of Christ.^[36] Then, on January 6 and 7, he preached two more sermons,^[37] in which he declared that the celebration of the birth of Christ and the visitation of the Magi had already taken place, and that they would now commemorate his Baptism.^[38] At this time, celebration of the two events was beginning to be observed on separate occasions, at least in Cappadocia.

Saint John Cassian says that even in his time (beginning of the 5th century), Egyptian monasteries celebrated the Nativity and the Baptism together on January 6.^[39] The Armenian Apostolic Church continues to celebrate January 6 as the only commemoration of the Nativity.

Music[edit]

Classical[edit]

Johann Sebastian Bach composed in Leipzig two cantatas for the feast which concluded Christmastide:

• Sie werden aus Saba alle kommen, BWV 65, (1724)^[40]
• Liebster Immanuel, Herzog der Frommen, BWV 123, (1725)^[41]

Part VI of his Christmas Oratorio, Herr, wenn die stolzen Feinde schnauben, was also designated to be performed during the service for Epiphany.^[42]

In Ottorino Respighi’s symphonic tone poem Roman Festivals, the final movement is subtitled «Bofana» and takes place during Epiphany.

Carols and hymns[edit]

«Nun liebe Seel, nun ist es Zeit» is a German Epiphany hymn by Georg Weissel, first printed in 1642.

Two very familiar Christmas carols are associated with the Epiphany holiday: «As with gladness, men of old», written by William Chatterton Dix in 1860 as a response to the many legends which had grown up surrounding the Magi;^[43][44] and «We Three Kings of Orient Are», written by the Reverend John Henry Hopkins Jr. – then an ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church^[45] – who was instrumental in organizing an elaborate holiday pageant (which featured this hymn) for the students of the General Theological Seminary in New York City in 1857 while serving as the seminary’s music director.

Another popular hymn, less known culturally as a carol, is «Songs of thankfulness and praise», with words written by Christopher Wordsworth and commonly sung to the tune «St. Edmund» by Charles Steggall.

A carol used as an anthem for the Epiphany holiday is «The Three Kings».

Date of the celebration[edit]

Until 1955, when Pope Pius XII abolished all but three liturgical octaves, the Latin Church celebrated Epiphany as an eight-day feast, known as the Octave of Epiphany, beginning on January 6 and ending on January 13. The Sunday within that octave had been since 1893 the feast of the Holy Family, and Christmastide was reckoned as the twelve days ending on January 5, followed by the January 6–13 octave. The 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar made the date variable to some extent, stating: «The Epiphany of the Lord is celebrated on 6 January, unless, where it is not observed as a holy day of obligation, it has been assigned to the Sunday occurring between 2 and 8 January.»^[46] It also made the Feast of the Epiphany part of Christmas Time, which it defined as extending from the First Vespers of Christmas (the evening of December 24) up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany (the Sunday after January 6).^[47]

Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist and United Protestant congregations, along with those of other denominations, may celebrate Epiphany on January 6, on the following Sunday within the Epiphany week (octave), or at another time (Epiphany Eve January 5, the nearest Sunday, etc.) as local custom dictates.^[48][49] Prior to 1976, Anglican churches observed an eight-day octave, beginning on January 6. Today, The Epiphany of our Lord,^[50] classified as a Principal Feast, is observed in some Anglican provinces on January 6 exclusively (e.g., the Anglican Church of Canada)^[50] but in the Church of England the celebration is «on 6 January or transferred to the Sunday falling between 2 and 8 January».^[51]

Eastern churches celebrate Epiphany (Theophany) on January 6. Some, as in Greece, employ the modern Revised Julian calendar, which until 2800 coincides with the Gregorian calendar, the one in use for civil purposes in most countries. Other Eastern churches, as in Russia, hold to the older Julian calendar for reckoning church dates. In these old-calendar churches Epiphany falls at present on Gregorian January 19 – which is January 6 in the Julian calendar.

The Indian Orthodox Church celebrates the feast of Epiphany, Denaha [Syriac term which means rising] on January 6, and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church celebrates on January 19 as the Timkath festival, which was included in the UNESCO heritage list of festivals.

Epiphany season[edit]

In some Churches, the feast of the Epiphany initiates the Epiphany season, also known as Epiphanytide.

In Advent 2000, the Church of England, Mother Church of the Anglican Communion, introduced into its liturgy an optional Epiphany season by approving the Common Worship series of services as an alternative to those in the Book of Common Prayer, which remains the Church’s normative liturgy and in which no such liturgical season appears. An official publication of the Church of England states: «The Christmas season is often celebrated for twelve days, ending with the Epiphany. Contemporary use has sought to express an alternative tradition, in which Christmas lasts for a full forty days, ending with the Feast of the Presentation on 2 February.»^[52] It presents the latter part of this period as the Epiphany season, comprising the Sundays of Epiphany and ending «only with the Feast of the Presentation (Candlemas)».^[53]

Another interpretation of «Epiphany season» applies the term to the period from Epiphany to the day before Ash Wednesday. Some Methodists in the United States and Singapore follow these liturgies.^[6][54] Lutherans celebrate the last Sunday before Ash Wednesday as the Transfiguration of our Lord, and it has been said that they call the whole period from Epiphany to then as Epiphany season.^[55] The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America used the terms «Time after Epiphany» to refer to this period.^[56] The expression with «after» has been interpreted as making the period in question correspond to that of Ordinary Time.^[57][58]

The Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) does not celebrate Epiphany or Pentecost as seasons; for this Church, expressions such as «Fifth Sunday after Epiphany» indicate the passing of time, rather than a liturgical season. It instead uses the term «Ordinary Time».^[59]

In the Catholic Church, «Christmas Time runs from First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of the Nativity of the Lord up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after 6 January»;^[47] and «Ordinary Time begins on the Monday which follows the Sunday occurring after 6 January».^[60] Before the 1969 revision of its liturgy, the Sundays following the Octave of Epiphany or, when this was abolished, following the Feast of the Baptism of the Lord, which was instituted to take the place of the Octave Day of Epiphany were named as the «Second (etc., up to Sixth) Sunday after Epiphany», as the at least 24 Sundays following Pentecost Sunday and Trinity Sunday were known as the «Second (etc.) Sunday after Pentecost». (If a year had more than 24 Sundays after Pentecost, up to four unused post-Epiphany Sundays were inserted between the 23rd and the 24th Sunday after Pentecost.) The Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices, which has received the imprimatur of John Michael D’Arcy, with reference to Epiphanytide, thus states that «The Epiphany season extends from January 6 to Septuagesima Sunday, and has from one to six Sundays, according to the date of Easter. White is the color for the octave; green is the liturgical color for the season.»^[61]

Epiphany in different Christian traditions[edit]

Epiphany is celebrated by both the Eastern and Western Churches, but a major difference between them is precisely which events the feast commemorates. For Western Christians, the feast primarily commemorates the coming of the Magi, with only a minor reference to the baptism of Jesus and the miracle at the Wedding at Cana. Eastern churches celebrate the Baptism of Christ in the Jordan. In both traditions, the essence of the feast is the same: the manifestation of Christ to the world (whether as an infant or in the Jordan), and the Mystery of the Incarnation. The miracle at the Wedding at Cana is also celebrated during Epiphany as a first manifestation of Christ’s public life.^[62]

Western churches[edit]

Even before 354,^[63] the Western Church had separated the celebration of the Nativity of Christ as the feast of Christmas and set its date as December 25; it reserved January 6 as a commemoration of the manifestation of Christ, especially to the Magi, but also at his baptism and at the wedding feast of Cana.^[64] In 1955 a separate feast of the Baptism of the Lord was instituted, thus weakening further the connection in the West between the feast of the Epiphany and the commemoration of the baptism of Christ. However, Hungarians, in an apparent reference to baptism, refer to the January 6 celebration as Vízkereszt, a term that recalls the words «víz» (water) and «kereszt, kereszt-ség» (baptism).

Liturgical practice in Western churches[edit]

Many in the West, such as adherents of the Anglican Communion, Lutheran Churches and Methodist Churches, observe a twelve-day festival, starting on December 25, and ending on January 5, known as Christmastide or The Twelve Days of Christmas.

The Universal Norms on the Liturgical Year and the General Roman Calendar of the Roman Catholic Church determine since 1969 that «Christmas Time runs from First Vespers (Evening Prayer I) of the Nativity of the Lord up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after January 6».^[47] Some regions and especially some communities celebrating the Tridentine Mass extend the season to as many as forty days, ending Christmastide traditionally on Candlemas (February 2).

On the Feast of the Epiphany in some parts of central Europe the priest, wearing white vestments, blesses Epiphany water, frankincense, gold, and chalk. The chalk is used to write the initials of the three magi (traditionally, Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar), over the doors of churches and homes. The initials may also be interpreted as the Latin phrase, Christus mansionem benedicat (may Christ bless the house).

According to ancient custom, the priest announced the date of Easter on the feast of Epiphany. This tradition dated from a time when calendars were not readily available, and the church needed to publicize the date of Easter, since many celebrations of the liturgical year depend on it.^[65] The proclamation may be sung or proclaimed at the ambo by a deacon, cantor, or reader either after the reading of the Gospel or after the postcommunion prayer.^[65]

The Roman Missal thus provides a formula with appropriate chant (in the tone of the Exsultet) for proclaiming on Epiphany, wherever it is customary to do so, the dates in the calendar for the celebration of Ash Wednesday, Easter Sunday, Ascension of Jesus Christ, Pentecost, the Body and Blood of Christ, and the First Sunday of Advent that will mark the following liturgical year.^[66]

Some western rite churches, such as the Anglican and Lutheran churches, will follow practises similar to the Catholic Church. Church cantatas for the Feast of Epiphany were written by Protestant composers such as Georg Philipp Telemann, Christoph Graupner, Johann Sebastian Bach and Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel.^{[67][68][69][70]}

Eastern Orthodox churches[edit]

The name of the feast as celebrated in the Orthodox churches may be rendered in English as the Theophany, as closer in form to the Greek Θεοφάνεια («God shining forth» or «divine manifestation»). Here it is one of the Great Feasts of the liturgical year, being third in rank, behind only Paskha (Easter) and Pentecost in importance. It is celebrated on January 6 of the calendar that a particular Church uses. On the Julian calendar, which some of the Orthodox churches follow, that date corresponds, during the present century, to January 19 on the Gregorian or Revised Julian calendar. The earliest reference to the feast in the Eastern Church is a remark by St. Clement of Alexandria in Stromateis, I, xxi, 45:

And there are those who have determined not only the year of our Lord’s birth, but also the day… And the followers of Basilides hold the day of his baptism as a festival, spending the night before in readings. And they say that it was the fifteenth year of Tiberius Caesar, the fifteenth day of the month of Tubi; and some that it was the eleventh of the same month.

