Языческий праздник хэллоуин означает

Самайн — самый важный из ирландских и кельтских языческих праздников празднуют в ночь с 31 октяб...

Самайн — самый важный из ирландских и кельтских языческих праздников празднуют в ночь с 31 октября на 1 ноября. Ночь Самайна у кельтов находится на стыке старого и нового года. В кельтской мифологии в ночь праздника Самайн происходит встреча двух миров — между миром людей и сверхъестественным, потусторонним Миром мёртвых, между Светом и Тьмой. Ночь Самайна может быть ужасной, так как «всё сверхъестественное устремляется вперед, готовясь захватить человеческий мир».

«Раз в году собирались все улады вместе в праздник Самайн, и длилось это собрание три дня перед Самайн, самый день Самайн и три дня после него. И пока длился праздник этот, что справлялся раз в году на равнине Муртемне, не бывало там ничего иного, как игра да гулянье, блеск да красота, пиры да угощенье. Потому-то и славилось празднование Самайн по всей Ирландии». («Болезнь Кухулина». — Пер. А. А. Смирнова // Ирландские саги. С. 195)

Празднество Самайн длилось семь дней. Центральной частью праздника являлся роскошный королевский Пир, на котором пили пиво и медовый напиток. Повсеместно устраивались весёлые пиры, всю ночь царило всеобщее опьянение в Самайн. Считалось, что языческие боги и герои умирают в ночь праздника Самайн, а король подвергался «ритуальному умерщвлению»: его топили в бочке с вином и живьём сжигали в королевском доме. Вот, что положено есть в Самайн «рыба, пиво, орехи, колбаса, огонь в весёлом стане на холме, сбитое молоко, хлеб и свежее масло» — это даёт доступ к вечности.

В праздник Самайн сюзерену платили подать и приносили дары ирландскому языческому идолу Кромм Круаху:

«Ему бесславному, должны были они
убить своих несчастных первенцев,
с множеством стенаний, опасностей,
пролить их кровь вокруг Кромм Круаха;
молока и хлебов, вот чего они тотчас просили,
треть их хороших плодов,

и велики были ужас и шум».  [434 — Meyer — Lutt, The Voyage of Bran)

Речь шла не о принесении в жертву младенцев, как весьма часто полагают, но, скорее, детёнышей домашних животных.

Проповедуя друидам Ирландии, Святой Патрик обратил кельтских язычников в христианство. Согласно преданию, Святой Патрик родился в 389 году н.э. в Южном Уэльсе, в то время, эта территория входила в состав Римской Империи.

Имя «Patercius» или «Patritius» от двух латинских слов «Pater» — отец, и цевиум — «civium» — народ, «Patricivium» означает «отец народа». День Святого Патрикия в Крыму 17 марта.

Папа Римский Целестин II благословил Патрика на христианизацию Ирландии в 30-е годы IV века. За 20 лет своих проповедей в Ирландии, Святой Патрик основал 600 церквей, монастырей по всей стране.

Благодаря миссионерской деятельности Святого Патрика, в Ирландии прекратили приносить жертвы языческим богам, зажигать костры и устраивать языческие пиршества в ночь Самайна. При церквях были созданы школы, который распространяли не только христианское вероучение, но и грамоту. Святой Патрик умер в 461 г.

Папа римский Григорий IV

В 9 веке папа Григорий IV (827 — 844) утвердил в Римско-католической церкви празднование 1 ноября Дня всех святых,  как официальный день поминовения всех святых церкви, всех усопших христианских верующих.

В Западном христианстве отмечается 1 ноября многими протестантскими церквями, такими как лютеранская, англиканская и методистская традиции.
Восточная православная церковь отмечает День всех святых в первое воскресенье после Пятидесятницы (=50 день после Пасхи).

В чём разница понимания праздника Дня всех святых у католиков и у православных христиан?

В представлении Русской православной церкви все почившие святые — ЖИВЫ, а в Римско-католической церкви — они МЕРТВЫ, отсюда и праздник мёртвых святых — Хэллоуин.

Языческие традиции восторжествовали в празднике Римско-католической церкви 1 ноября — Хэллоуин.

Слово Хеллоуин происходит от Allhalloweven (All+hallow — всех святых) + even (архаичное, поэтическое слово канун); шотландское сокращение от Allhallowmas (all + hallow («все святые») + -mas («месса, церковный праздник, праздник»); в др.английском: «ealra hālgena mæsse» («eall + halga + mæsse» буквально «месса всех святых»), в ср.англ.: «Alhalwemesse»  (Al+halwe+messe = «всех святых месса»), англ.: «All Saints’ Day» — День всех святых.

Хэллоуин в 1930 году.

В чём его суть праздника Хэллоуин?

Возможно, в 9 веке это был День Всех Святых. Вполне в духе Римско-католической церкви и американской культуры, преобразовать День Всех Святых в языческий День всей нечисти. Как бы вы не относились к нечисти — она является символическим носителем Зла. То есть, вампиры, это те кто пьют кровь у людей, убивая их. Оборотни, это те, кто превращается в животных, и убивают людей. Нечисть в виде каких-то бесов, чертей, вурдалаков и прочей нечисти уж точно не приносят никакой радости людям. И вот христианское поминовение «Всех святых» превращается в ново-языческое празднество Хеллоуин (День всех умерших святых) в ночь с 31 октября на 1 ноября происходит сатанинский культшабаш нечисти. В костюмы нечистой силы всех рангов наряжают детей, которые должны представлять из себя вампиров, пьющих людскую кровь, вурдалаков, перегрызающих горло, чертей, бесов, отгрызающих руки-ноги… Это такая забавная игра Хеллоуина.

Не имеет значения, в кого вы там верите, само по себе это выглядит, весьма сомнительно с точки зрения нормальности или ненормальности психического здоровья. Вы говорите своему маленькому ребёнку: «Ну, ты кем будешь вампирчиком, тем, кто пьёт кровь, или тем, кто перегрызает глотку?». Вы понимаете, что это уже психическое отклонение? Так могут говорить люди сами изуродованные психически, и своё психическое уродство пытающиеся переложить на своих детей.

Почему это происходит? Потому что для Зла самое приятное – это развратить невинность, изуродовать человеческую личность в детском возрасте, когда ребёнок ещё не может видеть границу между Добром и Злом. Этими извращениями детской психики занимается современная западная цивилизация на системной основе прививается сатанизм, как норму.

Уберём метафизику. Вам нравятся серийные убийцы? А что если они придут в ваш дом? Вам нравятся насильники? А что если они вас изнасилуют? Вам нравятся те, кто считает себя вампиром? А что если они решат вам перерезать глотку, или вашей матери, или вашему ребёнку? Вам такой нечестивый человек нравится? А если нет, то почему вы наряжаете своего ребёнка вот в это сатанинское дерьмо? Зачем? Вы хотите, чтобы он стал таким? Не хотите? Тогда зачем вы идёте на поводу сатанинского Хеллоуина? Объясните! Не можете объяснить?

В большинстве случаев всё это мракобесие открывает абсолютно тупую неспособность думать, хотя очень часто этим страдают те люди, которые считают что они думающие. Неспособность анализировать простейшие вещи, начиная от самого бесовского костюма, в который ты наряжаешь ребёнка в Хеллоуин, и подражательного действия — выпью кровь, перегрызу горло, а дальше к убеждению — это хорошо и правильно убивать людей. В своём бездумном подражательстве раскрывается неспособность разбираться и понимать в сути происходящего.

Надо научиться различать, где Добро, а где Зло и научить этому детей. Если вы сами изображаете зло и ребёнка своего, который ещё ничего не понимает, наряжаете в сатанинские обличья нечисти, вы несёте в этот мир зло, потому что потом вы не объясните ребёнку, почему убивать это плохо. По мнению ребёнка это совсем не плохо, если вы с детства наряжаете его в костюм вампира, убийцы или его жертвы — труп с бело-синюшным лицом.

Обратите внимание на невероятное количество массовых серийных убийств, извращений в Америке. Почему Америка занимает первое место по массовым расстрелам, по количеству серийных маньяков, убийц и извращенцев? Откуда это взялось? Да, вот оттуда и взялось — от детских игр с нечистью. Когда ребёнка с детства приучают к сатанинским маскам и костюмам и поведению, он вырастает с уверенностью, что это хорошо, и превращает в реальность свои детские игры в убийства.

Жертвы Сатанизма в Хэллоуин

 Насаждение Хеллоуина идёт в строгом соответствии с искоренением христианства и насаждением сатанизма. Сатанинский праздник требует жертвоприношений младенцев, юных, чистых и непорочных жертв. Массовая давка в центре Сеула привела к многочисленным смертям. Трагедия произошла ночью в воскресенье 29 октября 2022 года во время празднования Хеллоуина в районе Итхэвон. На Хеллоуин собралось около 100 тысяч человек, которые оказались зажаты в узком переулке. В какой-то момент в узком переулке на спуске возникла давка, и люди просто стали падать под ноги друг  друга. Жертвами массовой давки и смерти от удушья стали больше 150 человек, еще 82 человека ранены, 19 из них находятся в критическом состоянии. Возраст большинства погибших — за 20 лет, в основном это девушки. Как сообщили в российском посольстве, в давке погибли четыре россиянки. Все они были моложе 30 лет.

Пришло Время сделать свой выбор между Добром и Злом.

Конгрессмен США Джейми Раскин призвал уничтожить Россию из-за православия и традиционных ценностей.

«Россия – это православная страна, исповедующая традиционные ценности. Именно поэтому она должна быть уничтожена, независимо от того, какую цену за это заплатят США», — цитирует Раскина Fox News

На сей раз мы видим сатанинский характер главного противника Святой Руси. Это не метафора, а реальные орды Антихриста. Коллективный Запад — это воплощение в человечестве самого дьявола. Отсюда его дичайшая ложь, ведь Сатана означает «клеветник», его бешеная воля к уничтожению семьи и всего человеческого рода.
Больше нет ничего промежуточного в битве между Добром и Злом, между Богом и Сатаной. Одни направо — к избранным, спасенным и спасающим, жертвенным, героическим, идущим в последний бой за Божьи ценности. Другие налево — к проклятым, одержимым, уничтожающим, зверствующим, разрушающим человеческое в человеке сатанинским силам. А это и есть Страшный Суд. Самый настоящий.

Читайте также:

Halloween
Jack-o'-Lantern 2003-10-31.jpg

Carving a jack-o’-lantern is a common Halloween tradition

Also called
  • Hallowe’en
  • All Hallowe’en
  • All Hallows’ Eve
  • All Saints’ Eve
Observed by Western Christians and many non-Christians around the world[1]
Type Christian
Significance First day of Allhallowtide
Celebrations Trick-or-treating, costume parties, making jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions.
Observances Church services,[2] prayer,[3] fasting,[1] and vigil[4]
Date 31 October
Related to Samhain, Hop-tu-Naa, Calan Gaeaf, Allantide, Day of the Dead, Reformation Day, All Saints’ Day, Mischief Night (cf. vigil)

Halloween or Hallowe’en (less commonly known as Allhalloween,[5] All Hallows’ Eve,[6] or All Saints’ Eve)[7] is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Saints’ Day. It begins the observance of Allhallowtide,[8] the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed.[9][10][11][12]

One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to have pagan roots.[13][14][15][16] Some go further and suggest that Samhain may have been Christianized as All Hallow’s Day, along with its eve, by the early Church.[17] Other academics believe Halloween began solely as a Christian holiday, being the vigil of All Hallow’s Day.[18][19][20][21] Celebrated in Ireland and Scotland for centuries, Irish and Scottish immigrants took many Halloween customs to North America in the 19th century,[22][23] and then through American influence Halloween had spread to other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century.[24][25]

Popular Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising and souling), attending Halloween costume parties, carving pumpkins or turnips into jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories, and watching horror or Halloween-themed films.[26] Some people practice the Christian religious observances of All Hallows’ Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead,[27][28][29] although it is a secular celebration for others.[30][31][32] Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows’ Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain vegetarian foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes, and soul cakes.[33][34][35][36]

Etymology

The word Halloween or Hallowe’en («Saints’ evening»[37]) is of Christian origin;[38][39] a term equivalent to «All Hallows Eve» is attested in Old English.[40] The word hallowe[‘]en comes from the Scottish form of All Hallows’ Eve (the evening before All Hallows’ Day):[41] even is the Scots term for «eve» or «evening»,[42] and is contracted to e’en or een;[43] (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en became Hallowe’en.

History

Christian origins and historic customs

Halloween is thought to have influences from Christian beliefs and practices.[44][45] The English word ‘Halloween’ comes from «All Hallows’ Eve», being the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows’ Day (All Saints’ Day) on 1 November and All Souls’ Day on 2 November.[46] Since the time of the early Church,[47] major feasts in Christianity (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils that began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows’.[48][44] These three days are collectively called Allhallowtide and are a time when Western Christians honour all saints and pray for recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. Commemorations of all saints and martyrs were held by several churches on various dates, mostly in springtime.[49] In 4th-century Roman Edessa it was held on 13 May, and on 13 May 609, Pope Boniface IV re-dedicated the Pantheon in Rome to «St Mary and all martyrs».[50] This was the date of Lemuria, an ancient Roman festival of the dead.[51]

In the 8th century, Pope Gregory III (731–741) founded an oratory in St Peter’s for the relics «of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors».[44][52] Some sources say it was dedicated on 1 November,[53] while others say it was on Palm Sunday in April 732.[54][55] By 800, there is evidence that churches in Ireland[56] and Northumbria were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.[57] Alcuin of Northumbria, a member of Charlemagne’s court, may then have introduced this 1 November date in the Frankish Empire.[58] In 835, it became the official date in the Frankish Empire.[57] Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea,[57] although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter.[59] They may have seen it as the most fitting time to do so, as it is a time of ‘dying’ in nature.[57][59] It is also suggested the change was made on the «practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it», and perhaps because of public health concerns over Roman Fever, which claimed a number of lives during Rome’s sultry summers.[60][44]

On All Hallows’ Eve, Christians in some parts of the world visit cemeteries to pray and place flowers and candles on the graves of their loved ones.[61] Top: Christians in Bangladesh lighting candles on the headstone of a relative. Bottom: Lutheran Christians praying and lighting candles in front of the central crucifix of a graveyard.

By the end of the 12th century, the celebration had become known as the holy days of obligation in Western Christianity and involved such traditions as ringing church bells for souls in purgatory. It was also «customary for criers dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls».[62] The Allhallowtide custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for all christened souls,[63] has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating.[64] The custom dates back at least as far as the 15th century[65] and was found in parts of England, Wales, Flanders, Bavaria and Austria.[66] Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the dead, especially the souls of the givers’ friends and relatives. This was called «souling».[65][67][68] Soul cakes were also offered for the souls themselves to eat,[66] or the ‘soulers’ would act as their representatives.[69] As with the Lenten tradition of hot cross buns, soul cakes were often marked with a cross, indicating they were baked as alms.[70] Shakespeare mentions souling in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593).[71] While souling, Christians would carry «lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips», which could have originally represented souls of the dead;[72][73] jack-o’-lanterns were used to ward off evil spirits.[74][75] On All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day during the 19th century, candles were lit in homes in Ireland,[76] Flanders, Bavaria, and in Tyrol, where they were called «soul lights»,[77] that served «to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes».[78] In many of these places, candles were also lit at graves on All Souls’ Day.[77] In Brittany, libations of milk were poured on the graves of kinfolk,[66] or food would be left overnight on the dinner table for the returning souls;[77] a custom also found in Tyrol and parts of Italy.[79][77]

Christian minister Prince Sorie Conteh linked the wearing of costumes to the belief in vengeful ghosts: «It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints’ Day, and All Hallows’ Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognized by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes».[80] In the Middle Ages, churches in Europe that were too poor to display relics of martyred saints at Allhallowtide let parishioners dress up as saints instead.[81][82] Some Christians observe this custom at Halloween today.[83] Lesley Bannatyne believes this could have been a Christianization of an earlier pagan custom.[84] Many Christians in mainland Europe, especially in France, believed «that once a year, on Hallowe’en, the dead of the churchyards rose for one wild, hideous carnival» known as the danse macabre, which was often depicted in church decoration.[85] Christopher Allmand and Rosamond McKitterick write in The New Cambridge Medieval History that the danse macabre urged Christians «not to forget the end of all earthly things».[86] The danse macabre was sometimes enacted in European village pageants and court masques, with people «dressing up as corpses from various strata of society», and this may be the origin of Halloween costume parties.[87][88][89][72]

In Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation, as Protestants berated purgatory as a «popish» doctrine incompatible with the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. State-sanctioned ceremonies associated with the intercession of saints and prayer for souls in purgatory were abolished during the Elizabethan reform, though All Hallow’s Day remained in the English liturgical calendar to «commemorate saints as godly human beings».[90] For some Nonconformist Protestants, the theology of All Hallows’ Eve was redefined; «souls cannot be journeying from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, as Catholics frequently believe and assert. Instead, the so-called ghosts are thought to be in actuality evil spirits».[91] Other Protestants believed in an intermediate state known as Hades (Bosom of Abraham).[92] In some localities, Catholics and Protestants continued souling, candlelit processions, or ringing church bells for the dead;[46][93] the Anglican church eventually suppressed this bell-ringing.[94] Mark Donnelly, a professor of medieval archaeology, and historian Daniel Diehl write that «barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effect of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveled the earth».[95] After 1605, Hallowtide was eclipsed in England by Guy Fawkes Night (5 November), which appropriated some of its customs.[96] In England, the ending of official ceremonies related to the intercession of saints led to the development of new, unofficial Hallowtide customs. In 18th–19th century rural Lancashire, Catholic families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows’ Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen’lay.[97] There was a similar custom in Hertfordshire, and the lighting of ‘tindle’ fires in Derbyshire.[98] Some suggested these ‘tindles’ were originally lit to «guide the poor souls back to earth».[99] In Scotland and Ireland, old Allhallowtide customs that were at odds with Reformed teaching were not suppressed as they «were important to the life cycle and rites of passage of local communities» and curbing them would have been difficult.[22]

In parts of Italy until the 15th century, families left a meal out for the ghosts of relatives, before leaving for church services.[79] In 19th-century Italy, churches staged «theatrical re-enactments of scenes from the lives of the saints» on All Hallow’s Day, with «participants represented by realistic wax figures».[79] In 1823, the graveyard of Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome presented a scene in which bodies of those who recently died were arrayed around a wax statue of an angel who pointed upward towards heaven.[79] In the same country, «parish priests went house-to-house, asking for small gifts of food which they shared among themselves throughout that night».[79] In Spain, they continue to bake special pastries called «bones of the holy» (Spanish: Huesos de Santo) and set them on graves.[100] At cemeteries in Spain and France, as well as in Latin America, priests lead Christian processions and services during Allhallowtide, after which people keep an all night vigil.[101] In 19th-century San Sebastián, there was a procession to the city cemetery at Allhallowtide, an event that drew beggars who «appeal[ed] to the tender recollectons of one’s deceased relations and friends» for sympathy.[102]

Gaelic folk influence

Today’s Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which are believed to have pagan roots.[103] Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that «there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived».[104] The origins of Halloween customs are typically linked to the Gaelic festival Samhain.[105]

Samhain is one of the quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and has been celebrated on 31 October – 1 November[106] in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[107][108] A kindred festival has been held by the Brittonic Celts, called Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan Goañv in Brittany; a name meaning «first day of winter». For the Celts, the day ended and began at sunset; thus the festival begins the evening before 1 November by modern reckoning.[109] Samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,[110] and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween.

Snap-Apple Night, painted by Daniel Maclise in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland.[111]

Samhain marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the ‘darker half’ of the year.[112][113] It was seen as a liminal time, when the boundary between this world and the Otherworld thinned. This meant the Aos Sí, the ‘spirits’ or ‘fairies’, could more easily come into this world and were particularly active.[114][115] Most scholars see them as «degraded versions of ancient gods […] whose power remained active in the people’s minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs».[116] They were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings.[117][118] At Samhain, the Aos Sí were appeased to ensure the people and livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left outside for them.[119][120][121] The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes seeking hospitality.[122] Places were set at the dinner table and by the fire to welcome them.[123] The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night of the year and must be appeased seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures.[66] In 19th century Ireland, «candles would be lit and prayers formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin».[124]

Throughout Ireland and Britain, especially in the Celtic-speaking regions, the household festivities included divination rituals and games intended to foretell one’s future, especially regarding death and marriage.[125] Apples and nuts were often used, and customs included apple bobbing, nut roasting, scrying or mirror-gazing, pouring molten lead or egg whites into water, dream interpretation, and others.[126] Special bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke, and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers.[112] In some places, torches lit from the bonfire were carried sunwise around homes and fields to protect them.[110] It is suggested the fires were a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic – they mimicked the Sun and held back the decay and darkness of winter.[123][127][128] They were also used for divination and to ward off evil spirits.[74] In Scotland, these bonfires and divination games were banned by the church elders in some parishes.[129] In Wales, bonfires were also lit to «prevent the souls of the dead from falling to earth».[130] Later, these bonfires «kept away the devil».[131]

photograph

A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland[132]

From at least the 16th century,[133] the festival included mumming and guising in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales.[134] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food. It may have originally been a tradition whereby people impersonated the Aos Sí, or the souls of the dead, and received offerings on their behalf, similar to ‘souling’. Impersonating these beings, or wearing a disguise, was also believed to protect oneself from them.[135] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses – some of which had pagan overtones – in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the ‘Muck Olla’; not doing so would bring misfortune.[136] In Scotland, youths went house-to-house with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[134] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked or blackened with ashes from the sacred bonfire.[133] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[134] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed.[134]

Elsewhere in Europe, mumming was part of other festivals, but in the Celtic-speaking regions, it was «particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers».[134] From at least the 18th century, «imitating malignant spirits» led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Wearing costumes and playing pranks at Halloween did not spread to England until the 20th century.[134] Pranksters used hollowed-out turnips or mangel wurzels as lanterns, often carved with grotesque faces.[134] By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits,[134] or used to ward off evil spirits.[137][138] They were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[134] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of Britain and became generally known as jack-o’-lanterns.[134]

Spread to North America

Lesley Bannatyne and Cindy Ott write that Anglican colonists in the southern United States and Catholic colonists in Maryland «recognized All Hallow’s Eve in their church calendars»,[140][141] although the Puritans of New England strongly opposed the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including Christmas.[142] Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America.[22]

It was not until after mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in America.[22] Most American Halloween traditions were inherited from the Irish and Scots,[23][143] though «In Cajun areas, a nocturnal Mass was said in cemeteries on Halloween night. Candles that had been blessed were placed on graves, and families sometimes spent the entire night at the graveside».[144] Originally confined to these immigrant communities, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and was celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial, and religious backgrounds by the early 20th century.[145] Then, through American influence, these Halloween traditions spread to many other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century, including to mainland Europe and some parts of the Far East.[24][25][146]

Symbols

Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. Jack-o’-lanterns are traditionally carried by guisers on All Hallows’ Eve in order to frighten evil spirits.[73][147] There is a popular Irish Christian folktale associated with the jack-o’-lantern,[148] which in folklore is said to represent a «soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell»:[149]

On route home after a night’s drinking, Jack encounters the Devil and tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking Jack etches the sign of the cross into the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain that Satan can never claim his soul. After a life of sin, drink, and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern have been roaming looking for a place to rest.[150]

In Ireland and Scotland, the turnip has traditionally been carved during Halloween,[151][152] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger, making it easier to carve than a turnip.[151] The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[153] and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.[154]

The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including Christian eschatology, national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus and Dracula) and classic horror films such as Frankenstein (1931) and The Mummy (1932).[155][156] Imagery of the skull, a reference to Golgotha in the Christian tradition, serves as «a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life» and is consequently found in memento mori and vanitas compositions;[157] skulls have therefore been commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.[158] Traditionally, the back walls of churches are «decorated with a depiction of the Last Judgment, complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils», a motif that has permeated the observance of this triduum.[159] One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; «What fearfu’ pranks ensue!», as well as the supernatural associated with the night, «bogles» (ghosts),[160] influencing Robert Burns’ «Halloween» (1785).[161] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks, and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, evil, and mythical monsters.[162] Black cats, which have been long associated with witches, are also a common symbol of Halloween. Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween’s traditional colors.[163]

Trick-or-treating and guising

Trick-or-treaters in Sweden

Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, «Trick or treat?» The word «trick» implies a «threat» to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.[64] The practice is said to have roots in the medieval practice of mumming, which is closely related to souling.[164] John Pymm wrote that «many of the feast days associated with the presentation of mumming plays were celebrated by the Christian Church.»[165] These feast days included All Hallows’ Eve, Christmas, Twelfth Night and Shrove Tuesday.[166][167] Mumming practiced in Germany, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe,[168] involved masked persons in fancy dress who «paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence».[169]

Girl in a Halloween costume in 1928, Ontario, Canada, the same province where the Scottish Halloween custom of guising was first recorded in North America

In England, from the medieval period,[170] up until the 1930s,[171] people practiced the Christian custom of souling on Halloween, which involved groups of soulers, both Protestant and Catholic,[93] going from parish to parish, begging the rich for soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the souls of the givers and their friends.[67] In the Philippines, the practice of souling is called Pangangaluluwa and is practiced on All Hallow’s Eve among children in rural areas.[26] People drape themselves in white cloths to represent souls and then visit houses, where they sing in return for prayers and sweets.[26]

In Scotland and Ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a traditional Halloween custom.[172] It is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit, and money.[152][173] In Ireland, the most popular phrase for kids to shout (until the 2000s) was «Help the Halloween Party».[172] The practice of guising at Halloween in North America was first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, reported children going «guising» around the neighborhood.[174]

American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book-length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe’en (1919), and references souling in the chapter «Hallowe’en in America».[175] In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; «Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries».[176]

While the first reference to «guising» in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.[177] The earliest known use in print of the term «trick or treat» appears in 1927, in the Blackie Herald, of Alberta, Canada.[178]

The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating.[179] Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice in North America until the 1930s, with the first US appearances of the term in 1934,[180] and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.[181]

A popular variant of trick-or-treating, known as trunk-or-treating (or Halloween tailgating), occurs when «children are offered treats from the trunks of cars parked in a church parking lot», or sometimes, a school parking lot.[100][182] In a trunk-or-treat event, the trunk (boot) of each automobile is decorated with a certain theme,[183] such as those of children’s literature, movies, scripture, and job roles.[184] Trunk-or-treating has grown in popularity due to its perception as being more safe than going door to door, a point that resonates well with parents, as well as the fact that it «solves the rural conundrum in which homes [are] built a half-mile apart».[185][186]

Costumes

Halloween costumes were traditionally modeled after figures such as vampires, ghosts, skeletons, scary looking witches, and devils.[64] Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.

Halloween shop in Derry, Northern Ireland, selling masks

Dressing up in costumes and going «guising» was prevalent in Scotland and Ireland at Halloween by the late 19th century.[152] A Scottish term, the tradition is called «guising» because of the disguises or costumes worn by the children.[173] In Ireland and Scotland, the masks are known as ‘false faces’,[38][187] a term recorded in Ayr, Scotland in 1890 by a Scot describing guisers: «I had mind it was Halloween . . . the wee callans were at it already, rinning aboot wi’ their fause-faces (false faces) on and their bits o’ turnip lanthrons (lanterns) in their haun (hand)».[38] Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children, and when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in Canada and the US in the 1920s and 1930s.[178][188]

Eddie J. Smith, in his book Halloween, Hallowed is Thy Name, offers a religious perspective to the wearing of costumes on All Hallows’ Eve, suggesting that by dressing up as creatures «who at one time caused us to fear and tremble», people are able to poke fun at Satan «whose kingdom has been plundered by our Saviour». Images of skeletons and the dead are traditional decorations used as memento mori.[189][190]

«Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF» is a fundraising program to support UNICEF,[64] a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.[191][192]

The yearly New York’s Village Halloween Parade was begun in 1974; it is the world’s largest Halloween parade and America’s only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, two million spectators, and a worldwide television audience.[193]

Since the late 2010s, ethnic stereotypes as costumes have increasingly come under scrutiny in the United States.[194] Such and other potentially offensive costumes have been met with increasing public disapproval.[195][196]

Pet costumes

According to a 2018 report from the National Retail Federation, 30 million Americans will spend an estimated $480 million on Halloween costumes for their pets in 2018. This is up from an estimated $200 million in 2010. The most popular costumes for pets are the pumpkin, followed by the hot dog, and the bumblebee in third place.[197]

Games and other activities

In this 1904 Halloween greeting card, divination is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of her future husband.

There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween. Some of these games originated as divination rituals or ways of foretelling one’s future, especially regarding death, marriage and children. During the Middle Ages, these rituals were done by a «rare few» in rural communities as they were considered to be «deadly serious» practices.[198] In recent centuries, these divination games have been «a common feature of the household festivities» in Ireland and Britain.[125] They often involve apples and hazelnuts. In Celtic mythology, apples were strongly associated with the Otherworld and immortality, while hazelnuts were associated with divine wisdom.[199] Some also suggest that they derive from Roman practices in celebration of Pomona.[64]

Children bobbing for apples at Hallowe’en

The following activities were a common feature of Halloween in Ireland and Britain during the 17th–20th centuries. Some have become more widespread and continue to be popular today.
One common game is apple bobbing or dunking (which may be called «dooking» in Scotland)[200] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use only their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a sticky face. Another once-popular game involves hanging a small wooden rod from the ceiling at head height, with a lit candle on one end and an apple hanging from the other. The rod is spun round and everyone takes turns to try to catch the apple with their teeth.[201]

Image from the Book of Hallowe’en (1919) showing several Halloween activities, such as nut roasting

Several of the traditional activities from Ireland and Britain involve foretelling one’s future partner or spouse. An apple would be peeled in one long strip, then the peel tossed over the shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse’s name.[202][203] Two hazelnuts would be roasted near a fire; one named for the person roasting them and the other for the person they desire. If the nuts jump away from the heat, it is a bad sign, but if the nuts roast quietly it foretells a good match.[204][205] A salty oatmeal bannock would be baked; the person would eat it in three bites and then go to bed in silence without anything to drink. This is said to result in a dream in which their future spouse offers them a drink to quench their thirst.[206] Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror.[207] The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards[208] from the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Another popular Irish game was known as púicíní («blindfolds»); a person would be blindfolded and then would choose between several saucers. The item in the saucer would provide a hint as to their future: a ring would mean that they would marry soon; clay, that they would die soon, perhaps within the year; water, that they would emigrate; rosary beads, that they would take Holy Orders (become a nun, priest, monk, etc.); a coin, that they would become rich; a bean, that they would be poor.[209][210][211][212] The game features prominently in the James Joyce short story «Clay» (1914).[213][214][215]

In Ireland and Scotland, items would be hidden in food – usually a cake, barmbrack, cranachan, champ or colcannon – and portions of it served out at random. A person’s future would be foretold by the item they happened to find; for example, a ring meant marriage and a coin meant wealth.[216]

Up until the 19th century, the Halloween bonfires were also used for divination in parts of Scotland, Wales and Brittany. When the fire died down, a ring of stones would be laid in the ashes, one for each person. In the morning, if any stone was mislaid it was said that the person it represented would not live out the year.[110]

Telling ghost stories, listening to Halloween-themed songs and watching horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released before Halloween to take advantage of the holiday.

Haunted attractions

Humorous tombstones in front of a house in California

Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses that may include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides,[217] and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown.

The first recorded purpose-built haunted attraction was the Orton and Spooner Ghost House, which opened in 1915 in Liphook, England. This attraction actually most closely resembles a carnival fun house, powered by steam.[218][219] The House still exists, in the Hollycombe Steam Collection.

It was during the 1930s, about the same time as trick-or-treating, that Halloween-themed haunted houses first began to appear in America. It was in the late 1950s that haunted houses as a major attraction began to appear, focusing first on California. Sponsored by the Children’s Health Home Junior Auxiliary, the San Mateo Haunted House opened in 1957. The San Bernardino Assistance League Haunted House opened in 1958. Home haunts began appearing across the country during 1962 and 1963. In 1964, the San Manteo Haunted House opened, as well as the Children’s Museum Haunted House in Indianapolis.[220]

The haunted house as an American cultural icon can be attributed to the opening of The Haunted Mansion in Disneyland on 12 August 1969.[221] Knott’s Berry Farm began hosting its own Halloween night attraction, Knott’s Scary Farm, which opened in 1973.[222] Evangelical Christians adopted a form of these attractions by opening one of the first «hell houses» in 1972.[223]

The first Halloween haunted house run by a nonprofit organization was produced in 1970 by the Sycamore-Deer Park Jaycees in Clifton, Ohio. It was cosponsored by WSAI, an AM radio station broadcasting out of Cincinnati, Ohio. It was last produced in 1982.[224] Other Jaycees followed suit with their own versions after the success of the Ohio house. The March of Dimes copyrighted a «Mini haunted house for the March of Dimes» in 1976 and began fundraising through their local chapters by conducting haunted houses soon after. Although they apparently quit supporting this type of event nationally sometime in the 1980s, some March of Dimes haunted houses have persisted until today.[225]

On the evening of 11 May 1984, in Jackson Township, New Jersey, the Haunted Castle (Six Flags Great Adventure) caught fire. As a result of the fire, eight teenagers perished.[226] The backlash to the tragedy was a tightening of regulations relating to safety, building codes and the frequency of inspections of attractions nationwide. The smaller venues, especially the nonprofit attractions, were unable to compete financially, and the better funded commercial enterprises filled the vacuum.[227][228] Facilities that were once able to avoid regulation because they were considered to be temporary installations now had to adhere to the stricter codes required of permanent attractions.[229][230][231]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, theme parks entered the business seriously. Six Flags Fright Fest began in 1986 and Universal Studios Florida began Halloween Horror Nights in 1991. Knott’s Scary Farm experienced a surge in attendance in the 1990s as a result of America’s obsession with Halloween as a cultural event. Theme parks have played a major role in globalizing the holiday. Universal Studios Singapore and Universal Studios Japan both participate, while Disney now mounts Mickey’s Not-So-Scary Halloween Party events at its parks in Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo, as well as in the United States.[232] The theme park haunts are by far the largest, both in scale and attendance.[233]

Food

Pumpkins for sale during Halloween

On All Hallows’ Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage abstinence from meat, giving rise to a variety of vegetarian foods associated with this day.[234]

Because in the Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel apples or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.

At one time, candy apples were commonly given to trick-or-treating children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States.[235] While there is evidence of such incidents,[236] relative to the degree of reporting of such cases, actual cases involving malicious acts are extremely rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children’s Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children’s candy.[237]

One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin, and other charms are placed before baking.[238] It is considered fortunate to be the lucky one who finds it.[238] It has also been said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.

List of foods associated with Halloween:

  • Barmbrack (Ireland)
  • Bonfire toffee (Great Britain)
  • Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain and Ireland)
  • Candy apples, candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America)
  • Chocolate
  • Monkey nuts (peanuts in their shells) (Ireland and Scotland)
  • Caramel apples
  • Caramel corn
  • Colcannon (Ireland; see below)
  • Halloween cake
  • Sweets/candy
  • Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
  • Roasted pumpkin seeds
  • Roasted sweet corn
  • Soul cakes
  • Pumpkin Pie

Christian religious observances

The Vigil of All Hallows’ is being celebrated at an Episcopal Christian church on Hallowe’en

On Hallowe’en (All Hallows’ Eve), in Poland, believers were once taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests in tiny villages toll their church bells in order to remind their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows’ Eve.[239] In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom includes the Christian practice of abstinence, keeping All Hallows’ Eve as a meat-free day and serving pancakes or colcannon instead.[240] In Mexico children make an altar to invite the return of the spirits of dead children (angelitos).[241]

The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe’en through a vigil. Worshippers prepared themselves for feasting on the following All Saints’ Day with prayers and fasting.[242] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints;[243][244] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom.[245][246] After the service, «suitable festivities and entertainments» often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows’ Day.[247][248] In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows’ Eve to light votive candles there, they «are known as valomeri, or seas of light».[249]

Today, Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow’s Eve.[250][251] Some of these practices include praying, fasting and attending worship services.[1][2][3]

O LORD our God, increase, we pray thee, and multiply upon us the gifts of thy grace: that we, who do prevent the glorious festival of all thy Saints, may of thee be enabled joyfully to follow them in all virtuous and godly living. Through Jesus Christ, Our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, ever one God, world without end. Amen. —Collect of the Vigil of All Saints, The Anglican Breviary[252]

Votive candles in the Halloween section of Walmart

Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows’ Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow’s Eve or independently from it.[253] This is because Martin Luther is said to have nailed his Ninety-five Theses to All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg on All Hallows’ Eve.[254] Often, «Harvest Festivals» or «Reformation Festivals» are held on All Hallows’ Eve, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.[255] In addition to distributing candy to children who are trick-or-treating on Hallowe’en, many Christians also provide gospel tracts to them. One organization, the American Tract Society, stated that around 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from them alone for Hallowe’en celebrations.[256] Others order Halloween-themed Scripture Candy to pass out to children on this day.[257][258]

Belizean children dressed up as Biblical figures and Christian saints

Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.[259] Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, «if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that.»[260] In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a «Saint Fest» on Halloween.[261] Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners’ heritage.[262] Christian minister Sam Portaro wrote that Halloween is about using «humor and ridicule to confront the power of death».[263]

In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween’s Christian connection is acknowledged, and Halloween celebrations are common in many Catholic parochial schools in the United States.[264][265] Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use «Hell houses» and comic-style tracts in order to make use of Halloween’s popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[266] Others consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration.[267] Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows’ Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost, The Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows’ Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.[268]

Analogous celebrations and perspectives

Judaism

According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why, in Judaism, Halloween is not permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violates Leviticus 18:3, which forbids Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Many Jews observe Yizkor communally four times a year, which is vaguely similar to the observance of Allhallowtide in Christianity, in the sense that prayers are said for both «martyrs and for one’s own family».[269] Nevertheless, many American Jews celebrate Halloween, disconnected from its Christian origins.[270] Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser has said that «There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween» while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews’ observing the holiday.[271] Purim has sometimes been compared to Halloween, in part due to some observants wearing costumes, especially of Biblical figures described in the Purim narrative.[272]

Islam

Sheikh Idris Palmer, author of A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam, has ruled that Muslims should not participate in Halloween, stating that «participation in Halloween is worse than participation in Christmas, Easter, … it is more sinful than congratulating the Christians for their prostration to the crucifix».[273] It has also been ruled to be haram by the National Fatwa Council of Malaysia because of its alleged pagan roots stating «Halloween is celebrated using a humorous theme mixed with horror to entertain and resist the spirit of death that influence humans».[274][275] Dar Al-Ifta Al-Missriyyah disagrees provided the celebration is not referred to as an ‘eid’ and that behaviour remains in line with Islamic principles.[276]

Hinduism

Hindus remember the dead during the festival of Pitru Paksha, during which Hindus pay homage to and perform a ceremony «to keep the souls of their ancestors at rest». It is celebrated in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada, usually in mid-September.[277] The celebration of the Hindu festival Diwali sometimes conflicts with the date of Halloween; but some Hindus choose to participate in the popular customs of Halloween.[278] Other Hindus, such as Soumya Dasgupta, have opposed the celebration on the grounds that Western holidays like Halloween have «begun to adversely affect our indigenous festivals».[279]

Neopaganism

There is no consistent rule or view on Halloween amongst those who describe themselves as Neopagans or Wiccans. Some Neopagans do not observe Halloween, but instead observe Samhain on 1 November,[280] some neopagans do enjoy Halloween festivities, stating that one can observe both «the solemnity of Samhain in addition to the fun of Halloween». Some neopagans are opposed to the celebration of Hallowe’en, stating that it «trivializes Samhain»,[281] and «avoid Halloween, because of the interruptions from trick or treaters».[282] The Manitoban writes that «Wiccans don’t officially celebrate Halloween, despite the fact that 31 Oct. will still have a star beside it in any good Wiccan’s day planner. Starting at sundown, Wiccans celebrate a holiday known as Samhain. Samhain actually comes from old Celtic traditions and is not exclusive to Neopagan religions like Wicca. While the traditions of this holiday originate in Celtic countries, modern day Wiccans don’t try to historically replicate Samhain celebrations. Some traditional Samhain rituals are still practised, but at its core, the period is treated as a time to celebrate darkness and the dead – a possible reason why Samhain can be confused with Halloween celebrations.»[280]

Geography

Halloween display in Kobe, Japan

The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going «guising», holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.[172][283][284] In Brittany children would play practical jokes by setting candles inside skulls in graveyards to frighten visitors.[285] Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations.[172] This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as Brazil, Ecuador, Chile,[286] Australia,[287] New Zealand,[288] (most) continental Europe, Finland,[289] Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[25]

See also

  • Campfire story
  • Devil’s Night
  • Dziady
  • Ghost Festival
  • Naraka Chaturdashi
  • Kekri
  • List of fiction works about Halloween
  • List of films set around Halloween
  • List of Halloween television specials
  • Martinisingen
  • Neewollah
  • St. John’s Eve
  • Walpurgis Night
  • Will-o’-the-wisp
  • English festivals

References

  1. ^ a b c «BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. It is widely believed that many Hallowe’en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church…. All Hallows’ Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows’ Day, also known as All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows’ Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English ‘hallowed’ meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe’en. …However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain …
  2. ^ a b «Service for All Hallows’ Eve». The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-89869-409-3. This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows’ Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place.
  3. ^ a b Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8192-2565-8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. All Hallow’s Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints’ Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival.
  4. ^ The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8091-4414-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints’ Day.
  5. ^ Palmer, Abram Smythe (1882). Folk-etymology. Johnson Reprint. p. 6.
  6. ^ Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9. Halloween (All Hallows Eve). The name given to October 31, the eve of the Christian festival of All Saints Day (November 1).
  7. ^ «NEDCO Producers’ Guide». 31–33. Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation. 1973. Originally celebrated as the night before All Saints’ Day, Christians chose November first to honor their many saints. The night before was called All Saints’ Eve or hallowed eve meaning holy evening.
  8. ^ «Tudor Hallowtide». National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe’en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls).
  9. ^ Hughes, Rebekkah (29 October 2014). «Happy Hallowe’en Surrey!» (PDF). The Stag. University of Surrey. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. Halloween or Hallowe’en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.
  10. ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (29 December 2009). Don’t Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned. HarperCollins. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-06-192575-7.
  11. ^ «All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of».
  12. ^ «The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls’ Day) — November 02, 2021 — Liturgical Calendar». www.catholicculture.org.
  13. ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women’s History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-252-02931-8. Retrieved 14 December 2015. The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows’ Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints’ and All Souls’ Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.
  14. ^ Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516896-9. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.
  15. ^ Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011. The feasts of Hallowe’en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.
  16. ^ Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Halloween, also called All Hallows’ Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints’ Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows’ Eve, celebrated on the same date.
  17. ^ Roberts, Brian K. (1987). The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30143-6. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Time out of time’, when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows’ Eve and All Hallows’ Day.
  18. ^ O’Donnell, Hugh; Foley, Malcolm (18 December 2008). Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-4438-0265-9. Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: «thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year’s Night (Hog-unnaa) and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many «Hog-unnaa» customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year’s Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe’en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round.» … Hutton points out that Rhy’s unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. … Halloween’s preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa.
  19. ^ Barr, Beth Allison (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan». The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 October 2020. It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to «paganism» is rather more tenuous.
  20. ^
    • Moser, Stefan (29 October 2010). «Kein ‘Trick or Treat’ bei Salzburgs Kelten» (in German). Salzburger Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017. Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun», entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.
    • Döring, Alois; Bolinius, Erich (31 October 2006), Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen (in German), FDP Emden, Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.
    • Hörandner, Editha (2005). Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 8, 12, 30. ISBN 978-3-8258-8889-3. Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. … Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition («seit 2000 Jahren») ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. … So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als …heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert.
    • Döring, Dr. Volkskundler Alois (2011). «Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?» (in German). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk «Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr». Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von «All Hallows eve», Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als «amerikanischer» Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.