(11 and 15 of Tubi are January 6 and 10, respectively.)

If this is a reference to a celebration of Christ’s birth, as well as of his baptism, on January 6, it corresponds to what continues to be the custom of the Armenian Apostolic Church, which celebrates the birth of Jesus on January 6 of the calendar used, calling the feast that of the Nativity and Theophany of Our Lord.^[71][72]

Origen’s list of festivals (in Contra Celsum, VIII, xxii) omits any reference to Epiphany. The first reference to an ecclesiastical feast of the Epiphany, in Ammianus Marcellinus (XXI:ii), is in 361.

In parts of the Eastern Church, January 6 continued for some time as a composite feast that included the Nativity of Jesus: though Constantinople adopted December 25 to commemorate Jesus’ birth in the fourth century, in other parts the Nativity of Jesus continued to be celebrated on January 6, a date later devoted exclusively to commemorating his Baptism.^[63]

Today in Eastern Orthodox churches, the emphasis at this feast is on the shining forth and revelation of Jesus Christ as the Messiah and Second Person of the Trinity at the time of his baptism. It is also celebrated because, according to tradition, the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River by St. John the Baptist marked one of only two occasions when all three Persons of the Trinity manifested themselves simultaneously to humanity: God the Father by speaking through the clouds, God the Son being baptized in the river, and God the Holy Spirit in the shape of a dove descending from heaven (the other occasion was the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor). Thus the holy day is considered to be a Trinitarian feast.

The Orthodox consider Jesus’ Baptism to be the first step towards the Crucifixion, and there are some parallels in the hymnography used on this day and the hymns chanted on Good Friday.

Liturgical practice in Eastern churches[edit]

Forefeast: The liturgical Forefeast of Theophany begins on January 2^[73] and concludes with the Paramony on January 5.

Paramony: The Eve of the Feast is called Paramony (Greek: παραμονή, Slavonic: navechérie). Paramony is observed as a strict fast day, on which those faithful who are physically able, refrain from food until the first star is observed in the evening, when a meal with wine and oil may be taken. On this day the Royal Hours are celebrated, thus tying together this feast with Nativity and Good Friday. The Royal Hours are followed by the Divine Liturgy of St. Basil which combines Vespers with the Divine Liturgy. During the Vespers, fifteen Old Testament lections which foreshadow the Baptism of Christ are read, and special antiphons are chanted. If the Feast of the Theophany falls on a Sunday or Monday, the Royal Hours are chanted on the previous Friday, and on the Paramony the Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom is celebrated in the morning. The fasting is lessened to some degree in this case.

Blessing of Waters: The Orthodox Churches perform the Great Blessing of Waters on Theophany.^[74] The blessing is normally done twice: once on the Eve of the Feast—usually at a Baptismal font inside the church—and then again on the day of the feast, outdoors at a body of water. Following the Divine Liturgy, the clergy and people go in a Crucession (procession with the cross) to the nearest body of water, be it a beach, harbor, quay, river, lake, swimming pool, water depot, etc. (ideally, it should be a body of «living water»). At the end of the ceremony the priest will bless the waters. In the Greek practice, he does this by casting a cross into the water. If swimming is feasible on the spot, any number of volunteers may try to recover the cross. The person who gets the cross first swims back and returns it to the priest, who then delivers a special blessing to the swimmer and their household. Certain such ceremonies have achieved particular prominence, such as the one held annually at Tarpon Springs, Florida. In Russia, where the winters are severe, a hole will be cut into the ice so that the waters may be blessed. In such conditions, the cross is not cast into the water, but is held securely by the priest and dipped three times into the water.

The water that is blessed on this day is sometimes known as «Theophany Water», though usually just «holy water», and is taken home by the faithful, and used with prayer as a blessing. People will not only bless themselves and their homes by sprinkling with holy water, but will also drink it. The Orthodox Church teaches that holy water differs from ordinary water by virtue of the incorruptibility bestowed upon it by a blessing that transforms its very nature.^[75] a miracle attested to as early as St. John Chrysostom.^[76]

Theophany is a traditional day for performing Baptisms, and this is reflected in the Divine Liturgy by singing the baptismal hymn, «As many as have been baptized into Christ, have put on Christ. Alleluia,» in place of the Trisagion.

House Blessings: On Theophany the priest will begin making the round of the parishioner’s homes to bless them. He will perform a short prayer service in each home, and then go through the entire house, gardens and outside-buildings, blessing them with the newly blessed Theophany Water, while all sing the Troparion and Kontakion of the feast. This is normally done on Theophany, or at least during the Afterfeast, but if the parishioners are numerous, and especially if many live far away from the church, it may take some time to bless each house. Traditionally, these blessings should all be finished before the beginning of Great Lent.

Afterfeast: The Feast of Theophany is followed by an eight-day Afterfeast on which the normal fasting laws are suspended. The Saturday and Sunday after Theophany have special readings assigned to them, which relate to the Temptation of Christ and to penance and perseverance in the Christian struggle. There is thus a liturgical continuum between the Feast of Theophany and the beginning of Great Lent.

Oriental Orthodox[edit]

In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the feast is known as Timkat and is celebrated on the day that the Gregorian calendar calls January 19, but on January 20 in years when Enkutatash in the Ethiopian calendar falls on Gregorian September 12 (i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days). The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacred tabot. A priest carries this to a body of water where it stays overnight, with the Metsehafe Qeddassie celebrated in the early morning. Later in the morning, the water is blessed to the accompaniment of the reading of the four Gospel accounts of the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan and the people are sprinkled with or go into the water. The tabot returns in procession to the church.

Among the Syriac Christians the feast is called denho (up-going), a name to be connected with the notion of rising light expressed in Luke 1:78. In the East Syriac rite, the season of Epiphany (Epiphanytide) is known as Denha.

In the Armenian Apostolic Church, January 6 is celebrated as the Nativity (Soorp Tsnund) and Theophany of Christ. The feast is preceded by a seven-day fast. On the eve of the feast, the Divine Liturgy is celebrated. This liturgy is referred to as the Chragaluytsi Patarag (the Eucharist of the lighting of the lamps) in honor of the manifestation of Jesus as the Son of God. Both the Armenian Apostolic Church’s and Assyrian Church of the East’s liturgy is followed by a blessing of water, during which the cross is immersed in the water, symbolizing Jesus’ descent into the Jordan, and holy myron (chrism) is poured in, symbolic of the descent of the Holy Spirit upon Jesus. The next morning, after the Liturgy, the cross is removed from the vessel of holy water and all come forward to kiss the cross and partake of the blessed water.

National and local customs[edit]

Epiphany is celebrated with a wide array of customs around the world. In some cultures, the greenery and nativity scenes put up at Christmas are taken down at Epiphany. In other cultures these remain up until Candlemas on February 2. In countries historically shaped by Western Christianity (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism) these customs often involve gift giving, «king cakes» and a celebratory close to the Christmas season. In traditionally Orthodox nations, water, baptismal rites and house blessings are typically central to these celebrations.

Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay[edit]

In Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, as in other Latin American countries, the day is called «Día de Reyes» (The Day of Kings, a reference to the Biblical Magi), commemorating the arrival of the Magi to revere Jesus as son of God. The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as «Noche de Reyes» (The Night of Kings) and children leave their shoes by the door, along with grass and water for the camels. On the morning of January 6, they get up early and rush to see their shoes, where they are expecting to find gifts left by the «Reyes» who, according to tradition, bypass the houses of children who are awake. On January 6, a «Rosca de Reyes» (a ring-shaped Epiphany cake) is eaten and all Christmas decorations are traditionally put away.

Bulgaria[edit]

In Bulgaria, Epiphany is celebrated on January 6 and is known as Bogoyavlenie («Manifestation of God»), Кръщение Господне (Krashtenie Gospodne or «Baptism of the Lord») or Yordanovden («Day of Jordan», referring to the river). On this day, a wooden cross is thrown by a priest into the sea, river or lake and young men race to retrieve it. As the date is in early January and the waters are close to freezing, this is considered an honorable act and it is said that good health will be bestowed upon the home of the swimmer who is the first to reach the cross.^[77]

In the town of Kalofer, a traditional horo with drums and bagpipes is played in the icy waters of the Tundzha river before the throwing of the cross.^[78][79]

Benelux[edit]

The Dutch and Flemish call this day Driekoningen, while German speakers call it Dreikönigstag (Three Kings’ Day). In the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and neighboring Germany, children in groups of three (symbolizing the Biblical Magi) proceed in costume from house to house while singing songs typical for the occasion, and receiving a coin or some sweets at each door. They may each carry a paper lantern symbolizing the star.^[80] In some places, especially Holland, these troupes gather for competitions and present their skits/songs for an audience. As in Belgium, Koningentaart (Kings’ tart), puff pastry with almond filling, is prepared with a black bean hidden inside. Whoever finds the bean in his or her piece is king or queen for the day. A more typically Dutch version is Koningenbrood, or Kings’ bread. In the Netherlands, the traditions have died out, except for very few places.^[81] Another Low Countries tradition on Epiphany is to open up doors and windows to let good luck in for the coming year.