  21. ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2020. However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.
  22. ^ a b c d Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  23. ^ a b Brunvand, Jan (editor). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. p.749
  24. ^ a b Colavito, Jason. Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152
  25. ^ a b c Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8
  26. ^ a b c Paul Fieldhouse (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
  27. ^ Skog, Jason (2008). Teens in Finland. Capstone. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7565-3405-9. Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow’s Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as valomeri, or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased.
  28. ^ «All Hallows Eve Service» (PDF). Duke University. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014. About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before.
  29. ^ «The Christian Observances of Halloween». National Republic. 15: 33. 5 May 2009. Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the «All Hallow’s Eve» festival.
  30. ^ Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). Companion to the Calendar. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-56854-011-5. In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church’s traditions are lost or confused.
  31. ^ Kernan, Joe (30 October 2013). «Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think». Cranston Herald. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed.
  32. ^ Braden, Donna R.; Village, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield (1988). Leisure and entertainment in America. Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. ISBN 978-0-933728-32-5. Retrieved 2 June 2014. Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children’s festivity.
  33. ^ Santino, p. 85
  34. ^ All Hallows’ Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal
  35. ^ Mahon, Bríd (1991). Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink. Poolbeg Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-85371-142-8. The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare.
  36. ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017. In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint’s Day.
  37. ^ Luck, Steve (1998). «All Saints’ Day». The American Desk Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-521465-9.
  38. ^ a b c «DOST: Hallow Evin». Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  39. ^ The A to Z of Anglicanism (Colin Buchanan), Scarecrow Press, p. 8
  40. ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. ealra halgena mæsseæfen (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  41. ^ «Halloween». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  42. ^ Thomson, Thomas; Annandale, Charles (1896). A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe’en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity.
  43. ^ «E’EN, Een». Scottish National Dictionary (1700–). Vol. III =. 1952. snd8629.
  44. ^ a b c d Hopwood, James A. (2019). Keeping Christmas: Finding Joy in a Season of Excess and Strife. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-5326-9537-7. The name «Halloween,» of course, is a contraction of «All Hallow’s Eve.» That’s the eve of All Saints Day, or All Hallows Day, as it was popularly known in Britain. As with Christmas Eve and the Easter vigil, the celebration of All Saints Day began with a service the night before, on All Hallow’s Eve. With All Souls Day on November 2, it formed the feast of Allhallowtide. All Saints Day began in fourth-century Rome as a festival honoring Christian martyrs. By the eighth century, it was expanded to all those remembered as saints, and the date of its observance was moved from May 13 to November 1. That move, of course, put it smack dab on top of Samhain in Britain. But the decision to move the date was not made in Britain; it was made in Rome, where there was no Samhain or anything like it. There is no evidence that any Samhain customs rubbed off on Halloween anywhere because there is no evidence of any Samhain customs at all.
  45. ^ Beth Allison Barr (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan – The Washington Post». The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2018. It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday.
  46. ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 22, 27. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  47. ^ New Proclamation Commentary on Feasts, Holy Days, and Other Celebrations (Bill Doggett, Gordon W. Lathrop), Fortress Press, p. 92
  48. ^ Benham, William (1887). The Dictionary of Religion: An Encyclopedia of Christian and Other Religious Doctrines, Denominations, Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Terms, History, Biography, Etc. Cassell. p. 1085. Vigils were kept at least till midnight before the feasts of martyrs, and those of Easter Eve and Christmas Eve were prolonged till cock-crow.
  49. ^ Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. Church Publishing, Inc. 2010. p. 662. ISBN 978-0-89869-678-3.
  50. ^ Saunders, William. «All Saints and All Souls». Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  51. ^ Melton, J Gordon (editor). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2011. p.22
  52. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). «All Saints, Festival of» . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  53. ^ «All Saints’ Day», The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press, 1997. pp.41–42
  54. ^ McClendon, Charles. «Old Saint Peter’s and the Iconoclastic Controversy», in Old Saint Peter’s, Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. 215–216. Quote: «Soon after his election in 731, Gregory III summoned a synod to gather on 1 November in the basilica of Saint Peter’s in order to respond to the policy of iconoclasm that he believed was being promoted by the Byzantine Emperor […] Six months later, in April of the following year, 732, the pope assembled another synod in the basilica to consecrate a new oratory dedicated to the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and all the saints».
  55. ^ Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. University of Toronto Press, 2005. p. 258. Quote: «Gregory III began his reign with a synod in St Peter’s (1 November 731) which formally condemned iconoclasm […] on the Sunday before Easter, 12 April 732, Gregory convoked yet another synod […] and at the synod inaugurated an oratory […] Dedicated to all saints, this oratory was designed to hold ‘relics of the holy apostles and all the holy martyrs and confessors'».
  56. ^ Farmer, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14
  57. ^ a b c d Hutton, p. 364
  58. ^ New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second ed.). 2003. pp. 242–243. ISBN 0-7876-4004-2.
  59. ^ a b MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  60. ^ Burns, Paul (editor). Butler’s Saint for the Day. Liturgical Press, 2007. p. 516
  61. ^ Ramdin, Ron. Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People. New York University Press, p. 241
  62. ^ The World Review – Volume 4, University of Minnesota, p. 255
  63. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-19-514691-2.
  64. ^ a b c d e «Halloween». Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  65. ^ a b Hutton, pp. 374–375
  66. ^ a b c d Miles, Clement A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition. Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  67. ^ a b Mary Mapes Dodge, ed. (1883). St. Nicholas Magazine. Scribner & Company. p. 93. ‘Soul-cakes,’ which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: ‘Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!’
  68. ^ DeMello, Margo (2012). A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-59884-617-1. Trick-or-treating began as souling an English and Irish tradition in which the poor, wearing masks, would go door to door and beg for soul cakes in exchange for people’s dead relatives.
  69. ^ Cleene, Marcel. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe. Man & Culture, 2002. p. 108. Quote: «Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice».
  70. ^ Levene, Alysa (2016). Cake: A Slice of History. Pegasus Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-68177-108-3. Like the perennial favourites, hot cross buns; they were often marked with a cross to indicate that they were baked as alms.
  71. ^ The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1.
  72. ^ a b Pulliam, June; Fonseca, Anthony J. (2016). Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend. ABC-CLIO. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4408-3491-2. Since the 16th century, costumes have become a central part of Halloween traditions. Perhaps the most common traditional Halloween costume is that of the ghost. This is likely because … when Halloween customs began to be influenced by Catholicism, the incorporation of the themes of All Hallows’ and All Souls’ Day would have emphasized visitations from the spirit world over the motifs of spirits and fairies. … The baking and sharing of souls cakes was introduced around the 15th century: in some cultures, the poor would go door to door to collect them in exchange for praying for the dead (a practice called souling), often carrying lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips. Around the 16th century, the practice of going house to house in disguise (a practice called guising) to ask for food began and was often accompanied by recitation of traditional verses (a practice called mumming). Wearing costumes, another tradition, has many possible explanations, such as it was done to confuse the spirits or souls who visited the earth or who rose from local graveyards to engage in what was called a Danse Macabre, basically a large party among the dead.
  73. ^ a b Rogers, p. 57
  74. ^ a b Carter, Albert Howard; Petro, Jane Arbuckle (1998). Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8122-1517-5. Halloween, incorporated into the Christian year as the eve of All Saints Day, marked the return of the souls of the departed and the release of devils who could move freely on that night. Fires lit on that night served to prevent the influence of such spirits and to provide omens for the future. Modern children go from house to house at Halloween with flashlights powered by electric batteries, while jack o’lanterns (perhaps with an actual candle, but often with a lightbulb) glow from windows and porches.
  75. ^ Guiley, Rosemary (2008). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Infobase Publishing. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4381-2684-5. According to most legends, the jack-o’-lantern is a wandering soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell. … In Ireland, children who are caught outdoors after dark are told to wear their jackets inside-out in order not to be lured astray by a jack-o’-lantern. In Sweden, the spirit is believed to be the soul of an unbaptized child, who tries to lead travelers to water in hopes of receiving baptism. … In American lore, the jack-o’-lantern is associated with withces and the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. It is customary for trick-or-treaters to carry pumpkin jack-o’-lanterns to frighten away evil spirits.
  76. ^ Santino, The Hallowed Eve, p. 95
  77. ^ a b c d Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A new abridgement. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp.380–383
  78. ^ Ruth Hutchison and Ruth Constance Adams (1951). Every Day’s a Holiday. Harper, 1951. pp.236
  79. ^ a b c d e Morton, Lisa (15 September 2013). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween. Reaktion Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-78023-055-9.
  80. ^ Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-596-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  81. ^ Bannatyne, Lesley (1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4556-0553-8. Villagers were also encouraged to masquerade on this day, not to frighten unwelcome spirits, but to honor Christian saints. On All Saints’ Day, churches throughout Europe and the British Isles displayed relics of their patron saints. Poor churches could not afford genuine relics and instead had processions in which parishioners dressed as saints, angels and devils. It served the new church by giving an acceptable Christian basis to the custom of dressing up on Halloween.
  82. ^ Morrow, Ed (2001). The Halloween Handbook. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8065-2227-2. Another contributor to the custom of dressing up at Halloween was the old Irish practice of marking All Hallows’ Day with religious pageants that recounted biblical events. These were common during the Middle Ages all across Europe. The featured players dressed as saints and angels, but there were also plenty of roles for demons who had more fun, capering, acting devilish, and playing to the crows. The pageant began inside the church, then moved by procession to the churchyard, where it continued long into the night.
  83. ^ «Eve of All Saints», Using Common Worship: Times and Seasons – All Saints to Candlemas (David Kennedy), Church House Publishing, p. 42
  84. ^ Bannatyne, Lesley. Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing, 1998. p. 9
  85. ^ Perry, Edward Baxter. Descriptive Analyses of Piano Works; For the Use of Teachers, Players, and Music Clubs. Theodore Presser Company, 1902. p. 276
  86. ^ Allmand, Christopher (1998). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, c. 1415–c. 1500. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-38296-0. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  87. ^ Reimer, Margaret Loewen (2018). Approaching the Divine: Signs and Symbols of the Christian Faith. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-5326-5675-0. Christians in Europe envisioned a danse macabre, a hideous dance by the spirits of the dead who arose from the churchyards for a wild carnival each year. This dance, commonly depicted on the walls of cathedrals, monasteries and cemeteries, may well be the origin of the macabre costumes we don on Halloween.
  88. ^ DeSpelder, Lynne Ann; Strickland, Albert Lee (2009). The Last Dance: Encountering Death and Dying. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-07-340546-9. More subtly, images associated with the danse macabre persist in the form of skeletons and other scary regalia found on children’s Halloween costumes.
  89. ^ Books & Culture: A Christian Review. Christianity Today. 1999. p. 12. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Sometimes enacted as at village pageants, the danse macabre was also performed as court masques, the courtiers dressing up as corpses from various strata of society…both the name and the observance began liturgically as All Hallows’ Eve.
  90. ^ Hutton, p. 372
  91. ^ Santino, Jack (21 October 2021). The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival in Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-8458-6.
  92. ^ The Episcopal Church, its teaching and worship (Latta Griswold), E.S. Gorham, p. 110
  93. ^ a b Mosteller, Angie (2 July 2014). Christian Origins of Halloween. Rose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59636-535-3. In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months.
  94. ^ Aston, Margaret. Broken Idols of the English Reformation. Cambridge University Press, 2015. pp.475–477
  95. ^ Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs (Daniel Diehl, Mark Donnelly), Stackpole Books, p. 17
  96. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  97. ^ Hutton, Ronald (2001). Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. pp. 369, 373. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7. Fires were indeed lit in England on All Saints’ Day, notably in Lancashire, and may well ultimately have descended from the same rites, but were essentially party of a Christian ceremony … families still assembled at the midnight before All Saints’ Day in the early nineteenth century. Each did so on a hill near its homestead, one person holding a large bunch of burning straw on the end of a fork. The rest in a circle around and prayed for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames burned out. The author who recorded this custom added that it gradually died out in the latter part of the century, but that before it had been very common and at nearby Whittingham such fires could be seen all around the horizon at Hallowe’en. He went on to say that the name ‘Purgatory Field’, found across northern Lancashire, testified to an even wider distribution and that the rite itself was called ‘Teen’lay’.
  98. ^ O’Donnell, Hugh and Foley, Malcolm. «Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World» Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008. p.35
  99. ^ The Catholic World, Vol. 138: A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science. Vol. 138. Paulist Press. 1934. There is proof that this shifting of customs from one day to another really took place. For until the end of the eighteenth century, children in some Derbyshire parishes, instead of lighting bonfires with the rest of England on November 5th, lit their furze fires called ‘tindles’ on All Souls night. And even then, the educated folk of the districts concerned, declared that these fires were a relic of papistical days when they were lit at night to guide the poor souls back to earth.
  100. ^ a b Morton, Lisa. The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland, 2003. p. 9
  101. ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
  102. ^ Richard Ford (1855). A Handbook for Travellers in Spain. John Murray. p. 208.
  103. ^ Boenig, Robert. Anglo-Saxon Spirituality: Selected Writings. Paulist Press, 2000. p. 7
  104. ^ Santino, Jack. The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival of Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky, 1998. p. 95
  105. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. «Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  106. ^ «How Halloween Traditions Are Rooted in the Ancient Pagan Festival of Samhain». Time. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  107. ^ A Pocket Guide To Superstitions of the British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) ISBN 0-14-051549-6
  108. ^ All Hallows’ Eve Archived 3 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  109. ^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 402
  110. ^ a b c Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press, 1996. pp. 365–369
  111. ^ «Snap Apple Night, or All-Hallow Eve. January 1, 1845». Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 October 2021. In October 1832 Daniel Maclise attended a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland and, the next summer, exhibited a painting at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, titled «Snap Apple Night, or All Hallow Eve.»
  112. ^ a b Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p. 407
  113. ^ Hutton, p. 361
  114. ^ Monaghan, p. 41
  115. ^ O’Halpin, Andy. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press, 2006. p. 236
  116. ^ Monaghan, Patricia (2014). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase publishing. p. 167.
  117. ^ Monaghan, Patricia (1 January 2009). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4381-1037-0. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015. They were both respected and feared. «Their backs towards us, their faces away from us, and may God and Mary save us from harm,» was a prayer spoken whenever one ventured near their dwellings.
  118. ^ Santino, p. 105
  119. ^ Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. p. 200
  120. ^ Evans-Wentz, Walter (1911). The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries. p. 44.
  121. ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961). The Silver Bough, Volume 3. p. 34.
  122. ^ «Halloween». Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012.
  123. ^ a b McNeill, The Silver Bough, Volume 3, pp. 11–46
  124. ^ Hutton, p. 379
  125. ^ a b Hutton, p. 380
  126. ^ Danaher, Kevin. «Irish Folk Tradition and the Celtic Calendar», in The Celtic Consciousness, ed. Robert O’Driscoll. Braziller, 1981. pp. 218–227
  127. ^ Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Chapter 63, Part 1: On the Fire-festivals in general Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  128. ^ MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 18: Festivals Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  129. ^ Hutton, pp. 366, 380
  130. ^ «Halloween traditions». Welsh Government. 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  131. ^ Rosinsky, Natalie M. (2002). Halloween. Capstone Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7565-0392-5. Christian leaders made old Celtic and Roman customs into new Christian ones. Bonfires were once lighted against evil spirits. Now, they kept away the devil.
  132. ^ MacDonald, Sarah; Service, Catholic News (19 October 2017). «From turnips to potatoes to pumpkins: Irish folklife expert says Jack-O-Lanterns began in Ireland».
  133. ^ a b McNeill, F. Marian. Hallowe’en: its origin, rites and ceremonies in the Scottish tradition. Albyn Press, 1970. pp. 29–31
  134. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hutton, pp. 379–383
  135. ^ Hole, Christina. British Folk Customs. Hutchinson, 1976. p. 91
  136. ^ Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 2. 1855. pp. 308–309
  137. ^ Palmer, Kingsley. Oral folk-tales of Wessex. David & Charles, 1973. pp. 87–88
  138. ^ Wilson, David Scofield. Rooted in America: Foodlore of Popular Fruits and Vegetables. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1999. p. 154
  139. ^ Bryan van Gorder (22 October 2018). «THE QUEER HISTORY (AND PRESENT) OF NYC’S VILLAGE HALLOWEEN PARADE». Logo TV. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  140. ^ Ott, Cindy. Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon. University of Washington Press, 2012. p. 42
  141. ^ Bannatyne, p. 45
  142. ^ Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, Volume 21 (John Wilkes), R. G. Gunnell and Co., p. 544
  143. ^ Santino, Jack. All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life. University of Illinois Press, 1995. p.153
  144. ^ Morton, Lisa (2003). The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1524-3.
  145. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 74. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  146. ^ «Is Halloween celebrated in Asia?». Asia Media Centre | New Zealand. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  147. ^ The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca, Infobase Publishing, p. 183
  148. ^ Dante’s «Commedia» and the Poetics of Christian Catabasis (Lee Foust), ProQuest, p. 15
  149. ^ The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits (Rosemary Guiley), Guinness World Records Limited, p. 178
  150. ^ Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (Glennys Howarth, Oliver Leaman), Taylor & Francis, p. 320
  151. ^ a b The Oxford companion to American food and drink p. 269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011
  152. ^ a b c Leslie, Frank (5 February 2009). Frank Leslie’s popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, pp. 540–543. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  153. ^ Nathaniel Hawthorne, «The Great Carbuncle», in Twice-Told Tales, 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say’st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o’-lantern!
  154. ^ As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o’-lantern as part of the festivities. «The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially» Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. «Odd Ornaments for Table» Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12.
  155. ^ The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams (Charles Adolph Huttar, Peter J. Schakel), Bucknell University Press, p. 155
  156. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). «Halloween Goes to Hollywood». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  157. ^ A Handbook of Symbols in Christian Art (Gertrude Grace Sill), Simon & Schuster, p. 64
  158. ^ In flagrante collecto (Marilynn Gelfman Karp), Abrams, p. 299
  159. ^ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 115
  160. ^ Mayne, John. «Halloween». PoetryExplorer. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  161. ^ Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Crawford, Thomas (1960). Burns: A Study of the Poems and Songs. ISBN 978-0-8047-0055-9. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Stanford University Press, 1960
  162. ^ Simpson, Jacqueline «All Saints’ Day» in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001) London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p. 14 «Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural».
  163. ^ Herberholz, Donald; Herberholz, Barbara (1990). Artworks for Elementary Teachers: Developing Artistic and Perceptual Awareness. W.C. Brown. p. 16.
  164. ^ Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face (Margo DeMello), ABC-CLIO, p. 225
  165. ^ A Student’s Guide to A2 Performance Studies for the OCR Specification (John Pymm), Rhinegold Publishing Ltd, p. 28
  166. ^ Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art, Volume 1 (Thomas Green), ABC-CLIO p. 566
  167. ^ Interacting communities: studies on some aspects of migration and urban ethnology (Zsuzsa Szarvas), Hungarian Ethnographic Society, p. 314
  168. ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature (David Scott Kastan), Oxford University Press, p. 47
  169. ^ «Mumming Play», Encyclopædia Britannica
  170. ^ Carmichael, Sherman (2012). Legends and Lore of South Carolina. The History Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-60949-748-4. The practice of dressing up and going door to door for treats dates back to the middle ages and the practice of souling.
  171. ^ Hood, Karen Jean Matsko (1 January 2014). Halloween Delights. Whispering Pine Press International. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-59434-181-6. The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door «souling» for cakes or money by singing a song.
  172. ^ a b c d «Ten trick-or-treating facts for impressive bonfire chats». The Irish Times. 31 October 2014. Scotland and Ireland started tricking: A few decades later a practice called ‘guising’ was in full swing in Scotland and Ireland. Short for ‘disguising’, children would go out from door to door dressed in costume and rather than pledging to pray, they would tell a joke, sing a song or perform another sort of «trick» in exchange for food or money. The expression trick or treat has only been used at front doors for the last 10 to 15 years. Before that «Help the Halloween Party» seems to have been the most popular phrase to holler.
  173. ^ a b «Definition of «guising»«. Collins English Dictionary. (in Scotland and N England) the practice or custom of disguising oneself in fancy dress, often with a mask, and visiting people’s houses, esp at Halloween
  174. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) «Coming Over:Halloween in North America». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p. 76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3
  175. ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. The Book of Hallowe’en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p. 127. «Hallowe’en in America» Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  176. ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. «Hallowe’en in America». Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
  177. ^ Theo. E. Wright, «A Halloween Story», St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, «What Shall We Do Halloween?» Ladies Home Journal, October 1920, p. 135.
  178. ^ a b «‘Trick or Treat’ Is Demand», Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), 4 November 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, 3 November
  179. ^ For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Antique Hallowe’en Postcards Archived 19 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Vintage Halloween Postcards Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  180. ^ «Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop», Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 November 1934; and «The Gangsters of Tomorrow», The Helena Independent (Helena, Montana), 2 November 1934, p. 4. The Chicago Tribune also mentioned door-to-door begging in Aurora, Illinois on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term ‘trick-or-treating’. «Front Views and Profiles» (column), Chicago Tribune, 3 November 1934, p. 17.
  181. ^ Moss, Doris Hudson. «A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?» The American Home, November 1939, p. 48.
  182. ^ Bluff Park (Heather Jones Skaggs), Arcadia Publishing, p. 117
  183. ^ «Trunk-or-Treat», The Chicago Tribune
  184. ^ Suggested Themes for «Trunks» for Trunk or Treat (Dail R. Faircloth), First Baptist Church of Royal Palm Beach
  185. ^ «Trunk or Treat focuses on fun, children’s safety», Desert Valley Times
  186. ^ «Trunk or Treat! Halloween Tailgating Grows» (Fernanda Santos), The New York Times
  187. ^ Bradley, Michael (24 October 2018). «A very Derry Halloween: a carnival of frights, fireworks and parade». The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  188. ^ Miller, Marian (31 October 1932). «Halloween Jollity Within Reason Need». The Morning Oregonian. p. 8. Quote: «Trick or treat?» the youthful mischief-maker will say this evening, probably, as he rings the doorbell of a neighbor.»
  189. ^ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 114
  190. ^ Memento Mori, Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri
  191. ^ Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (31 May 2006). «UNICEF to end Halloween ‘orange box’ program». CTV. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
  192. ^ «History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign». UNICEF Canada. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  193. ^ Village Halloween Parade. «History of the Parade». Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  194. ^ Fadel, Leila (29 October 2019). «Cultural Appropriation, A Perennial Issue On Halloween». NPR. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  195. ^ Escobar, Sam; Robin, Marci (5 October 2020). «15 Offensive Halloween Costumes That Shouldn’t Exist». Good Housekeeping. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  196. ^ Park, Sumner (2 October 2020). «Pinterest is prohibiting culturally inappropriate Halloween costumes». Fox News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  197. ^ Keshner, Andrew (17 October 2018). «Instagram-loving pets owners will spend nearly $500M on animal costumes this Halloween». MarketWatch. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  198. ^ Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (13 April 2011). Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs. Stackpole Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8117-4430-0. All Hallows’ Eve. A time of spiritual unrest, when the souls of the dead, along with ghosts and evil spirits, were believed to walk the land. Church bells were run and fires lit to guide these souls on their way and deflect them from haunting honest Christian folk. Barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effects of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveld the earth. Although a rare few continued to divine the future, cast spells, and tell ghost stories in rural communities, woe to anyone who was denounced to the church for engaging in such activities. These may seem like innocent fun today, but it was deadly serious stuff during the Middle Ages.
  199. ^ MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp. 61, 107
  200. ^ «Apple dookers make record attempt» Archived 28 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 2 October 2008
  201. ^ Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. pp. 202–205
  202. ^ Danaher (1972), p. 223
  203. ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Volume III. William MacLellan, Glasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp. 11–46
  204. ^ Danaher (1972), p. 219
  205. ^ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, pp. 33–34
  206. ^ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, p. 34
  207. ^ Hollister, Helen (1917). «Halloween Frolics». Parlor Games for the Wise and Otherwise. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Company. p. 98. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
  208. ^ «Vintage Halloween Cards». Vintage Holiday Crafts. 21 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  209. ^ «Preschool Halloween Fast Facts». www.everythingpreschool.com.
  210. ^ «Traditional Irish Halloween games try to marry off young girls». IrishCentral.com. 15 October 2018.
  211. ^ «Halloween in Irish Folklore | Irish Archaeology». irisharchaeology.ie. 30 October 2015.
  212. ^ «Tricks and treats». Irish Examiner. 30 October 2010.
  213. ^ «Clay». www.cliffsnotes.com.
  214. ^ Madden, Ed (31 October 2008). «Teaching Joyce». James Joyce Quarterly. 46 (1): 133. doi:10.1353/jjq.0.0133. S2CID 201751292 – via Project MUSE.
  215. ^ Attridge, Derek; Attridge, Professor of English Derek (16 March 2000). Joyce Effects: On Language, Theory, and History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77788-9 – via Google Books.
  216. ^ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough Volume III, p. 34
  217. ^ Greg Ryan (17 September 2008). «A Model of Mayhem». Hudson Valley Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  218. ^ Warner, Adam (27 October 2014). «The History of Haunted Houses: A Fight for Frights as Tastes Change». NBC Bay Area. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  219. ^ McKendry, Bekah (March 2014). «The History of Haunted Houses!». America Haunts. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  220. ^ Morton, Lisa (28 September 2012). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween (paperback). United Kingdom: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-047-4.
  221. ^ Surrell, Jason (11 August 2009). Haunted Mansion: From The Magic Kingdom To The Movies (paperback). Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4231-1895-4.
  222. ^ Celestino, Mike (28 September 2016). «Knott’s Scary Farm remains the ideal Southern California Halloween theme park event for the 2016 season». Inside The Magic. Distant Creations Group, LLC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  223. ^ Lum, Kathryn Gin (30 October 2014). «These evangelical haunted houses are designed to show sinners that they’re going to hell». The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  224. ^ «Classic Haunts From Cincinnati’s Past». House of Doom. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  225. ^ «A757914». Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series. 30: xliii. July–December 1976. ISSN 0041-7815. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  226. ^ Gruson, Lindsey (19 May 1984). «Blaze Fatal to 8 Linked to Lighter». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
  227. ^ «Fires in History: The Haunted Castle». Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  228. ^ «8 Killed by Smoky Fire in Park’s ‘Haunted Castle’«. The Washington Post. 12 May 1984. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017.
  229. ^ «The Haunted Castle, Revisited – NFPA Journal». nfpa.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  230. ^ «Spooky and Safe». nfpa.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  231. ^ «Horror in a Haunted Castle» (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  232. ^ Barnes, Brooks (25 October 2011). «The Real Scare Is Not Being Scary». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  233. ^ Munarriz, Rick Aristotle (23 October 2014). «Halloween Is Raking in Scary Profits for Theme Parks». AOL.com/Finance. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  234. ^ Mader, Isabel (30 September 2014). «Halloween Colcannon». Simmer Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. All Hallow’s Eve was a Western (Anglo) Christian holiday that revolved around commemorating the dead using humor to intimidate death itself. Like all holidays, All Hallow’s Eve involved traditional treats. The church encouraged an abstinence from meat, which created many vegetarian dishes.
  235. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). «Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990″, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  236. ^ «Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy». Snopes.com. 2 November 2000. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  237. ^ Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). «Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth? – LiveScience». LiveScience.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  238. ^ a b «Top ten Irish Halloween traditions and memories you may share». Ireland Central. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  239. ^ Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-56554-346-1. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2012. Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve.
  240. ^ Feasting and Fasting: Canada’s Heritage Celebrations (Dorothy Duncan), Dundurn, p. 249
  241. ^ Latina and Latino Voices in Literature (Frances Ann Day), Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 72
  242. ^ «BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. All Hallows’ Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows’ Day, also known as All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows’ Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself.
  243. ^ Dr. Andrew James Harvey (31 October 2012). «‘All Hallows’ Eve’«. The Patriot Post. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011. «The vigil of the hallows» refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or «Halloween» for short – a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century.
  244. ^ «Vigil of All Saints». Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011. The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end.
  245. ^ «Night of Light Beginnings». Cor et Lumen Christi Community. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012. In its first year – 2000 AD – over 1000 people participated from several countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second year 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the US and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up by other Christians who while keeping its essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions.
  246. ^ «Here’s to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery». The Telegraph. 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012. One that has grown over the past decade is the so-called Night of Light, on All Hallows’ Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, in leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a worldwide movement, popular in Africa and the United States.

    The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children’s fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit.

  247. ^ Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-89869-211-2. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2012. The BOS notes that «suitable festivities and entertainments» may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place.
  248. ^ Infeld, Joanna (1 December 2008). In-Formation. D & J Holdings LLC. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9760512-4-4. Retrieved 1 November 2012. My folks are Polish and they celebrate Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the cemetery and graves of your loved ones.
  249. ^ Teens in Finland (Jason Skog), Capstone, p. 61
  250. ^ «Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween». The Church of England. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2009. Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It’s high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween,» says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter.
  251. ^ «Halloween and All Saints Day». newadvent.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  252. ^ The Anglican Breviary. Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1955. pp. 1514 (E494). Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  253. ^ «Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship». The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  254. ^ Halloween, Hallowed Is Thy Name (Smith), p. 29
  255. ^ Allen, Travis (2011). «Christians and Halloween». Church Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called ‘Harvest Festivals’, ‘Hallelujah Night’ or ‘Reformation Festivals’ – the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes.
  256. ^ Halloween tracts serve as tool to spread gospel to children (Curry), Baptist Press
  257. ^ Woods, Robert (2013). Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-313-38654-1. Evangelicals have found opportunities with both Christmas and Easter to use Christian candy to re-inject religion into these traditionally Christian holidays and boldly reclaim them as their own. They have increasingly begun to use Halloween, the most candy-centric holiday, as an opportunity for evangelism. Contained in small packages featuring Bible verses, Scripture Candy’s «Harvest Seeds» – candy corn in everything but name – are among many candies created for this purpose.
  258. ^ D’Augostine, Lori (20 September 2013). «Suffer Not the Trick-or-Treaters». CBN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  259. ^ Halloween: What’s a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo.
  260. ^ Gyles Brandreth, «The Devil is gaining ground» The Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 March 2000.
  261. ^ «Salem ‘Saint Fest’ restores Christian message to Halloween». rcab.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  262. ^ «Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November». All Saints Parish. n.d. Archived from the original on 20 November 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  263. ^ Portaro, Sam (25 January 1998). A Companion to the Lesser Feasts and Fasts. Cowley Publications. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4616-6051-4. All Saints’ Day is the centerpiece of an autumn triduum. In the carnival celebrations of All Hallows’ Eve our ancestors used the most powerful weapon in the human arsenal, the power of humor and ridicule to confront the power of death. The following day, in the commemoration of All Saints, we gave witness to the victory of incarnate goodness embodied in remarkable deeds and doers triumphing over the misanthropy of darkness and devils. And in the commemoration of All Souls we proclaimed the hope of common mortality expressed in our aspirations and expectations of a shared eternity.
  264. ^ «Halloween’s Christian Roots» AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
  265. ^ Bucci, Rich (2016). «Catholic Elementary Schools to Celebrate Halloween with Costume Parades on Friday, October 28 & Monday, October 31». The Catholic Schools of Broome County. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  266. ^ Suarez, Essdras (29 October 2007). «Some Christians use ‘Hell Houses’ to reach out on Halloween». USA Today. Retrieved 7 November 2015. While some Christians aren’t certain what to make of Halloween – unsure whether to embrace or ignore all the goblins and ghoulishness – some evangelical churches use Oct. 31 as a day to evangelize. …Some use trick-or-treating as an evangelistic opportunity, giving out Bible tracts with candy.
  267. ^ «‘Trick?’ or ‘Treat?’ – Unmasking Halloween». The Restored Church of God. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  268. ^ Do Orthodox Christians Observe Halloween? by Saint Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church
  269. ^ The Jewish Life Cycle: rites of passage from biblical to modern times (Ivan G. Marcus), University of Washington Press, p. 232
  270. ^ «Jews and Halloween». Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  271. ^ A Jewish exploration of halloween Archived 31 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Jewish Journal
  272. ^ Pitofsky, Marina (15 March 2022). «What day is Purim? Here’s what you need to know about the Jewish holiday». USA Today. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  273. ^ A. Idris Palmer, Halloween: Through Muslim Eyes (PDF), Al Huda Institute Canada, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2009, retrieved 11 November 2015
  274. ^ «Halloween is ‘haram,’ declares Malaysia fatwa council». Al Arabiya English. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  275. ^ Tuesday, 28 October 2014 11:41 AM MYT (28 October 2014). «Trick or treat? Fatwa Council bars Muslims from celebrating Halloween | Malay Mail». www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  276. ^ «Fatawa – Is it forbidden for Muslims to celebrate days such as valentine’s day and halloween?». Dar al-Ifta al Misriyyah. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  277. ^ Lauren Stengele (25 October 2012), Halloween in India?, Vision Nationals, archived from the original on 8 December 2015, retrieved 11 November 2015
  278. ^ Vineet Chander (30 October 2009), Trick or Treat? Not quite sure., Beliefnet, archived from the original on 8 December 2015, retrieved 11 November 2015
  279. ^ Soumya Dasgupta (5 November 2009), «Should Indians Celebrate Foreign Festivals Like Halloween?», The Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 20 June 2015
  280. ^ a b George, Stephanie (25 October 2010). «Real-life witches that don’t celebrate Halloween». The Manitoban. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  281. ^ Should Pagans Celebrate Halloween? (Wicasta Lovelace), Pagan Centric
  282. ^ Halloween, From a Wiccan/Neopagan perspective (B.A. Robinson), Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
  283. ^ Halloween fire calls ‘every 90 seconds’ Archived 2 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine UTV News Retrieved 22 November 2010
  284. ^ McCann, Chris (28 October 2010). «Halloween firework injuries are on the increase». The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  285. ^ «Kalan -Goañv ha Marv». Tartanplace.com. 12 July 2001. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  286. ^ «¿Cómo se introduce la fiesta de Halloween en Chile?». noticias.universia.cl. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  287. ^ Paul Kent (27 October 2010). «Calls for Halloween holiday in Australia». Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  288. ^ Denton, Hannah (30 October 2010). «Safe treats for kids on year’s scariest night». The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  289. ^ «Usein kysyttyä (FAQ)» (in Finnish). Helsingin yliopiston almanakkatoimisto. Retrieved 28 September 2020.

Further reading

  • Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
  • Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
  • Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7
  • Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8
  • Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1
  • Editha Hörandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Münster (2005). 308 pages. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4
  • Lisa Morton, Trick or Treat A history of Halloween, Reaktion Books (2012). 229 pages. ISBN 978-1-78023-187-7
  • Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X
  • Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press, US (2002). ISBN 0-19-514691-3
  • Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
  • David J. Skal, Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween, Bloomsbury US (2003). 224 pages. ISBN 1-58234-305-5
  • James Tipper, Gods of The Nowhere: A Novel of Halloween, Waxlight Press (2013). 294 pages. ISBN 978-0-9882433-1-6

External links

  • Halloween at Curlie
  • «A brief history of Halloween» by the BBC
  • «All Hallows Eve (Halloween) in the Traditional, Pre-1955 Liturgical Books» by the Liturgical Arts Journal
  • «The History of Halloween» by the History Channel
Halloween
Jack-o'-Lantern 2003-10-31.jpg

Carving a jack-o’-lantern is a common Halloween tradition

Also called
  • Hallowe’en
  • All Hallowe’en
  • All Hallows’ Eve
  • All Saints’ Eve
Observed by Western Christians and many non-Christians around the world[1]
Type Christian
Significance First day of Allhallowtide
Celebrations Trick-or-treating, costume parties, making jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions.
Observances Church services,[2] prayer,[3] fasting,[1] and vigil[4]
Date 31 October
Related to Samhain, Hop-tu-Naa, Calan Gaeaf, Allantide, Day of the Dead, Reformation Day, All Saints’ Day, Mischief Night (cf. vigil)

Halloween or Hallowe’en (less commonly known as Allhalloween,[5] All Hallows’ Eve,[6] or All Saints’ Eve)[7] is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Saints’ Day. It begins the observance of Allhallowtide,[8] the time in the liturgical year dedicated to remembering the dead, including saints (hallows), martyrs, and all the faithful departed.[9][10][11][12]

One theory holds that many Halloween traditions were influenced by Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain, which are believed to have pagan roots.[13][14][15][16] Some go further and suggest that Samhain may have been Christianized as All Hallow’s Day, along with its eve, by the early Church.[17] Other academics believe Halloween began solely as a Christian holiday, being the vigil of All Hallow’s Day.[18][19][20][21] Celebrated in Ireland and Scotland for centuries, Irish and Scottish immigrants took many Halloween customs to North America in the 19th century,[22][23] and then through American influence Halloween had spread to other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century.[24][25]

Popular Halloween activities include trick-or-treating (or the related guising and souling), attending Halloween costume parties, carving pumpkins or turnips into jack-o’-lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, divination games, playing pranks, visiting haunted attractions, telling scary stories, and watching horror or Halloween-themed films.[26] Some people practice the Christian religious observances of All Hallows’ Eve, including attending church services and lighting candles on the graves of the dead,[27][28][29] although it is a secular celebration for others.[30][31][32] Some Christians historically abstained from meat on All Hallows’ Eve, a tradition reflected in the eating of certain vegetarian foods on this vigil day, including apples, potato pancakes, and soul cakes.[33][34][35][36]

Etymology

The word Halloween or Hallowe’en («Saints’ evening»[37]) is of Christian origin;[38][39] a term equivalent to «All Hallows Eve» is attested in Old English.[40] The word hallowe[‘]en comes from the Scottish form of All Hallows’ Eve (the evening before All Hallows’ Day):[41] even is the Scots term for «eve» or «evening»,[42] and is contracted to e’en or een;[43] (All) Hallow(s) E(v)en became Hallowe’en.

History

Christian origins and historic customs

Halloween is thought to have influences from Christian beliefs and practices.[44][45] The English word ‘Halloween’ comes from «All Hallows’ Eve», being the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows’ Day (All Saints’ Day) on 1 November and All Souls’ Day on 2 November.[46] Since the time of the early Church,[47] major feasts in Christianity (such as Christmas, Easter and Pentecost) had vigils that began the night before, as did the feast of All Hallows’.[48][44] These three days are collectively called Allhallowtide and are a time when Western Christians honour all saints and pray for recently departed souls who have yet to reach Heaven. Commemorations of all saints and martyrs were held by several churches on various dates, mostly in springtime.[49] In 4th-century Roman Edessa it was held on 13 May, and on 13 May 609, Pope Boniface IV re-dedicated the Pantheon in Rome to «St Mary and all martyrs».[50] This was the date of Lemuria, an ancient Roman festival of the dead.[51]

In the 8th century, Pope Gregory III (731–741) founded an oratory in St Peter’s for the relics «of the holy apostles and of all saints, martyrs and confessors».[44][52] Some sources say it was dedicated on 1 November,[53] while others say it was on Palm Sunday in April 732.[54][55] By 800, there is evidence that churches in Ireland[56] and Northumbria were holding a feast commemorating all saints on 1 November.[57] Alcuin of Northumbria, a member of Charlemagne’s court, may then have introduced this 1 November date in the Frankish Empire.[58] In 835, it became the official date in the Frankish Empire.[57] Some suggest this was due to Celtic influence, while others suggest it was a Germanic idea,[57] although it is claimed that both Germanic and Celtic-speaking peoples commemorated the dead at the beginning of winter.[59] They may have seen it as the most fitting time to do so, as it is a time of ‘dying’ in nature.[57][59] It is also suggested the change was made on the «practical grounds that Rome in summer could not accommodate the great number of pilgrims who flocked to it», and perhaps because of public health concerns over Roman Fever, which claimed a number of lives during Rome’s sultry summers.[60][44]

On All Hallows’ Eve, Christians in some parts of the world visit cemeteries to pray and place flowers and candles on the graves of their loved ones.[61] Top: Christians in Bangladesh lighting candles on the headstone of a relative. Bottom: Lutheran Christians praying and lighting candles in front of the central crucifix of a graveyard.

By the end of the 12th century, the celebration had become known as the holy days of obligation in Western Christianity and involved such traditions as ringing church bells for souls in purgatory. It was also «customary for criers dressed in black to parade the streets, ringing a bell of mournful sound and calling on all good Christians to remember the poor souls».[62] The Allhallowtide custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for all christened souls,[63] has been suggested as the origin of trick-or-treating.[64] The custom dates back at least as far as the 15th century[65] and was found in parts of England, Wales, Flanders, Bavaria and Austria.[66] Groups of poor people, often children, would go door-to-door during Allhallowtide, collecting soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the dead, especially the souls of the givers’ friends and relatives. This was called «souling».[65][67][68] Soul cakes were also offered for the souls themselves to eat,[66] or the ‘soulers’ would act as their representatives.[69] As with the Lenten tradition of hot cross buns, soul cakes were often marked with a cross, indicating they were baked as alms.[70] Shakespeare mentions souling in his comedy The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1593).[71] While souling, Christians would carry «lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips», which could have originally represented souls of the dead;[72][73] jack-o’-lanterns were used to ward off evil spirits.[74][75] On All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day during the 19th century, candles were lit in homes in Ireland,[76] Flanders, Bavaria, and in Tyrol, where they were called «soul lights»,[77] that served «to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes».[78] In many of these places, candles were also lit at graves on All Souls’ Day.[77] In Brittany, libations of milk were poured on the graves of kinfolk,[66] or food would be left overnight on the dinner table for the returning souls;[77] a custom also found in Tyrol and parts of Italy.[79][77]

Christian minister Prince Sorie Conteh linked the wearing of costumes to the belief in vengeful ghosts: «It was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until All Saints’ Day, and All Hallows’ Eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. In order to avoid being recognized by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes».[80] In the Middle Ages, churches in Europe that were too poor to display relics of martyred saints at Allhallowtide let parishioners dress up as saints instead.[81][82] Some Christians observe this custom at Halloween today.[83] Lesley Bannatyne believes this could have been a Christianization of an earlier pagan custom.[84] Many Christians in mainland Europe, especially in France, believed «that once a year, on Hallowe’en, the dead of the churchyards rose for one wild, hideous carnival» known as the danse macabre, which was often depicted in church decoration.[85] Christopher Allmand and Rosamond McKitterick write in The New Cambridge Medieval History that the danse macabre urged Christians «not to forget the end of all earthly things».[86] The danse macabre was sometimes enacted in European village pageants and court masques, with people «dressing up as corpses from various strata of society», and this may be the origin of Halloween costume parties.[87][88][89][72]

In Britain, these customs came under attack during the Reformation, as Protestants berated purgatory as a «popish» doctrine incompatible with the Calvinist doctrine of predestination. State-sanctioned ceremonies associated with the intercession of saints and prayer for souls in purgatory were abolished during the Elizabethan reform, though All Hallow’s Day remained in the English liturgical calendar to «commemorate saints as godly human beings».[90] For some Nonconformist Protestants, the theology of All Hallows’ Eve was redefined; «souls cannot be journeying from Purgatory on their way to Heaven, as Catholics frequently believe and assert. Instead, the so-called ghosts are thought to be in actuality evil spirits».[91] Other Protestants believed in an intermediate state known as Hades (Bosom of Abraham).[92] In some localities, Catholics and Protestants continued souling, candlelit processions, or ringing church bells for the dead;[46][93] the Anglican church eventually suppressed this bell-ringing.[94] Mark Donnelly, a professor of medieval archaeology, and historian Daniel Diehl write that «barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effect of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveled the earth».[95] After 1605, Hallowtide was eclipsed in England by Guy Fawkes Night (5 November), which appropriated some of its customs.[96] In England, the ending of official ceremonies related to the intercession of saints led to the development of new, unofficial Hallowtide customs. In 18th–19th century rural Lancashire, Catholic families gathered on hills on the night of All Hallows’ Eve. One held a bunch of burning straw on a pitchfork while the rest knelt around him, praying for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames went out. This was known as teen’lay.[97] There was a similar custom in Hertfordshire, and the lighting of ‘tindle’ fires in Derbyshire.[98] Some suggested these ‘tindles’ were originally lit to «guide the poor souls back to earth».[99] In Scotland and Ireland, old Allhallowtide customs that were at odds with Reformed teaching were not suppressed as they «were important to the life cycle and rites of passage of local communities» and curbing them would have been difficult.[22]

In parts of Italy until the 15th century, families left a meal out for the ghosts of relatives, before leaving for church services.[79] In 19th-century Italy, churches staged «theatrical re-enactments of scenes from the lives of the saints» on All Hallow’s Day, with «participants represented by realistic wax figures».[79] In 1823, the graveyard of Holy Spirit Hospital in Rome presented a scene in which bodies of those who recently died were arrayed around a wax statue of an angel who pointed upward towards heaven.[79] In the same country, «parish priests went house-to-house, asking for small gifts of food which they shared among themselves throughout that night».[79] In Spain, they continue to bake special pastries called «bones of the holy» (Spanish: Huesos de Santo) and set them on graves.[100] At cemeteries in Spain and France, as well as in Latin America, priests lead Christian processions and services during Allhallowtide, after which people keep an all night vigil.[101] In 19th-century San Sebastián, there was a procession to the city cemetery at Allhallowtide, an event that drew beggars who «appeal[ed] to the tender recollectons of one’s deceased relations and friends» for sympathy.[102]

Gaelic folk influence

Today’s Halloween customs are thought to have been influenced by folk customs and beliefs from the Celtic-speaking countries, some of which are believed to have pagan roots.[103] Jack Santino, a folklorist, writes that «there was throughout Ireland an uneasy truce existing between customs and beliefs associated with Christianity and those associated with religions that were Irish before Christianity arrived».[104] The origins of Halloween customs are typically linked to the Gaelic festival Samhain.[105]

Samhain is one of the quarter days in the medieval Gaelic calendar and has been celebrated on 31 October – 1 November[106] in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man.[107][108] A kindred festival has been held by the Brittonic Celts, called Calan Gaeaf in Wales, Kalan Gwav in Cornwall and Kalan Goañv in Brittany; a name meaning «first day of winter». For the Celts, the day ended and began at sunset; thus the festival begins the evening before 1 November by modern reckoning.[109] Samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest Irish literature. The names have been used by historians to refer to Celtic Halloween customs up until the 19th century,[110] and are still the Gaelic and Welsh names for Halloween.

Snap-Apple Night, painted by Daniel Maclise in 1833, shows people feasting and playing divination games on Halloween in Ireland.[111]

Samhain marked the end of the harvest season and beginning of winter or the ‘darker half’ of the year.[112][113] It was seen as a liminal time, when the boundary between this world and the Otherworld thinned. This meant the Aos Sí, the ‘spirits’ or ‘fairies’, could more easily come into this world and were particularly active.[114][115] Most scholars see them as «degraded versions of ancient gods […] whose power remained active in the people’s minds even after they had been officially replaced by later religious beliefs».[116] They were both respected and feared, with individuals often invoking the protection of God when approaching their dwellings.[117][118] At Samhain, the Aos Sí were appeased to ensure the people and livestock survived the winter. Offerings of food and drink, or portions of the crops, were left outside for them.[119][120][121] The souls of the dead were also said to revisit their homes seeking hospitality.[122] Places were set at the dinner table and by the fire to welcome them.[123] The belief that the souls of the dead return home on one night of the year and must be appeased seems to have ancient origins and is found in many cultures.[66] In 19th century Ireland, «candles would be lit and prayers formally offered for the souls of the dead. After this the eating, drinking, and games would begin».[124]

Throughout Ireland and Britain, especially in the Celtic-speaking regions, the household festivities included divination rituals and games intended to foretell one’s future, especially regarding death and marriage.[125] Apples and nuts were often used, and customs included apple bobbing, nut roasting, scrying or mirror-gazing, pouring molten lead or egg whites into water, dream interpretation, and others.[126] Special bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. Their flames, smoke, and ashes were deemed to have protective and cleansing powers.[112] In some places, torches lit from the bonfire were carried sunwise around homes and fields to protect them.[110] It is suggested the fires were a kind of imitative or sympathetic magic – they mimicked the Sun and held back the decay and darkness of winter.[123][127][128] They were also used for divination and to ward off evil spirits.[74] In Scotland, these bonfires and divination games were banned by the church elders in some parishes.[129] In Wales, bonfires were also lit to «prevent the souls of the dead from falling to earth».[130] Later, these bonfires «kept away the devil».[131]

photograph

A plaster cast of a traditional Irish Halloween turnip (rutabaga) lantern on display in the Museum of Country Life, Ireland[132]

From at least the 16th century,[133] the festival included mumming and guising in Ireland, Scotland, the Isle of Man and Wales.[134] This involved people going house-to-house in costume (or in disguise), usually reciting verses or songs in exchange for food. It may have originally been a tradition whereby people impersonated the Aos Sí, or the souls of the dead, and received offerings on their behalf, similar to ‘souling’. Impersonating these beings, or wearing a disguise, was also believed to protect oneself from them.[135] In parts of southern Ireland, the guisers included a hobby horse. A man dressed as a Láir Bhán (white mare) led youths house-to-house reciting verses – some of which had pagan overtones – in exchange for food. If the household donated food it could expect good fortune from the ‘Muck Olla’; not doing so would bring misfortune.[136] In Scotland, youths went house-to-house with masked, painted or blackened faces, often threatening to do mischief if they were not welcomed.[134] F. Marian McNeill suggests the ancient festival included people in costume representing the spirits, and that faces were marked or blackened with ashes from the sacred bonfire.[133] In parts of Wales, men went about dressed as fearsome beings called gwrachod.[134] In the late 19th and early 20th century, young people in Glamorgan and Orkney cross-dressed.[134]

Elsewhere in Europe, mumming was part of other festivals, but in the Celtic-speaking regions, it was «particularly appropriate to a night upon which supernatural beings were said to be abroad and could be imitated or warded off by human wanderers».[134] From at least the 18th century, «imitating malignant spirits» led to playing pranks in Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. Wearing costumes and playing pranks at Halloween did not spread to England until the 20th century.[134] Pranksters used hollowed-out turnips or mangel wurzels as lanterns, often carved with grotesque faces.[134] By those who made them, the lanterns were variously said to represent the spirits,[134] or used to ward off evil spirits.[137][138] They were common in parts of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands in the 19th century,[134] as well as in Somerset (see Punkie Night). In the 20th century they spread to other parts of Britain and became generally known as jack-o’-lanterns.[134]

Spread to North America

Lesley Bannatyne and Cindy Ott write that Anglican colonists in the southern United States and Catholic colonists in Maryland «recognized All Hallow’s Eve in their church calendars»,[140][141] although the Puritans of New England strongly opposed the holiday, along with other traditional celebrations of the established Church, including Christmas.[142] Almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that Halloween was widely celebrated in North America.[22]

It was not until after mass Irish and Scottish immigration in the 19th century that Halloween became a major holiday in America.[22] Most American Halloween traditions were inherited from the Irish and Scots,[23][143] though «In Cajun areas, a nocturnal Mass was said in cemeteries on Halloween night. Candles that had been blessed were placed on graves, and families sometimes spent the entire night at the graveside».[144] Originally confined to these immigrant communities, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and was celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial, and religious backgrounds by the early 20th century.[145] Then, through American influence, these Halloween traditions spread to many other countries by the late 20th and early 21st century, including to mainland Europe and some parts of the Far East.[24][25][146]

Symbols

Development of artifacts and symbols associated with Halloween formed over time. Jack-o’-lanterns are traditionally carried by guisers on All Hallows’ Eve in order to frighten evil spirits.[73][147] There is a popular Irish Christian folktale associated with the jack-o’-lantern,[148] which in folklore is said to represent a «soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell»:[149]

On route home after a night’s drinking, Jack encounters the Devil and tricks him into climbing a tree. A quick-thinking Jack etches the sign of the cross into the bark, thus trapping the Devil. Jack strikes a bargain that Satan can never claim his soul. After a life of sin, drink, and mendacity, Jack is refused entry to heaven when he dies. Keeping his promise, the Devil refuses to let Jack into hell and throws a live coal straight from the fires of hell at him. It was a cold night, so Jack places the coal in a hollowed out turnip to stop it from going out, since which time Jack and his lantern have been roaming looking for a place to rest.[150]

In Ireland and Scotland, the turnip has traditionally been carved during Halloween,[151][152] but immigrants to North America used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger, making it easier to carve than a turnip.[151] The American tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837[153] and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.[154]

The modern imagery of Halloween comes from many sources, including Christian eschatology, national customs, works of Gothic and horror literature (such as the novels Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus and Dracula) and classic horror films such as Frankenstein (1931) and The Mummy (1932).[155][156] Imagery of the skull, a reference to Golgotha in the Christian tradition, serves as «a reminder of death and the transitory quality of human life» and is consequently found in memento mori and vanitas compositions;[157] skulls have therefore been commonplace in Halloween, which touches on this theme.[158] Traditionally, the back walls of churches are «decorated with a depiction of the Last Judgment, complete with graves opening and the dead rising, with a heaven filled with angels and a hell filled with devils», a motif that has permeated the observance of this triduum.[159] One of the earliest works on the subject of Halloween is from Scottish poet John Mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at Halloween; «What fearfu’ pranks ensue!», as well as the supernatural associated with the night, «bogles» (ghosts),[160] influencing Robert Burns’ «Halloween» (1785).[161] Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks, and scarecrows, are also prevalent. Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween. Halloween imagery includes themes of death, evil, and mythical monsters.[162] Black cats, which have been long associated with witches, are also a common symbol of Halloween. Black, orange, and sometimes purple are Halloween’s traditional colors.[163]

Trick-or-treating and guising

Trick-or-treaters in Sweden

Trick-or-treating is a customary celebration for children on Halloween. Children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, «Trick or treat?» The word «trick» implies a «threat» to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given.[64] The practice is said to have roots in the medieval practice of mumming, which is closely related to souling.[164] John Pymm wrote that «many of the feast days associated with the presentation of mumming plays were celebrated by the Christian Church.»[165] These feast days included All Hallows’ Eve, Christmas, Twelfth Night and Shrove Tuesday.[166][167] Mumming practiced in Germany, Scandinavia and other parts of Europe,[168] involved masked persons in fancy dress who «paraded the streets and entered houses to dance or play dice in silence».[169]

Girl in a Halloween costume in 1928, Ontario, Canada, the same province where the Scottish Halloween custom of guising was first recorded in North America

In England, from the medieval period,[170] up until the 1930s,[171] people practiced the Christian custom of souling on Halloween, which involved groups of soulers, both Protestant and Catholic,[93] going from parish to parish, begging the rich for soul cakes, in exchange for praying for the souls of the givers and their friends.[67] In the Philippines, the practice of souling is called Pangangaluluwa and is practiced on All Hallow’s Eve among children in rural areas.[26] People drape themselves in white cloths to represent souls and then visit houses, where they sing in return for prayers and sweets.[26]

In Scotland and Ireland, guising – children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins – is a traditional Halloween custom.[172] It is recorded in Scotland at Halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit, and money.[152][173] In Ireland, the most popular phrase for kids to shout (until the 2000s) was «Help the Halloween Party».[172] The practice of guising at Halloween in North America was first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, reported children going «guising» around the neighborhood.[174]

American historian and author Ruth Edna Kelley of Massachusetts wrote the first book-length history of Halloween in the US; The Book of Hallowe’en (1919), and references souling in the chapter «Hallowe’en in America».[175] In her book, Kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the Atlantic; «Americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. All Halloween customs in the United States are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries».[176]

While the first reference to «guising» in North America occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on Halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in Chicago in 1920.[177] The earliest known use in print of the term «trick or treat» appears in 1927, in the Blackie Herald, of Alberta, Canada.[178]

The thousands of Halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick-or-treating.[179] Trick-or-treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice in North America until the 1930s, with the first US appearances of the term in 1934,[180] and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939.[181]

A popular variant of trick-or-treating, known as trunk-or-treating (or Halloween tailgating), occurs when «children are offered treats from the trunks of cars parked in a church parking lot», or sometimes, a school parking lot.[100][182] In a trunk-or-treat event, the trunk (boot) of each automobile is decorated with a certain theme,[183] such as those of children’s literature, movies, scripture, and job roles.[184] Trunk-or-treating has grown in popularity due to its perception as being more safe than going door to door, a point that resonates well with parents, as well as the fact that it «solves the rural conundrum in which homes [are] built a half-mile apart».[185][186]

Costumes

Halloween costumes were traditionally modeled after figures such as vampires, ghosts, skeletons, scary looking witches, and devils.[64] Over time, the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses.

Halloween shop in Derry, Northern Ireland, selling masks

Dressing up in costumes and going «guising» was prevalent in Scotland and Ireland at Halloween by the late 19th century.[152] A Scottish term, the tradition is called «guising» because of the disguises or costumes worn by the children.[173] In Ireland and Scotland, the masks are known as ‘false faces’,[38][187] a term recorded in Ayr, Scotland in 1890 by a Scot describing guisers: «I had mind it was Halloween . . . the wee callans were at it already, rinning aboot wi’ their fause-faces (false faces) on and their bits o’ turnip lanthrons (lanterns) in their haun (hand)».[38] Costuming became popular for Halloween parties in the US in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children, and when trick-or-treating was becoming popular in Canada and the US in the 1920s and 1930s.[178][188]

Eddie J. Smith, in his book Halloween, Hallowed is Thy Name, offers a religious perspective to the wearing of costumes on All Hallows’ Eve, suggesting that by dressing up as creatures «who at one time caused us to fear and tremble», people are able to poke fun at Satan «whose kingdom has been plundered by our Saviour». Images of skeletons and the dead are traditional decorations used as memento mori.[189][190]

«Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF» is a fundraising program to support UNICEF,[64] a United Nations Programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. Started as a local event in a Northeast Philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark, at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small-change donations from the houses they visit. It is estimated that children have collected more than $118 million for UNICEF since its inception. In Canada, in 2006, UNICEF decided to discontinue their Halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program.[191][192]

The yearly New York’s Village Halloween Parade was begun in 1974; it is the world’s largest Halloween parade and America’s only major nighttime parade, attracting more than 60,000 costumed participants, two million spectators, and a worldwide television audience.[193]

Since the late 2010s, ethnic stereotypes as costumes have increasingly come under scrutiny in the United States.[194] Such and other potentially offensive costumes have been met with increasing public disapproval.[195][196]

Pet costumes

According to a 2018 report from the National Retail Federation, 30 million Americans will spend an estimated $480 million on Halloween costumes for their pets in 2018. This is up from an estimated $200 million in 2010. The most popular costumes for pets are the pumpkin, followed by the hot dog, and the bumblebee in third place.[197]

Games and other activities

In this 1904 Halloween greeting card, divination is depicted: the young woman looking into a mirror in a darkened room hopes to catch a glimpse of her future husband.

There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween. Some of these games originated as divination rituals or ways of foretelling one’s future, especially regarding death, marriage and children. During the Middle Ages, these rituals were done by a «rare few» in rural communities as they were considered to be «deadly serious» practices.[198] In recent centuries, these divination games have been «a common feature of the household festivities» in Ireland and Britain.[125] They often involve apples and hazelnuts. In Celtic mythology, apples were strongly associated with the Otherworld and immortality, while hazelnuts were associated with divine wisdom.[199] Some also suggest that they derive from Roman practices in celebration of Pomona.[64]

Children bobbing for apples at Hallowe’en

The following activities were a common feature of Halloween in Ireland and Britain during the 17th–20th centuries. Some have become more widespread and continue to be popular today.
One common game is apple bobbing or dunking (which may be called «dooking» in Scotland)[200] in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use only their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. A variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drive the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a sticky face. Another once-popular game involves hanging a small wooden rod from the ceiling at head height, with a lit candle on one end and an apple hanging from the other. The rod is spun round and everyone takes turns to try to catch the apple with their teeth.[201]

Image from the Book of Hallowe’en (1919) showing several Halloween activities, such as nut roasting

Several of the traditional activities from Ireland and Britain involve foretelling one’s future partner or spouse. An apple would be peeled in one long strip, then the peel tossed over the shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse’s name.[202][203] Two hazelnuts would be roasted near a fire; one named for the person roasting them and the other for the person they desire. If the nuts jump away from the heat, it is a bad sign, but if the nuts roast quietly it foretells a good match.[204][205] A salty oatmeal bannock would be baked; the person would eat it in three bites and then go to bed in silence without anything to drink. This is said to result in a dream in which their future spouse offers them a drink to quench their thirst.[206] Unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror.[207] The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards[208] from the late 19th century and early 20th century.

Another popular Irish game was known as púicíní («blindfolds»); a person would be blindfolded and then would choose between several saucers. The item in the saucer would provide a hint as to their future: a ring would mean that they would marry soon; clay, that they would die soon, perhaps within the year; water, that they would emigrate; rosary beads, that they would take Holy Orders (become a nun, priest, monk, etc.); a coin, that they would become rich; a bean, that they would be poor.[209][210][211][212] The game features prominently in the James Joyce short story «Clay» (1914).[213][214][215]

In Ireland and Scotland, items would be hidden in food – usually a cake, barmbrack, cranachan, champ or colcannon – and portions of it served out at random. A person’s future would be foretold by the item they happened to find; for example, a ring meant marriage and a coin meant wealth.[216]

Up until the 19th century, the Halloween bonfires were also used for divination in parts of Scotland, Wales and Brittany. When the fire died down, a ring of stones would be laid in the ashes, one for each person. In the morning, if any stone was mislaid it was said that the person it represented would not live out the year.[110]

Telling ghost stories, listening to Halloween-themed songs and watching horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. Episodes of television series and Halloween-themed specials (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before Halloween, while new horror films are often released before Halloween to take advantage of the holiday.

Haunted attractions

Humorous tombstones in front of a house in California

Haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. Most attractions are seasonal Halloween businesses that may include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides,[217] and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown.

The first recorded purpose-built haunted attraction was the Orton and Spooner Ghost House, which opened in 1915 in Liphook, England. This attraction actually most closely resembles a carnival fun house, powered by steam.[218][219] The House still exists, in the Hollycombe Steam Collection.

It was during the 1930s, about the same time as trick-or-treating, that Halloween-themed haunted houses first began to appear in America. It was in the late 1950s that haunted houses as a major attraction began to appear, focusing first on California. Sponsored by the Children’s Health Home Junior Auxiliary, the San Mateo Haunted House opened in 1957. The San Bernardino Assistance League Haunted House opened in 1958. Home haunts began appearing across the country during 1962 and 1963. In 1964, the San Manteo Haunted House opened, as well as the Children’s Museum Haunted House in Indianapolis.[220]

The haunted house as an American cultural icon can be attributed to the opening of The Haunted Mansion in Disneyland on 12 August 1969.[221] Knott’s Berry Farm began hosting its own Halloween night attraction, Knott’s Scary Farm, which opened in 1973.[222] Evangelical Christians adopted a form of these attractions by opening one of the first «hell houses» in 1972.[223]

The first Halloween haunted house run by a nonprofit organization was produced in 1970 by the Sycamore-Deer Park Jaycees in Clifton, Ohio. It was cosponsored by WSAI, an AM radio station broadcasting out of Cincinnati, Ohio. It was last produced in 1982.[224] Other Jaycees followed suit with their own versions after the success of the Ohio house. The March of Dimes copyrighted a «Mini haunted house for the March of Dimes» in 1976 and began fundraising through their local chapters by conducting haunted houses soon after. Although they apparently quit supporting this type of event nationally sometime in the 1980s, some March of Dimes haunted houses have persisted until today.[225]

On the evening of 11 May 1984, in Jackson Township, New Jersey, the Haunted Castle (Six Flags Great Adventure) caught fire. As a result of the fire, eight teenagers perished.[226] The backlash to the tragedy was a tightening of regulations relating to safety, building codes and the frequency of inspections of attractions nationwide. The smaller venues, especially the nonprofit attractions, were unable to compete financially, and the better funded commercial enterprises filled the vacuum.[227][228] Facilities that were once able to avoid regulation because they were considered to be temporary installations now had to adhere to the stricter codes required of permanent attractions.[229][230][231]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, theme parks entered the business seriously. Six Flags Fright Fest began in 1986 and Universal Studios Florida began Halloween Horror Nights in 1991. Knott’s Scary Farm experienced a surge in attendance in the 1990s as a result of America’s obsession with Halloween as a cultural event. Theme parks have played a major role in globalizing the holiday. Universal Studios Singapore and Universal Studios Japan both participate, while Disney now mounts Mickey’s Not-So-Scary Halloween Party events at its parks in Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo, as well as in the United States.[232] The theme park haunts are by far the largest, both in scale and attendance.[233]

Food

Pumpkins for sale during Halloween

On All Hallows’ Eve, many Western Christian denominations encourage abstinence from meat, giving rise to a variety of vegetarian foods associated with this day.[234]

Because in the Northern Hemisphere Halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples (known as toffee apples outside North America), caramel apples or taffy apples are common Halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts.

At one time, candy apples were commonly given to trick-or-treating children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the United States.[235] While there is evidence of such incidents,[236] relative to the degree of reporting of such cases, actual cases involving malicious acts are extremely rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. At the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free X-rays of children’s Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children’s candy.[237]

One custom that persists in modern-day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays, the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish: báirín breac), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin, and other charms are placed before baking.[238] It is considered fortunate to be the lucky one who finds it.[238] It has also been said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. This is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of Epiphany.

List of foods associated with Halloween:

  • Barmbrack (Ireland)
  • Bonfire toffee (Great Britain)
  • Candy apples/toffee apples (Great Britain and Ireland)
  • Candy apples, candy corn, candy pumpkins (North America)
  • Chocolate
  • Monkey nuts (peanuts in their shells) (Ireland and Scotland)
  • Caramel apples
  • Caramel corn
  • Colcannon (Ireland; see below)
  • Halloween cake
  • Sweets/candy
  • Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
  • Roasted pumpkin seeds
  • Roasted sweet corn
  • Soul cakes
  • Pumpkin Pie

Christian religious observances

The Vigil of All Hallows’ is being celebrated at an Episcopal Christian church on Hallowe’en

On Hallowe’en (All Hallows’ Eve), in Poland, believers were once taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort; in Spain, Christian priests in tiny villages toll their church bells in order to remind their congregants to remember the dead on All Hallows’ Eve.[239] In Ireland, and among immigrants in Canada, a custom includes the Christian practice of abstinence, keeping All Hallows’ Eve as a meat-free day and serving pancakes or colcannon instead.[240] In Mexico children make an altar to invite the return of the spirits of dead children (angelitos).[241]

The Christian Church traditionally observed Hallowe’en through a vigil. Worshippers prepared themselves for feasting on the following All Saints’ Day with prayers and fasting.[242] This church service is known as the Vigil of All Hallows or the Vigil of All Saints;[243][244] an initiative known as Night of Light seeks to further spread the Vigil of All Hallows throughout Christendom.[245][246] After the service, «suitable festivities and entertainments» often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for All Hallows’ Day.[247][248] In Finland, because so many people visit the cemeteries on All Hallows’ Eve to light votive candles there, they «are known as valomeri, or seas of light».[249]

Today, Christian attitudes towards Halloween are diverse. In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions associated with All Hallow’s Eve.[250][251] Some of these practices include praying, fasting and attending worship services.[1][2][3]

O LORD our God, increase, we pray thee, and multiply upon us the gifts of thy grace: that we, who do prevent the glorious festival of all thy Saints, may of thee be enabled joyfully to follow them in all virtuous and godly living. Through Jesus Christ, Our Lord, who liveth and reigneth with thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, ever one God, world without end. Amen. —Collect of the Vigil of All Saints, The Anglican Breviary[252]

Votive candles in the Halloween section of Walmart

Other Protestant Christians also celebrate All Hallows’ Eve as Reformation Day, a day to remember the Protestant Reformation, alongside All Hallow’s Eve or independently from it.[253] This is because Martin Luther is said to have nailed his Ninety-five Theses to All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg on All Hallows’ Eve.[254] Often, «Harvest Festivals» or «Reformation Festivals» are held on All Hallows’ Eve, in which children dress up as Bible characters or Reformers.[255] In addition to distributing candy to children who are trick-or-treating on Hallowe’en, many Christians also provide gospel tracts to them. One organization, the American Tract Society, stated that around 3 million gospel tracts are ordered from them alone for Hallowe’en celebrations.[256] Others order Halloween-themed Scripture Candy to pass out to children on this day.[257][258]

Belizean children dressed up as Biblical figures and Christian saints

Some Christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of Halloween because they feel it trivializes – or celebrates – paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs.[259] Father Gabriele Amorth, an exorcist in Rome, has said, «if English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that.»[260] In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organized a «Saint Fest» on Halloween.[261] Similarly, many contemporary Protestant churches view Halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. To these Christians, Halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners’ heritage.[262] Christian minister Sam Portaro wrote that Halloween is about using «humor and ridicule to confront the power of death».[263]

In the Roman Catholic Church, Halloween’s Christian connection is acknowledged, and Halloween celebrations are common in many Catholic parochial schools in the United States.[264][265] Many fundamentalist and evangelical churches use «Hell houses» and comic-style tracts in order to make use of Halloween’s popularity as an opportunity for evangelism.[266] Others consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith due to its putative origins in the Festival of the Dead celebration.[267] Indeed, even though Eastern Orthodox Christians observe All Hallows’ Day on the First Sunday after Pentecost, The Eastern Orthodox Church recommends the observance of Vespers or a Paraklesis on the Western observance of All Hallows’ Eve, out of the pastoral need to provide an alternative to popular celebrations.[268]

Analogous celebrations and perspectives

Judaism

According to Alfred J. Kolatch in the Second Jewish Book of Why, in Judaism, Halloween is not permitted by Jewish Halakha because it violates Leviticus 18:3, which forbids Jews from partaking in gentile customs. Many Jews observe Yizkor communally four times a year, which is vaguely similar to the observance of Allhallowtide in Christianity, in the sense that prayers are said for both «martyrs and for one’s own family».[269] Nevertheless, many American Jews celebrate Halloween, disconnected from its Christian origins.[270] Reform Rabbi Jeffrey Goldwasser has said that «There is no religious reason why contemporary Jews should not celebrate Halloween» while Orthodox Rabbi Michael Broyde has argued against Jews’ observing the holiday.[271] Purim has sometimes been compared to Halloween, in part due to some observants wearing costumes, especially of Biblical figures described in the Purim narrative.[272]

Islam

Sheikh Idris Palmer, author of A Brief Illustrated Guide to Understanding Islam, has ruled that Muslims should not participate in Halloween, stating that «participation in Halloween is worse than participation in Christmas, Easter, … it is more sinful than congratulating the Christians for their prostration to the crucifix».[273] It has also been ruled to be haram by the National Fatwa Council of Malaysia because of its alleged pagan roots stating «Halloween is celebrated using a humorous theme mixed with horror to entertain and resist the spirit of death that influence humans».[274][275] Dar Al-Ifta Al-Missriyyah disagrees provided the celebration is not referred to as an ‘eid’ and that behaviour remains in line with Islamic principles.[276]

Hinduism

Hindus remember the dead during the festival of Pitru Paksha, during which Hindus pay homage to and perform a ceremony «to keep the souls of their ancestors at rest». It is celebrated in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada, usually in mid-September.[277] The celebration of the Hindu festival Diwali sometimes conflicts with the date of Halloween; but some Hindus choose to participate in the popular customs of Halloween.[278] Other Hindus, such as Soumya Dasgupta, have opposed the celebration on the grounds that Western holidays like Halloween have «begun to adversely affect our indigenous festivals».[279]