Brazil[edit]

In Brazil, the day is called «Dia dos Reis» (The Day of Kings) and in the rest of Latin America «Día de Reyes» commemorating the arrival of the Magi to confirm Jesus as son of God. The night of January 5 into the morning of January 6 is known as «Night of Kings» (also called the Twelfth Night) and is feasted with music, sweets and regional dishes as the last night of Nativity, when Christmas decorations are traditionally put away.^[82]

Chile[edit]

This day is sometimes known as the Día de los Tres Reyes Magos (The day of the Three Royal Magi) or La Pascua de los Negros (Holy Day of the Black men)^[83] in Chile, although the latter is rarely heard, because it was the day when slaves were allowed not to work.

Dominican Republic[edit]

In the Dominican Republic, the Día de los Tres Reyes Magos (The day of the Three Royal Magi) and in this day children receive gifts on the christmas tree in a similar fashion to Christmas day. On this day public areas are very active with children accompanied by their parents trying out their new toys.

A common practice is to leave toys under the children’s beds on January 5, so when they wake up on January 6, they are made to believe the gifts and toys were left from Santa Claus or the Three Kings. however, and particularly in the larger cities and in the North, local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition, as well as with other holidays such as Halloween, due to Americanization via film and television, creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6.

Egypt[edit]

The feast of the Epiphany is celebrated by the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, which falls on 11 Tobe of the Coptic calendar, as the moment when in the baptism of Jesus the skies opened and God himself revealed to all as father of Jesus and all mankind. It is then a moment of revelation of epiphany. This celebration started to include all the processes of incarnation of Jesus, from his birth on Christmas until his baptism in the river Jordan. For the Coptic Orthodox Church it is also a moment in which the path of Jesus to the Cross begins. Therefore, in many celebrations there are certain similarities with the celebrations of Holy Friday during the time of Easter. Since the Epiphany is one of the seven great feasts of the Coptic Orthodox Church, it is a day of strict fasting, and several religious celebrations are held on this day. The day is related to the blessing of waters that are used all throughout the year in the church celebrations, and it is a privileged day to celebrate baptisms. It is also a day in which many houses are blessed with water. It may take several days for the local priest to bless all the houses of the parishioners that ask for it, and so the blessing of the houses may go into the after-feasts of the Epiphany celebrations. However, it must be done before the beginning of Lent.^[84]

England[edit]

In England, the celebration of the night before Epiphany, Epiphany Eve, is known as Twelfth Night (the first night of Christmas is December 25–26, and Twelfth Night is January 5–6), and was a traditional time for mumming and the wassail. The Yule log was left burning until this day, and the charcoal left was kept until the next Christmas to kindle next year’s Yule log, as well as to protect the house from fire and lightning.^[85] In the past, Epiphany was also a day for playing practical jokes, similar to April Fool’s Day. Today in England, Twelfth Night is still as popular a day for plays as when Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night was first performed in 1601, and annual celebrations involving the Holly Man are held in London.^[86] A traditional dish for Epiphany was Twelfth Cake, a rich, dense, typically English fruitcake. As in Europe, whoever found the baked-in bean was king for a day, but uniquely to English tradition other items were sometimes included in the cake. Whoever found the clove was the villain, the twig, the fool, and the rag, the tart.^{[clarification needed]} Anything spicy or hot, like ginger snaps and spiced ale, was considered proper Twelfth Night fare, recalling the costly spices brought by the Wise Men. Another English Epiphany sweetmeat was the traditional jam tart, made appropriate to the occasion by being fashioned in the form of a six-pointed star symbolising the Star of Bethlehem, and thus called Epiphany tart. The discerning English cook sometimes tried to use thirteen different colored jams on the tart on this day for luck, creating a pastry resembling stained glass.^[87]

Ethiopia and Eritrea[edit]

In the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Church, the feast is known as Timkat and is celebrated on the day that the Gregorian calendar calls January 19, but on January 20 in years when New Year in the Ethiopian calendar falls on Gregorian September 12 (i.e. when the following February in the Gregorian calendar will have 29 days). The celebration of this feast features blessing of water and solemn processions with the sacred Tabot.^[88]

Finland[edit]

In Finland, Epiphany is called loppiainen, a name which goes back to the 1600s. In the 1500s the Swedish-Finnish Lutheran church called Epiphany «Day of the Holy Three Kings», while before this, the older term Epiphania was used. In the Karelian language Epiphany is called vieristä, meaning cross, from the Orthodox custom of submerging a cross three times to bless water on this day.^[89] Today, in the Lutheran church, Epiphany is a day dedicated to a focus on missionary work in addition to the Wise Men narrative. Between 1973 and 1991 Epiphany was observed in Finland on a Saturday each year no earlier than January 6, and no later than January 12. After that time however, the traditional date of January 6 was restored and has since been observed once again as a national public holiday.

The Christmas tree is traditionally taken out of the house on Epiphany. While the term loppiainen means «ending [of Christmas time],» in reality, Christmas celebrations in Finland are extended to Nuutti’s or St. Canute’s Day on January 13, completing the Scandinavian Twenty Days of Christmas.

Francophone Europe[edit]

In France people share one of two types of king cake. In the northern half of France and Belgium the cake is called a galette des Rois, and is a round, flat, and golden cake made with flake pastry and often filled with frangipane, fruit, or chocolate. In the south, in Provence, and in the south-west, a crown-shaped cake or brioche filled with fruit called a gâteau des Rois is eaten. In Romandie, both types can be found though the latter is more common. Both types of cake contain a charm, usually a porcelain or plastic figurine, called a fève (broad bean in French).^[90]

The cake is cut by the youngest (and therefore most innocent) person at the table to assure that the recipient of the bean is random. The person who gets the piece of cake with the trinket becomes «king» or «queen» and wears a paper crown provided with the cake. In some regions this person has a choice between offering a beverage to everyone around the table (usually a sparkling wine or champagne), or volunteering to host the next king cake at their home. This can extend the festivities through all of January.^[91]

German-speaking Europe[edit]

January 6 is a public holiday in Austria, three federal states of Germany, and three cantons of Switzerland, as well as in parts of Graubünden.
In the German-speaking lands, groups of young people called Sternsinger (star singers) travel from door to door. They are dressed as the Biblical Magi, and their leader carries a star, usually of painted wood attached to a broom handle. Often these groups are four girls, or two boys and two girls in order to sing in four-part harmony. They sing traditional songs and newer ones such as «Stern über Bethlehem». They are not necessarily three wise men. German Lutherans often note in a lighthearted fashion that the Bible never specifies that the Weisen (Magi) were men, or that there were three. The star singers solicit donations for worthy causes, such as efforts to end hunger in Africa, organized jointly by the Catholic and Protestant churches, and they will also be offered treats at the homes they visit.^[92] The young people then perform the traditional house blessing, by marking the year over the doorway with chalk. In Roman Catholic communities this may even today be a serious spiritual event with the priest present, but among Protestants it is more a tradition, and a part of the German notion of Gemütlichkeit. Usually on the Sunday following Epiphany, these donations are brought into churches. Here all of the children who have gone out as star singers, once again in their costumes, form a procession of sometimes dozens of wise men and stars. The German Chancellor and Parliament also receive a visit from the star singers at Epiphany.^[93]

Some Germans eat a Three Kings cake, which may be a golden pastry ring filled with orange and spice representing gold, frankincense and myrrh. Most often found in Switzerland, these cakes take the form of Buchteln but for Epiphany, studded with citron, and baked as seven large buns in a round rather than square pan, forming a crown. Or they may be made of typical rich Christmas bread dough with cardamom and pearl sugar in the same seven bun crown shape. These varieties are most typically purchased in supermarkets, with the trinket and gold paper crown included.^[94] As in other countries, the person who receives the piece or bun containing the trinket or whole almond becomes the king or queen for a day. Epiphany is also an especially joyful occasion for the young and young at heart, as this is the day dedicated to plündern – that is, when Christmas trees are «plundered» of their cookies and sweets by eager children (and adults) and when gingerbread houses, and any other good things left in the house from Christmas, are devoured.^[95] Lastly, there is a German rhyme saying, or Bauernregel, that goes Ist’s bis Dreikönigs kein Winter, kommt keiner dahinter meaning «If there hasn’t been any winter (weather) until Epiphany, none is coming afterward.» Another of these Bauernregel, (German farmer’s rules) for Epiphany states: Dreikönigsabend hell und klar, verspricht ein gutes Weinjahr or «If the eve of Epiphany is bright and clear, it foretells a good wine year.»

Greece, Cyprus[edit]

In Greece, Cyprus and the Greek diaspora throughout the world, the feast is called the Theophany,^[96] or colloquially Phōta (Greek: Φώτα, «Lights»).^[97] It is the «Great Celebration» or Theotromi. In some regions of Macedonia (West) it is the biggest festival of the year. The Baptism of Christ symbolizes the rebirth of man, its importance is such that until the fourth century Christians celebrated New Year on this day. Customs revolve around the Great Blessing of the Waters.^[98] It marks the end of the traditional ban on sailing, as the tumultuous winter seas are cleansed of the mischief-prone kalikántzaroi, the goblins that try to torment God-fearing Christians through the festive season. During this ceremony, a cross is thrown into the water, and the men compete to retrieve it for good luck. The Phota form the middle of another festive triduum, together with Epiphany Eve, when children sing the Epiphany carols, and the great feast of St. John the Baptist (January 7 and eve),^[99] when the numerous Johns and Joans celebrate their name-day.

It is a time for sanctification, which in Greece means expiation, purification of the people and protection against the influence of demons. This concept is certainly not strictly Christian, but has roots in ancient worship. In most parts of Greece a ritual called «small sanctification», Protagiasi or «Enlightment» is practiced on the eve of Epiphany. The priest goes door to door with the cross and a branch of basil to «sanctify» or «brighten» the rooms by sprinkling them with holy water. The protagiasi casts away the goblins ; bonfires are also lit in some places for that purpose. The «Great Blessing» happens in church on the day of the Epiphany. In the Churches in a special rig embellished upon which brought large pot full of water^[clarify]. Then the «Dive of the Cross» is performed: a cross is throwned by the priest in the sea, a nearby river, a lake or an ancient Roman cistern (as in Athens). According to popular belief, this ritual gives the water the power to cleanse and sanitize. In many places, after the dive of the cross, the locals run to the beaches or the shores of rivers or lakes to wash their agricultural tools and even icons. Indeed, according common folk belief, icons lose their original strength and power with the passage of time, but they can be restored by dipping the icons in the water cleansed by the cross. This may be a survival of ancient beliefs. Athenians held a ceremony called «washing»: the statue of Athena was carried in procession to the coast of Faliro where it was washed with salt water to cleanse it and renew its sacred powers.
Today, women in many parts repeating this ancient custom of washing the images but combined with other instruments of medieval and ancient magic. As the plate of Mytilene while the divers dive to catch the Cross women at the same time «getting a detaining (= pumpkin) water from 40 waves and then with cotton dipped it clean icons without talking to throughout this process («dumb water») and then the water is thrown out of the not pressed (in the crucible of the church).^{[clarify][citation needed]}

Guadeloupe Islands[edit]

Celebrations in Guadeloupe have a different feel from elsewhere in the world. Epiphany here does not mean the last day of Christmas celebrations, but rather the first day of Kannaval (Carnival), which lasts until the evening before Ash Wednesday. Carnival, in turn, ends with the grand brilé Vaval, the burning of Vaval, the king of the Kannaval, amidst the cries and wails of the crowd.^[100]

India[edit]

In parts of southern India, Epiphany is called the Three Kings Festival and is celebrated in front of the local church like a fair. This day marks the close of the Advent and Christmas season and people remove the cribs and nativity sets at home. In Goa Epiphany may be locally known by its Portuguese name Festa dos Reis. In the village of Reis Magos, in Goa, there is a fort called Reis Magos (Wise Men) or Três Reis Magos for Biblical Magi. Celebrations include a widely attended procession, with boys arrayed as the Magi, leading to the Franciscan Chapel of the Magi near the Goan capital of Panjim.^[101] Other popular Epiphany processions are held in Chandor. Here three young boys in regal robes and splendid crowns descend the nearby hill of Our Lady of Mercy on horseback towards the main church where a three-hour festival Mass is celebrated. The route before them is decorated with streamers, palm leaves and balloons with the smallest children present lining the way, shouting greetings to the Kings. The Kings are traditionally chosen, one each, from Chandor’s three hamlets of Kott, Cavorim and Gurdolim, whose residents helped build the Chandor church in 1645.

In the past the kings were chosen only from among high-caste families, but since 1946 the celebration has been open to all. Participation is still expensive as it involves getting a horse, costumes, and providing a lavish buffet to the community afterwards, in all totaling some 100,000 rupees (about US$2,250) per king. This is undertaken gladly since having son serve as a king is considered a great honor and a blessing on the family.^[102]

Cansaulim in South Goa is similarly famous for its Three Kings festival, which draws tourists from around the state and India. Three boys are selected from the three neighboring villages of Quelim, Cansaulim and Arrosim to present the gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh in a procession. Only a native of these villages may serve as king; outsiders are barred from the role. Throughout the year, excitement runs high in the villages to see who will be chosen. The boys selected are meticulously groomed, and must grow their hair long in time for the festival. The procession involves the three kings wearing jeweled red velvet robes and crowns, riding white horses decked with flowers and fine cloth, and they are shaded by colorful parasols, with a retinue of hundreds.^[103][104]

The procession ends at the local church built in 1581, and in its central window a large white star hangs, and colored banners stream out across the square from those around it. Inside, the church will have been decorated with garlands. After presenting their gifts and reverencing the altar and Nativity scene, the kings take special seats of honor and assist at the High Mass.^[105]

The Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala State, Epiphany is known by its Syriac name Denha. Saint Thomas Christians, like other Eastern Christians, celebrate Denha as a great feast to commemorate the Baptism of Jesus in the river Jordan. The liturgical season Denhakalam («Weeks of Epiphany») commemorates the second revelation at the Baptism and the subsequent public life of Jesus. Denha is celebrated on January 6 by the Syro-Malabar Church in two ways – Pindiperunnal («Plantain trunk feast») and Rakkuliperunal («Feast with a night bath»).^[106]

Ireland[edit]

The Irish call the day the Feast of the Epiphany or traditionally Little Christmas or «Women’s Christmas» (Irish: Nollaig na mBan). On Nollaig na mBan, women traditionally rested and celebrated for themselves after the cooking and work of the Christmas holidays. The custom was for women to gather on this day for a special meal, but on the occasion of Epiphany accompanied by wine, to honor the Miracle at the Wedding at Cana.^{[citation needed]}

Today, women may dine at a restaurant or gather in a pub in the evening. They may also receive gifts from children, grandchildren or other family members on this day. Other Epiphany customs, which symbolize the end of the Christmas season, are popular in Ireland, such as the burning the sprigs of Christmas holly in the fireplace which have been used as decorations during the past twelve days.^[107]

The Epiphany celebration serves as the initial setting for – and anchors the action, theme, and climax of – James Joyce’s short story «The Dead» from his 1914 collection, Dubliners.

Italy[edit]

In Italy, Epiphany is a national holiday and is associated with the figure of the Befana (the name being a corruption of the word Epifania), a broomstick-riding old woman who, on the night between January 5 and 6, brings gifts to children or a lump of «coal» (really black candy) for the times they have not been good during the year. The legend told of her is that, having missed her opportunity to bring a gift to the child Jesus together with the Biblical Magi, she now brings gifts to other children on that night.^{[108][109][24]}

However, in some parts of today’s Italian state, different traditions exist, and instead of the Befana it is the three Magi who bring gifts. in Sardinia, for example, where local traditions and customs of the Hispanic period coexist, the tradition of the Biblical Magi (in Sardinian language, Sa Pasca de is Tres Reis) bringing gifts to children is very present.

Jordan[edit]

Baptism Site «Bethany Beyond the Jordan» (Al-Maghtas)

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Al-Maghtas ruins on the Jordanian side of the Jordan River, believed to be the location where Jesus of Nazareth was baptised by John the Baptist
Location	Balqa Governorate, Jordan
Reference	1446
Inscription	2015 (39th Session)
Website	www.baptismsite.com

Thousands of Jordanian Christians, tourists and pilgrims flock to Al-Maghtas site on the east bank of the Jordan River in January every year to mark Epiphany, where large masses and celebrations are held.^[110] «Al-Maghtas» meaning «baptism» or «immersion» in Arabic, is an archaeological World Heritage site in Jordan, officially known as «Baptism Site «Bethany Beyond the Jordan» (Al-Maghtas)». It is considered to be the original location of the Baptism of Jesus and the ministry of John the Baptist and has been venerated as such since at least the Byzantine period.^[8]

John 1:28: These things took place in Bethany beyond the Jordan, where John was baptising.

The site has then seen several archaeological digs, four papal visits and state visits and attracts tourists and pilgrimage activity.^[110] Approximately 81,000 people visited the site in 2016, mostly European, American and Arab tourists.^[111]

Latvia[edit]

Epiphany is known in Latvia as Trijkungu diena (Three Kings Day) by Catholics or Zvaigznes diena (Star Day) by Lutherans after the custom of star singing, and the Star of Bethlehem which led the Magi to the Christ Child.^[112] In the past bright stars of fabric were sewn onto the background of dark colored quilts, representing the night sky. Epiphany was a day of enjoyment, spent in horse-drawn open sleighs, and these quilts would then be taken along to cover the laps of the merry riders.^[113] If Epiphany Day was bright and mild and the sun «warmed the horses’ backs» it was said that the coming year would bring only peace. If the night before Epiphany saw clear starry skies, it meant Latvia could expect a fine harvest in the coming Summer. Weaving and wood-cutting were «bad luck», giving both men and women a proper holiday, and if a dog was heard barking on Epiphany one ought to look for his or her future spouse in that same direction. Special three-corner apple cakes are eaten on this day, and as in other countries, star singing, visiting and house blessings have long been popular.^[114]

Lebanon[edit]

Epiphany, celebrated on January 6, is the feast for the Roman Church that commemorates the visit of the Wise Men, the magi. However, in the Maronite Church, in accordance with the ancient tradition, it represents the public announcement of Jesus’ mission when he was baptized in the Jordan by John the Forerunner, also known as «John the Baptist». On the occasion, Lebanese Christians pray for their deceased.^[115]

It is celebrated by attending church most often to the midnight mass by the maronites. The reason why it is at midnight is because the Christ will be passing to bless homes, also Lebanese Christians who gathered for the mass congratulate each other on that day by saying: «El Deyim Deyim» (Arabic: دايم دايم) which translates as «The permanent is permanent». They also mix dough made out of water and flour only and it rises outdoors with no yeast by being blessed.^[115]

North Macedonia[edit]

Epiphany in North Macedonia is known as Vodici (Водици).^[116] On this day the priest throws a wooden cross into the water, to symbolize the baptism of Christ.^{[citation needed]} Men jump into the cold water to retrieve the cross, and whoever retrieves it is believed to be blessed during the whole year.^{[citation needed]} These are very festive gatherings with many spectacles attending the sites. Special food jelly from pork and beef meat and bones called «pacha» (пача) or «pivtii» (пивтии) is prepared the day before, but served on the day after Epiphany, together with warm local brandy, rakija (ракија).^[117] Epiphany is a non-working day for the Orthodox believers in North Macedonia.^[118]

Malta[edit]

In Malta, Epiphany is commonly known as It-Tre Re (The Three Kings). Until the 1980s, January 6 was a public holiday, but today the Maltese celebrate Epiphany on the first Sunday of the year. Children and students still take January 6 as a school holiday and Christmas decorations are lit up through this day on most public streets. The Maltese also have a long-standing custom of presenting concerts in honor of Epiphany, including the prestigious annual Epiphany Concert organized by the Malta Council for Culture and Arts, performed by the National Orchestra. In 2010, the Epiphany Concert which used to be held before a select audience, was opened to the general public following a decision by the President. The Ministry of Education and Culture therefore moved from the venue from the Palace to the historic Sacra Infermeria, also known as the Mediterranean Conference Centre.^[119] Qagħaq tal-Għasel or tal-Qastanija (Maltese honey rings) are typically served at Epiphany in Malta.