Neopaganism

There is no consistent rule or view on Halloween amongst those who describe themselves as Neopagans or Wiccans. Some Neopagans do not observe Halloween, but instead observe Samhain on 1 November,[280] some neopagans do enjoy Halloween festivities, stating that one can observe both «the solemnity of Samhain in addition to the fun of Halloween». Some neopagans are opposed to the celebration of Hallowe’en, stating that it «trivializes Samhain»,[281] and «avoid Halloween, because of the interruptions from trick or treaters».[282] The Manitoban writes that «Wiccans don’t officially celebrate Halloween, despite the fact that 31 Oct. will still have a star beside it in any good Wiccan’s day planner. Starting at sundown, Wiccans celebrate a holiday known as Samhain. Samhain actually comes from old Celtic traditions and is not exclusive to Neopagan religions like Wicca. While the traditions of this holiday originate in Celtic countries, modern day Wiccans don’t try to historically replicate Samhain celebrations. Some traditional Samhain rituals are still practised, but at its core, the period is treated as a time to celebrate darkness and the dead – a possible reason why Samhain can be confused with Halloween celebrations.»[280]

Geography

Halloween display in Kobe, Japan

The traditions and importance of Halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. In Scotland and Ireland, traditional Halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going «guising», holding parties, while other practices in Ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays.[172][283][284] In Brittany children would play practical jokes by setting candles inside skulls in graveyards to frighten visitors.[285] Mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized Halloween in North America, and celebration in the United States and Canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations.[172] This larger North American influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as Brazil, Ecuador, Chile,[286] Australia,[287] New Zealand,[288] (most) continental Europe, Finland,[289] Japan, and other parts of East Asia.[25]

See also

  • Campfire story
  • Devil’s Night
  • Dziady
  • Ghost Festival
  • Naraka Chaturdashi
  • Kekri
  • List of fiction works about Halloween
  • List of films set around Halloween
  • List of Halloween television specials
  • Martinisingen
  • Neewollah
  • St. John’s Eve
  • Walpurgis Night
  • Will-o’-the-wisp
  • English festivals

References

  1. ^ a b c «BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. It is widely believed that many Hallowe’en traditions have evolved from an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain which was Christianised by the early Church…. All Hallows’ Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows’ Day, also known as All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows’ Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. The name derives from the Old English ‘hallowed’ meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word Hallowe’en. …However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain …
  2. ^ a b «Service for All Hallows’ Eve». The Book of Occasional Services 2003. Church Publishing, Inc. 2004. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-89869-409-3. This service may be used on the evening of October 31, known as All Hallows’ Eve. Suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place.
  3. ^ a b Anne E. Kitch (2004). The Anglican Family Prayer Book. Church Publishing, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8192-2565-8. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. All Hallow’s Eve, which later became known as Halloween, is celebrated on the night before All Saints’ Day, November 1. Use this simple prayer service in conjunction with Halloween festivities to mark the Christian roots of this festival.
  4. ^ The Paulist Liturgy Planning Guide. Paulist Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-8091-4414-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil Masses. For example, children might be encouraged to wear Halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the Halloween celebrations and the celebration of All Saints’ Day.
  5. ^ Palmer, Abram Smythe (1882). Folk-etymology. Johnson Reprint. p. 6.
  6. ^ Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 533. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9. Halloween (All Hallows Eve). The name given to October 31, the eve of the Christian festival of All Saints Day (November 1).
  7. ^ «NEDCO Producers’ Guide». 31–33. Northeast Dairy Cooperative Federation. 1973. Originally celebrated as the night before All Saints’ Day, Christians chose November first to honor their many saints. The night before was called All Saints’ Eve or hallowed eve meaning holy evening.
  8. ^ «Tudor Hallowtide». National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty. 2012. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Hallowtide covers the three days – 31 October (All-Hallows Eve or Hallowe’en), 1 November (All Saints) and 2 November (All Souls).
  9. ^ Hughes, Rebekkah (29 October 2014). «Happy Hallowe’en Surrey!» (PDF). The Stag. University of Surrey. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. Halloween or Hallowe’en, is the yearly celebration on October 31st that signifies the first day of Allhallowtide, being the time to remember the dead, including martyrs, saints and all faithful departed Christians.
  10. ^ Davis, Kenneth C. (29 December 2009). Don’t Know Much About Mythology: Everything You Need to Know About the Greatest Stories in Human History but Never Learned. HarperCollins. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-06-192575-7.
  11. ^ «All Faithful Departed, Commemoration of».
  12. ^ «The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed (All Souls’ Day) — November 02, 2021 — Liturgical Calendar». www.catholicculture.org.
  13. ^ Smith, Bonnie G. (2004). Women’s History in Global Perspective. University of Illinois Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-252-02931-8. Retrieved 14 December 2015. The pre-Christian observance obviously influenced the Christian celebration of All Hallows’ Eve, just as the Taoist festival affected the newer Buddhist Ullambana festival. Although the Christian version of All Saints’ and All Souls’ Days came to emphasize prayers for the dead, visits to graves, and the role of the living assuring the safe passage to heaven of their departed loved ones, older notions never disappeared.
  14. ^ Nicholas Rogers (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516896-9. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Halloween and the Day of the Dead share a common origin in the Christian commemoration of the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day. But both are thought to embody strong pre-Christian beliefs. In the case of Halloween, the Celtic celebration of Samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new-age enthusiasts and the evangelical Right.
  15. ^ Austrian information. 1965. Retrieved 31 October 2011. The feasts of Hallowe’en, or All Hallows Eve and the devotions to the dead on All Saints’ and All Souls’ Day are both mixtures of old Celtic, Druid and other pagan customs intertwined with Christian practice.
  16. ^ Merriam-Webster’s Encyclopædia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. 1999. p. 408. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Halloween, also called All Hallows’ Eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on October 31, the eve of All Saints’ Day. The Irish pre-Christian observances influenced the Christian festival of All Hallows’ Eve, celebrated on the same date.
  17. ^ Roberts, Brian K. (1987). The Making of the English Village: A Study in Historical Geography. Longman Scientific & Technical. ISBN 978-0-582-30143-6. Retrieved 14 December 2015. Time out of time’, when the barriers between this world and the next were down, the dead returned from the grave, and gods and strangers from the underworld walked abroad was a twice- yearly reality, on dates Christianised as All Hallows’ Eve and All Hallows’ Day.
  18. ^ O’Donnell, Hugh; Foley, Malcolm (18 December 2008). Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 91–92. ISBN 978-1-4438-0265-9. Hutton (1996, 363) identifies Rhys as a key figure who, along with another Oxbridge academic, James Frazer, romanticised the notion of Samhain and exaggerated its influence on Halloween. Hutton argues that Rhys had no substantiated documentary evidence for claiming that Halloween was the Celtic new year, but inferred it from contemporary folklore in Wales and Ireland. Moreover, he argues that Rhys: «thought that [he] was vindicated when he paid a subsequent visit to the Isle of Man and found its people sometimes called 31 October New Year’s Night (Hog-unnaa) and practised customs which were usually associated with 31 December. In fact the flimsy nature of all this evidence ought to have been apparent from the start. The divinatory and purificatory rituals on 31 October could be explained by a connection to the most eerie of Christian feasts (All Saints) or by the fact that they ushered in the most dreaded of seasons. The many «Hog-unnaa» customs were also widely practised on the conventional New Year’s Eve, and Rhys was uncomfortably aware that they might simply have been transferred, in recent years, from then Hallowe’en, to increase merriment and fundraising on the latter. He got round this problem by asserting that in his opinion (based upon no evidence at all) the transfer had been the other way round.» … Hutton points out that Rhy’s unsubstantiated notions were further popularised by Frazer who used them to support an idea of his own, that Samhain, as well as being the origin of Halloween, had also been a pagan Celtic feast of the dead—a notion used to account for the element of ghosts, witches and other unworldly spirits commonly featured within Halloween. … Halloween’s preoccupation with the netherworld and with the supernatural owes more to the Christian festival of All Saints or All Souls, rather than vice versa.
  19. ^ Barr, Beth Allison (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan». The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 October 2020. It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday. So what does this all mean? It means that when we celebrate Halloween, we are definitely participating in a tradition with deep historical roots. But, while those roots are firmly situated in the medieval Christian past, their historical connection to «paganism» is rather more tenuous.
  20. ^
    • Moser, Stefan (29 October 2010). «Kein ‘Trick or Treat’ bei Salzburgs Kelten» (in German). Salzburger Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2017. Die Kelten haben gar nichts mit Halloween zu tun», entkräftet Stefan Moser, Direktor des Keltenmuseums Hallein, einen weit verbreiteten Mythos. Moser sieht die Ursprünge von Halloween insgesamt in einem christlichen Brauch, nicht in einem keltischen.
    • Döring, Alois; Bolinius, Erich (31 October 2006), Samhain – Halloween – Allerheiligen (in German), FDP Emden, Die lückenhaften religionsgeschichtlichen Überlieferungen, die auf die Neuzeit begrenzte historische Dimension der Halloween-Kultausprägung, vor allem auch die Halloween-Metaphorik legen nahe, daß wir umdenken müssen: Halloween geht nicht auf das heidnische Samhain zurück, sondern steht in Bezug zum christlichen Totengedenkfest Allerheiligen/ Allerseelen.
    • Hörandner, Editha (2005). Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 8, 12, 30. ISBN 978-3-8258-8889-3. Der Wunsch nach einer Tradition, deren Anfänge sich in grauer Vorzeit verlieren, ist bei Dachleuten wie laien gleichmäßig verbreitet. … Abgesehen von Irrtümern wie die Herleitung des Fests in ungebrochener Tradition («seit 2000 Jahren») ist eine mangelnde vertrautheit mit der heimischen Folklore festzustellen. Allerheiligen war lange vor der Halloween invasion ein wichtiger Brauchtermin und ist das ncoh heute. … So wie viele heimische Bräuche generell als fruchtbarkeitsbringend und dämonenaustreibend interpretiert werden, was trottz aller Aufklärungsarbeit nicht auszurotten ist, begegnet uns Halloween als …heidnisches Fest. Aber es wird nicht als solches inszeniert.
    • Döring, Dr. Volkskundler Alois (2011). «Süßes, Saures – olle Kamellen? Ist Halloween schon wieder out?» (in German). Westdeutscher Rundfunk. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2015. Dr. Alois Döring ist wissenschaftlicher Referent für Volkskunde beim LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte Bonn. Er schrieb zahlreiche Bücher über Bräuche im Rheinland, darunter das Nachschlagewerk «Rheinische Bräuche durch das Jahr». Darin widerspricht Döring der These, Halloween sei ursprünglich ein keltisch-heidnisches Totenfest. Vielmehr stamme Halloween von den britischen Inseln, der Begriff leite sich ab von «All Hallows eve», Abend vor Allerheiligen. Irische Einwanderer hätten das Fest nach Amerika gebracht, so Döring, von wo aus es als «amerikanischer» Brauch nach Europa zurückkehrte.