Mexico[edit]

The evening of January 5 marks the Twelfth Night of Christmas and is when the figurines of the three Biblical Magi are added to the nativity scene. Traditionally in Mexico, as with many other Latin American countries, Santa Claus doesn’t hold the cachet that he does in the United States. Rather, it is the Magi who are the bearers of gifts, who leave presents in or near the shoes of small children.^[120] Mexican families also commemorate the date by eating Rosca de reyes. In modern Mexico however, and particularly in the larger cities and in the North, local traditions are now being observed and intertwined with the greater North American Santa Claus tradition, as well as with other holidays such as Halloween, due to Americanization via film and television, creating an economy of gifting tradition that spans from Christmas Day until January 6.

Peru[edit]

Peru shares Epiphany customs with Spain and the rest of Latin America. Peruvian national lore holds that Francisco Pizarro was the first to call Lima «Ciudad de los Reyes» (City of the Kings) because the date of the Epiphany coincided with the day he and his two companions searched for, and found, an ideal location for a new capital. Even more popular in Peru than gift giving is the custom of the Bajada de Reyes when parties are held in honor of the taking down of family and public nativity scenes, and carefully putting them away until the next Christmas.^[121]

Philippines[edit]

In the Philippines, Epiphany is known as «Three Kings’ Day» and Pasko ng Matatanda («Feast of the Elderly»), and marks the official close of the country’s Christmas season. As a day of feasting, some Filipinos celebrate with gift-giving and greet each other «Happy Three Kings!».^[122]

Poland[edit]

In Poland, Epiphany, or «Trzech Króli» (Three Kings) is celebrated in grand fashion, with huge parades held welcoming the Wise Men, often riding on camels or other animals from the zoo, in Warsaw, Poznań^[123] and over 2,000 other cities. The Wise Men pass out sweets, children process in renaissance wear, carols are sung, and living nativity scenes are enacted, all similar to celebrations in Italy or Spain, pointing to the country’s Catholic heritage. Children may also dress in colors signifying Europe, Asia, and Africa (the supposed homes of the Wise Men) and at the end of the parade route, church leaders often preach on the spiritual significance of the Epiphany. In 2011, by an act of Parliament, Epiphany was restored as an official non-working national public holiday in Poland for the first time since it was canceled under communism fifty years earlier.^[124]

Poles though take small boxes containing chalk, a gold ring, incense and a piece of amber, in memory of the gifts of the Magi, to church to be blessed. Once at home, they inscribe «K+M+B+» and the year with the blessed chalk above every door in the house, according to tradition, to provide protection against illness and misfortune for those within. The letters, with a cross after each one, are said to stand either for the traditionally applied names of the Three Kings in Polish – Kacper, Melchior and Baltazar – or for a Latin inscription meaning «Christ bless this house.» They remain above the doors all year until they are inadvertently dusted off or replaced by new markings the next year.^[125] On January 6, as in much of Europe, a Polish style Three Kings cake is served with a coin or almond baked inside. The one who gets it is king or queen for the day, signified by wearing the paper crown that decorates the cake. According to Polish tradition this person will be lucky in the coming year. Recipes vary by region. Some serve a French-type puff pastry cake with almond paste filling, others favor a sponge cake with almond cream filling, and yet others enjoy a light fruitcake.^[126]

Epiphany in Poland also signals the beginning of zapusty or carnival time, when pączki (doughnuts) and chrust (Angel wings) are served.^[127]

Portugal[edit]

In Portugal, Epiphany, January 6, is called dia dos Reis (Day of the Kings), during which the traditional Bolo Rei (King cake) is baked and eaten. Plays and pageants are popular on this day, and parents often hold parties for their children. Epiphany is also a time when the traditional Portuguese dances known as Mouriscadas and Paulitos are performed. The latter is an elaborate stick dance. The dancers, who are usually men but may be dressed as women, manipulate sticks or staves (in imitation swords) in two opposing lines.^[128] It is a tradition too in Portugal for people to gather in small groups and to go from house to house to sing the Reis (meaning «Kings») which are traditional songs about the life of Jesus. The singers also bring greetings to the owners of the house. After singing for a while outside, they are invited in, and the owners of the house offer them sweets, liqueurs, and other Epiphany delicacies. These Reis usually begin on Epiphany eve and last until January 20.^[129]

Portuguese village of Vale de Salgueiro encourages children, some as young as five, to smoke in a tradition that does not have clear roots.^[130][131]

Puerto Rico[edit]

In Puerto Rico, Epiphany is an important festive holiday, and is commonly referred as Dia de Los Tres Reyes Magos, or Three Kings’ Day. It is traditional for children to fill a box with fresh grass or hay and put it underneath their bed, for the Wise Men’s horses. In Puerto Rico many artisans make commemorative historical figures of the Magi on horseback. The Three Wise Men of Puerto Rico, according to local tradition, arrive on horseback instead of camels as in other countries where the custom is also ingrained. The three kings will then take the grass to feed the horses and will leave gifts under the bed as a reward. These traditions are analogous to the customs of children leaving mince pies and sherry out for Father Christmas in Western Europe or leaving milk and cookies for Santa Claus in the United States. On the day before the feast (January 5), the «Rosario de Reyes» or «Promesa de Reyes» is celebrated with songs (aguinaldos) promised to be sung to the Kings, usually before a little table with figures of the Nativity and the Kings or with the Kings alone and their camels. This celebration is accompanied with a chicken soup, snacks, and drinks.

Romania and Moldova[edit]

In Romania and Moldova, Epiphany is called Boboteaza. In south-eastern Romania, following religious services, men participate in winter horse races. Before the race, the men line up with their horses before the priest, who will bless them by sprinkling them with green branches that have been dipped into Epiphany holy water. Sometimes people desire to have this blessing for themselves as well. Winning the Epiphany race is a great honor for both horse and rider, while the post-race celebrations, win or not, are highly festive. As in other Eastern Orthodox heritage countries, water rites play a special role on this day.^[132] A unique piece of Romanian folk wisdom holds that if a girl slips on ice–or, better yet, falls into water–on Epiphany, she will surely marry before the year is out.^[133]

In Transylvania (Erdély/Siebenbürgen), Lutheran and Reformed Christians of Hungarian and Saxon descent celebrate Epiphany with star singing and house blessing, as in Central Europe. The star singing custom had long ago spread throughout Romania and the Republic of Moldova. Here the star, called Steaua, today resembles a stained-glass lantern and features an Orthodox icon at its center, a tradition pointing to the blending of both East and West which characterizes the two nations on the river Prut.^[134]

Russia[edit]

The Epiphany, celebrated in Russia on January 19, marks the baptism of Jesus in the Eastern Orthodox Church. As elsewhere in the Orthodox world, the Russian Church conducts the rite of the Great Blessing of the Waters, also known as «the Great Sanctification of the Water» on that day (or the eve before).^[135] The priest-led procession could simply proceed to the font,^[135] but traditionally the worshipers would go to a nearby lake or river.

Historical records indicate that the blessing of the waters events took place at the courts of Moscow Czars since no later than 1525. According to historians, the blessing of the waters procession was the most magnificent of the annual Czar’s court’s ceremonies, comparable only to such special events as royal coronations and weddings. After a divine liturgy in the Kremlin’s Dormition Cathedral, the procession, led by the Czar and the Patriarch of Moscow would proceed to the frozen Moskva River. An ice-hole would have been made in the ice, called Iordan’ (in memory of the Jordan River), over which a small gazebo would have been erected and decorated with holy icons, one of which would depict the Baptism of Christ. The Patriarch would immerse his cross into the river’s water; and sprinkle the Czar, his boyars, and the banners of Czar’s army’s regiments with the holy water. A load of holy water would then be brought back to the Kremlin, to be used in blessing the Czar’s palace.^[136] On a smaller scale, similar events would take place in the parishes throughout the nation.

Believing that on this day water becomes holy and is imbued with special powers, Russians cut holes called Iordan’ in the ice of lakes and rivers, often in the shape of the cross, to bathe in the freezing water.^[137] This practice is said to be popularized comparatively recently; it was fairly uncommon in the czarist days, but has flourished since the 1990s.^[138]

Participants in the ritual may dip themselves under the water three times, honoring the Holy Trinity, to symbolically wash away their sins from the past year, and to experience a sense of spiritual rebirth. Orthodox priests are on hand to bless the water, and rescuers are on hand to monitor the safety of the swimmers in the ice-cold water. Others limit their participation in the Epiphany rites to those conducted inside churches, where priests perform the Great Blessing of Waters, both on Epiphany Eve and Epiphany (Theophany) proper. The water is then distributed to attendees who may store it to use in times of illness, to bless themselves, family members, and their homes, or to drink. Some Russians think any water – even from the taps on the kitchen sink – poured or bottled on Epiphany becomes holy water, since all the water in the world is blessed this day. In the more mild climate of the southern city of Sochi meanwhile, where air and water temperatures both hover in the low to mid 10-degree Celsius range (50 degrees Fahrenheit) in January, thousands of people jump into the Black Sea at midnight each year on Epiphany and begin to swim in celebration of the feast.^[139]

Slovenia[edit]

In Slovenia, especially in the Western part of the country, during the first day of the year and on Epiphany, children go from house to house because villagers will give them almonds, dried figs, nuts, cookies or other good things that they have at home.^[140]

Spain[edit]

In Spain and some Latin American countries, Epiphany day is called El Día de Reyes^[141] i.e., the day when a group of Kings or Magi, as related in the second chapter of the Gospel of Matthew, arrived to worship and bring three gifts to the baby Jesus after following a star in the heavens. In Spanish tradition on January 6, three of the Kings: Melchior, Gaspar, and Balthazar, representing Arabia, the Orient, and Africa, arrived on horse, camel and elephant, bringing respectively gold, frankincense and myrrh to the baby Jesus. Before going to bed on the eve of January 6, children polish their shoes and leave them ready for the Kings’ presents to be put in them. The next morning presents will appear under their shoes, or if the children are deemed to have misbehaved during the year, coal (usually a lump of hard sugar candy dyed black, called Carbón Dulce).^[142] Most towns in Spain arrange colorful parades representing the arrival of the Reyes Magos to town so children can see them on their camels or carriages before they go to bed. The oldest of these parades is held in Alcoy, Alicante (Valencian Community) which has hosted an annual parade since 1885.^[143] Sweet wine, nibbles, fruit and milk are left for the Kings and their camels. In Spain, children typically receive presents on this day, rather than on Christmas, though this tradition has changed lately, and children now receive presents on both days. The Epiphany bread/cake is known as Roscón,^[144] Tortell de Reis in Catalan, and in Mexico as Rosca de reyes.^[145]

Sweden[edit]

Epiphany is a public holiday in Sweden, where it is known as «trettondedag jul» («Thirteenth Day Yule»), as January 6 is the thirteenth day after Christmas Eve, the main day on which Christmas is celebrated in Sweden. However, the end of the Christmas celebration is on January 13, St. Knut’s Day, more commonly known as «Twentieth Day Yule» (or «Twentieth Day Knut»).