  21. ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2020. However, there are supporters of the view that Hallowe’en, as the eve of All Saints’ Day, originated entirely independently of Samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan-Celtic religious festival which took place on 31st October/1st November.
  22. ^ a b c d Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  23. ^ a b Brunvand, Jan (editor). American Folklore: An Encyclopedia. Routledge, 2006. p.749
  24. ^ a b Colavito, Jason. Knowing Fear: Science, Knowledge and the Development of the Horror Genre. McFarland, 2007. pp.151–152
  25. ^ a b c Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, p. 164. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8
  26. ^ a b c Paul Fieldhouse (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
  27. ^ Skog, Jason (2008). Teens in Finland. Capstone. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-7565-3405-9. Most funerals are Lutheran, and nearly 98 percent of all funerals take place in a church. It is customary to take pictures of funerals or even videotape them. To Finns, death is a part of the cycle of life, and a funeral is another special occasion worth remembering. In fact, during All Hallow’s Eve and Christmas Eve, cemeteries are known as valomeri, or seas of light. Finns visit cemeteries and light candles in remembrance of the deceased.
  28. ^ «All Hallows Eve Service» (PDF). Duke University. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014. About All Hallows Eve: Tonight is the eve of All Saints Day, the festival in the Church that recalls the faith and witness of the men and women who have come before us. The service celebrates our continuing communion with them, and memorializes the recently deceased. The early church followed the Jewish custom that a new day began at sundown; thus, feasts and festivals in the church were observed beginning the night before.
  29. ^ «The Christian Observances of Halloween». National Republic. 15: 33. 5 May 2009. Among the European nations the beautiful custom of lighting candles for the dead was always a part of the «All Hallow’s Eve» festival.
  30. ^ Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993). Companion to the Calendar. Liturgy Training Publications. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-56854-011-5. In most of Europe, Halloween is strictly a religious event. Sometimes in North America the church’s traditions are lost or confused.
  31. ^ Kernan, Joe (30 October 2013). «Not so spooky after all: The roots of Halloween are tamer than you think». Cranston Herald. Archived from the original on 26 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015. By the early 20th century, Halloween, like Christmas, was commercialized. Pre-made costumes, decorations and special candy all became available. The Christian origins of the holiday were downplayed.
  32. ^ Braden, Donna R.; Village, Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield (1988). Leisure and entertainment in America. Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village. ISBN 978-0-933728-32-5. Retrieved 2 June 2014. Halloween, a holiday with religious origins but increasingly secularized as celebrated in America, came to assume major proportions as a children’s festivity.
  33. ^ Santino, p. 85
  34. ^ All Hallows’ Eve (Diana Swift), Anglican Journal
  35. ^ Mahon, Bríd (1991). Land of Milk and Honey: The Story of Traditional Irish Food & Drink. Poolbeg Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-85371-142-8. The vigil of the feast is Halloween, the night when charms and incantations were powerful, when people looked into the future, and when feasting and merriment were ordained. Up to recent time this was a day of abstinence, when according to church ruling no flesh meat was allowed. Colcannon, apple cake and barm brack, as well as apples and nuts were part of the festive fare.
  36. ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 254. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2017. In Ireland, dishes based on potatoes and other vegetables were associated with Halloween, as meat was forbidden during the Catholic vigil and fast leading up to All Saint’s Day.
  37. ^ Luck, Steve (1998). «All Saints’ Day». The American Desk Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-19-521465-9.
  38. ^ a b c «DOST: Hallow Evin». Dsl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  39. ^ The A to Z of Anglicanism (Colin Buchanan), Scarecrow Press, p. 8
  40. ^ «All Hallows’ Eve». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. ealra halgena mæsseæfen (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  41. ^ «Halloween». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  42. ^ Thomson, Thomas; Annandale, Charles (1896). A History of the Scottish People from the Earliest Times: From the Union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. Blackie. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to Scotland the most important was Hallowe’en, a contraction for All-hallow Evening, or the evening of All-Saints Day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity.
  43. ^ «E’EN, Een». Scottish National Dictionary (1700–). Vol. III =. 1952. snd8629.
  44. ^ a b c d Hopwood, James A. (2019). Keeping Christmas: Finding Joy in a Season of Excess and Strife. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-5326-9537-7. The name «Halloween,» of course, is a contraction of «All Hallow’s Eve.» That’s the eve of All Saints Day, or All Hallows Day, as it was popularly known in Britain. As with Christmas Eve and the Easter vigil, the celebration of All Saints Day began with a service the night before, on All Hallow’s Eve. With All Souls Day on November 2, it formed the feast of Allhallowtide. All Saints Day began in fourth-century Rome as a festival honoring Christian martyrs. By the eighth century, it was expanded to all those remembered as saints, and the date of its observance was moved from May 13 to November 1. That move, of course, put it smack dab on top of Samhain in Britain. But the decision to move the date was not made in Britain; it was made in Rome, where there was no Samhain or anything like it. There is no evidence that any Samhain customs rubbed off on Halloween anywhere because there is no evidence of any Samhain customs at all.
  45. ^ Beth Allison Barr (28 October 2016). «Guess what? Halloween is more Christian than Pagan – The Washington Post». The Washington Post. Retrieved 31 October 2018. It is the medieval Christian festivals of All Saints’ and All Souls’ that provide our firmest foundation for Halloween. From emphasizing dead souls (both good and evil), to decorating skeletons, lighting candles for processions, building bonfires to ward off evil spirits, organizing community feasts, and even encouraging carnival practices like costumes, the medieval and early modern traditions of «Hallowtide» fit well with our modern holiday.
  46. ^ a b Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 22, 27. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  47. ^ New Proclamation Commentary on Feasts, Holy Days, and Other Celebrations (Bill Doggett, Gordon W. Lathrop), Fortress Press, p. 92
  48. ^ Benham, William (1887). The Dictionary of Religion: An Encyclopedia of Christian and Other Religious Doctrines, Denominations, Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Terms, History, Biography, Etc. Cassell. p. 1085. Vigils were kept at least till midnight before the feasts of martyrs, and those of Easter Eve and Christmas Eve were prolonged till cock-crow.
  49. ^ Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. Church Publishing, Inc. 2010. p. 662. ISBN 978-0-89869-678-3.
  50. ^ Saunders, William. «All Saints and All Souls». Catholic Education Resource Center. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  51. ^ Melton, J Gordon (editor). Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2011. p.22
  52. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). «All Saints, Festival of» . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  53. ^ «All Saints’ Day», The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition, ed. E. A. Livingstone. Oxford University Press, 1997. pp.41–42
  54. ^ McClendon, Charles. «Old Saint Peter’s and the Iconoclastic Controversy», in Old Saint Peter’s, Rome. Cambridge University Press, 2013. pp. 215–216. Quote: «Soon after his election in 731, Gregory III summoned a synod to gather on 1 November in the basilica of Saint Peter’s in order to respond to the policy of iconoclasm that he believed was being promoted by the Byzantine Emperor […] Six months later, in April of the following year, 732, the pope assembled another synod in the basilica to consecrate a new oratory dedicated to the Saviour, the Virgin Mary, and all the saints».
  55. ^ Ó Carragáin, Éamonn. Ritual and the Rood: Liturgical Images and the Old English Poems of the Dream of the Rood Tradition. University of Toronto Press, 2005. p. 258. Quote: «Gregory III began his reign with a synod in St Peter’s (1 November 731) which formally condemned iconoclasm […] on the Sunday before Easter, 12 April 732, Gregory convoked yet another synod […] and at the synod inaugurated an oratory […] Dedicated to all saints, this oratory was designed to hold ‘relics of the holy apostles and all the holy martyrs and confessors'».
  56. ^ Farmer, David. The Oxford Dictionary of Saints (Fifth Edition, Revised). Oxford University Press, 2011. p. 14
  57. ^ a b c d Hutton, p. 364
  58. ^ New Catholic Encyclopedia (Second ed.). 2003. pp. 242–243. ISBN 0-7876-4004-2.
  59. ^ a b MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 10: The Cult of the Dead Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  60. ^ Burns, Paul (editor). Butler’s Saint for the Day. Liturgical Press, 2007. p. 516
  61. ^ Ramdin, Ron. Arising from Bondage: A History of the Indo-Caribbean People. New York University Press, p. 241
  62. ^ The World Review – Volume 4, University of Minnesota, p. 255
  63. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2001). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-19-514691-2.
  64. ^ a b c d e «Halloween». Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  65. ^ a b Hutton, pp. 374–375
  66. ^ a b c d Miles, Clement A. (1912). Christmas in Ritual and Tradition. Chapter 7: All Hallow Tide to Martinmas Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  67. ^ a b Mary Mapes Dodge, ed. (1883). St. Nicholas Magazine. Scribner & Company. p. 93. ‘Soul-cakes,’ which the rich gave to the poor at the Halloween season, in return for which the recipients prayed for the souls of the givers and their friends. And this custom became so favored in popular esteem that, for a long time, it was a regular observance in the country towns of England for small companies to go from parish to parish, begging soul-cakes by singing under the windows some such verse as this: ‘Soul, souls, for a soul-cake; Pray you good mistress, a soul-cake!’
  68. ^ DeMello, Margo (2012). A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face. ABC-CLIO. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-59884-617-1. Trick-or-treating began as souling an English and Irish tradition in which the poor, wearing masks, would go door to door and beg for soul cakes in exchange for people’s dead relatives.
  69. ^ Cleene, Marcel. Compendium of Symbolic and Ritual Plants in Europe. Man & Culture, 2002. p. 108. Quote: «Soul cakes were small cakes baked as food for the deceased or offered for the salvation of their souls. They were therefore offered at funerals and feasts of the dead, laid on graves, or given to the poor as representatives of the dead. The baking of these soul cakes is a universal practice».
  70. ^ Levene, Alysa (2016). Cake: A Slice of History. Pegasus Books. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-68177-108-3. Like the perennial favourites, hot cross buns; they were often marked with a cross to indicate that they were baked as alms.
  71. ^ The Two Gentlemen of Verona Act 2, Scene 1.
  72. ^ a b Pulliam, June; Fonseca, Anthony J. (2016). Ghosts in Popular Culture and Legend. ABC-CLIO. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4408-3491-2. Since the 16th century, costumes have become a central part of Halloween traditions. Perhaps the most common traditional Halloween costume is that of the ghost. This is likely because … when Halloween customs began to be influenced by Catholicism, the incorporation of the themes of All Hallows’ and All Souls’ Day would have emphasized visitations from the spirit world over the motifs of spirits and fairies. … The baking and sharing of souls cakes was introduced around the 15th century: in some cultures, the poor would go door to door to collect them in exchange for praying for the dead (a practice called souling), often carrying lanterns made of hollowed-out turnips. Around the 16th century, the practice of going house to house in disguise (a practice called guising) to ask for food began and was often accompanied by recitation of traditional verses (a practice called mumming). Wearing costumes, another tradition, has many possible explanations, such as it was done to confuse the spirits or souls who visited the earth or who rose from local graveyards to engage in what was called a Danse Macabre, basically a large party among the dead.
  73. ^ a b Rogers, p. 57
  74. ^ a b Carter, Albert Howard; Petro, Jane Arbuckle (1998). Rising from the Flames: The Experience of the Severely Burned. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8122-1517-5. Halloween, incorporated into the Christian year as the eve of All Saints Day, marked the return of the souls of the departed and the release of devils who could move freely on that night. Fires lit on that night served to prevent the influence of such spirits and to provide omens for the future. Modern children go from house to house at Halloween with flashlights powered by electric batteries, while jack o’lanterns (perhaps with an actual candle, but often with a lightbulb) glow from windows and porches.
  75. ^ Guiley, Rosemary (2008). The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca. Infobase Publishing. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-4381-2684-5. According to most legends, the jack-o’-lantern is a wandering soul who has been denied entry into both heaven and hell. … In Ireland, children who are caught outdoors after dark are told to wear their jackets inside-out in order not to be lured astray by a jack-o’-lantern. In Sweden, the spirit is believed to be the soul of an unbaptized child, who tries to lead travelers to water in hopes of receiving baptism. … In American lore, the jack-o’-lantern is associated with withces and the Halloween custom of trick-or-treating. It is customary for trick-or-treaters to carry pumpkin jack-o’-lanterns to frighten away evil spirits.
  76. ^ Santino, The Hallowed Eve, p. 95
  77. ^ a b c d Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A new abridgement. Oxford University Press, 1998. pp.380–383
  78. ^ Ruth Hutchison and Ruth Constance Adams (1951). Every Day’s a Holiday. Harper, 1951. pp.236
  79. ^ a b c d e Morton, Lisa (15 September 2013). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween. Reaktion Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-78023-055-9.
  80. ^ Prince Sorie Conteh (2009). Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa: Interreligious Encounters and Dialogue. Cambria Press. ISBN 978-1-60497-596-3. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  81. ^ Bannatyne, Lesley (1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing Company. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-4556-0553-8. Villagers were also encouraged to masquerade on this day, not to frighten unwelcome spirits, but to honor Christian saints. On All Saints’ Day, churches throughout Europe and the British Isles displayed relics of their patron saints. Poor churches could not afford genuine relics and instead had processions in which parishioners dressed as saints, angels and devils. It served the new church by giving an acceptable Christian basis to the custom of dressing up on Halloween.
  82. ^ Morrow, Ed (2001). The Halloween Handbook. Kensington Publishing Corporation. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8065-2227-2. Another contributor to the custom of dressing up at Halloween was the old Irish practice of marking All Hallows’ Day with religious pageants that recounted biblical events. These were common during the Middle Ages all across Europe. The featured players dressed as saints and angels, but there were also plenty of roles for demons who had more fun, capering, acting devilish, and playing to the crows. The pageant began inside the church, then moved by procession to the churchyard, where it continued long into the night.
  83. ^ «Eve of All Saints», Using Common Worship: Times and Seasons – All Saints to Candlemas (David Kennedy), Church House Publishing, p. 42
  84. ^ Bannatyne, Lesley. Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing, 1998. p. 9
  85. ^ Perry, Edward Baxter. Descriptive Analyses of Piano Works; For the Use of Teachers, Players, and Music Clubs. Theodore Presser Company, 1902. p. 276
  86. ^ Allmand, Christopher (1998). The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 7, c. 1415–c. 1500. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-38296-0. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  87. ^ Reimer, Margaret Loewen (2018). Approaching the Divine: Signs and Symbols of the Christian Faith. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-5326-5675-0. Christians in Europe envisioned a danse macabre, a hideous dance by the spirits of the dead who arose from the churchyards for a wild carnival each year. This dance, commonly depicted on the walls of cathedrals, monasteries and cemeteries, may well be the origin of the macabre costumes we don on Halloween.
  88. ^ DeSpelder, Lynne Ann; Strickland, Albert Lee (2009). The Last Dance: Encountering Death and Dying. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-07-340546-9. More subtly, images associated with the danse macabre persist in the form of skeletons and other scary regalia found on children’s Halloween costumes.
  89. ^ Books & Culture: A Christian Review. Christianity Today. 1999. p. 12. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Sometimes enacted as at village pageants, the danse macabre was also performed as court masques, the courtiers dressing up as corpses from various strata of society…both the name and the observance began liturgically as All Hallows’ Eve.
  90. ^ Hutton, p. 372
  91. ^ Santino, Jack (21 October 2021). The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival in Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-8458-6.
  92. ^ The Episcopal Church, its teaching and worship (Latta Griswold), E.S. Gorham, p. 110
  93. ^ a b Mosteller, Angie (2 July 2014). Christian Origins of Halloween. Rose Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59636-535-3. In Protestant regions souling remained an important occasion for soliciting food and money from rich neighbors in preparation for the coming cold and dark months.
  94. ^ Aston, Margaret. Broken Idols of the English Reformation. Cambridge University Press, 2015. pp.475–477
  95. ^ Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs (Daniel Diehl, Mark Donnelly), Stackpole Books, p. 17
  96. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 37–38. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  97. ^ Hutton, Ronald (2001). Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press. pp. 369, 373. ISBN 978-0-19-157842-7. Fires were indeed lit in England on All Saints’ Day, notably in Lancashire, and may well ultimately have descended from the same rites, but were essentially party of a Christian ceremony … families still assembled at the midnight before All Saints’ Day in the early nineteenth century. Each did so on a hill near its homestead, one person holding a large bunch of burning straw on the end of a fork. The rest in a circle around and prayed for the souls of relatives and friends until the flames burned out. The author who recorded this custom added that it gradually died out in the latter part of the century, but that before it had been very common and at nearby Whittingham such fires could be seen all around the horizon at Hallowe’en. He went on to say that the name ‘Purgatory Field’, found across northern Lancashire, testified to an even wider distribution and that the rite itself was called ‘Teen’lay’.
  98. ^ O’Donnell, Hugh and Foley, Malcolm. «Treat or Trick? Halloween in a Globalising World» Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2008. p.35
  99. ^ The Catholic World, Vol. 138: A Monthly Magazine of General Literature and Science. Vol. 138. Paulist Press. 1934. There is proof that this shifting of customs from one day to another really took place. For until the end of the eighteenth century, children in some Derbyshire parishes, instead of lighting bonfires with the rest of England on November 5th, lit their furze fires called ‘tindles’ on All Souls night. And even then, the educated folk of the districts concerned, declared that these fires were a relic of papistical days when they were lit at night to guide the poor souls back to earth.
  100. ^ a b Morton, Lisa. The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland, 2003. p. 9
  101. ^ Fieldhouse, Paul (17 April 2017). Food, Feasts, and Faith: An Encyclopedia of Food Culture in World Religions [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-61069-412-4.
  102. ^ Richard Ford (1855). A Handbook for Travellers in Spain. John Murray. p. 208.
  103. ^ Boenig, Robert. Anglo-Saxon Spirituality: Selected Writings. Paulist Press, 2000. p. 7
  104. ^ Santino, Jack. The Hallowed Eve: Dimensions of Culture in a Calendar Festival of Northern Ireland. University Press of Kentucky, 1998. p. 95
  105. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. «Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 11–21. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  106. ^ «How Halloween Traditions Are Rooted in the Ancient Pagan Festival of Samhain». Time. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  107. ^ A Pocket Guide To Superstitions of the British Isles (Publisher: Penguin Books Ltd; Reprint edition: 4 November 2004) ISBN 0-14-051549-6
  108. ^ All Hallows’ Eve Archived 3 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine BBC. Retrieved 31 October 2011.
  109. ^ Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí. Myth, Legend & Romance: An encyclopaedia of the Irish folk tradition. Prentice Hall Press, 1991. p. 402
  110. ^ a b c Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University Press, 1996. pp. 365–369
  111. ^ «Snap Apple Night, or All-Hallow Eve. January 1, 1845». Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 October 2021. In October 1832 Daniel Maclise attended a Halloween party in Blarney, Ireland and, the next summer, exhibited a painting at London’s Royal Academy of Arts, titled «Snap Apple Night, or All Hallow Eve.»
  112. ^ a b Monaghan, Patricia. The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing, 2004. p. 407
  113. ^ Hutton, p. 361
  114. ^ Monaghan, p. 41
  115. ^ O’Halpin, Andy. Ireland: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press, 2006. p. 236
  116. ^ Monaghan, Patricia (2014). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase publishing. p. 167.
  117. ^ Monaghan, Patricia (1 January 2009). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. Infobase Publishing. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4381-1037-0. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2015. They were both respected and feared. «Their backs towards us, their faces away from us, and may God and Mary save us from harm,» was a prayer spoken whenever one ventured near their dwellings.
  118. ^ Santino, p. 105
  119. ^ Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. p. 200
  120. ^ Evans-Wentz, Walter (1911). The Fairy-Faith in Celtic Countries. p. 44.
  121. ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961). The Silver Bough, Volume 3. p. 34.
  122. ^ «Halloween». Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 21 September 2012.
  123. ^ a b McNeill, The Silver Bough, Volume 3, pp. 11–46
  124. ^ Hutton, p. 379
  125. ^ a b Hutton, p. 380
  126. ^ Danaher, Kevin. «Irish Folk Tradition and the Celtic Calendar», in The Celtic Consciousness, ed. Robert O’Driscoll. Braziller, 1981. pp. 218–227
  127. ^ Frazer, James George (1922). The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion. Chapter 63, Part 1: On the Fire-festivals in general Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  128. ^ MacCulloch, John Arnott (1911). The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Chapter 18: Festivals Archived 12 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  129. ^ Hutton, pp. 366, 380
  130. ^ «Halloween traditions». Welsh Government. 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  131. ^ Rosinsky, Natalie M. (2002). Halloween. Capstone Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-7565-0392-5. Christian leaders made old Celtic and Roman customs into new Christian ones. Bonfires were once lighted against evil spirits. Now, they kept away the devil.
  132. ^ MacDonald, Sarah; Service, Catholic News (19 October 2017). «From turnips to potatoes to pumpkins: Irish folklife expert says Jack-O-Lanterns began in Ireland».
  133. ^ a b McNeill, F. Marian. Hallowe’en: its origin, rites and ceremonies in the Scottish tradition. Albyn Press, 1970. pp. 29–31
  134. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hutton, pp. 379–383
  135. ^ Hole, Christina. British Folk Customs. Hutchinson, 1976. p. 91
  136. ^ Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, Volume 2. 1855. pp. 308–309
  137. ^ Palmer, Kingsley. Oral folk-tales of Wessex. David & Charles, 1973. pp. 87–88
  138. ^ Wilson, David Scofield. Rooted in America: Foodlore of Popular Fruits and Vegetables. Univ. of Tennessee Press, 1999. p. 154
  139. ^ Bryan van Gorder (22 October 2018). «THE QUEER HISTORY (AND PRESENT) OF NYC’S VILLAGE HALLOWEEN PARADE». Logo TV. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  140. ^ Ott, Cindy. Pumpkin: The Curious History of an American Icon. University of Washington Press, 2012. p. 42
  141. ^ Bannatyne, p. 45
  142. ^ Encyclopaedia Londinensis, or, Universal dictionary of arts, sciences, and literature, Volume 21 (John Wilkes), R. G. Gunnell and Co., p. 544
  143. ^ Santino, Jack. All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life. University of Illinois Press, 1995. p.153
  144. ^ Morton, Lisa (2003). The Halloween Encyclopedia. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-1524-3.
  145. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 74. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  146. ^ «Is Halloween celebrated in Asia?». Asia Media Centre | New Zealand. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  147. ^ The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca, Infobase Publishing, p. 183
  148. ^ Dante’s «Commedia» and the Poetics of Christian Catabasis (Lee Foust), ProQuest, p. 15
  149. ^ The Guinness Encyclopedia of Ghosts and Spirits (Rosemary Guiley), Guinness World Records Limited, p. 178
  150. ^ Encyclopedia of Death and Dying (Glennys Howarth, Oliver Leaman), Taylor & Francis, p. 320
  151. ^ a b The Oxford companion to American food and drink p. 269. Oxford University Press, 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2011
  152. ^ a b c Leslie, Frank (5 February 2009). Frank Leslie’s popular monthly, Volume 40, November 1895, pp. 540–543. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  153. ^ Nathaniel Hawthorne, «The Great Carbuncle», in Twice-Told Tales, 1837: Hide it [the great carbuncle] under thy cloak, say’st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o’-lantern!
  154. ^ As late as 1900, an article on Thanksgiving entertaining recommended a lit jack-o’-lantern as part of the festivities. «The Day We Celebrate: Thanksgiving Treated Gastronomically and Socially» Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 24 November 1895, p. 27. «Odd Ornaments for Table» Archived 5 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 21 October 1900, p. 12.
  155. ^ The Rhetoric of Vision: Essays on Charles Williams (Charles Adolph Huttar, Peter J. Schakel), Bucknell University Press, p. 155
  156. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). «Halloween Goes to Hollywood». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 103–124. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  157. ^ A Handbook of Symbols in Christian Art (Gertrude Grace Sill), Simon & Schuster, p. 64
  158. ^ In flagrante collecto (Marilynn Gelfman Karp), Abrams, p. 299
  159. ^ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 115
  160. ^ Mayne, John. «Halloween». PoetryExplorer. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  161. ^ Thomas Crawford Burns: a study of the poems and songs Crawford, Thomas (1960). Burns: A Study of the Poems and Songs. ISBN 978-0-8047-0055-9. Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 27 November 2018.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) Stanford University Press, 1960
  162. ^ Simpson, Jacqueline «All Saints’ Day» in Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, Howarth, G. and Leeman, O. (2001) London Routledge ISBN 0-415-18825-3, p. 14 «Halloween is closely associated in folklore with death and the supernatural».
  163. ^ Herberholz, Donald; Herberholz, Barbara (1990). Artworks for Elementary Teachers: Developing Artistic and Perceptual Awareness. W.C. Brown. p. 16.
  164. ^ Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face (Margo DeMello), ABC-CLIO, p. 225
  165. ^ A Student’s Guide to A2 Performance Studies for the OCR Specification (John Pymm), Rhinegold Publishing Ltd, p. 28
  166. ^ Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art, Volume 1 (Thomas Green), ABC-CLIO p. 566
  167. ^ Interacting communities: studies on some aspects of migration and urban ethnology (Zsuzsa Szarvas), Hungarian Ethnographic Society, p. 314
  168. ^ The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature (David Scott Kastan), Oxford University Press, p. 47
  169. ^ «Mumming Play», Encyclopædia Britannica
  170. ^ Carmichael, Sherman (2012). Legends and Lore of South Carolina. The History Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-60949-748-4. The practice of dressing up and going door to door for treats dates back to the middle ages and the practice of souling.
  171. ^ Hood, Karen Jean Matsko (1 January 2014). Halloween Delights. Whispering Pine Press International. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-59434-181-6. The tradition continued in some areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door to door «souling» for cakes or money by singing a song.
  172. ^ a b c d «Ten trick-or-treating facts for impressive bonfire chats». The Irish Times. 31 October 2014. Scotland and Ireland started tricking: A few decades later a practice called ‘guising’ was in full swing in Scotland and Ireland. Short for ‘disguising’, children would go out from door to door dressed in costume and rather than pledging to pray, they would tell a joke, sing a song or perform another sort of «trick» in exchange for food or money. The expression trick or treat has only been used at front doors for the last 10 to 15 years. Before that «Help the Halloween Party» seems to have been the most popular phrase to holler.
  173. ^ a b «Definition of «guising»«. Collins English Dictionary. (in Scotland and N England) the practice or custom of disguising oneself in fancy dress, often with a mask, and visiting people’s houses, esp at Halloween
  174. ^ Rogers, Nicholas. (2002) «Coming Over:Halloween in North America». Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. p. 76. Oxford University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-19-514691-3
  175. ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. The Book of Hallowe’en, Boston: Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co., 1919, chapter 15, p. 127. «Hallowe’en in America» Archived 23 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  176. ^ Kelley, Ruth Edna. «Hallowe’en in America». Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
  177. ^ Theo. E. Wright, «A Halloween Story», St. Nicholas, October 1915, p. 1144. Mae McGuire Telford, «What Shall We Do Halloween?» Ladies Home Journal, October 1920, p. 135.
  178. ^ a b «‘Trick or Treat’ Is Demand», Herald (Lethbridge, Alberta), 4 November 1927, p. 5, dateline Blackie, Alberta, 3 November
  179. ^ For examples, see the websites Postcard & Greeting Card Museum: Halloween Gallery Archived 24 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Antique Hallowe’en Postcards Archived 19 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Vintage Halloween Postcards Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  180. ^ «Halloween Pranks Keep Police on Hop», Oregon Journal (Portland, Oregon), 1 November 1934; and «The Gangsters of Tomorrow», The Helena Independent (Helena, Montana), 2 November 1934, p. 4. The Chicago Tribune also mentioned door-to-door begging in Aurora, Illinois on Halloween in 1934, although not by the term ‘trick-or-treating’. «Front Views and Profiles» (column), Chicago Tribune, 3 November 1934, p. 17.
  181. ^ Moss, Doris Hudson. «A Victim of the Window-Soaping Brigade?» The American Home, November 1939, p. 48.
  182. ^ Bluff Park (Heather Jones Skaggs), Arcadia Publishing, p. 117
  183. ^ «Trunk-or-Treat», The Chicago Tribune
  184. ^ Suggested Themes for «Trunks» for Trunk or Treat (Dail R. Faircloth), First Baptist Church of Royal Palm Beach
  185. ^ «Trunk or Treat focuses on fun, children’s safety», Desert Valley Times
  186. ^ «Trunk or Treat! Halloween Tailgating Grows» (Fernanda Santos), The New York Times
  187. ^ Bradley, Michael (24 October 2018). «A very Derry Halloween: a carnival of frights, fireworks and parade». The Guardian. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  188. ^ Miller, Marian (31 October 1932). «Halloween Jollity Within Reason Need». The Morning Oregonian. p. 8. Quote: «Trick or treat?» the youthful mischief-maker will say this evening, probably, as he rings the doorbell of a neighbor.»
  189. ^ School Year, Church Year (Peter Mazar), Liturgy Training Publications, p. 114
  190. ^ Memento Mori, Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Missouri
  191. ^ Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV.ca News Staff (31 May 2006). «UNICEF to end Halloween ‘orange box’ program». CTV. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2006.
  192. ^ «History of the Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF Campaign». UNICEF Canada. 2008. Archived from the original on 4 June 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  193. ^ Village Halloween Parade. «History of the Parade». Archived from the original on 27 July 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  194. ^ Fadel, Leila (29 October 2019). «Cultural Appropriation, A Perennial Issue On Halloween». NPR. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  195. ^ Escobar, Sam; Robin, Marci (5 October 2020). «15 Offensive Halloween Costumes That Shouldn’t Exist». Good Housekeeping. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  196. ^ Park, Sumner (2 October 2020). «Pinterest is prohibiting culturally inappropriate Halloween costumes». Fox News. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  197. ^ Keshner, Andrew (17 October 2018). «Instagram-loving pets owners will spend nearly $500M on animal costumes this Halloween». MarketWatch. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
  198. ^ Diehl, Daniel; Donnelly, Mark P. (13 April 2011). Medieval Celebrations: Your Guide to Planning and Hosting Spectacular Feasts, Parties, Weddings, and Renaissance Fairs. Stackpole Books. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8117-4430-0. All Hallows’ Eve. A time of spiritual unrest, when the souls of the dead, along with ghosts and evil spirits, were believed to walk the land. Church bells were run and fires lit to guide these souls on their way and deflect them from haunting honest Christian folk. Barns and homes were blessed to protect people and livestock from the effects of witches, who were believed to accompany the malignant spirits as they traveld the earth. Although a rare few continued to divine the future, cast spells, and tell ghost stories in rural communities, woe to anyone who was denounced to the church for engaging in such activities. These may seem like innocent fun today, but it was deadly serious stuff during the Middle Ages.
  199. ^ MacLeod, Sharon. Celtic Myth and Religion. McFarland, 2011. pp. 61, 107
  200. ^ «Apple dookers make record attempt» Archived 28 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 2 October 2008
  201. ^ Danaher, Kevin. The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs. Mercier Press, 1972. pp. 202–205
  202. ^ Danaher (1972), p. 223
  203. ^ McNeill, F. Marian (1961, 1990) The Silver Bough, Volume III. William MacLellan, Glasgow ISBN 0-948474-04-1 pp. 11–46
  204. ^ Danaher (1972), p. 219
  205. ^ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, pp. 33–34
  206. ^ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough, Volume III, p. 34
  207. ^ Hollister, Helen (1917). «Halloween Frolics». Parlor Games for the Wise and Otherwise. Philadelphia: Penn Publishing Company. p. 98. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
  208. ^ «Vintage Halloween Cards». Vintage Holiday Crafts. 21 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
  209. ^ «Preschool Halloween Fast Facts». www.everythingpreschool.com.
  210. ^ «Traditional Irish Halloween games try to marry off young girls». IrishCentral.com. 15 October 2018.
  211. ^ «Halloween in Irish Folklore | Irish Archaeology». irisharchaeology.ie. 30 October 2015.
  212. ^ «Tricks and treats». Irish Examiner. 30 October 2010.
  213. ^ «Clay». www.cliffsnotes.com.
  214. ^ Madden, Ed (31 October 2008). «Teaching Joyce». James Joyce Quarterly. 46 (1): 133. doi:10.1353/jjq.0.0133. S2CID 201751292 – via Project MUSE.
  215. ^ Attridge, Derek; Attridge, Professor of English Derek (16 March 2000). Joyce Effects: On Language, Theory, and History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77788-9 – via Google Books.
  216. ^ McNeill (1961), The Silver Bough Volume III, p. 34
  217. ^ Greg Ryan (17 September 2008). «A Model of Mayhem». Hudson Valley Magazine. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
  218. ^ Warner, Adam (27 October 2014). «The History of Haunted Houses: A Fight for Frights as Tastes Change». NBC Bay Area. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  219. ^ McKendry, Bekah (March 2014). «The History of Haunted Houses!». America Haunts. Archived from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  220. ^ Morton, Lisa (28 September 2012). Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween (paperback). United Kingdom: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-047-4.
  221. ^ Surrell, Jason (11 August 2009). Haunted Mansion: From The Magic Kingdom To The Movies (paperback). Disney Editions. ISBN 978-1-4231-1895-4.
  222. ^ Celestino, Mike (28 September 2016). «Knott’s Scary Farm remains the ideal Southern California Halloween theme park event for the 2016 season». Inside The Magic. Distant Creations Group, LLC. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  223. ^ Lum, Kathryn Gin (30 October 2014). «These evangelical haunted houses are designed to show sinners that they’re going to hell». The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  224. ^ «Classic Haunts From Cincinnati’s Past». House of Doom. 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2017.
  225. ^ «A757914». Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series. 30: xliii. July–December 1976. ISSN 0041-7815. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  226. ^ Gruson, Lindsey (19 May 1984). «Blaze Fatal to 8 Linked to Lighter». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2006.
  227. ^ «Fires in History: The Haunted Castle». Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  228. ^ «8 Killed by Smoky Fire in Park’s ‘Haunted Castle’«. The Washington Post. 12 May 1984. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017.
  229. ^ «The Haunted Castle, Revisited – NFPA Journal». nfpa.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  230. ^ «Spooky and Safe». nfpa.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  231. ^ «Horror in a Haunted Castle» (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  232. ^ Barnes, Brooks (25 October 2011). «The Real Scare Is Not Being Scary». The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  233. ^ Munarriz, Rick Aristotle (23 October 2014). «Halloween Is Raking in Scary Profits for Theme Parks». AOL.com/Finance. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  234. ^ Mader, Isabel (30 September 2014). «Halloween Colcannon». Simmer Magazine. Archived from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014. All Hallow’s Eve was a Western (Anglo) Christian holiday that revolved around commemorating the dead using humor to intimidate death itself. Like all holidays, All Hallow’s Eve involved traditional treats. The church encouraged an abstinence from meat, which created many vegetarian dishes.
  235. ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). «Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920–1990″, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, pp. 78–102. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516896-8.
  236. ^ «Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy». Snopes.com. 2 November 2000. Retrieved 31 October 2008.
  237. ^ Nixon, Robin (27 October 2010). «Poisoned Halloween Candy: Trick, Treat or Myth? – LiveScience». LiveScience.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  238. ^ a b «Top ten Irish Halloween traditions and memories you may share». Ireland Central. Retrieved 23 October 2018.
  239. ^ Bannatyne, Lesley Pratt (1 August 1998). Halloween: An American Holiday, an American History. Pelican Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-56554-346-1. Archived from the original on 31 October 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2012. Polish Catholics taught their children to pray out loud as they walked through the woods so that the souls of the dead could hear them and be comforted. Priests in tiny Spanish villages still ring their church bells to remind parishioners to honor the dead on All Hallows Eve.
  240. ^ Feasting and Fasting: Canada’s Heritage Celebrations (Dorothy Duncan), Dundurn, p. 249
  241. ^ Latina and Latino Voices in Literature (Frances Ann Day), Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 72
  242. ^ «BBC – Religions – Christianity: All Hallows’ Eve». British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2010. Archived from the original on 3 November 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2011. All Hallows’ Eve falls on 31st October each year, and is the day before All Hallows’ Day, also known as All Saints’ Day in the Christian calendar. The Church traditionally held a vigil on All Hallows’ Eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself.
  243. ^ Dr. Andrew James Harvey (31 October 2012). «‘All Hallows’ Eve’«. The Patriot Post. Archived from the original on 21 April 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011. «The vigil of the hallows» refers to the prayer service the evening before the celebration of All Hallows or Saints Day. Or «Halloween» for short – a fixture on the liturgical calendar of the Christian West since the seventh century.
  244. ^ «Vigil of All Saints». Catholic News Agency. 31 October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2011. The Vigil is based on the monastic office of Vigils (or Matins), when the monks would arise in the middle of the night to pray. On major feast days, they would have an extended service of readings (scriptural, patristic, and from lives of the saints) in addition to chanting the psalms. This all would be done in the dark, of course, and was an opportunity to listen carefully to the Word of God as well as the words of the Church Fathers and great saints. The Vigil of All Saints is an adaptation of this ancient practice, using the canonical office of Compline at the end.
  245. ^ «Night of Light Beginnings». Cor et Lumen Christi Community. Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2012. In its first year – 2000 AD – over 1000 people participated from several countries. This included special All Saints Vigil masses, extended periods of Adoration of the Blessed Sacrament and parties for children. In our second year 10,000 participated. Since these modest beginnings, the Night of Light has been adopted in many countries around the world with vast numbers involved each year from a Cathedral in India to a convent in New Zealand; from Churches in the US and Europe to Africa; in Schools, churches, homes and church halls all ages have got involved. Although it began in the Catholic Church it has been taken up by other Christians who while keeping its essentials have adapted it to suit their own traditions.
  246. ^ «Here’s to the Soulcakers going about their mysterious mummery». The Telegraph. 6 November 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012. One that has grown over the past decade is the so-called Night of Light, on All Hallows’ Eve, October 31. It was invented in 2000, in leafy Chertsey, Surrey, when perhaps 1,000 people took part. Now it is a worldwide movement, popular in Africa and the United States.

    The heart of the Night of Light is an all-night vigil of prayer, but there is room for children’s fun too: sweets, perhaps a bonfire and dressing up as St George or St Lucy. The minimum gesture is to put a lighted candle in the window, which is in itself too exciting for some proponents of health and safety. The inventor of the Night of Light is Damian Stayne, the founder of a year-round religious community called Cor et Lumen Christi – heart and light of Christ. This new movement is Catholic, orthodox and charismatic – emphasising the work of the Holy Spirit.

  247. ^ Armentrout, Donald S.; Slocum, Robert Boak (1999). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-89869-211-2. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2012. The BOS notes that «suitable festivities and entertainments» may precede of follow the service, and there may be a visit to a cemetery or burial place.
  248. ^ Infeld, Joanna (1 December 2008). In-Formation. D & J Holdings LLC. p. 150. ISBN 978-0-9760512-4-4. Retrieved 1 November 2012. My folks are Polish and they celebrate Halloween in a different way. It is time to remember your dead and visit the cemetery and graves of your loved ones.
  249. ^ Teens in Finland (Jason Skog), Capstone, p. 61
  250. ^ «Bishop Challenges Supermarkets to Lighten up Halloween». The Church of England. Archived from the original on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2009. Christianity needs to make clear its positive message for young people. It’s high time we reclaimed the Christian aspects of Halloween,» says the Bishop, explaining the background to his letter.
  251. ^ «Halloween and All Saints Day». newadvent.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  252. ^ The Anglican Breviary. Frank Gavin Liturgical Foundation. 1955. pp. 1514 (E494). Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  253. ^ «Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship». The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  254. ^ Halloween, Hallowed Is Thy Name (Smith), p. 29
  255. ^ Allen, Travis (2011). «Christians and Halloween». Church Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on 28 October 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011. Other Christians will opt for Halloween alternatives called ‘Harvest Festivals’, ‘Hallelujah Night’ or ‘Reformation Festivals’ – the kids dress up as farmers, Bible characters, or Reformation heroes.
  256. ^ Halloween tracts serve as tool to spread gospel to children (Curry), Baptist Press
  257. ^ Woods, Robert (2013). Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-313-38654-1. Evangelicals have found opportunities with both Christmas and Easter to use Christian candy to re-inject religion into these traditionally Christian holidays and boldly reclaim them as their own. They have increasingly begun to use Halloween, the most candy-centric holiday, as an opportunity for evangelism. Contained in small packages featuring Bible verses, Scripture Candy’s «Harvest Seeds» – candy corn in everything but name – are among many candies created for this purpose.
  258. ^ D’Augostine, Lori (20 September 2013). «Suffer Not the Trick-or-Treaters». CBN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  259. ^ Halloween: What’s a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo.
  260. ^ Gyles Brandreth, «The Devil is gaining ground» The Sunday Telegraph (London), 11 March 2000.
  261. ^ «Salem ‘Saint Fest’ restores Christian message to Halloween». rcab.org. n.d. Archived from the original on 29 September 2006. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
  262. ^ «Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints 1 November». All Saints Parish. n.d. Archived from the original on 20 November 2006. Retrieved 22 November 2006.
  263. ^ Portaro, Sam (25 January 1998). A Companion to the Lesser Feasts and Fasts. Cowley Publications. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-4616-6051-4. All Saints’ Day is the centerpiece of an autumn triduum. In the carnival celebrations of All Hallows’ Eve our ancestors used the most powerful weapon in the human arsenal, the power of humor and ridicule to confront the power of death. The following day, in the commemoration of All Saints, we gave witness to the victory of incarnate goodness embodied in remarkable deeds and doers triumphing over the misanthropy of darkness and devils. And in the commemoration of All Souls we proclaimed the hope of common mortality expressed in our aspirations and expectations of a shared eternity.
  264. ^ «Halloween’s Christian Roots» AmericanCatholic.org. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
  265. ^ Bucci, Rich (2016). «Catholic Elementary Schools to Celebrate Halloween with Costume Parades on Friday, October 28 & Monday, October 31». The Catholic Schools of Broome County. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  266. ^ Suarez, Essdras (29 October 2007). «Some Christians use ‘Hell Houses’ to reach out on Halloween». USA Today. Retrieved 7 November 2015. While some Christians aren’t certain what to make of Halloween – unsure whether to embrace or ignore all the goblins and ghoulishness – some evangelical churches use Oct. 31 as a day to evangelize. …Some use trick-or-treating as an evangelistic opportunity, giving out Bible tracts with candy.
  267. ^ «‘Trick?’ or ‘Treat?’ – Unmasking Halloween». The Restored Church of God. n.d. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2007.
  268. ^ Do Orthodox Christians Observe Halloween? by Saint Spyridon Greek Orthodox Church
  269. ^ The Jewish Life Cycle: rites of passage from biblical to modern times (Ivan G. Marcus), University of Washington Press, p. 232
  270. ^ «Jews and Halloween». Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
  271. ^ A Jewish exploration of halloween Archived 31 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Jewish Journal
  272. ^ Pitofsky, Marina (15 March 2022). «What day is Purim? Here’s what you need to know about the Jewish holiday». USA Today. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  273. ^ A. Idris Palmer, Halloween: Through Muslim Eyes (PDF), Al Huda Institute Canada, archived from the original (PDF) on 4 November 2009, retrieved 11 November 2015
  274. ^ «Halloween is ‘haram,’ declares Malaysia fatwa council». Al Arabiya English. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  275. ^ Tuesday, 28 October 2014 11:41 AM MYT (28 October 2014). «Trick or treat? Fatwa Council bars Muslims from celebrating Halloween | Malay Mail». www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  276. ^ «Fatawa – Is it forbidden for Muslims to celebrate days such as valentine’s day and halloween?». Dar al-Ifta al Misriyyah. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
  277. ^ Lauren Stengele (25 October 2012), Halloween in India?, Vision Nationals, archived from the original on 8 December 2015, retrieved 11 November 2015
  278. ^ Vineet Chander (30 October 2009), Trick or Treat? Not quite sure., Beliefnet, archived from the original on 8 December 2015, retrieved 11 November 2015
  279. ^ Soumya Dasgupta (5 November 2009), «Should Indians Celebrate Foreign Festivals Like Halloween?», The Wall Street Journal, archived from the original on 20 June 2015
  280. ^ a b George, Stephanie (25 October 2010). «Real-life witches that don’t celebrate Halloween». The Manitoban. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  281. ^ Should Pagans Celebrate Halloween? (Wicasta Lovelace), Pagan Centric
  282. ^ Halloween, From a Wiccan/Neopagan perspective (B.A. Robinson), Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance
  283. ^ Halloween fire calls ‘every 90 seconds’ Archived 2 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine UTV News Retrieved 22 November 2010
  284. ^ McCann, Chris (28 October 2010). «Halloween firework injuries are on the increase». The Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  285. ^ «Kalan -Goañv ha Marv». Tartanplace.com. 12 July 2001. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
  286. ^ «¿Cómo se introduce la fiesta de Halloween en Chile?». noticias.universia.cl. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  287. ^ Paul Kent (27 October 2010). «Calls for Halloween holiday in Australia». Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  288. ^ Denton, Hannah (30 October 2010). «Safe treats for kids on year’s scariest night». The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 November 2010.
  289. ^ «Usein kysyttyä (FAQ)» (in Finnish). Helsingin yliopiston almanakkatoimisto. Retrieved 28 September 2020.

Further reading

  • Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
  • Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
  • Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7
  • Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8
  • Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1
  • Editha Hörandner (ed.), Halloween in der Steiermark und anderswo, Volkskunde (Münster in Westfalen), LIT Verlag Münster (2005). 308 pages. ISBN 3-8258-8889-4
  • Lisa Morton, Trick or Treat A history of Halloween, Reaktion Books (2012). 229 pages. ISBN 978-1-78023-187-7
  • Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X
  • Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press, US (2002). ISBN 0-19-514691-3
  • Jack Santino (ed.), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
  • David J. Skal, Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween, Bloomsbury US (2003). 224 pages. ISBN 1-58234-305-5
  • James Tipper, Gods of The Nowhere: A Novel of Halloween, Waxlight Press (2013). 294 pages. ISBN 978-0-9882433-1-6

External links

  • Halloween at Curlie
  • «A brief history of Halloween» by the BBC
  • «All Hallows Eve (Halloween) in the Traditional, Pre-1955 Liturgical Books» by the Liturgical Arts Journal
  • «The History of Halloween» by the History Channel

В последнее время в России стало модным праздновать так называемый Хэллоуин или же подобные ему маскарады, где главными участниками событий становится разного рода нечисть — вампиры, ведьмы, колдуны, оборотни и т.д. Несмотря на набирающую популярность в нашей стране Хэллоуина, большинство людей, не имеет никакого представления о его сути и истории. Мы можем отстраниться от участия в языческом празднике Хэллоуин если поймем ту духовную опасность, которую он несет, и узнаем историю этого антихристианского праздника.

История праздника

Считается, что Хэ́ллоуи́н (Halloween, или как его еще называют Hallow Evening) — праздник, восходящий к традициям древних кельтов Ирландии и Шотландии. Отмечается 31 октября, в канун Дня всех святых и традиционно празднуется в англоязычных странах. Но с конца XX века, в ходе процесса американизации и глобализации, мода на атрибутику Хэллоуина возникла также в большинстве неанглоязычных стран Европы и в СНГ.

Грим Рипер. В ее честь празднуется Хэллоуин

Праздник Хэллоун возник в дохристианские времена среди кельтских племен Шотландии, Ирландии и северной Франции. Прообразом этого праздника является кельтский фестиваль Самхейн (Samhain). Считается, что в языческие времена праздник не имел какое-либо особое значение, кроме сельскохозяйственного и сезонного. Однако это не совсем так. Самхейн (или Сауин, Самайн) является кельтским богом Смерти. Некоторые исследователи считали слово «Самайн» происходящим от имени Сатаны.