United States[edit]

In Louisiana, Epiphany is the beginning of the Carnival season, during which it is customary to bake King Cakes, similar to the Rosca mentioned above. It is round in shape, filled with cinnamon, glazed white, and coated in traditional carnival color sanding sugar. The person who finds the doll (or bean) must provide the next king cake. The interval between Epiphany and Mardi Gras is sometimes known as «king cake season», and many may be consumed during this period. The Carnival season begins on King’s Day (Epiphany), and there are many traditions associated with that day in Louisiana and along the Catholic coasts of Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. King cakes are first sold then, Carnival krewes begin having their balls on that date, and the first New Orleans krewe parades in street cars that night.

In Colonial Virginia, Epiphany, or 12th Night, was an occasion of great merriment, and was considered especially appropriate as a date for balls and dancing, as well as for weddings. On 12th Night, Great Cake was prepared, consisting in two giant layers of fruitcake, coated and filled with royal icing. Custom dictated that the youngest child present cut and serve the cake and whoever found the bean or prize in the Twelfth Night cake was crowned «King of the Bean» similar to the European king cake custom.^{[citation needed]}

In Erie, Pennsylvania, as part of an Epiphany party a king is hidden in a cake, and whichever child finds the king in the cake is crowned king for the day.^[146]

Tarpon Springs, Florida, is known for elaborate religious ceremonies related to the Greek Orthodox Church, the most notable being the Epiphany celebration. The Metropolitan of Atlanta usually presides over the blessings, sometimes joined by the Archbishop of America. The blessings conclude with the ceremonial throwing of a wooden cross into the city’s Spring Bayou, and boys ages 16 to 18 diving in to retrieve it. Whoever recovers the cross is said to be blessed for a full year. Following the blessings, the celebration moves to the Sponge Docks where food and music are made part of the festivities.^[147] Tarpon Springs has given itself the nickname Epiphany City.^[148] The celebration attracts Greek Americans from across the country,^[147] and the city’s population is known to triple in size for that day.^[149]

In Manitou Springs, Colorado, Epiphany is marked by the Great Fruitcake Toss. Fruitcakes are thrown, participants dress as kings, fools, etc., and competitions are held for the farthest throw, the most creative projectile device, etc. As with customs in other countries, the fruitcake toss is a sort of festive symbolic leave-taking of the Christmas holidays until next year, but with humorous twist, since fruitcake is considered with a certain degree of derision in most of the United States, and is the source of many jokes.^[150][151]

Wales[edit]

On January 6, the Feast of the Epiphany has long been an important celebration in Wales, known there as Ystwyll. In Glamorganshire, a huge loaf or cake was prepared, which was then divided up into three parts to represent Christ, the Virgin Mary and the Biblical Magi. A large company of neighbours was invited to be present at the dividing of the cake in which rings were concealed. Whoever discovered a ring in his piece of cake (or bread) was elected as King or Queen and presided over the day’s festivities. January 6 was the old-calendar Christmas Day and many of the festivities connected with it lasted well over a century after the new calendar was introduced in 1752.^{[citation needed]}

Wales shares other Twelfth Night customs with its neighbor, England, including the Yule log, and the wassail to wish farmers a good harvest in the coming year, but here the Yule log’s ashes were saved then buried along with the seeds planted in the ensuing spring to ensure a good harvest, while the wassail bowl was taken to the house of newlyweds or to a family which had recently come to live in the district and songs sung outside the house door. Those inside the house would recite or sing special verses, to be answered by the revelers outside.

Another Welsh custom associated with Epiphany was the Hunting of the Wren. A group of young men would go out into the countryside to capture a wren (the smallest bird in the British Isles after the goldcrest/firecrest). The bird would then be placed in a small, decorated cage and carried around from house to house and shown in exchange for money or gifts of food and drink. (If a wren could not be found then a sparrow would have to undergo the ritual.)^[152]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Baxter, Roger (1823). «Christ to be Adored with Offerings» . Meditations For Every Day In The Year. New York: Benziger Brothers.
• Massillon, Jean-Baptiste (1879). «Sermon XXVII: For the day of the Epiphany» . Sermons by John-Baptist Massillon. Thomas Tegg and Son.

External links[edit]

• The Epiphany Season at the Christian Resource Institute
• Rev. Fr. Leonard Goffine’s The Church’s Year: «On the vigil and feast of the Epiphany»

• Three Kings’ Day falls on January 6, commemorating the day that it’s believed the three wise men visited Jesus after his birth.
• In some cultures, Three Kings’ Day is known as Epiphany.
• The holiday is widely celebrated in Spanish-speaking nations and is connected to Christmas.

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Three Kings’ Day, also known as Epiphany, is a celebration of the figures—referred to as the three wise men, the magi, or the three kings—who traveled to pay homage to the recently born Jesus Christ to hail him as a king in Bethlehem. It occurs on January 6.

The arrival of the magi is written about in the Bible’s Gospel of Matthew, which says that Melchior, Caspar, and Balthazar traveled for 12 days to reach Jesus. They each brought a unique gift. The event is commemorated in the song «We Three Kings,» and the trio is often portrayed in Three Kings’ Day parades everywhere from New York City to Madrid and Uruguay.

For an overview about Three Kings’ Day, including its history and how it’s celebrated, we spoke to Miriam Ortiz, a catechist at the Church of the Ascension in Manhattan.

The holiday celebrates the three kings who visited with Jesus at his birth.

The three kings, who are also known as the three wise men or the magi, are said to have followed a guiding star to Bethlehem to honor the birth of Jesus Christ and celebrate him as a king, per Encyclopedia Brittanica.

They first met with Herod, then-governor of Judea, who told the trio to go to Bethlehem, according to El Museo del Barrio, which is known for its large Three Kings’ Day parade in New York. The museum also posited that, based on where they were traveling from, «it can be surmised that they came from either Asia or Africa,» though there is variance in the way the story itself is told.

The museum wrote that Melchor is typically depicted as being Arab or descending from Northern Africa, while Caspar is sometimes portrayed as Asian. They note that Balthazar is often shown as Ethiopian.

«Three Kings’ Day celebrates the welcoming of Jesus,» says Ortiz. «These three wise men came together after the birth of Jesus was foretold. They had faith— and that’s what’s really important, the example of faith to travel miles, because they actually believed. I think that’s what the three kings signify: faith, hope, and charity.»

The arrival of the three kings has been depicted in many works of art, including «Adoration of the Magi» paintings by artists like Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Hieronymus Bosch, as well as many nativity scenes.

According to Ortiz, some of the artistic depictions of the arrival of the three kings have led to misconceptions, including that Jesus was a newborn when they greeted him.

«Common lore is that they got there and Jesus was still a baby, but that’s not really true. That’s just for art’s sake. We know that it took months for the three kings to travel. Jesus could have been any age between one year and two years old,» she explains, also noting that the Bible says they visited the house, not the stable. «I think for artistic significance they show a baby, but really Jesus was much older.

January 6 is an important date for Christians in countries around the world.

As noted by The New York Times, Three Kings’ Day is also known as Epiphany and celebrated in many cultures. In the Czech Republic, for example, there are parades, as well as a tradition where people plunge themselves into the freezing cold Vltava River to look for a wooden crucifix.

Per that same piece, the tradition of diving into bodies of water is also common in Russia, Greece, and Bulgaria, as well as among the Greek Orthodox in Australia, where it is known as Blessing of the Waters.

According to the museum, the Epiphany is celebrated by «the Anglican, Eastern, and Roman Catholic churches.» Per the BBC, many Orthodox sects of Christianity celebrate the Epiphany on January 19. The January 6 date is celebrated by Catholics, and within Vatican City through a Sunday mass and a statement from the pope.

«We need to arise, to get up from our sedentary lives and prepare for a journey,” Pope Francis said during his 2019 address. “We also need to shine, to be clothed in God who is light, day by day, until we are fully clothed in Jesus.”

In Spanish speaking countries and areas, the day features large celebrations.

From Spain to Puerto Rico to American cities like Miami and New York with significant Catholic, Spanish speaking populations, Three Kings’ Day is often honored. Madrid has a grand, vibrant parade on the evening of January 5, for example.

In Puerto Rico, Ortiz says that the holiday is celebrated for an additional eight days afterwards, known as Octavitas.

To commemorate the day, Three King’s Bread is typically eaten.

According to Velas Magazine, Three Kings’ Bread—also known as rosca de reyes— is an oval-shaped dish made of sweet dough and typically flavored with additions like orange extract, orange blossom water, crystallized fruits, jam, and sugar paste.

Ortiz explains that the cake is also popular in Mexico and France (under the name galette des rois, which, like rosca de reyes, translates to «cake of the kings»). She says that in some communities, a tiny baby doll or some other small item is hidden within the cake.

Traditionally, children leave treats for camels.

Ortiz, whose parents come from Puerto Rico, shares some of the stories they told her about how they celebrated the holiday. Some of the ways of acknowledging the day are pretty close to Christmas festivities, particularly with traditions related to Santa Claus.

«As children, my parents would place hay and water under the bed for the camels, so that when the three kings arrived, they could feed them. If they had a piece of bread or something that they could leave for the three kings also, they would,» she explains. «In the morning, the water and hay would be gone, and a toy would be left in their place.»

In a 2017 interview with the Washington Post, Lin-Manuel Miranda, who is a New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent, described Three Kings’ Day in his household growing up. He talked about gathering grass and hay for the camels and leaving it in a shoe box near his bed.

«Just like you would leave milk and cookies for Santa, we’re leaving grass and hay for the camels to eat because they’ve obviously come a long way if they’re coming to upper Manhattan to bring you toys,» he joked.

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According to NBC News, in countries like Uruguay, Mexico, and Spain, young kids leave their shoes out to be filled with gifts on the night before the holiday.

Three Kings’ Day is connected to Christmas.

Three Kings’ Day and Christmas share not only a season, but other similarities, too. The key difference is that Christmas itself has both a religious and broad secular connotation in culture, whereas Three Kings’ Day is celebrated largely by Christians. In Uruguay, which is a secular country, Three Kings’ Day is also known as Day of the Child (Día del Niño).

El Museo del Barrio noted many of the customs associated with Three Kings’ Day, which include door-to-door holiday caroling (arrandas) and the consumption of sweets and group meals, are similar to Christmas. The songs are often also sung around Christmas, and use traditional instruments like the güiro, cuatro, and maracas.

Nativity scenes, which are frequently made and displayed by Christians around Christmas, often depict the very moment that Three Kings’ Day celebrates, and they feature Melchior, Caspar, and Balthazar.

As covered by NBC News, the celebration of Three Kings’ Day in some Latinx households in America may be decreasing. The piece cited a Pew Research Center study that noted the percentage of Latinx people who said their parents brought them cultural celebrations has been fading.

According to the New York Times, in Spain and some Latin American countries, Christmas gifts are actually given on Epiphany, and in some places, young children pen letters to the magi in a way that many kids write notes to Santa.

In his 2019 address on Epiphany, Pope Francis took the opportunity to connect the two holidays further, instructing people to be charitable not just towards one another, but to God as well.

«Let us ask ourselves this question: at Christmas did we bring gifts to Jesus for his party, or did we only exchange gifts among ourselves?” he said. “If we went to the Lord empty-handed, today we can remedy that.”

There are three gifts associated with Three Kings’ Day.

Per the Biblical Archaeology Society, the meaning of the three gifts brought on Three Kings’ Day has been debated by Christian scholars over the years. The items themselves were gold, frankincense, and myrrh, which, according to the same source, were typical items presented «to honor a king or deity in the ancient world.»

While the worth of gold is obvious, it is believed that there is actually more value to the gifts than previously realized. According to Simon Cotton’s account in Chemistry World, the frankincense and myrrh may have especially had significant value beyond just bringing a pleasant odor. He revealed that research has been done on the painkilling properties of myrrh molecules, and the boswellic acid that is a part of frankincense resin is known to ameliorate issues with both inflammation and arthritis.

«Frankincense was traditionally burned in temples by the ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks, to symbolize prayers rising to the gods. Historically, myrrh was more often used in perfumes and medicines, for healing wounds (it is put into mouthwashes and toothpaste to this day) and to preserve bodies,» Cotton wrote.

According to Ortiz, each item also had a symbolic meaning related to the birth of Jesus.

«For gold to be presented to Jesus was to signify that he was king of kings. Frankincense was used for worship or prayer. They were there to worship the child Jesus,» says Ortiz. «And myrrh was used for embalming and in death. Its significance is showing that Jesus Christ will give his life for us.»

El Museo del Barrio noted that the gold is typically credited to Melchor, the myrrh to Balthazzar, and the frankincense from Caspar.

Of course, Three Kings’ Day festivities will be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. But for those who believe, just like the magi and their camels travelled all the way to Bethlehem on faith, families will find a way to somehow celebrate this important day.

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После праздника Рождества в Германии готовятся к новому празднику — Дню трех королей (Dreikönigsfest). Почему этот праздник так важен для немцев, объясняет репетитор TutorOnline Валентина Николаевна.

6 января в Германии отмечается праздник трех королей.

В основе праздника лежит библейский сюжет из Нового Завета: история о путешествии трех королей-волхвов — Каспара (Caspar), Мельхиора (Melchior) и Бальтазара (Balthasar) — с Ближнего Востока за звездой Вифлеема, указанной им ангельским хором. Звезда, которую они увидели на востоке, шла перед ними, и, наконец, остановилась над местом, где был младенец Иисус. Найдя лежащего в яслях младенца Иисуса и Его Матерь Марию, волхвы поклонились и преподнесли богатые дары: золото (как Царю), ладан (как Богу) и благовонную смолу — мирру (как человеку). Три волхва символизируют представителей языческих народов, которых Бог позвал в свое царство, явив им рождение Спасителя.

По преданию, волхвы, вернувшись из Вифлеема в свои родные места, приняли крещение и стали возвещать народам об Иисусе Христе. Будучи благочестивыми христианами, волхвы не только проповедовали Евангелие на Востоке, но и строили там в честь Иисуса храмы. Сохранилось предание, повествующее о том, что апостол Фома посвятил волхвов в епископы. Приняв мученичество, они закончили земную жизнь приблизительно в одно и то же время и похоронены были вместе. Их гробница якобы находилась в персидском городе Сава. Затем, согласно преданию, мощи трех волхвов были найдены св. равноапостольной царицей Еленой и были положены сначала в Константинополе, откуда их затем перенесли в Медиолан (Милан). Позже по приказу одного из германских императоров они были доставлены в Кельн, где и находятся по сей день.

Празднование Дня трех королей заключается в посещении торжественной мессы. По всей Германии около городских и сельских храмов устраиваются театрализованные фольклорные представления, изображающие приход волхвов в Вифлеем и поклонение их Богомладенцу. После мессы католическая семья собирается на ужин. Трапеза должна быть как можно более богатой и обильной. Блюда, как правило, такие же, какие готовились на новогодние и рождественские праздники. В некоторых регионах в этот день подают специальный пирог трех королей (Dreikönigskuchen) в форме короны.

 

В Германии к этому дню приурочена еще одна традиция — «процессия трех королей». Переодетые тремя королями дети в белых балахонах с коронами на голове и длинным шестом, увенчанным звездой, ходят с песнями о Вифлеемской звезде (за что их называют «Sternsinger» — «певцами звезды») от дома к дому, благословляют хозяев и собирают деньги на благотворительные нужды. Чаще всего в процессии участвуют четыре человека — три «короля» и «звездоносец». Лицо одного из них может быть вымазано сажей — он изображает волхва Мельхиора. Собранные «королями» средства, как правило, идут на помощь голодающим или бездомным детям.

По сохранившейся давней традиции, 6 января хозяин дома пишет мелом у входа или на двери начальные буквы имен трех волхвов – С + М + В – и указывает год. По другой версии (С+М+В) означает латинское «Christus mansionem benedicat» (Боже, благослови этот дом). Немцы верят, что такая надпись оберегает жилище и его обитателей от всех бед. Ведь по легенде, три короля-волхва могли предотвратить удары судьбы и отвести все злое от человека, его дома и скота.

На День трех королей есть и другие приметы: если вечер Дня трех волхов светел и ясен, то и год для виноделия будет хорошим (Dreikönigsabend hell und klar, verspricht ein gutes Weinjahr); если до Дня трех волхвов зимы не было, то ее уже и не будет (Ist bis Dreikönig kein Winter, folgt keiner dahinter).

Хотите узнать больше о традициях и праздниках Германии, начните изучать немецкий язык на платформе школы TutorOnline.

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День трех королей в Испании, Германии, Франции, Польше и во всей Европе. В двенадцатый день Рождества, 6 января, отмечают День Трех Королей! «Эль-Диа-де-лос-Рейес», как его называют по-испански, больше всего отмечается в Европе, Испании и Латинской Америке и знаменует собой прославление младенца Иисуса тремя волхвами. День трех королей — история праздника, как отмечать День трех королей, узнайте в следующей статье на kakogo-chisla.ru.

Какого числа День трех королей

Какого числа отмечают День трех королей? Узнайте, на какой день выпадает День трех королей в 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 и 2026 годах.

Год	Дата	День
2023	6 января	Пятница
2024	6 января	Суббота
2025	6 января	Понедельник
2026	6 января	Вторник
2027	6 января	Среда

История Дня трех королей

Празднование Рождества должно продолжаться до Дня Трех Королей 6 января! Для христиан Рождество — это только начало праздника, поскольку с него начинаются празднования Двенадцати дней Рождества. Это религиозный христианский и католический праздник, который в основном отмечается в Европе, Латинской Америке и Испании.

День Трех Королей считается окончанием празднования Рождества, представляя день, когда три волхва преподнесли дары Иисусу Христу. Праздник также известен под названием Богоявление и восходит к 4 веку. В этот день устраивался грандиозный пир в честь крещения Иисуса и в дань уважения трем волхвам.

Многие считают, что рождению Иисуса предшествовали таинственные события, наиболее примечательным из которых было появление звезды в Вифлееме. Эта новая звезда появилась на вечернем небе незадолго до прибытия Иисуса. Три мудреца, или волхвы, как их называли, по имени Каспар, Мельхиор и Бальтазар, отправились издалека, чтобы поклониться Христу. Они привезли с собой прекрасные дары из золота, ладана и смирны.

День Трех Королей, или Эль-Диа-де-Рейес, остается важным праздником для католиков. Помимо подарков, есть и кулинарное угощение, характерное для праздника. Этот праздничный десерт, известный как Rosca de Reyes (Королевский торт), представляет собой символическую выпечку.

Этот сладкий хлеб, имеющий форму круга, символизирующего королевскую корону, таит в себе особый сюрприз. Внутри небольшая пластиковая фигурка, изображающая младенца Иисуса. Тот, кто найдет этот жетон, обязан организовать предстоящую вечеринку по случаю Dia de la Condelaria (День свечей), который проводится каждый год 2 февраля.