В древних землях нынешней Англии и в холодных частях Франции жили кельтские племена. Эти племена были язычниками и как все язычники они поклонялись стихиям природы, самым почитаемым богом у них было Солнце. Древние Кельты разделяли календарный год на 2 части — летнюю и зимнюю. И каждая из этих частей года имела своего бога. С приходом зимы, 1 ноября — бог Солнца попадал в плен к Самхейну — это властелин мертвых и князь тьмы. Также Кельты считали, что (правильный) день начинается с заходом солнца, и в эту ночь открывались таинственные двери тёмного мира, все преграды между нашим материальным и потусторонними мирами устранялись, и обитатели тёмного ада попадали к нам на землю, дверь между мирами открывалась всего на одну ночь.

Важной частью языческого культа являлся акт жертвоприношения тёмным силам, состоящим на службе у Самхейна. Считалось, что души умерших, воцарившиеся в мире тьмы, холода и смерти, в день своего посещения мира живых испытывают неутолимый голод. Поэтому кельские язычники готовили угощения блуждающим во мраке ночи духам, ибо верили, что если они не будут умилостивлены приношениями, то гнев и проклятия Самхейна обрушатся на людей.

В IX веке, когда христианство распространилось на территории Великобритании, эти языческие традиции смешались с христианским праздником — католическим Днем Всех Святых (All Hallows Even). Католическая Церковь долго боролась с языческими обычаями пугать и задабривать злых духов, поэтому перенесла с мая на 1-е ноября празднование Дня Всех Святых. Идея совмещения христианского почитание святых и языческого поклонения злым духам принадлежала папе Григорию III, надеявшемуся таким образом христианизировать праздник и искоренить язычество. Однако необходимо отметить, что христианизация языческого праздника Самхейн не удалась. Через несколько веков в средневековой Англии он получит название «Канун Дня Всех Святых» (All Hallows Eve). Еще позже название трансформируется в Hallowe’en, и в конце концов станет привычным уже Halloween. Таким образом, языческий праздник не только выжил, в сознании людей он просто слился с церковным. Поэтому празднование Хэллоуин, скорее, является кощунственным глумлением над Святыми, т.к. он не пропагандирует Господа Иисуса Христа, как это делают Рождество и Пасха. Совсем наоборот, личность, прославляемая в Хэллоуин, — дьявол.

 

Атрибуты и обычаи

В ночь с 31 октября на 1 ноября друиды — жрецы древних кельтов — собирались в дубовых рощах на вершинах холмов (кельты считали дубы священными деревьями), зажигали костры и приносили злым духам жертвы, чтобы умилостивить их. А по утрам друиды дарили людям угли от своих костров, чтобы те разжигали очаги своих домов. Огонь друидов согревал дома в течение долгой зимы и охранял дом от нечистой силы.

Очень важный атрибут этого празднования является тыква, а именно тыквенная голова — «светильник Джека». Он представляет собой голову, вырезанную из тыквы с подсветкой изнутри. Какой смысл кроется за традицией Джека-Фонаря? Мировая Энциклопедия (выпуск 1977 года, том 9, стр. 24-26) гласит: «Безобидная на вид светящаяся тыква, изображающая лицо Джека Фонаря, является древнейшим символом проклятой души». Существуют разные версии откуда появился это символ праздника Самхэйн.  С одной стороны, ранжевая тыква это символ завершения сбора урожая с полей, с другой — это символика злого духа и огня который отпугивает его. Но всё же истинным источником происхождения традиции с тыквами — является легенда о пьянице с именем Джек, подписавший сделку с самим дьяволом. После этого Джек не мог попасть ни в Рай, ни в Ад, и был проклят бродить по земле до времени Страшного суда.

Также частью празднества является «забава» Trick-or-Treat, представляющая собой ритуализированный акт приношения тёмным силам. В этот вечер, по обычаю древних кельтов, духам выставляют угощения, чтобы они не вторглись в дом. В эту ночь приносятся в жертву животные и от священного огня зажигают зимний очаг в доме.

Основными темами Хэллоуина являются смерть, зло, оккультизм и монстры. Традиционными цветами являются чёрный и оранжевый.

В меню праздника обязательно должны входить адские блюда и мерзкие коктейли. Нужно порадовать всех приглашенных гостей, чтобы они с голоду не съели хозяина вечеринки. Это могут быть и «отрубленные руки и пальцы», супчики из «глаз», «уши и нос» Старого Мертвого Джо, а также различные напитки и десерты из «кровавых сердец и ядовитых мухоморов».

Суть Хэллоуина

Древний смысл Хэллоуина – это наладить связь между миром потусторонним и нашим. В эту ночь открыты ворота и в прошлое и в будущее. Ведьмы и демоны хранители этих ворот. Считалось, что в этот вечер вся нечисть оживает и устраивает свое празднество – гоблины, ведьмы, злые духи, оборотни.

Создание этого праздника не обошлось без влияния тёмных сил, иначе откуда столько атрибутов смерти, зла и страха. Печально, что многие развлекаясь в замысловатых костюмах праздника, забывает или даже не знает главную суть Хэллоуина. Духи Хэллоуина это и есть те самые бесы, которые соблазняют человеческие души с праведного пути. Этот праздник связан с жертвоприношениями и с поклонением перед тёмными силами, ведь объектами почитания на мероприятиях Хэллоуина выступают черти, бесы, ведьмы, злые духи и т.п., составляющие «нижний ряд» религиозного культа служения сатане как противника Бога. Кстати, для сатанистов Хэллоуин — самый главный праздник смерти, напрямую прославляющий сатану.

Поэтому, празднуя день нечистой силы, сами не зная этого или не воспринимая всерьёз, мы празднуем его вместе с сатанистами, ведь связь между их культами и дикими «обрядами» Хэллоуина очевидна. Ведь для друидов Ночь Духов — время смерти солнечного Бога.

Многие празднуют этот праздник, не задумываясь о его смысле и содержании. Для некоторых людей Хэллоуин это ещё один повод встретиться и повеселиться. Но заигрывание с нечистой силой, даже если они не воспринимаются серьёзно, уводят от веры в Единого Бога. Молодежь заблуждается, думая, что подобные празднества – не более чем веселое времяпровождение.

Хеллоуин — это попытка подружиться с нечистой силой. Это виток оккультизма, и его ловко использует дьявол, внушая людям, что это замечательный безобидный праздник, на котором просто весело и интересно. Самая распространенная реакция людей, для которых Хэллоуин – праздник, это призыв считать явление нейтральным.

Однако Хэллоуин — это не сказочный карнавал, а вполне определенной направленности квазиритуальное действо, имеющее прямое отношение к религиозному сатанизму. Празднование Хэллоуина есть скрытая форма духовно-культурного геноцида. Общество, убеждая нас в том, что Хэллоуин и подобные ему праздники, несмотря на свои явные языческие истоки и идолопоклонническую сущность, безвредны, невинны и не имеют большого значения, подрывает тем самым наши духовные устои, способствует распространению маловерия и атеизма.

Следует учитывать, что религиозная культура сатанизма во многом основана на примитивном магизме. Согласно магическим представлениям считается, что участие человека в определенном ритуализированном действии так изменяет его сущность (духовную и телесную), что это изменение уже не может быть ликвидировано, «стерто». С этим связана «уловка» Хэллоуина как «праздника всем святым». Считается, что человек, даже обманом вовлеченный в религиозное почитание сатаны (даже в «шутливой» форме) так изменяется в своей духовной сущности, что он уже никогда не сможет служить Богу, даже если и не станет позже «сознательным» сатанистом. Таким образом, религиозная цель сатанизма, состоящая в том, чтобы не дать человеку возможности достичь религиозного спасения, вечной жизни с Богом (погубить душу) во всяком случае достигается. Человек демонстративно отрекается от Бога (напяливая на себя «бесовскую рожу») и, тем самым, не может служить Богу и рассчитывать на жизнь после смерти, даже если он и не станет позже «посвященным» последователем религиозного культа сатаны, не будет совершать сатанистских обрядов, участвовать в сатанистских ритуалах и т.п. Его душа все равно «погибнет», Бог ее «не примет».

Отметим, что в христианском понимании это также рассматривается как «уловка сатаны», очередная ложь – ЛЮБОЙ ЧЕЛОВЕК В ЛЮБЫХ ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВАХ МОЖЕТ ПРИНЕСТИ ПОКАЯНИЕ ЗА ЛЮБЫЕ ГРЕХИ, В ТОМ ЧИСЛЕ НАМЕРЕННОЕ ИЛИ НЕНАМЕРЕННОЕ ПОКЛОНЕНИЕ ЗЛЫМ ДУХАМ И РАССЧИТЫВАТЬ НА МИЛОСЕРДИЕ И ПРОЩЕНИЕ БОГА.

Культивирование праздника в России

Запад уже давно откровенно пропагандирует идеологию сатанизма, поэтому и праздник «Хэллоувин» стал на Западе «доброй» традицией… Самое ужасное, что этот праздник все активнее культивируется и в России. Несомненно, что подобная тенденция свидетельствует о все возрастающей повсеместно пропаганде сатанизма.

Культивирование этого праздника среди нашей молодежи является одним из методов отталкивание её от Церкви. Наличие в праздновании Хеллоуина элементов религиозного содержания (культ смерти или глумление над смертью, олицетворение смерти и духов зла и т.д.) противоречит Православию и разрушительно сказывается для психического и духовно-нравственного здоровья молодёжи.

Православные христиане должны понимать, что принимая участие в подобных действиях, они предаются идолопоклонству и тем самым предают Господа нашего и нашу Святую Веру. Более того, раздавая угощения, мы не раздаем сладости невинным детям, а приносим жертву богу смерти Сауину, слугами которого они становятся, бродя во тьме в подражание мертвым.

Хэллоуин символизирует победу над Христом, а также, как и другие аспекты современной рок- и поп-культуры, проповедует патологическую агрессию.

Влияние на детей

Многие современники воспринимают праздник как весёлое мероприятие для детей. Но игра в демоническое мироощущение, как и всякая игра для ребенка, связана с примериванием на себя образа героя. Дети копируют человеческие жертвоприношения сатанистов, глумятся над человеческими страданиями и смертью — это не может пройти бесследно ни для их психического состояния, ни для личностного развития.

По мнению многих ученых — психологов и психиатров — Хеллоуин несет большую опасность для детей. Принимавшие в подобных мероприятиях дети нередко испытывают страх, подавленное настроение, агрессию и склонность к суициду. Все мероприятия Хэллоуина разрушительны для детей и взрослых в психологическом, педагогическом и социальном отношениях.

Организаторы Хэллоуина спекулируют на тяге детей к сказочному, волшебному и необычному. Никто из детей в здравом рассудке не согласится принять участие в ритуале, имеющем отношение к сатанизму, тогда как любой ребенок будет рад участвовать в костюмированном красочном карнавале шутливой направленности да еще с оттенком волшебства, как представляют хэллоуин детям организаторы и пропагандисты этого действа. Думают ли люди в костюмах вурдалаков и упырей, что и кому они платят?

Ритуалы, связанные с этим днём, с детства приучают людей к тому, что нужно отдавать злу какую-то дань, примиряться с ним, даже сотрудничать — вместо того, чтобы бороться со злом и решительно отвергать его.

Отношение Церкви к празднованию Хэллоуина

Несмотря на растущую популярность этого праздника в России, Русская Православная Церковь и Совет муфтиев России негативно относятся к празднованию Хэллоуина и считает его «карнавалом Зла».

Епископ Орехово-Зуевский Пантелеимон  опубликовал в своем блоге открытое письмо студентам Института гуманитарного образования и информационных технологий, посвященное празднованию Хэллоуина. 

Дорогие друзья!Я пишу вам, потому что после нашей встречи на круглом столе продолжаю думать о вас и мысленно беседовать с вами. Мне хотелось бы продолжить нашу дискуссию об этом пресловутом празднике, который вы вскоре собираетесь отмечать в стенах вашего вуза. Мы о многом, связанном с ним, не успели толком поговорить. О том, допустимо ли шутить, оскорбляя своими шутками других; о том, что такое праздник в общем смысле этого слова; о том, над чем можно смеяться, а над чем не стоит; о том, чем отличается актерское искусство от кривлянья и гримасничанья. Есть еще более важные темы, которые касаются того, что и как празднуется в ночь с 31 октября на 1 ноября. Нужно поговорить о том, что такое добро и зло, в чем источник того и другого.

Я приглашаю вас и всех, кого интересует эта тема, продолжить наш разговор. Защитники этого празднования говорили о его светском и шуточном характере. Но, наверное, вы согласитесь, что это контркультурный праздник и именно с этим связана его популярность у молодежи. Вас привлекает возможность в эту ночь «оторваться по полной», вести себя развязно, оправдывая свое поведение участием в «празднике», который легализует то, что обычно считается неприличным и недопустимым.

Боюсь, что вы таким образом даете власть над собой тому злу, которое хочет укорениться в нашей испорченной грехом человеческой природе. Распуститься легко, трудно будет потом собраться. Зло прилипчиво и заразно. Оно хочет овладеть всей вашей душой. Уступка ему на один день или ночь укрепит его позиции в вашей душе.

Мне кажется, многих из вас привлекает и инфернальная мистика этого праздника. Вам надоела обыденность, вы хотите прикоснуться к тайне зла и смерти. Конечно, человеку нельзя не размышлять об этом. Как победить зло? Что будет после смерти? Можно и нужно это узнать. Но принимая условия игры этого «празднования», вы входите в мистические области со стороны зла, а не добра.

Вы думаете, мои дорогие, что празднуя этот день (или ночь), вы не участвуете в языческом культе или сатанинских обрядах. Но действия, которые вы совершаете, отмечая этот «праздник», имеют символическое значение и приобщают вас, хотите вы этого или не хотите, ко злу. Зло в нашем мире всегда прикрывается добром, всегда предлагает какие-то «радости» и удовольствия, как приманку на крючке смерти, страдания и несвободы.
Кроме того,

зло не безличная сила, оно персонифицировано, и его основатель совсем не похож на романтический, привлекательный образ «благородного» Воланда из «Мастера и Маргариты». На деле он страшно гадкий, лживый и омерзительно противный. Что-то вроде Горлума из «Хоббита», только Горлума, заполучившего Кольцо.

Образы зла, которые являются атрибутами «праздничного» действа имеют связь с реальным злом, но представляют его вполне приемлемым и допустимым.

Хочу предупредить вас об опасности через это светское и шуточное празднование вступить в контакт со злом, приобщиться злу, которое с вами шутить не будет. Последствия участия в этом празднике могут быть очень печальны, хотя и не сразу заметны.

Если же вас действительно интересует мистика, вопросы взаимоотношения добра и зла, жизни после смерти; если вы хотите быть по-настоящему всегда радостны, счастливы и свободны, мы можем продолжить наш разговор.

В странах Восточной Европы многие представители православной церкви выступают резко против празднования Хэллоуина, считая, что это «праздник внутренней пустоты и побочный признак глобализации».

Однако некоторые приходы англиканской церкви поддерживают праздник, считая его проведение частью христианских традиций Дня всех Святых. Причиной подобного являются ошибки либерализма англиканской церкви.

Следует подчеркнуть, что даже формальное участие в язычестве всегда очень строго осуждалось Церковью и было равносильно измене Вере.

Христиане не должны праздновать такие праздники, потому что они отдаляют нас от Бога и приближают к тьме. «Праздник» Хэллоуин подрывает самые устои Св. Церкви, основанной на крови мучеников, отказавшихся хоть как-либо почитать или служить идолам. Св. Церковь должна занять строгую позицию противления подобным явлениям, раз нам Христос Спаситель сказал, что Господь Бог нам судия во всех наших поступках и убеждениях и что наши дела могут быть или «ЗА БОГА» или «ПРОТИВ БОГА». Нет среднего «нейтрального» пути.

Библия против Хэллоуина

Что же говорит Библия: «Удерживайся от всякого рода Зла и не участвуйте в бесподных делах Тьмы, но и обличайте, трезвитесь, бодурствуйте, потому что противник ваш дьявол ходит как рыкающий лев, ходит ища кого поглотить».

В переносном значении слово «тьма» в Библии олицетворяет силы враждебные Богу, Который в силу Своей святости и совершенства является светом (1 Ин. 1:5). Тьма служит символом мира язычников, не знающих Господа и не верующих в Него (Ис. 9:2; 60:2). Тьма — это мир греха и безбожия (Ис. 5:20; Мф. 6:23). Поэтому грехи — это дела тьмы (Рим. 13:12; Еф. 6:12). В мире греха властвует сатана, а «духи злобы» представляют власть тьмы (Лук. 22:53; Деян. 26:18; Еф. 6:12). Христианин же, будучи сыном Христа, не принадлежит тьме (Еф. 5:4-13).

Выводы для верующих

Сатана стремится увлечь человека в мир тьмы и удержать его там. Он пытается ввести человека в заблуждение и отвратить его от Бога (Быт. 3:5). Если сатане это удаётся, то человеческий разум затмевается и притупляется восприятие, и весь человек с его разумом, душой и телом становится тёмным (Мф. 6:23.).

Мiр (в значении Век Сей) является врагом христианину и между дружбой с миром и дружбой со Христом глубокая пропасть. Ничто не наносит такого вреда христианину в целом, как влияние мiра. Не только явные грехи и открытое неверие обкрадывает Христа, лишая Его преданных служителей, сколько любовь к мiру и к мiрским удовольствиям. Ударяясь об эту скалу, тысячи молодых людей постоянно терпят кораблекрушение в вере, ибо хотят иметь все, что предлагает им «этот мiр».

Молодёжь, молодые семьи и все христиане обязаны знать, что слово «мiр» в самом широком понимании это испорченность и зло. Из-за враждебности мiра к Богу в нём господствует растление (2 Петр. 1:4). Невозможно дружить с мiром и одновременно любить Бога (Иак. 4:4; 1 Ин. 2:15-17).

Выйти из мiра совсем нелегко. Чтобы отрешиться от грехов мiра сего представляет собою трудную задачу до тех пор, пока сущность человека будет оставаться прежней. Кроме того, дьявол, занятый своей чёрной работой, всегда находится где-то рядом. Выход из мiра требует непрерывной борьбы и напряжения сил; он влечёт за собой непрекращающееся внутреннее самоотречение.

Когда речь идёт о мiре и о мiрском, то христиане должны твёрдо знать и помнить, что им нужно следовать определённой линии поведения; что им нужно непоколебимо и постоянно отказываться от следования мiрским стандартам в отношении того, что правильно и неправильно. Христианин не должен плыть по течению, вести себя «как все», следовать за большинством, подражая злу.

«Мир сей проходит», и те, кто держится за него и думает только о нём, исчезнут вместе с ним и подвергнутся наказанию вечной погибели. Сатана обольстил всю вселенную. Подростки и молодёжь без страха и стыда «вкушают плод от древа запрета». Главная беда молодёжи с одной стороны обман и обольщение, с другой — незнание. Но незнание греха не освобождает от пагубных последствий для хрупкой человеческой души. «Незнание закона не освобождает от ответственности» — ни на том свете, ни на этом.

Источник 

См.также — Включите, родители, головы — вы губите ваших детей!..

Иные материалы по теме:

  • Шутки в сторону. Мнения священников о грядущем «Хэллоуине»
  • Русская Православная Церковь о Хэллоуин

  • О «ВЕСЕЛОМ» ПРАЗДНИКЕ ТЫКВЫ HALLOWEEN

  • Протоиерей Андрей Ткачев  о празднике Хэллоуин
  • Можно ли праздновать Хэллоуин
  • Анти Хэллоуин
  • Православные Хэллоуин не празднуют!
  • Хэллоуин и будущее Воскресение. Кладбище и кощунство.

Просмотров (6782)

Русская Православная Церковь

  • 23 Декабрь 2022

    26 декабря, в понедельник, в 19.00 в Лектории на Воробьевых горах храма Троицы и МГУ, к 100-летию СССР состоится выступление Михаил а  Борисович а  С МОЛИНА , историк а  русской консервативной мысли, кандидат а  исторических наук, директор а  Фонда «Имперское возрождение» , по теме «Учреждение СССР — уничтож ение  историческ ой  Росси и » .

     

    Адрес: Косыгина, 30.
    Проезд: от м.Октябрьская, Ленинский проспект, Ломоносовский проспект, Киевская маршрут№297 до ост. Смотровая площадка.

  • 28 Ноябрь 2022

  • Все новости

В ночь с 31 октября на 1 ноября едва ли не весь мир отмечает Хэллоуин. Праздник считается неотъемлемой частью западной культуры и обладает огромной популярностью по всему миру. Однако не все знают, что в нашей стране есть свой, русский Хэллоуин — Велесова ночь. В этом материале мы расскажем об истории и традициях праздника.

Содержание:

  • Кто такой Велес?
  • Велесова ночь: что это за праздник и когда его отмечают?
    • Велесова ночь и Хэллоуин: в чём сходство и различие?
    • Что нужно делать в Велесову ночь? 
    • Чего нельзя делать в Велесову ночь?
  • Как провести Велесову ночь с детьми: идеи для современных родителей
  • Какие ещё есть аналоги Хэллоуина в России? Самые мистические славянские праздники
    • День Лешего, или Ерофеев день
    • Макоша-Пятница
    • Иван Купала

Кто такой Велес?

велесова ночь

PhotoMost/Depositphotos.com

Из названия понятно, что в эту ночь чествуют Велеса — одного из главных богов славянской мифологии. Его считали богом Трёх Миров, богом мудрости, благосостояния и чародейства. Известен был Велес и как хранитель и защитник домашнего скота, а также в целом птиц и животных.

Занимался он и покровительством людей — но только тех, кто «был норовом на него похож». Наши предки верили: Велес опекает тех, кто твёрдо стоит на своём, обладает богатой фантазией и нестандартным мышлением, жаждет тайных знаний, предприимчив и сообразителен.

По преданию, бог Род выдумал и создал Велеса как уравновешивающую силу. Его задачей стало гармонизировать тёмную силу Чернобога и светлую силу Белобога. Для этого Велес много путешествовал по трём мирам: Яви — земному миру, Нави — подземному миру тёмных сил и смерти, и Прави — миру светлых богов и закона.

Велесова ночь: что это за праздник и когда его отмечают?

велесова ночь обряды

Источник изображения: Henryk Siemiradzki, en.wikipedia.org

Велесову ночь недаром называют «русским Хэллоуином». Оба праздника отмечаются в ночь с 31 октября на 1 ноября. Именно это время для славян имело особенное сакральное значение. Ноябрь почитался как врата в зиму, во тьму — это своего рода «умирание» природы. Считалось, что в последнюю ночь октября открываются двери между мирами.

Согласно легендам, в Велесову ночь Чернобог забирает у Белобога Коло (колесо) года — сакральный календарь. Так тёмная сила одерживает победу, на полгода погружая Явь в холод и тьму. Однако отчаиваться не стоит: спустя время уже Белобог победит чёрные силы, повернув Коло года к солнцу и свету.

Впрочем, назвать событие праздничным вряд ли можно. Велесова ночь имеет большое значение и полна торжественности, однако веселья как такового в ней нет. В эту ночь двери между тремя мирами открыты, и злые духи до самого утра могут беспрепятственно бродить по земной территории, а это, естественно, очень опасно.

Велесова ночь и Хэллоуин: в чём сходство и различие?

русский хэллоуин

Источник изображения: arms-painting.narod.ru

Одно из главных сходств двух событий — дата празднества. Похожа и суть торжества — в обоих случаях речь идёт о контакте с иным миром и духами. Кроме того, и в Велесову ночь, и в Хэллоуин принято наряжаться в мистических существ и злых духов.

Однако Хэллоуин, который, по сути, является объединением христианского церковного и древнекельтского праздников, в большей мере посвящён почитанию святых и душ умерших. Тогда как Велесова ночь символизировала переход земного мира от власти света ко власти тьмы.

Что нужно делать в Велесову ночь?

аналог хэллоуина +в россии

Источник изображения: vtambove.ru

Поскольку праздник был прочно связан с верованиями славян, существовало большое количество рекомендаций о том, как стоит провести саму ночь и день перед ней.

Так, считалось, что в этот день хорошо будет подать любому просящему — тогда в дом придут богатство и сытость. В некоторых селениях мужчины с утра обязательно шли на рыбалку, а перед началом, встав на берегу реки, просили у высших сил хорошего улова и защиты, чтобы без голода и болезней пережить зиму. А по первой пойманной рыбе узнавали, согласились боги помогать или нет. Если первым выловили ерша — ответ отрицательный.

В ночь на 1 ноября грани между мирами истончались, поэтому в мир живых попасть могли не только злые сущности, но и духи умерших родственников. Славяне верили, что почившие члены семьи возвращаются в дом. Поэтому наши предки старались провести сутки дома, чтобы побыть вместе с усопшими.

На Руси полагали, что в Велесову ночь навестившие живых духи родственников могут научить, дать защиту и предупредить о чём-то важном. Однако услышать наставления можно только во сне, так что лечь спать нужно было как можно раньше. В идеале — до заката.

С предками связана и ещё одна традиция Велесовой ночи: им обязательно нужно преподнести угощение. Однако, в отличие от большинства других празднеств, души почивших не нужно пускать за общий стол. Лакомства для них оставляли на пороге, ведь это — ещё один мистический символ. Порог олицетворял границу, переход из одного мира в другой, из летнего времени тепла и солнца в зимнее время темноты и холода.

Правильным решением считалось и уважить домового — оставить для него угощение. Именно домовой следил за благополучием в жилище и вставал на его защиту в случае нужды. Потому и подносили лакомства: чтобы в сложный час, когда по земле разгуливают злые потусторонние существа, он пришёл на помощь и уберег всех членов семьи от беды.

При этом лучше всего из дома было не выходить вовсе. А если по какой-то причине придётся оказаться на улице, лучше надеть маску и обрядиться в костюм злого духа. Тогда потусторонние сущности решат, что вы один из них, и не станут нападать на вас или как-то вредить.

В некоторых регионах символом Велеса считали яблоко. Его в торжественную ночь клали под подушку, чтобы увидеть вещий сон и узнать будущее. Да и в целом период, когда проход между мирами открыт, хорош для различных магических ритуалов. В Сети можно найти немало заговоров и гаданий — на будущее или на имя суженого. Однако сами славяне к таким заигрываниям с магией относились с опаской. Сила в этот день легкодоступна каждому желающему, но не всякий умеет грамотно с ней обращаться. Очень просто, считали наши предки, по незнанию или неопытности навлечь на себя беду.

Чего нельзя делать в Велесову ночь?

славянский хэллоуин

Gordon Swanson/Shutterstock.com

Время, когда три мира практически сливаются воедино, полно рисков и опасностей, считали на Руси. А потому старались соблюдать запреты, ведь их нарушение могло повлечь за собой несчастья и даже смерти.

Прежде всего в ночное время настрого запрещалось покидать дом. Связано это было не только с редким визитом в жилище душ покойных предков, но и с разгулом нечистой силы на улице. Оказаться в Велесову ночь на улице, на взгляд славян, было крайне рискованно. Вместе с тем, злые существа не могли переступить порог человеческого дома без приглашения, и эта территория оставалась безопасной.

По той же причине не позволялось приглашать в гости или ненадолго пускать в дом незнакомцев вечером или ночью. В облике человека попроситься внутрь могла нечисть. Получив позволение на вход, она могла навредить собравшимся в помещении живым, вплоть до убийства.

Помнили наши предки и о возрастающей силе слова в день перед праздником и в саму ночь. Брошенное сгоряча крепкое словцо или в сердцах высказанное пожелание может стать полноценным проклятием. В связи с этим накануне Велесовой ночи люди старались особенно тщательно следить за своей речью и не допускать ссор и грубых слов. Важно было и избегать негативных высказываний в адрес покойных, ведь сейчас они находятся рядом, всё слышат и могут обидеться. А дух, затаивший обиду, не только перестанет защищать свой род, но и начнёт пакостить.

Особенно важно было вовремя лечь спать. Период от заката до восхода солнца был особенно пугающим: по легенде, именно в это время Чернобог и Белобог встречаются на границе миров и в течение ночи ведут диалог. Чтобы это никак не повлияло на смертного, ему необходимо спать, то есть как бы перейти из мира живых в мир потустороннего. Если же уснуть не удалось, необходимо хотя бы не смотреть в окно, чтобы ненароком не увидеть лишнего.

Не менее значимым было сохранение света в доме. Желательно, чтобы на окне в течение ночи горела хотя бы одна свеча. Возможно, исток традиции стоит искать в сути торжества — победе тьмы над светом.

Как провести Велесову ночь с детьми: идеи для современных родителей

Конечно, маловероятно, что сегодня родители, которые не чтят славянские религиозные взгляды и традиции повседневно, будут с исторической точностью следовать обрядам Велесовой ночи. Но вполне можно устроить уютный и приятный семейный вечер, вооружившись основными догмами торжества. Вот несколько идей для тематического досуга.