Почему важен День трех королей

• Причина для большего количества подарков

Рождество — это не конец подарков! В Европе дети с нетерпением ждут, чтобы получить больше подарков в День Трех Королей, выстраивая свою обувь перед дверью, чтобы Три Короля знали, что нужно оставлять свои подарки внутри.

• Оправдание для большего количества еды

День трех королей отмечается в Южной Америке вкусным ужином, увенчанным «Rosca de Reyes» или королевским тортом на десерт. «Роска де Рейес» — это круглый торт со спрятанной внутри пластиковой фигуркой Иисуса, и человек на вечеринке, который находит младенца Иисуса, должен приготовить тамале для всех в День свечей, который наступает 2 февраля.

• Есть веселые традиции

Многие семьи оставляют ящик с травой или сеном и немного воды для верблюдов Трех королей (а также лошадей и слонов). Верблюды обычно оставляют за собой след из сена, по которому дети могут найти свои подарки.

Традиции Дня трех Королей

• Дары

5 января к рождественским украшениям добавляют трех королей, а дети оставляют обувь на ночь в ожидании визита волхвов. Проснувшись утром, они обнаружат, что короли оставили им подарки внутри и рядом с обувью.

• Роска де Рейес

Королевский торт, Рошка де Рейес, является изюминкой празднования Дня Трех Королей. Торт имеет форму открытого круга или венка и усыпан цукатами и орехами, символизирующими драгоценности в коронах волхвов. Традиция торта требует, чтобы внутри торта была спрятана крошечная кукла-младенец Иисус. Тот, кто получит угощение с Младенцем Иисусом, должен провести февральское празднование

• Праздник на свежем воздухе

По своей сути, День Трех Королей — это праздник. В этот день семьи наслаждаются большой сытной едой. В странах Латинской Америки этим застольем наслаждаются на свежем воздухе, на открытом воздухе. Традиционные блюда включают черную фасоль и рис, а некоторые семьи заменяют фасоль горохом или кукурузой, супы и салаты с юккой, нопалесом и бананами, а также медленно приготовленное мясо, обжаренное с луком, чесноком и травами.

Как отметить День трех королей

• Читайте Библию

Если вы собираетесь отмечать христианский праздник, почему бы не прочитать Евангелие, на котором все это основано. Двенадцатая ночь (Крещение) знаменует собой крещение Иисуса Христа Иоанном Крестителем. Слово «Богоявление» также означает «проявление» и празднует откровение Бога в человеческом образе как Иисуса Христа. Начните с Матфея 2:11 и посмотрите, что получится.

• Прыгнуть в ледяную воду

В Праге проходят традиционные заплывы трех королей по реке Влтаве. Люди надевают плавки, некоторые носят короны, а потом прыгают с баржи в воду. После пьют глинтвейн и едят вкусные, согревающие чешские закуски.

Интересные факты о Дне трех Королей

• У него много названий

День Трех Королей также широко известен как Крещение, Маленькое Рождество, Богоявление, Крещение Иисуса, Денха и Диа-де-лос-Рейес.

• Традиционные торты

В некоторых культурах пекут небольшие круглые пирожные под названием Роска де Рейес с пластиковой фигуркой младенца внутри, изображающей младенца Иисуса.

• Возможно, было более трех волхвов

Библия не указывает ни имен, ни числа волхвов, посетивших младенца Иисуса.

• Иисус получил интересные подарки

Иисусу были даны дары из золота, смолы, мирры и ладана, каждый из которых имел символическое значение.

• Обработайте наполненную обувь

Подобно тому, как на Рождество вешают чулки для получения подарков, дети набивают свою обувь угощениями для верблюдов Трех Волхвов и оставляют их.

Советуем почитать: Армянское Рождество

Теперь вы знаете, что за праздник День трех королей и как его отмечают.

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Christmas and New Year’s may have ended, but that doesn’t mean the holiday season is over.

For many Christians in Spain and Latin America, the holiday season officially ends on January 6, which is the 12th day of Christmas known as the Feast of the Epiphany, or Three Kings’ Day. The holiday celebrates the biblical tale in which the Three Kings, or Three Wise Men, visit baby Jesus after his birth.

In the Gospel of Mathew, the three Kings find baby Jesus by following the path of a star across the desert for twelve days. According to the Gospel, the three Kings, named Melchior, Caspar, and Balthazar traveled to Bethlehem to bring gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh to the baby Jesus.

When Jesus was born in Bethlehem during the time of King Herod, the Three Magi from the east came to Jerusalem and asked, «Where is the one who has been born king of the Jews? We saw his star in the east and have come to worship him,» the tale goes.

The gifts the Three Kings gave Jesus were meant to be symbolic. Gold was associated with the belief that Jesus was the King of Jews. Frankincense, which is often burned in churches today, was meant to represent the divine nature of Jesus and the fact that people would come to worship him as the Son of God. And myrrh, a perfume sometimes used to embalm dead bodies, represented the fact that Jesus would eventually suffer and die. Each gift represented a distinct part of the baby’s destiny.

Today, children celebrate Three Kings’ Day by receiving gifts of their own. Children in Spain and Latin America are instructed to leave their shoes by the door of their house so, like Santa Claus, the three kings can come and leave them presents.

Many families also leave gifts of salt or grass for the camels that the Three Kings are said to ride in on, similar to the milk and cookies kids leave for Santa Clause during Christmas.

Parades and performances are also typical on Three Kings’ day. For families in Spain and Latin America, Three Kings’ Day is as important and as widely celebrated as Christmas. In Mexico, bakers make a «rosca del rey», a sweet bread meant to represent a King’s crown, that is a mile long. People fill the streets to get a slice of the special holiday bread. The bread often has a baby Jesus doll hidden inside.

In Spain, the streets fill with revelers gathering to watch parades that take place in cities across the country the day before Three Kings’ Day. In the United States, many Latino communities also celebrate the Three Kings.

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From gift-giving to feasts, Christianity has always celebrated many different holidays in different forms. However, there is one holiday that tends to stand out from the rest. That holiday is Three Kings Day. So follow us on our ship into the past as we learn about Three Kings Day.

Learn about Three Kings Day

It may seem crazy to think that Santa Claus isn’t as popular in some households as he is in yours! However, in the likes of Mexico and other countries across Latin America, the three wise men are the gift bearers, leaving presents in the shoes of small children (or near to their shoes if the presents are too big!). This is known as the Epiphany, which dates back to the 4th century. Because of this, Three Kings Day is a vital holiday across Latin America. However, there is nothing stopping you from celebrating this day no matter where in the world you are.

There are a number of different traditions that are associated with Three King’s Day. The first is the act of gift-giving! Who doesn’t like receiving gifts? On the 5th of January, the Three Kings will be added to the nativity decorations in the home. Children will then leave their shoes out so that the wise men can fill them with gifts.

Another tradition is the al fresco feast. Like any good celebration, food plays a huge role on Three Kings Day. In Latin American countries, the feast is enjoyed al fresco, which means outdoors. Traditional dishes include rice and black beans, as well as slow-cooked meat, plantains, nopales, yucca, soups, and much more! You will have plenty of delicious treats to get stuck into!

We cannot mention Three Kings Day without mention Rosca de Reyes, which is the king’s cake. This is considered the highlight of the celebrations on this date. The cake is shaped into a wreath, and it is studded with nuts and candied fruit, which represent jewels in the Magi’s crown. To really go down the traditional route, a tiny doll of baby Jesus must be hidden within the cake. If you receive this doll in your serving, it means that you need to host the Candlemas celebration in February.

History of Three Kings Day

Also known as Epiphany or Theophany, Three Kings Day is a Christian feast day that celebrates the revelation of God in his Son as human in Jesus Christ. The observance had its origins in the eastern Christian churches and was a general celebration of the manifestation of the incarnation of Jesus Christ. It included the commemoration of his birth; the visit of the Magi, all of Jesus’ childhood events, his baptism in the Jordan by John the Baptist, and even the miracle at the wedding at Cana in Galilee.

It seems fairly clear that the Baptism was the primary event being commemorated. The earliest reference to Epiphany as a Christian feast was in A.D. 361, by Ammianus Marcellinus. St. Epiphanius says that Epiphany(Three Kings Day) is hemera genethlion toutestin epiphanion, which translates to “Christ’s Birthday; that is, His Epiphany”

He also asserts that the Miracle of Cana occurred on the same calendar day. In a sermon delivered on December 25th 380 A.D., St. Gregory of Nazianzus referred to the day as ta theophania(“the Theophany”, an alternative name for Epiphany). He said that it is a day commemorating the holy Nativity of Christ and told his listeners that they would soon be celebrating the baptism of Christ.

Then, on Three Kings Day, he preached two more sermons, where he declared that the celebration of the birth of Christ and the visitation of the Magi had taken place and that they would now commemorate his Baptism. At this time, the celebration of the two events was being observed on separate occasions.

St. John Cassian said that even in his time (the beginning of the 5th century), the Egyptian monasteries celebrated the Nativity and Baptism together on January 6th. The Armenian Apostolic Church continues to celebrate Three Kings Day as the only commemoration of the Nativity.

How to celebrate Three Kings Day

To celebrate, all that we really have to do is prepare a large meal for our family and friends, invite them over, and enjoy the day that is in fact Three Kings Day.

You can get involved with all of the traditions that were mentioned earlier. Why not try your hand at baking a Rosca de Reyes if you have never done so before? You can find lots of recipes online for this cake, and we promise you; it’s delicious! With a sugary sauce, plenty of sweetness, and a good dose of cinnamon, this is a cake that will have you going back for second helpings. Don’t forget to follow the tradition of adding a baby Jesus doll to the cake.

Another way to celebrate Three Kings Day is by jumping into some freezing cold water. It may sound a bit random, but that’s how the event is celebrated in Prague! Every year, people take a traditional Three Kings swim in the Vltava River. You will see a lot of people wearing crowns while they jump into the cold water. There are always delicious, warm Czech snacks and mulled wine waiting for people afterward. Of course, you may want to skip the cold water and go straight for the wine. We won’t tell anyone!