Устройте вечер памяти

велесова ночь 2022

Studio Romantic/Shutterstock.com

Вооружитесь старыми фотоальбомами и проведите вечер, рассматривая раритетные снимки. В идеале это должны быть не только кадры из первых месяцев жизни младших членов семьи. Оптимальный вариант — найти по-настоящему старые снимки, которые покажут малышам, например, молодые годы бабушки или свадьбу прабабушки. К фотографиям можно добавить старые видеопленки.

Совместить просмотр можно с рассказами о семейных легендах и байках, ваших детских воспоминаниях, фамильных традициях.

Организуйте тематический книжный клуб

бог велес

Evgeny Atamanenko/Shutterstock.com

Посвятите вечер чтению. Возьмите сборник славянских сказок и вместе с детьми исследуйте его. Можно читать по ролям, устроить настоящий аудиоспектакль или импровизированное театральное представление — смотря на что вам хватит сил, времени и настроения.

Такой досуг даст вам возможность устроить обсуждение после окончания вечера. Поговорите со своими детьми об услышанных историях. Например, спросите, какая сказка им запомнилась больше всего и почему. Или узнайте, как они сами поступили бы на месте того или иного персонажа. Это позволит улучшить взаимосвязь между старшими и младшими членами семьи.

Пригласите родных на домашнее магическое представление

хэллоуин у славян

VCoscaron/Shutterstock.com

К этому варианту лучше всего подготовиться заранее. Например, можно изучить карточные трюки или простые фокусы. Затем обустроить зрительный зал: например, расставить стулья в ряд или разложить диванные подушки на полу. Дополнительно можно усилить атмосферу, скорректировав освещение и включив тематическую музыку. А затем можно начинать представление!

Интересная и полезная альтернатива фокусам — зрелищные химические и физические эксперименты для детей. Такие опыты легко повторить дома. При этом они заинтересуют даже взрослых. Идеи и список необходимого мы уже для вас подготовили. А в ходе шоу можно добавить обучающий элемент и объяснить, почему каждый из экспериментов дал тот или иной результат.

Какие ещё есть аналоги Хэллоуина в России? Самые мистические славянские праздники

Историки утверждают, что сам Хэллоуин пришёл в американскую, а затем и в мировую культуру от древних кельтов. Представители этой культуры отмечали Самайн (примерный перевод — «Закат лета»). Позднее, ориентировочно в V веке, на кельтские земли пришло христианство. Этнический Сайман было решено совместить с религиозным Днём всех святых. Именно отсюда и пошло современное название Хэллоуина: это своеобразная метаморфоза All Hallows Eve (англоязычное название Дня всех святых).

Читайте подробнее про историю и традиции Хэллоуина, а также об отношении к нему в России в статье Сласти или напасти: история мистического праздника Хэллоуин.

На Руси праздников, связанных со святыми и усопшими, куда больше. Велесову ночь чаще прочих называют «русским Хэллоуином» из-за совпадения дат — оба они празднуются в ночь с 31 октября на 1 ноября. Однако у славян было ещё несколько важных дней, имевших отношение к открытию дверей между мирами.

День Лешего, или Ерофеев день

велес значение

Источник изображения: mifolog.com

Этот праздник отмечается 17 октября по современному календарю. Согласно поверьям, в это время лес становится проходом между нашим миром и миром потустороннего. Сквозь истончившуюся границу в Явь приходят злые сущности. Правда, на этот раз по деревням и селам они не ходят. Вместо этого нечисть устраивает шабаш в чаще. Поэтому «на Ерофея» настрого запрещалось ходить в лес — можно и не вернуться. Или того хуже: ваша душа останется с нечистыми и покинет земной мир, а тело вернётся домой со злым духом внутри.

Женщинам не советовали ходить поодиночке и разговаривать с незнакомцами — чтобы случайно не встретиться с тёмными сущностями. Кроме того, в день Лешего старались не играть свадеб: считалось, что такой брак не будет ни счастливым, ни долговечным.

Макоша-Пятница

аналоги хэллоуина

Источник изображения: bitoflife.ru

Макошь — славянская богиня брака и рождения, покровительствующая женщинам. Днём почитания Макоши считалась пятница — в это время девушкам было запрещено рукодельничать, купать детей и купаться самим.

А празднество в честь богини устраивают 25 октября по современному исчислению, и в нём тоже есть место связи с иными мирами. Так, наши предки водили двойной хоровод. Внутренний круг водили посолонь (по часовой стрелке) — как символ жизни. А внешний круг шёл противосолонь, то есть против часовой стрелки — как символ смерти.

Иван Купала

велесов день

Источник изображения: lospet.ru

Один из наиболее известных и наиболее значимых славянских праздников. По современному календарю он отмечается 7 июля — в день, когда солнце «поворачивает на зиму» и день постепенно убывает, а ночь — прибывает.

Важными ритуалами торжества были очищение водой и огнём. Пламенем проверялась и прочность любовной связи — паре полагалось взяться за руки и прыгнуть через костёр. Если следом за влюблёнными вздымался сноп искр, а сами они не отпускали рук друг друга — быть их союзу прочным и долговечным.

На Руси верили, что всю праздничную ночь по земле гуляют духи, но на Купалу ни в коем случае нельзя прятаться от них в домах. Напротив, нужно не спать до самого утра и устраивать яркие и шумные гуляния.

Хэллоуин, Велесова ночь и иные языческие праздники — это наследие древней культуры. Так мы сохраняем память о традициях и верованиях наших предков или предков жителей других стран. Очень важно знать о предыстории и смысле каждого из торжеств. Но какой вариант вы бы ни выбрали для себя сегодня, главное — провести вечер с удовольствием в кругу любимых людей!

Источник фото обложки: u.9111s.ru

Получите чек-лист подготовки к школе на свою почту

Письмо отправлено!
Проверьте электронный ящик

Всем классного праздничка! А мы тут покопали информацию и оказалось, что у Хеллоуина есть римские корни. Что ж, как вы знаете — это наша тема 😏

Теперь приступим к тому, ради чего мысобрались — припарирование празданика!

Хэ́ллоуи́н (англ. Halloween, All Hallows’ Eve или All Saints’ Eve) — праздник, восходящий к традициям древних кельтов Ирландии и Шотландии, история которого началась на территории современных Великобритании и Северной Ирландии. Отмечается 31 октября, в канун Дня всех святых. Хэллоуин традиционно празднуется в англоязычных странах, хотя официальным выходным днём не является.

Рассмотрим наш тыковенный праздник поближе!

Многие связывают истоки этого праздника с римлянами и их праздником Паренталий. Но, прообраз Хэллоуина, вероятнее всего, зародился только с появлением кельтского языческого празднества Самайн, описание которого появляется в старо-ирландской литературе начиная с X века. Название этого праздника произошло от староирландского слова Samhain, которое означало «конец лета» и впоследствии превратилось в ирландское название месяца ноября.

Племена кельтов делили год на две части — зиму и лето. 31 октября считалось у них последним днем уходящего года. Этот день также означал окончание сбора урожая и переход на новый — зимний сезон. С этого дня, по традиции кельтов, начиналась зима.

Празднование эдакого Нового года происходило в ночь на первое ноября. В эту ночь, по древнему поверью кельтов, миры живых и мертвых открывали свои двери, и обитатели потустороннего мира пробирались на землю. Кельты называли эту ночь Самайном или Самхэйном. Чтобы привидения и духи не трогали живых, кельты гасили в своих домах огонь, надевали на себя звериные шкуры, чтобы отпугивать незваных пришельцев. На улице возле домов оставлялись угощения для духов, а сам народ собирался у костров, разводимых жрецами друидами. Они приносили в жертву животных, а после люди брали священный огонь и вносили его в свой дом.

В начале нашей эры римляне завоевали кельтскую территорию, принеся с собой свои традиции и праздники. Так в течение последующих столетий смешались традиции праздника кельтов и двух латинских праздников — Фералия (приходился на конец октября; в этот день римляне поминали покойных) и дня Помоны, богини древесных плодов.

В 313 году христианство получает равноправие с язычеством и вскоре становится господствующей религией Римской империи, а после её падения постепенно распространяется по всей Европе. 13 мая 609 (по другим источникам — 610) года в Риме папа Бонифаций IV освятил в честь Богородицы и всех мучеников бывший языческий храм Пантеон. Этот день стал отмечаться как праздник Всех святых. В середине VIII века папа Григорий III освятил 1 ноября в честь всех святых одну из капелл собора святого Петра и в честь этого события передвинул дату празднования Дня всех святых на 1 ноября. Столетием позже Папа Григорий IV сделал 1 ноября общим для всей католической церкви праздником в честь Всех святых.

Самайн был праздником одновременно для всех народов Британских островов и прочно ассоциировался со смертью и сверхъестественным. В то же время нет никаких доказательств того, что в языческие времена праздник имел какое-либо особое значение, кроме сельскохозяйственного и сезонного. Уже в VIII веке День всех святых начинает постепенно замещать Самайн; благодаря взаимопроникновению гэльских традиций и католических обрядов начинают формироваться первые зачатки будущего Хэллоуина.

Первоначально праздник носил название All Hallows Even, или All Hallows Eve (Месса Всех Святых); позже его стали называть Hallowe’en, и, в конце концов, — Halloween. И хотя с обычаем пугать и задабривать злых духов в этот день церковь долго боролась, однако языческий праздник не только выжил, но и неразрывно сросся в народном сознании с праздником церковным.

Вот такие вот пироги, ребята. Но это ещё не всё!

Как ни странно аналог этого праздника у нас есть, по крайней мере был и не совсем православный. А языческий. Хеллоуин изначально также языческий. Разные народы по-разному называют этот праздник — Самей, Самхейн, Хэллоуин, славяне называли — Велесова ночь. Наши далекие предки считали, что в эту ночь истончается стена между миром живых Явь и мертвых Навь. Души умерших друзей и врагов беспрепятственно перемещаются по Земле, залетают в дома. Родных встречали угощением, врагов отпугивали страшными личинами. Память народа долгая, осенние Деды не случайно именно 2 ноября, ведь Велесова ночь приходилась на середину Велесовой седмицы (недели), в которую убирали дом и двор, поправляли могилы на кладбищах. У каждого человека своя вера, но мне кажется, что ничего нет плохого в том,что семья соберется сегодня за столом, мы будем вспоминать всех ушедших родных, веря в их не зримое присутствие, любовь и защиту.

Примерно в XVI веке сложилась традиция выпрашивания сладостей ночью 31 октября. Дети и взрослые надевали тканевые маски и ходили от одной двери к другой, требуя от хозяев угощение и мелко шаля. Обычай надевать ролевые костюмы и носить с собой «светильник Джека» (Jack-o-lanterns — та самая тыква-светильник) появился только на рубеже XIX и XX веков, причём в обмен на деньги или еду изначально нужно было предлагать разные развлечения.

Несмотря на то, что американцы отмечают Хэллоуин более двух веков, праздник не является официальным. Однако это не мешает жителям Нового света тратить ежегодно большие деньги на тыквы, украшения, свечи и поздравительные открытки.

В Германии Хэллоуин отмечают не менее красочно. Замок Франкенштейна в Дармштадте (федеральная земля Гессен) привлекает в ночь на 1 ноября тысячи людей, переодетых в костюмы монстров, а местные жители верят в то, что именно в эту ночь привидение хозяина появляется на крыше замка.


Во Франции самые впечатляющие шествия проходят в пригороде Парижа Диснейленде и в городе Лиможе, куда ежегодно приезжает более 30 тысяч человек. Именно там проходят самые запоминающиеся парады гоблинов, вампиров и призраков, освещающих свой путь фонарями-тыквами.

В Китае Хэллоуин известен как Teng Chieh — день поминания предков. В этот день перед фотографиями умерших родственников китайцы ставят еду и воду, а также фонарь, освещающий путь душам предков, путешествующих в ночь Хэллоуина.

В России Хэллоуин появился совсем недавно и популярность его пока не сравнится с популярностью американского праздника, но он уже обрел свои традиции и своих поклонников. Много их среди молодежи, шумно и весело празднующей его в клубах и на дискотеках. Очень многие развлекательные заведения клубного типа в последний день октября готовят для своих гостей различные Halloween-party.

Русская православная церковь негативно относится к празднику. Руководитель службы коммуникации РПЦ Георгий Завершинский называет праздник «карнавалом зла» и «религиозным фестивалем, несовместимым с русской культурой».

Праздновать этот день или осуждать празднующих — выбор каждого. Также, как и оставаться полностью нейтральным к такого рода развлечениям.

А как вы относитесь к празднику? И что делаете в этот день?

Содержание

  1. История и возникновение Хэллоуина
  2. Символы праздника
  3. Традиции праздника
  4. Аттракционы Хэллоуина
  5. Традиционный праздничный стол
  6. Хэллоуин в России и мире

Хэллоуин — древнейший языческий праздник, отмечаемый накануне католического Дня всех влюблённых. В одних странах его приемлют и отмечают, а в других категорически не воспринимают, считают ненужным праздником и даже приравнивают к богохульству. Тем не менее Хэллоуин, история праздника и его традиции набирают популярность среди разных народов, и все чаще и чаще жители городов и стран устраивают маскарадные вечеринки, а дети ходят в соседские дома и надеются получить сладкие дары и монеты.

История и возникновение Хэллоуина

День Всех Святых появился во времена существования древних племён кельтов, обитавших в странах современной Европы. Кельты веровали в язычество, имели свой язык и вели времяисчисление по календарю. Этот календарь делил год на два времени года — лето и зиму.

Зима считалась тёмным временем, так как земельные работы завершались, и наступали холода. Началом зимы было 1 ноября, поэтому 31 октября являлось концом лета и последним днём уборки урожая.

Новогодние гуляния длились целую неделю, а середина праздника всегда приходилась на ночь 1 ноября. Этот день на языке кельтов назывался Самайном, что в переводе означает «конец тёплого периода» или «конец лета».

Но помимо новогодних торжеств эта дата имела и другое важное значение — в это время поминали умерших. Новогодняя ночь наделялась особой магией, считалось, что при смене года души усопших приходили к живым.

Кельты верили, что духи загробного мира могут лишать жизни живых людей, и чтобы этого не происходило, они надевали на себя звериные шкуры и ночью уходили в лес. А рядом со своими жилищами оставляли для приведений вкусные дары. В лесу друиды разводили огромные костры в два ряда и каждое племя должно пройти между кострами, а затем все прыгали через маленькие костры. Считалось, что огонь чистит душу и ауру, и поэтому каждый человек проходил ритуал очищения в новогоднюю ночь.

Во время празднования резали большое количество скотины, оставшиеся кости бросали в огонь, а после того как костёр перегорал, на его остатках предсказывали будущее.

В эту же ночь из кормовой репы вырезали лица с различными эмоциями. И по уходу домой, репу засыпали угольками из Священного костра и несли домой. Такой светильник должен был защищать от бродячих злых духов. Именно он стал прототипом знаменитого Светильника Джека.

Празднование дня Самайна продолжалось до I века нашей эры, но потом земли кельтов завоевали римляне, а народ обратили в христианство. Но все же в семьях старались по-своему отпраздновать Самайн, а традиции передавались из поколения в поколение.

А вот уже в IX веке Самайн получил вторую жизнь. 1 ноября у христиан праздновался День Всех Святых (All Hallows Even) и кельтские народы стали снова отмечать Самайн, соединив два праздника вместе. В этот период праздник получил своё нынешнее название. Хэллоуин на английском от полной фразы в сокращённом варианте выглядит как: «Halloween». Вот откуда взялось такое забавное слово.

И с этого момент языческий праздник смешан с христианским и празднуется на протяжении многих лет и многими народами.

Символы праздника

Ночь перед праздником, День Всех Святых празднуется по измененным временам, но все же сохранившим основные черты, кельтским верованиям. На Хэллоуин празднующие облачаются в карнавальные костюмы, устраивают вечеринки и гулянья. Главными символами этого дня считается фонарь, вырезанный из крупной тыквы. Кельты делали такие светильники по случаю сбора урожая, а также чтобы заблудшие мертвые души поскорее отыскали с помощью фонаря путь в потусторонний мир. Традиционным овощем ранее выступала кормовая репа, но с приходом праздника на территорию США, более популярной стала тыква, как овощ, более распространенный и более дешевый в осеннее время года.

Среди костюмов, изготавливаемых для Хэллоуина, самыми популярными традиционно считаются пугающие персонажи: вампиры, оборотни, монстры, ведьмы, привидения и прочие мистические герои. Празднующие украшают свои дома на осенний мотив, светильники из тыквы выставляют на крыльцо и подоконники. Помимо овощных фонарей, популярными предметами для украшения являются садовые пугала, бумажные и пластиковые скелеты, паутина, свечи и композиции из сухих растений и листьев. По традиции основными цветами праздника стали все оттенки оранжевого и черного.

Причем тут тыква?

Даже люди, которые никогда в жизни не отмечали Хэллоуин, знают, что основным символом праздника является тыква. И особенно фонарики, вырезанные из этого овоща. Почему появился этот символ, ведь история возникновения праздника вроде бы никак не связана с огородничеством?

Однако появление этого символа вполне закономерно. Во-первых, праздник проводится на стыке сезонов, когда уже полностью завершены сельскохозяйственные работы, поэтому тыква может выступать символом хорошего урожая и сытой зимы. Кроме того, оранжевый цвет этого овоща символизирует солнце, а ведь именно дневного светила больше всего боятся злые духи.

В кельтских племенах было принято делать фонарики из репы (тыкву в те времена в Европе не выращивали). Такие фонарики устанавливали вдоль дороги, чтобы указать духам путь.

Светильник Джек

Большая спелая тыква, с вырезанной на ней весьма пугающей физиономией, которая подсвечивается зажженной изнутри свечой, стала главным символом Хэллоуина. Этот самодельный фонарь получил такое название, как Светильник Джека или Фонарь Джека. С историей возникновения этого самого яркого символа праздника связана древняя ирландская легенда.

Считается, что Джек был кузнецом, очень жадным и охочим до денег и выпивки. Жители его деревни настолько устали от назойливого собутыльника, что пропустить с ним стаканчик желающих попросту не осталось. Тогда Джек предложил распить бутылочку в местной забегаловке самому Люциферу. Дьявол согласился составить ему компанию. А когда настало время рассчитаться за выпивку, Джек предложил наивному Сатане обернуться монетой, на что тот также ответил согласием. Хитрый кузнец, недолго думая, тут же спрятал монету в карман, где уже ждал заранее приготовленный крестик. Люцифер попал в западню и не смог выбраться из ловушки, где был образ Спасителя. Джек сдался на уговоры Сатаны выпустить его взамен на обещание того всячески помогать кузнецу в делах.

Дьявол попался в ловушку Джека и во второй раз, когда хитрый кузнец упросил его достать яблок с самой вершины дерева. Забравшийся на верхушку Люцифер попросту не смог с нее слезть, поскольку Джек изобразил на кроне яблони крест. В этот раз Сатане удалось спастись, пообещав Джеку не забирать его душу после смерти. Кузнец-выпивоха отпустил Люцифера и прожил беззаботную жизнь, а когда пришел час погибели, душу его отказались принимать и в Раю, и в Аду. Ненужный ни Дьяволу, ни Богу, кузнец принялся скитаться в поисках Чистилища. Путь свой он освещал вырезанным из полой репы фонарем, в котором тлели остатки углей.

Светильники из овощей, традиционно из репы, британцы оставляли на крыльце своих домов в праздник Дня Всех Святых, дабы отгонять недоброжелательно настроенных духов от своих жилищ. В Северной Америке эта традиция получила распространение лишь в девятнадцатом столетии, когда европейские эмигранты заселили страну. При этом непосредственным символом Хэллоуина, Светильник Джека стал лишь в самом конце 19 века.

Музыка Хэллоуина

Праздник Самайна древние кельты никакой музыкой не сопровождали, так что традиционного музыкального сопровождения этот день не имеет. Но Хэллоуин, как праздник, получивший самую большую популярность уже в двадцатом столетии, обрел собственные тематические песни и мелодии. Поскольку основным лейтмотивом празднования является мистика, тема потустороннего мира и его обитателей, то и музыка играется соответствующая. Так, гимном Хэллоуина считается песня «Чудовищное месиво» в исполнении Бобби Пикэтта. Звуковая дорожка из музыкального мультфильма «Кошмар накануне Рождества» также очень популярна и на вечеринках в честь Хэллоуина. Пропитано темой этого праздника и творчество группы Midnight Syndicate («Полночный Синдикат»), многие композиции которой наполнены мистической темой.

Миксы из пугающих звуков, к примеру, воя волков, зловещего скрипа, таинственных завываний и злобного смеха, часто используются в хэллоуинских аттракционах и забавах. На молодежных же вечеринках по случаю праздника используется популярная веселая и танцевальная музыка. В клубах — специально созданные диджеями ремиксы и треки.

Традиции праздника

Основными традициями праздника стало облачение в маскарадные костюмы, посещение специализированных аттракционов, игры, выпрашивание сладостей и вечеринки с праздничным столом.

Костюмы

Надевание карнавальных костюмов на этот праздник берет свое начало в традиции кельтских народов облачаться в звериные шкуры на Самайн, чтобы оградить себя от злых духов и привидений. В современной истории наряжаться в страшный образ на Хэллоуин стало принято только в конце девятнадцатого столетия. Впервые подобный случай был описан в Великобритании, 1895 год. Местные детишки, облачившись в маски и наряды сказочных героев, отправились по домам соседей собирать лакомства и мелкую монету. В остальных странах Европы, а также в Северной Америке, такой традиции не было вплоть до начала 20 века.

Сегодня карнавальные костюмы для празднования Хэллоуина начинают продавать еще летом. В США для этих целей существуют специализированные магазины и лавки. И если сто лет назад детский костюм включал в себя лишь уродливую маску с изображением изможденного, обезображенного лица, то сейчас любой фабричный костюм для Хэллоуина выглядит действительно празднично и ярко. Как правило, взрослые и дети облачаются в образ фантастических киногероев, сказочных персонажей, причем как злых и пугающих, к примеру, в зомби, так и в добрых.

С приходом 21 века, вечеринки по случаю Хэллоуина стали превращаться в настоящие костюмированные яркие шоу. Так, в 2014 году самыми популярными костюмами для праздника стали образы героев саги про Гарри Поттера. При этом люди используют не только маски и одежду персонажей, но и полностью воссоздают образ выбранного героя, используя грим и аксессуары.

Выпрашивание лакомства

Традиционное развлечение на Хэллоуин, как это ни странно, прежде всего напоминает Рождество. Так же, как и на Руси в Святки, дети, облаченные в костюмы, ходят по домам и надеются получить от соседей сладости или монетки. Но на Хэллоуин эта традиция имеет собственные характерные черты.

Дети одеваются в одежду и маски, изображающие монстров или прочих недобрых персонажей, ходят по домам в округе, выпрашивая различные сладости. При этом хозяевам они задают вопрос «Trick or treat?», что в переводе означает — «Кошелек или жизнь?». Этот вопрос содержит в себе шуточную угрозу причинить хозяевам какую-либо неприятность, если они не выдадут детям монетки, конфеты или прочие угощения.

Такая традиция в Западной Европе и Америке получила распространение с начала двадцатого века. При этом соседи, желающие видеть на пороге своего дома ряженных детей, украшают крыльцо символами Хэллоуина — Светильником Джека, свечами, искусственными скелетами и прочими пугающими штучками. А те, кто не желают участвовать во всеобщем веселье просто выставляют корзинку, доверху наполненную сладким угощением.

Несмотря на современное распространение, традиция выпрашивания съестного во время церковных праздников уходит корнями в Средневековье. В то время было привычным делом, что бедняки в этот праздник приходят петь молитвы и заунывные песни под окна горожан, в надежде получить продукты или деньги. С Хэллоуином эта традиция впервые совместилась в Великобритании в 1895 году, когда дети в одной из деревень облачились в костюмы и прошли по домам соседей, выпрашивая сладости.

Наибольшее распространение в современном мире традиция просить сладости у соседей получила в США, Великобритании, Северной Ирландии, странах Латинской, Центральной Америки и Западной Европы. При этом детали в различных регионах отличаются. К примеру, на Карибах дети вместо вопроса «Гадость или сладость?» задают вопрос «Где мой маленький череп?», а соседи выдают им конфеты, выполненные в форме сахарной или шоколадной человеческой головы.

Игры на Хэллоуин

Как любой праздник, имеющий древнюю подоплеку, Хэллоуин имеет ряд характерных игр, обрядов и гаданий. Самое большое распространение они получили в Ирландии и Шотландии. Так, девушки в шотландских деревушках гадают с помощью кожуры яблока.

Для этого они срезают кожицу со спелого фрукта, при этом стараясь, чтобы кожура осталась как можно более длинной. Затем они бросают ее через левое плечо. По кожице упавшей на пол нужно увидеть первую букву имени жениха.

Еще одна игра-гадание была распространена в Англии. Незамужние барышни должны были войти в неосвещенный светом дом спиной вперед и водить перед зеркалом горящей свечой. Считалось, что так они смогут увидеть лик нареченного. Если же юной деве привидится череп, то это значит, что она останется незамужней вплоть до самой смерти.

Аттракционы Хэллоуина

Организация пугающих аттракционов и каруселей, получивших название «аттракционы призраков», является основной чертой празднования Хэллоуина и на Западе. Первое подобное развлечение было обустроено в 1915 году.

В США, где главным образом и получили распространение такие аттракционы, их проводят каждую осень. При этом техническое оснащение этих, своеобразных пугающих парков, беспрестанно растет. Густой туман, зловещие звуки и шорохи, таинственная музыка, скрипы и спецэффекты используются здесь с одной целью — напугать клиентов. Посещение «аттракционов призраков» нежелательно для беременных женщин, детей, людей особо впечатлительных или с неустойчивой психикой.

Помимо сезонных парков аттракционов, тематика Хэллоуина широко распространена в Диснейленде. Во всех парках корпорации Дисней отмечается этот праздник, обустраиваются тематические аттракционы, где декорации меняют каждый год.

Традиционный праздничный стол

На Хэллоуин, имеющий в своих истоках остыл к празднику сбора урожая, традиционно подаются сладости из фруктов, главным образом яблок. Яблочная карамель и сладкие яблоки в шоколаде, обсыпанные разноцветным конфетти, а также орехами, стали главными лакомствами праздника. Их можно как приготовить дома, так и купить на хэллоуинском базаре или в парке с пугающими аттракционами.

В начале двадцатого века в Великобритании существовала традиция делать конфеты из яблок и раздавать их детям, выпрашивающим сладости по соседям. Но она быстро ушла из обихода из-за случаев, когда злые горожане начиняли подобные конфеты иголками. Дабы не избежать появления травмоопасных ситуаций, власти запретили раздавать такие лакомства.

Сейчас в Северной Америке на Хэллоуин изготавливают специальные сладости, получившие название «кэнди-корн» и «кэнди-пампкин». Это конфетки в виде тыквы или початка кукурузы. С начала века рецептура практически не изменилась, как и ручной способ приготовления. Конфеты готовятся главным образом из сладкой патоки, желатина, сахара и натурального сока.

В Ирландии к Хэллоуину традиционно выпекают специальный хлеб, «бармбрэк». Это сладкая булка с изюмом, в которую прячут различные предметы — кольцо, монетку, горошину, деревяшку и обрывок материи. По доставшемуся предмету можно узнать свою судьбу, так кольцо обозначает скорую свадьбу, деревяшка — одиночество или развод, горошина — безбрачие, ткань — неудачу в денежных делах, а монета — богатство. Сейчас подобный хлеб, нарезаемый в виде тостов со сливочным маслом, можно найти во всем Соединенном Королевстве. В фабричных его вариантах предметы, обозначающие будущее, делают из пластика или съедобного материала.

Хэллоуин в России и мире

Изначально Хэллоуин праздновался лишь в странах, унаследовавших кельтскую культуру.

Ирландия, Шотландия, Англия и Уэльс — регионы, где сформировался этот праздник. С конца девятнадцатого века эмигранты распространили традиции празднования Хэллоуина и на территории Соединенных Штатов, где он получил особое распространение и принял свой современный облик. В двадцатом веке, когда границы стали весьма призрачным понятием, этот веселый и яркий праздник стал постепенно распространяться по всему миру. Сегодня, помимо стран Америки и Европы, Хэллоуин популярен в азиатских странах.

В Россию праздник пришел в девяностых и до сих пор считается весьма экзотическим. Для Россиян Хэллоуин — это прежде всего возможность провести веселую карнавальную вечеринку, с возможностью облачиться в костюмы мистических персонажей.

Видео



Источники

    https://1001molitva.ru/poznavatelnye-stati/hellouin-istoriya-proishozhdeniya-prazdnika-traditsii-prazdnovaniya.html

    https://fiestino.ru/publ/vokrug_sveta/prazdniki_mira/khehllouin_istorija_proiskhozhdenie_prazdnika/5-1-0-289#i-2

    http://mistika.xyz/2015/10/hellouin-istoriya-i-tradicii-prazdnika.html

Понравилась статья? Поделить с друзьями:
  • Якутские праздники зимой
  • Языческий праздник хэллоуин на руси
  • Якутские национальные праздники
  • Якутские народные праздники
  • Языческий праздник урожая у славян